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INDEX OF DATES. 



COMPREHENDING 

THE PE1NCIPAL FACTS IN THE CHRONOLOGY AND HIS- 
TORY OF THE WORLD, FROM THE EARLIEST 

TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
/ 

A l? ALPHABETICALLY AKKANGED. 

BEING A COMPLETE INDEX TO THE ENLARGED EDITION OP 
BLAIR'S CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. 



BY J. WILLOTJGHBY ROSSE. 



IN TWO V 



YOL. I. X— J. 




^g OCT 20 1899 m 



LONDON: 

GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK ST., CO VENT GARDEN, 

AND NEW YORK. 

1892. 



Uii 



LONDON : 

EEPBINTED FBOM THE STEREOTYPE PLATES BY TO. CLOWES & SONS, LTD., 
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS. 



Transfer 

NOV 10 ; ii25 



\ 



r R E F A C E. 

This Index is intended as a companion to the Chronological 
Tables, published by Mr. Bohn in 1856, and was announced 
in the Preface to that volume. To render it as complete as 
possible, it has been thought desirable to introduce many- 
additional details, for which the ' Tables' afforded neither 
opportunity nor space. Among these will be found the origin 
of countries, states, dynasties, and eminent families ; synop- 
tical views of the succession of sovereigns, and of public 
functionaries, civil and ecclesiastical ; together with many 
supplementary notices of battles, sieges, shipwrecks, eruptions, 
fires, floods, and other events, which had not found a place 
under their respective dates. 

The authorities for the facts and dates have been generally 
stated in the Preface to the ' Chronological Tables,' to 
which few of importance have been added, excepting some 
government publications, especially the Liber Munerum Pub- 
licorum Hibernw, which, for all that concerns the official lists 
of Ireland, is invaluable. 

The labour of collecting, investigating, and arranging such 
a mass of materials as are compressed into this Index, and the 
time required to read it through the press with sufficient care, 
have retarded its completion considerably beyond the period 



IV PBEFACE. 

originally contemplated. It has therefore been determined to 
publish as much of it as is ready — about one-half — without 
further delay. 

The remainder is fast advancing, and will follow, it is 
expected, in the course of the year. 

December 28, 1857 



INDEX OF DATES. 



The Dates before the Christian Era are denoted by B.C. ; where a series of such dates occur 
under one name, this prefix is not repeated ; all other dates are those of the Christian 
Era. B. before a date signifies according to Bunsen ; CI. Clinton ; H. Hales ; L. Leptius ; 
and La. Layard. 



ABB 

Aahmes, queen of Egypt, B.C. 1638 (B. 
and L.). See Abmats, b.c. 1490. 

Aargau, dissension in Switzerland re- 
ap*- he convents of, 1844. 

Aaj te Prussians defeated at, May 

31. 184i>. 

Aabon, b. B.C. 1574 (1731 H.; 1708 C.) 
—made high priest, 1490— d. 1451 (1608 
H. ; 1585 C.) 

Abas, king of Sicyon, b.c. 1384 (1353 C.) 

Abba Salama, or Fremonatos, the Abys- 
sinian name of Frumentius, 329. 

Abbas the Great, sultan of Persia, defeats 
the Turks and takes Van, 1585— dies, 
1628. 

Abbas, uncle of Mohammed. See Abbas- 
sides. 

Abbas Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, 1848 — 
invested by the sultan, Jan. 12, 1849 — 
contracts with Mr. Stephenson fur a 
railway from Alexandria to Cairo, July 
12, 1851. 

Abbassides, origin of the ; black is adopted 
as their colour, 746 — Abul-Abbas, or 
SafFah, is their leader, 747 — their dy- 
nasty established, 750— extinguished by 
the Mongol Hulagou, 1258. 

Abbeville, treaty of, between Henry III. 
of England and Louis IX. of France, 
1259. 

Abbeys, foundation of, see under their re- 
spective heads. 

Abbo, founds and endows the monastery 
of Novalesa, at the foot of Mount Cenis, 
739. 

Abbo, a monk and astronomer, d. 1003. 

Abbot, George, archbishop of Canter bury, 
1610, d. 1633. 

Abbott, Charles, b. 1757— Speaker of the 
House of Commons, Feb. 10, 1802 — 
speaks (in committee) against the Ca- 
tholic claims, 1813 — resigns the speaker- 
ahip, and is created a peer, 1817. See I 

COLCHBSTEB, LORD. 



ABD 

Abbott, Charles, b, 1762— appointed chief- 
justice, 1818 — created a peer. See Tkn- 
terden, Lord. 

Abbruzzo, a Neapolitan province, receives 
Alfonso as king of Naples, 1436. 

Abdallah, son of Said, appointed to go- 
vern Egypt, 644— advances from Egypt 
into Roman Africa, 647. 

Abdallah, son of Zobeir, proclaimed 
caliph at Medina, 680— still supported by 
a powerful party, 684— taken prisoner, 
686— d. 692. 

Abdallah, son of Musa, succeeds him in 
Spain, 714. 

Abdallah, succeeds as caliph in Spain, 
888 — his sons rebel, 889— supported by 
his son, Abderahman, 892—894 — main- 
tains peace with Alfonso III. of Spain, 
900 — sends an embassy to him, 901 — un- 
popular in consequence, 902 — puts his 
son Alcasim to death, 902 — d. 912. 

Abdallah Mohamad, Saracen king in 
Spain, deposes Abulmelic, king of Mur- 
cia, 1224 — succeeded by Abulola, 1227. 

Abdallah el Zagal, obtains the crown 
of Granada, 1484— is defeated by Ferdi- 
nand of Spain, 1486— gives up his terri- 
tories, and retires to an estate allotted 
to him, 1490. 

Abdallah, son of Abderahman I., con- 
spires against his brother, the caliph 
Hixem, 788 — surrenders Toledo, and is 
reconciled to him, 789— conspires against 
his nephew, Al Hakem, when Toledo de- 
clares in his favour, 797 — defeated and 
driven into Muicia and Valencia, 799 — 
capitulates, and retires to Tangier, 800 
— endeavours to raise another rebellion, 
submits, and is pardoned, 821. 

Abdallah, son of Abderahman III., con- 
spires against his father, and is put to 
death, 949. 

Abdalmklik, caliph, 685 — his treaty with 
Justinian II., 686 — defeats and kill* 



ABD 



ABD 



Araron, 688 — as also Musab, 690— reco- 
vers Persia, 691 — undisputed caliph, 692 
— coins the first Arabian money, 695 — 
d. 705. See Arabia, caliphs of. 

Abdarehamak, son of Caled, poisoned in 
Syria, 666 

Abdarrhaman, son of Mohammad, rebels 
at Bassorah, is defeated, and kills him- 
self, 701. 

Abdelaziz, son of Musa, makes a treaty 
with Theodemir of Murcia, and marries 
Egilona, widow of Roderic, 713— com- 
mands in Spain, 714 — assassinated at 
Cordova, 716. 

Abdelhamid, Gen. of the Saracens, taken 
prisoner, and his army cut to pieces, 885. 

Abd el Kader, maintains war with the 
French in Algeria — Mar. Clauzel sent 
against him, 1835 — continues his incur- 
sions, 1843 — is abandoned by his men, 
1844 — instigates the Kabyles to attack 
the French, 1845— surrenders, 1847 — is 

' set at liberty by Louis Napoleon, 1852 — 
arrives at the residence assigned to 
him, Boursa, in Asia Minor, 1853. 

Abdelmelic, son of Almansor of Toledo, 
kills Calib in single combat, 979 — de- 
feats Zeir Ben Atia, 997— succeeds to his 
father's offices, and defeats the Chris- 
tians at Lerida, 1003 — his defeat and 
death, 1008. 

Abdelmelik, successor of Abderahman, 
remains inactive in Spain, 732 — put to 
death at Cordova, 743. 

Abdelmumen, succeeds El Mehedi as chief 
of the Almohades, 1129 — totally defeats 
Taxfin in Africa, 1144 — takes Morocco, 
and sends an army into Spain, 1145 — 
makes conquests in Africa, 1151 — takes 
Tunis, 1158 — passes over from Africa to 
Spain, 1160— d. 1163. 

Abdera, a town of Thrace, built b.c. 654 
— birth-place of Protagoras, 470— and of 
Democritus, 460. 

Abderahman Ben Moawiyah, escapes 
from the massacre of the Ommiades, 
into the valleys of Mount Atlas, 750 — 
chosen ruler by the Saracens in Spain, 
754 —lands there, defeats Yussef and 
Saraail at Musara, takes Cordova, and 
is acknowledged king. See Abderah- 
man I. 

Abderahman I., caliph of Spain, 755 — 
compels Yussef and Sama.il to a peace, 
which the former soon breaks — birth of 
his son Hixem, 756— invites his friends 
from Syria and Egypt,gives them honour- 
able appointments, and makes Cordova 
his capital — Samail enters into his ser- 
vice, but Yussef still persists in rebel- 
lion, 757 — gives a letter of protection to 
the Christians in Spain, and fixes an 
annual tribute to be paid by tb em— de- 



feats Yussef, who is slain, and puts Sa- 
mail to death, 758— recovers Toledo and 
Seville from Yussef 's sons, 759 -subdues 
the rebel, Hixem Ben Adra, at Toledo, 
760— defeats an African expedition sent 
against him, and kills AH, the com- 
mander, 762— again recovers Toledo from 
insurgents, 765— receives tribute from 
Aurelius, kiug of the Goths, 769— fits 
out a fleet, and appoints an admiral to 
guard his coasts, 772— provides for the 
education of his sons, and institutes 
academies of learned men, 773— still dis- 
turbed by his rebellious subjects, 782— 
gains a victory over them at Castalona, 
784— in a progress through Spain, build;! 
and endows mosques, 785 — builds the 
great mosque and court of justice at Cor- 
dova (Aljama), 786— d. 787. 

Abderahman II„ son of Al Hakem I., de- 
livers Tortosa, 808— proclaimed as his 
father's vicegerent and successor, 815 — 
called from war with the Franks on the 
Ebro to Cordova by his father's illness, 
820— succeeds as caliph, and quells the 
rebellion of Abdallah, 821— takes Barce- 
lona and Urgel, 822— receives an em- 
bassy, and a proposal of alliance from 
the emperor Michael, 823— establishes 
schools, constructs public works, and pa- 
tronizes the learned, 826— revolt of Me- 
rida, 827— quelled ; Toledo revolts, 828 
—and Merida again, 831 — he defeats the 
rebels, 832, 833 — and finally subdues 
them, 834— is invited by Theophilus to 
assist him against Al Motassem, 839 — 
fits out a fleet to protect Cadiz and Se- 
ville against the Danes, 844 — relieves 
the distress caused by a great drought 
In Spain, 847— paves Cordova, builds pa- 
laces there, and punishes Christians who 
speak against Mahomet, 850— d. 852. 

Abderahman III., caliph of Spain, 912— 
equips a fleet against the African pirates 
—obtains Saragossa, 917— overcomes the 
Christians of Leon and Castille, in the 
valley of Junquera, 921 — obtains Toledo 
from Giafar Ben Hafsun,927 — assists the 
Edrisites in Fez, 929— occupies Ceuta 
and Tangier, 930— is proclaimed king 
at Fez, 931 — builds his magnificent pa- 
lace of Azahra, 936--said by Arabian 
writers to have gained a victory at Al- 
handic, and captured Zamora,938 (doubt- 
ful) — makes a five years' truce with 
Ramiro, 941 — improves the harbour of 
Tortosa, 944 — puts his son Abdallah to 
death for a conspiracy, and renews his 
attempt to conquer Fez, 949— assists to 
restore Sancho 1. to the throne of Leon, 
957— d. 961. 

Abderahman IV., caliph of Spain, opposed 
by Alcasim, 1017 — withstands the Afri- 






ABE 



3 



ABI 



can Moors in Valencia, 1019— is killed 
in battle near Granada, 1021. 

Abderahman V. Ben Hixkm, caliph of 
Spain, 1022 — assassinated, 1023. 

A bde rahman, a Saracen commander in 
Spain, 721— overcomes and slays Munusa 
at Cerdagne, 731 — defeated and slain by 
Cbarles Martel and Eudes, 732. 

Abderahman, son of the caliph Abdallah, 
leads the royal army against his brother, 
Muhamad, 892 — overcomes his rebel- 
lious brothers, 894. 

Abderahman brother of Abdelmelic, and 
son of Almansor, d. 1008. 

Abdilban, conspires with Abdallah against 
Abderahman III., and is put to death, 
949. 

Abdon, Judge of Israel, b.c. 1165 (1232 H. ; 
1212 C.) 

Abdul Ahmed, sultan of Turkey, 1774 — 
perseveres in war with the Russians ; 
submits to the treaty of Kntchuk Kai- 
nardji, July 21— d. April 7, 1789. 

Abdul Medjid, sultan of Turkey, June 30, 
1839 — by a firman, admits Christians to 
office in Turkey, Jan. 8, 1849 — invests 
Abbas Pasha with the viceroyalty of 
Egypt, Jan. 12 — encouraged by England 
and France to resist the demands of Rus- 
sia, Oct. 3, 1849— his propositions accept- 
ed by Nicholas, Dec. 19 — forbids the con- 
struction of a railway from Alexandria 
to Cairo, Sept. 4, 1851 — grants a firman 
for it, Nov. 4— agrees to a treaty with 
France for the protection of the Holy 
Places in Palestine, Feb, 13, 1852 — 
dismisses, and soon after recalls, Res- 
chid Pasha, Jan. — March — issues a fir- 
man for the rights of the* Greek and 
Latin churches in Palestine, May 4, 1853 
— protests against the Russian occupa- 
tion of the principalities, July 14 — 
decides on war against, Russia, Sept. 18 
— invites the British and French fleets 
to enter the Dardanelles, Oct. 8 — enters 
into a treaty of allianqp with England 
and France, March 13, 1854 — places 
Christians on an equality with Moham- 
medans, Jan. 26, 1856— joins with his 
allies in the Treaty of Peace, Apr. 27. 

Abel, assassinates his brother, Erik IV., 
king of Denmark, and usurps the throne, 
1250— falls in battle against the North 
Frisians, 1252. 

Abelard, builds the convent of Paraclete, 
of which his mistress, Heloise, is ap- 
pointed abbess (see Heloise), 1121 
— accused of heresy at the council of 
Soissons, and condemned to burn his 
writings, 1122 — controversy with Ber- 
nard, 1125— his doctrines condemned by 
the council of Sens, 1140 — d., and is bu- 
ried in the monastery of Paraclete, 1142. 



Aben Abed, k. of Seville, takes Murcia, 
1078— captures his revolted vizir, Aben 
Omar, and executes him, 1085. 
Aben Hud, Moorish k. in Spain, takes 
Granada, 1232— murdered by his gene- 
rals, 1237. 
Aben Ishac Ben Omeya, gov. of Santa- 

rem, leagues with Ramiro, 935. 
Aben Omar, vizir of Aben Abed, king of 
Seville, conquers Malaga, and makes an 
alliance with Alfonso VI., king of Cas- 
tile, 1079— accused of treachery, takes 
refuge among the Christians, 1084 — cap- 
tured by Aben Abed and executed, 10535. 
Abergonway Castle, built 1282. 
Abbrcrombie, General, repulsed by the 
French at Ticonderoga, July 8, 1758. 

Abbrcrombie, Ralph, b. 1738 — defeats 
Tippoo Saib, 1792— takes Trinidad, 1797 
— lands with a British army at the 
Helder, Aug. 27, 1799— succeeded in the 
command by the duke of York, Sept. 13 
— lands with an army in Egypt, Mar. 8, 
1801 — defeats the French at Alexandria, 
and falls mortally wounded, Mar. 21. 

Abercrombie, James, brings scurrilous 
publications for political purposes under 
the cognizance of the Commons, 1822 — 
chosen Speaker in opposition to Mr. 
Manners Sutton, Feb. 9, 1835 — resigns 
the office, May, 1839. 

Aberdeen, University of, founded, 1497. 

Aberdeen, Charles, earl of, lays the 
Household Book of James V. before the 
Society of Antiquaries, 1826— appointed 
foreign secretary, Jan. 1828 — resigns, 
Nov. 16, 1830 — becomes colonial secre- 
tary, Dec. 10, 1834— resigns, Apr. 8, 1835 
— attempts, in vain, to form an adminis- 
tration, Feb. 22-27, 1851 — becomes the 
head of a coalition ministry, Dec. 128, 
1852— resigns, Feb. 1, 1855. 

Abebnethy, John, an eminent surgeon 
and popular lecturer on medical sub- 
jects, d. 1831. 

Abgarus, k. of Osrhoene, submits to Se- 
verus, 199- -expelled by Caracalla, 216. 

Abijah, k. of Judah, b.o. 959-956. 

Abilene, a province of Judaea, placed 
under the jurisdiction of Agrippa, 53. 

Abilius. See Alexandria, bishops of. 

Abimelsch, Judge of Israel, b.c. 1236 
(1311 11. j 

Abingdon, Lord, moves a resolution, that 
it is unconstitutional and illegal to raise 
troops by private subscriptions, Jan. 16, 
1778. 

Abingdon, Mrs., the actress, d. 1815. 

Abtnuer, James Scarlett, Lord, attorney- 
general, 1829— created a peer and chief 
baron of the exchequer, 1834 — d. 1844. 

Abishua, Jewish high-priest, b.o. 1374 
(1320 C.) 

b 3 



ABU 



ACA 



Ablavius, consul of Rome, 331— praetorian 
prefect, put to death, 338. 

Abo, capital of Finland, built by Erik IX., 
king of Sweden, 1157— its university 
founded, 1640— peace concluded at, 1743. 

Abo, Samuel, usurps the throne of Hun- 
gary, 1041-44. 

Aboukir, a Turkish army routed at, by 
Bonaparte, July 24, 1799. See Nile, 
Battle of the. 

Abou Nokta, the Wahaby, plunders the 
towns of Yemen, 1804— surprised and 
killed by the Turk Sherif Hamoud, 1809. 

Abraham, birth of, B.C. 1993 (2153 H. : 
2130 C.)— visits Egypt to buy corn, 1920 
(•-077 H. ; 2031 C; about 1480 L)— res- 
cues Lot from the Assyrians, 1912 (2070 
II.)— birth of Ishmael, 1910 (2044 C.)— 
birth of Isaac, 1896 (2053, H. ; 2030 C.) 
—death of Abraham, 1821 (1978 H. ; 1955 
01) 

Abraham, Era of, begins Oct. 1, 2016 B.C.— 
To reduce it to the Christian era, sub- 
tract 2015 years and 3 months. 

Abraham, Heights of— Gen Wolfe defeats 
the French there, Sept. 13, 1759. 

Abrantes, Laura Junot, Duchess of, d. 
1838. 

Absalom, rebellion of, B.C. 1023. 

Absimar. See Tiberius III., 698—705. 

Absolutists (partisans of Don Miguel, in 
Portugal), take arms, 1826 — are driveu 
into Spain, assisted by Ferdinand VII., 
but checked by a British auxiliary force. 
See Carlists. 

Abu Abdallah (or Boabdil), revolts 
against his father, Abul Hassan, 1482 — 
caken prisoner, but released, 1483 — con- 
tends with his uncle, Abdallah el Zagal, 
for the throne of Granada. 1484 — main- 
tains himself against Ferdinand of 
Spain, 1490 — surrenders Granada, and 
retires with a pension into Africa, 1492. 

Abu Ayub, or Suleiman, the Arabian his- 
torian, d. 909. 

Abu Beker, b. 571 — first caliph or succes- 
sor of Mohammed, sends an army into 
Syria, under Abu Obeidah and Caled, 
632— d. Aug, 23, 634. See Arabia, ca- 
liphs of. 
A bu Bekir, ameer of Lamtuna, founds Mo- 
rocco, 1069. 
Abu Jusef, k. of the Merines, assists the 
k. of Granada against the Christians, 
1275— truce with Alfonso X. of Castile, 
1276— J. 1285. 
Abu Jyub, Ayub, or Job, killed in the 

attack on Constantinople, 66S. 
Abul Abbas, or Safkah (descendant of 
Mohammed's uncle. Abbas) emerges 
from obscurity and claims the caliphate, 
746 — leader of the Abbassides, 747— ca- 
liph, 750— d. 754. See Arabia, caliphs of. 



Abulfaraji Ali, hist, of the Omeyan ca- 
liphs, d. 967. 

Abulfeda Ismail, prince of Ilamah, Arab, 
hist, and geog., d. 1331. 

Abul Hassan, king of Granada, 1466 — re- 
fuses tribute, and renews the war with 
Castile, 1478 — revolt of his son, Abu 
Abdallah, 1482 — raises the siege of Loxa, 
1483 — resigns the crown to his brother. 
Abdallah el Zagal, 1484. 

Abulkatur, or Husam, a Saracen com- 
mander in Spain, 743. 

Abulmblic, after a reign of eight months 
in Murcia, is deposed by Abdallah Mo- 
hamad, 1224. 

Abulola, Moorish king in Spain, 1227 — 
retires into Africa, and d. 1232. 

Abulpharagjus, primate of the Jacobite 
Church, and hist.— d. 1286. 

Abul Walid, deposes his uncle, Nazar, 
and becomes king of Granada, 1313 — 
slain in a revolt, 1325. 

Abundant lus, consul of Rome, 393 — ba- 
nished, 396. 

Abu Obeidah, b. 581 — leads an army into 
Syria, reduces Anbar and Hira, 632 — lays 
siege to Emesa, 635— d. 639. 

Abu Said, kills Ismail, and usurps the 
throne of Granada, 1360— visits Peter of 
Castile to ask his friendship, and is 
treacherously slain by him, 1362. 

Abu Taher, the Carmathian leader, plun- 
ders Mecca, and massacres the pilgrims, 
929. 

Abydos. a Milesian colony, founded B.o. 
715— the Athenian fleet driven from, by 
Antalcidas, 388. 

ABYSSiNiA,Peter Covilham detained there, 
1469 — expulsion of the Portuguese, 1632. 
See Bruce. 

Abyssinian Era. The same as the later 
Mundane Era of Alexandria, which See. 

Abyssinians, Frurnentius preaches Chris- 
tianity to them, 329— Justinian leagues 
with them, 531 — request the assistance 
of the Portuguese in India against the 
Mohammedans, 1508 — are referred to 
Lisbon, 1509 — detain Rodrigo de Lima, 
the Portuguese ambassador, 1520. 

Acacius, bp. ofCsesarea, 340— contest with 
Cyril of Jerusalem, 357. 

Acacius, bp. of Antioch, 458 — of Constan- 
tinople, 471 — excommunicates Felix III. 
bp. of Rome, 484— d. 489. 

Academie Francaise, founded, 1635. 

Academie des Sciences, founded. 1666. 

Academie des Inscriptions, founded, 1663, 

Academies of learned men, instituted by 
Abderahman I„ 773 — founded at Home, 
Florence, and other cities, 1470. 

Academcs, grove and school of Plato, 
B.c 374 — continued by Speusippus, 347. 

Academy of Berlin, 1702. 



AC It 



ACH 



Academy Delia Crusca, originated at Flo- 
rence, 1582. 

Acadhmy of Music, at Paris, founded, 1672. 

Academy, Royal, of the Fine Arts, in Lon- 
don, founded, 1768— of Music. 1823. 

Academy of Sciences, at Petersburg, 
founded, by Katharine I., 1725. 

Acanthus, a city of Greece, founded, B.C. 
654. 

Acapulco Galleon. See Anson. 

Acaenania, part of Epirus, attacked by 
the Athenians, B.C. 454 — again, 426— by 
the Lacedaemonians, 391 — submits to 
them, 390 — occupied by an Athenian 
army to oppose Philip of Macedon, 343. 

Acastus, Athenian archon, B.C. 1024. 

Acca, bp. of Hagulstad, or Hexham, 710 
—expelled, 733— d. 737. 

Acca, daughter of iElla, married to Ethel- 
frid ; unites Deira to Bernicia, 588. 

Accession, Hanoverian, Aug. 1, 1714. 
See Geokge I. 

Accho. See Ptolemais. 

Acciaiuoli, Antonio, duke of Athens, 1394 
— d. 1435. 

Acciaiuoli, Nerio, gov. of Corinth, ob- 
tains possession of Athens and Thebes, 
1386 — made duke of Athens ; d. soon 
after, 1394. 

Acciaiuoli, Nicolo, a Florentine banker, 
acquires lands in the Morea, 1334 — prime 
minister to Katharine of Valois, 1339 - 
returns from the Morea to Italy, 1341 — 
hereditary grand-marshal of Naples, and 
count of Amalfi, 1348 — conquers a large 
part of Sicily for the king of Naples, 
1354 — raises the siege of Catania, and 
returns to Naples, 1357 — the barony of 
Corinth is granted to him, 1358— d. 1365. 

Accius. See Attius. 

Accounts, Commission of, established, 
1780. 

Acenchebes, king of Egypt, B.C. 1549. 

Acebba, the Count of, put to death in Si- 
cily, 1196. 

Acestoeides, Athenian archon, B.C. 504, 
474. 

Achjean League revived, B.C. 280— joined 
by other cities, 276 — Marcus of Cerynea 
praetor, 255 — Sicyon joins, 251 — Aratus 
praetor, 245 — joined by Corinth, Megara, 
and other states, 243 — supported by An- 
tigonus Doson, and joined by Athens, 
229 — at war with Lacedeemon, 227 — Ar- 
gos rejoins, 195 — Sparta joins, 192 — Pto- 
lemy Epiphanes, of Egypt, renews his 
alliance, 187 — attempt to revive the 
League, 149— broken up by the Romans, 
146. See Acheans. 

Achjbans, found (Jrotona and Locri, in 
Italy, B.C. 710 — are assisted against the 
jEtolians by Agis IV. of Lacedsemon, 
241 — support the ^Etolians against De- 



metrius II., king of Macedon, 239 — call 
upon Antigonus Doson to assist them 
against Cleomenes III., 223 — Timo- 
xenus praetor, 221 — defeated by the 
^Etolians, at Caphyse, 220 — a Roman 
fleet co-operates against them, 208 — Phi- 
lopoemen praetor, 201 — detached from 
Philip by Flaminius, 198 — altercations 
with the Lacedaemonians, and embassy 
to Rome, 1S8 — to Egypt, 187— Lycorta's 
praetor, 182 — Polybius ambassador to 
Rome, 181 — alliance with Rome, 177 — 
Polybius commands their cavalry, 169 
— a thousand hostages taken to Koine, 
167 — fruitless embassy to solicit tlieir 
return, 155 — 300 restored, 151 — Diteus 
praetor, 149— quarrel with the Lacedae- 
monians, when Rome interferes, 148 — 
retire to Corinth before Metellus, 147 — 
defeated at Leucopetra by Mummius, 
and Corinth taken, 146. 

AchuEus, of liretria, tragic poet, b. B.C. 484. 

Ach^us, rebels in Lydia against Antio- 
chus, B.C. 216 — assisted by Attalus I., 
of Pergamus, 215 — overcome, and Sardis 
taken, 214. 

Achaia, a State in the Peloponnesus, said 
to have been founded by Achaeus (a fa- 
bulous person, C), B.C. 1080 — invaded 
by Epaminondas, 366. See Achaean 
League. 

Achaia, principality of, in the Morea, 
founded by William de Champlitte, 1203 
— obtained by Geoffrey de Villehardouin 
the Younger, 1210— by Geoffrey II., 1218 
— by his brother, William, 1246— con- 
quest of the Morea, 1248 — war with the 
emperor Michael, 1259 — three fortresses 
ceded to him, 1262 — betrothal of Isabella 
to Philip, son of Charles of Anjou, 1267 
— death of William, 1277 — Isabella, 
princess, marries Florenz of Hainault, 
1291 — Maud, their daugnter, and heiress 
of the principality, 1297. ' See Isabella 
and Maud, Katharine of Valois, regent, 
1339. 

Achepsion. Athenian archon, B.C. 482. 

Achebbes, k. of Egypt, B.C. 1512. 

Achillas. See Alexandria, bishops of. 

Achilles, statue of, placed in Hyde Park, 
J line 18, 1822. 

Achilleus, revolts in Egypt against Dio- 
cletian, 297. 

Achilli prosecutes the Rev. J. H. New- 
man for a libel, 1852— defendant con- 
victed and fined, Jan. 31, 1853. 

Achmed I., sultan of the Ottomans, 1603 
-1617. 

Achmed II., sultan of the Ottomans, 1691 
-1695. 

Achmkd III., sultan of the Ottomans, 1703 
declares war against Russia, 1710 — de- 
posed by the Janizaries, 1730. 



ADA 



ADD 



Achmet, son of Bajazet II., rejected by the 
Janizaries, 1511 — put to death, 1512. 

Acholius, bp. of Thessalonica, baptizes 
Theodosius, 380. 

Achobis, k. of Egypt, B.C. 1537. 

Achoris, k. of Egypt, B.C. 389 (Blair). 

Achulga, a Circassian fort, captured by 
the Russians, Aug. 29, 1849. 

Achyeona, a village near Nicomedia, 
where Constantine dies, May 22, 337. 

Ackermann, R., introduces lithography in 
London, 1817. 

Acrazanes, k. of Nineveh, or Assyria, 
b.c. 860. 

Acre (See Ptolemais), taken by Baldwin, 
k. of Jerusalem, 1104 — by Saladin, 1187 
— besieged by Guy of Lusignan, 1189 — 
his army succoured by a fleet of Danes, 
Frisians and Flemings, 1190— the kings 
of England and France arrive, to whom 
the city surrenders, July 17, 1191 — given 
to the Knights Hospitallers, and called 
St. John d'Acre, 1193 — battle between 
the Genoese and Pisan fleets in the har- 
bour of, 1223 — Frederic II., emperor of 
Germany, lands, 1228 -the Genoese fleet 
defeated by the Venetians and Pisans, 
1258 — Prince Edward of England lands, 
1270 — drives Bibars from the siege of, 
1271 — capture of the city by Chalil, May 
18, 1291 — besieged by Bonaparte, March 
18, 1799— defended by Sir Sidney Smith ; 
the siege raised, May 20 -taken by Ibra- 
him Pasha, 1832 — by the allied fleet, 
Nov. 3, 1840. 

ACRiaros, first king of Mycense, b.c. 1344 
(1313, C ) 

Acropolis of Athens, the Greeks fail in an 
attempt to relieve the, 1827. 

Acropolita, George, the historian, chan- 
cellor to Theodore Lascaris II., 1254 — 
made prisoner by Manuel, despot of Epi- 
rus, 1256— released, 1259. 

Acrotatus, k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 265 — 
falls in battle against Aristodemus, of 
Megalopolis, 264. 

Actium, battle of, Sept. 2, b.c. 31 . 

Aounha, Tristan d', visits Madagascar, 
1507. 

Aoyndinus, consul of Rome, 340. 

Adair, Sir Robert, d. 1850. 

Adalard, abbot of Corvey, a grandson of 
Charles Martel, is counsellor and vice- 
gerent of Pepin, in Italy, 798— restored 
to his abbey, 821. 

Adalbert, son of Berenger, crowned with 
his father, king of Italy, Dec. 15, 950 — 
ou the d°feat of his father, escapes to 
Corsica, 964— returns to Lombardy, is 
defeated, and conceals himself in the 
mountains, 965. 

Adalbert 1., duke of Tuscany, acts for 
Carloman, 878— d. 890. 



Adalbert II., duke of Tuscany, conspires 
with Berenger against Arnulf, 896 — re- 
bels against Lambert, duke of Friuli, 
is made prisoner, released, and reinstated 
by Berenger, 898—d. 917. 

Adalbert III., duke of Tuscany, 1001-1014. 

Adalbert, archbp. of Bremen, favourite 
of Henry IV., emperor of Germany, 1063 
—banished, 1066. 

Adalbert, brother-in-law of the emperor 
Henry II., prevented by him from ob- 
taining the archbishopric of Treves, 1008. 

Adalbert, bishop of Prague, killed in 
Prussia, 997. 

Adalwald, k. of Lombardy, 615—625. 

Adam, Adm. Sir Charles, governor of 
Greenwich Hospital, dies 1853. 

Adam, Gen. Sir Fred., dies, 1853. 

Adam, Mr., introduces the Begum charge 
against Warren Hastings, Apr. 15, 1788. 

Adam, Sir Philip Villers de l'lsle, grand- 
master of the Knights of Rhodes, 1521 
— surrenders to the Turks, and retires 
into Sicily, 1522— visits Henry VIII., 
1528. 

Adam, of Bremen, writes his History, 1063. 

Adamnan, abbot of lona, presents his book 
on the Holy Places, to Alfrid, k. of Nor- 
thumberland, 703. 

Adams, Gen. H. W. dies, 1855. 

Adams, John, American ambassador at the 
Hague, Apr. 19, 1782— presented to Geo. 
III., June 1, 1785 — vice-pres. of the 
U.S., Apr. 14, 1789 -pres., 1797— d. July 
4, 1826. 

Adams, John Quincy, b. 1769 — pres. U.S., 
1825— loses his re-election, 1828-d. 184S. 

Adams, Mr., calculates the elements of an 
unknown planet, 1845. See Neptune. 

Ad Autolycum. See Theophilus, bp. of 
Antioch. 

Adda, k. of Bernicia, part of Northum- 
berland, 560-567. 

Adda, a river in Italy — Odoacer defeated 
there, Aug. 11, 490, and the French, by 
Suvarof, May 27, 1799. 

Addington, Dr. Antony (father of Lord 
Sidmouth), d. 1790. 

Addington, Henry, b. 1757 — Speaker, 
June 8, 1789— becomes premier, Mar. 17, 
1801 — created a peer. See Sidmouth, 
Lord. 

Addington, ministry, Mar. 17, 1801— joined 
by Tierney and Hobhouse, June, 1803 — 
opposed by Pitt and Fox, Apr. 16, 1804 
— displaced, May 12. 

ADDrsoN, Joseph, b. 1672— Irish secretary, 
1708— first performance of "Cato," Apr. 
14, 1713 — secretary to the council of re- 
gency, 1714 — of state, 1717 — resigns, 
Mar. 14, 1718— d. June 17, 1719. 

" Additional Act," of Napoleon, June 1, 
1815. 



ADI 



ADR 



Adela, wife of Baldwin IV„ count of 
Flanders, hospitably receives Emma, 
the widow of Canute, 1037. 
Adelaide, daughter of Rudolf II., ex-king 
of Italy, affianced to Lothaire, 938 — 
married, 947 — she remains in Pavia 
after the death of her husband, 950 — 
ill-treated by Berenger, solicits the 
protection cf Otho, the emperor, who 
rescues, and marries her, 951 — is crown- 
ed empress of the West, 962 — visits 
Rome, 981— d. 999. 
Adelaide, a Russian princess, widow of 
Otho, marquis of Brandenburg, married 
to the emperor Henry IV., 1089— ac- 
cuses him before the council of Con- 
stance, 1094. 
Adelaide, daughter of Robert, count of j 
Flanders, and widow of Roger, count of 
Sicily, guardian of her two sons, 1101 — 
marries Baldwin, k. of Jerusalem, 1113 
Adelaide, of Sardinia, marries Enzio, 
natural son of the emperor, Frederic II., 
1239. 
Adelaide, of Louvain, married to Henry 

I., of England, Feb. 2, 1121. 
Adelaide, of Saxe-Meiningen, marries 
the duke of Clarence, July 11, 1818— 
queen, 1830 — crowned, 1831 — visits Ger- 
many, July 5, 1834— d. Dec. 2, 1849. See 
Amelia. 
Adelard, Wm., a citizen of Ferrara, 

raises troops to relieve Ancona, 1174. 
Adelgiso, prince of Benevento, surprises 
the emperor Louis, and the empress 
Angilberga, 871 — saved by the pope, 
and the emperor Basil, from the venge- 
ance of Louis, 873 — defeated by the Sa- 
racens, 875. 
Adelgisus, son of Desiderius, k. of Lom- 
bardy — a marriage proposed for him 
with the daughter of Bertha, 770 — es- 
capes to Constantinople, 774 — claims the 
crown of Lombardy, 775 — totally de- 
feated, 788. 
Adelphi. See Terence 
Adelphius, Fl. consul of Rome, 451. 
Adelung, John Christopher, prof, at 
Leipzig, and librarian to Frederic Au- 
gustus III., elector of Saxony, 1787 — 
d. 1806. 
Aden, on the coast of Arabia, taken pos- 
session of, by a British force, 1839. 
Adeodatus, pope, 672—676. 
Adhebbal, defeats the consul Claudius, 

off Drepanum, bc 249. 
Adhebbal, expelled by Jugurtha from 
Numidia, B.C. 118 — restored by the Ro- 
man senate, 117 — killed by Jugurtha, 
112. 
Adiabene, conquered by Sept. Severus, 

195. 
Adimantus, Athenian archon, b.c. 477. 



Administrations, English. See the 

names of the respective premiers. 
Admiral, appointed by Abderahman I.. 

772. 
Admibalty, droits of, inquiry into, refused. 

May 5, 1820. 
Ado, abp. of Vienne, 856— d. 875. 
Adolphus, or Ataulphus, k. of the Visi- 
goths, 410— leaves Italy for the south of 
Gaul, 412— overcomes Jovinus and Se- 
bastian, 413 — marries Placidia, and 
founds the Gothic kingdom iu Spain, 414 
— assassinated at Barcelona by Sigeric 
415. 
Adolphus, of Nassau, crowned k. of Ger- 
many, at Aix-la-Chapelle, June 24, 1292 
—ally of Edward I., 1294— defeated and 
slain by Rudolf's son, Albert, 1298. 

Adolphus, Fred., duke of Holstein Got- 
torp, and bishop of Eutin, chosen suc- 
cessor to the throne of Sweden, 1743 — 
becomes king, 1751— d. Feb. 12, 1771. 

Adolphus, Fred., seventh son of Geo. III., 
b. Feb. 24, 1774. See Cambbidge, duke of. 

Adoptians, heresy of, 792. 

Adorno, Gabriel, doge of Genoa, 1363-^- 
deposed, 1370. 

Adorno, George, doge of Genoa, 1413. 

Adorno, Prospero, defeats a revolt in Ge- 
noa, 1477. 

Adosinda, sister of Aurelius, k. of the 
Goths in Spain, married to Silo, 771 — 
inaugurated, with her husband, at Ovi- 
edo, 774. 

Adrameles, or Sammughes, k. of Nineveh 
or Assyria, B.C. 687. 

Adbammelech I., k. of Nineveh or Assy- 
ria, b.c. 1000, La. 

Adbammelech II., k. of Nineveh or Assy- 
ria, B.C. 840, La. 

Adrastus, k. of Sicyou, b.c 1215 (1192 C.) 

Adrian. See Hadrian. 

Adrian IV., pope, 1154— quarrels with 
Frederic I., emperor, and burns Arnold 
of Brescia, 1155 — gives Ireland to Henry 
II., 1156 — asserts Germany to be a papal 
benefice, 1157 — puts a different interpre- 
tation on his letter, quarrels again, and 
d. 1159. 

Adrian V., pope, 1276. 

Adrian VI., pope, Jan. 19, 1522— d. Sept. 
14, 1523. 

Adrianople, battle of, July 3, 323— taken 
by the Bulgarians, 813,914, 922— storm- 
ed by Frederic I., emperor of Germany. 
1190— Baldwin I. made prisoner by the 
Bulgarians, 1205— taken by Theodore, 
emp. of Thessalonica, 1224— Koger di 
Flor assassinated, 1307 — taken by Amu- 
rath, and made his residence, 1361 — 
Charles XII. prisoner there, 1718— thi 
Russians advance to, 1829 — treaty con- 
cluded, Sept. 14. 



.EMI 



-2ET0 



Adriatic, its shores plundered by the Ge- 
noese fleet, 1351. 

Adrymettum, council of, 1283. 

Adulis (now Arkeeko), a port on the Red i 
Sea, where Ptolemy Euergetes erected ! 
a statue, B.C. 225. 

Adventus, consul of Rome, 218. 

Advertisements, duty on, repealed, July 
21, 1853. 

-Eaces, reinstated in Samos, B.C. 494. 

-Ebotas, Olympic victor, B.C. 756. 

-Edesius, pupil of Iamblichus, succeeds 
him in the chair of philosophy, 329— 
visited by Julian, and d. 355. 

JEdui, resist Caesar, B.C. 52. 

JEgje. See Philip II., of Macedon. 

JSgeus, k. of Athens, B.C. 1283 (1284 H.) 

-Egialeus, k. of Sicyon, B.C. 2089 (1S13 C.) 

-iEgidius, resists Ricimer, in Gaul, 461 — 
k. of the Franks, 462— defeats the Visi- 
goths, near Orleans, 463— d. 464. 

-Egina, war with Athens, B.C. 491— taken 
by the Athenians, 455— asylum of De- 
mosthenes, 324. 

-Egistheus, k. of Mycense, b.c. 1183. 

-Egospotamus, battle of, b.c. 405. 

-Egvdrus, k. of Sicyon, B.C. 1891. 

-Elia Capitolina, built, 131. 

^Elian, the sophist, fl. 222. 

-Elianus, consul of Rome, 187. 

-Elianus, Cn. Papirius, consul of Rome, 
184. 

-Elianus, L. Roscius, consul of Rome, 223. 

-'Elianus, Tactions, fl. 97. 

-Elius Spar ti anus (supposed to be the 
same as ./El. Lampridius and Vulcatius 
Gallicanus), writes his Augustan His- 
tory, 297. 

jElius Verus, adopted by Hadrian, 135 — 
receives the title of Csesar, 136 — d. Jan. 
1, 138. 

-Ella lands in the south of Britain, 477 
— lung of Sussex, 490 — takes Andreads- 
ceaster, 491 — first Bretwalda, 506. 

-<Ella, or Ella, k. of Deira, 560—588. 

jEmilianus, Qu. Fabius Max., consul of 
Rome, goes to Spain against Viriathus, 
b.c. 145. 

-Emilianus, Pub. Corn. Scipio Africanus 
(son of Paulus ./Emilius) conducts the 
war in Spain, B.C. 151 — as consul, takes 
the command in Africa, 147 — destroys 
Carthage, 146 — sent to conduct the war 
in Spain, 144 — ambassador to Egypt, 143 
— consul II., proceeds to Spain, 134 — re- 
duces Numantia, 133 — d. 129. 

-Emilianus, Niger's gen., defeated by Se- 
verus, 194. 

-Emilianus, Fnlv., consul of Rome, 206. 

-Emilianus, Valerian's gen., saluted em- 
peror by his army, and killed, 253. 

4;milianus, rebels in Egypt against Galli- 
enus, 262— put to death, 263. 



JEmilianus, consul of Rome, 244, 249, 259, 
276. 

JEneas, in Italy, b.c. 1182 (doubtful, C.) 

JEneid. See Virgil. 

-iEolian migration, B.C. 1123. 

^Eolis, added to the kingdom of Perga- 
mus, B.C. 263. 

^Eolus, k. of Phthiotis, B.C. 1383 (1380 C.) 

^Equi, war with Rome, B.C. 464 — besiege 
the consul Minucius in his camp, 458— 
again attack Rome, and are totally rout- 
ed, 446 — part of their dominions taken 
by the Romans, 426 — lose Bolae, 414 — 
annexed to Rome, 303. 

^Eropus, k. of Macedon, B.C. 602. 

JEropus, guardian of Orestes, son of Ar- 
chelaus, B.C. 399. 

jEsc,' k. of Kent, 488—512. 

./Eschines, Olympic victor, B.C. 760. 

.(EscHiNES, the orator, b. B.C. 389 — present 
at the battle of Tamynae, 350 — leaves 
Athens, 330— d. 314. 

jEschylus, Athenian archon, B.C. 777. 

jEschylus, the tragic poet, b. B.C. 525 — 
excels Choerilus and Pratinas, 499 — ob- 
tains the pri^e, 484 — " PerssB," 472 — 
" Oresteia," 458— d. 456— a bronze statue 
erected to him, 337. 

-iEsimides, Athenian archon, B.C. 742. 

iEsop, the fabulist, lived, B.C. (619, 571, or 
564). See PhjEdrus. 

^Etius, consul of Rome, 432, 437, 446, 454 
— supports John Primicerius, 423 — em- 
ploys a body of Huns, 424— enters into 
the service of Valentinian III., 425 — 
relieves Aries, 426 — deceives Bonifacius, 
427 — defeats Clodion, 428 — his duplicity 
is discovered by Bonifacius — repulses 
the Germans in Gaul, 430 — is defeated 
by Bonifacius, takes refuge among the 
Huns, and regains his power, 432 — de- 
feats the Burgundians, 435— again, 436 
— employs an auxiliary force of Huns, 
437— Merobaudes writes his panegyric, 
443 — the Britons apply to him for as- 
sistance, 446— allies with the Visigoths 
against Attila, and defeats him, at Cha- 
lons, 451 — murdered by Valentinian III., 
454. 

^Eiius, Eccles., instructs Eunomius in his 
doctrines, 353. 

yEtolia, subdued by Antipater, B.C. 322 — 
invaded by Philip V., 218. See Greece. 

JEtolians, seize the mountain-passes to 
Delphi, b.c. 290 — league together against 
Lysimachus, 284 — war with the Achse- 
ans, 241 — attacked by Demetrius II., 239 
— 'Ariston, prsetor, 221— defeat the Achse- 
ans at Caphyse, 220 — alliance with Rome, 
211 — assisted by a Roman fleet, 208 — de- 
feated by Antiochus, at Panium, 198 — 
assist Flaminius atCynoscephalse, 197 — 
alliance with Antiochus, 193— L. Scipio 



AFE 



AG A. 



grants them a truce of six months, 190 
— they give up Ambracia and Cephalo- 
nia, and pay tribute, 189. 

Afer, Domitius, fl., 45— superintends the 
public aqueducts, 49— d. 59. 

Affghans. See Attock. 

Afbanius, Burrus, praetorian prsefect, 51 
— d. 62. 

Afbanius, L. consul of Rome, b.g. 60— 
supports Pompey in Spain, 49. 

Afbica, Battus arrives, B.C. 640. See Cybe- 
ne. — Territories of Carthage extended, 
550. SeeCABTHAGE— Expedition of A ga- 
thocles, 310— unsuccessful, 307 — the Ro- 
mans land, 256— withdraw, 255 — ravage 
the maritime districts, 253 — Ptolemy 
Euergetes extends his empire, 225. See 
Egypt and Adulis. — P. Corn. Scipio 
seeks an alliance with Syphax, 206 — 
lands with his army, 204 — close of the 
second Punic War, 201 — P. Corn. Scipio 
jEmilianus arrives, 147 — terminates the 
third Punic War, 146. See Rome. — 
Africa laid waste by locusts, 125 — re- 
duced to obedience by Pompey, 82 — 
Caesar defeats Cato and Juba, 46. 

Rebellion of Tacfarinas, A.n. 17 — 24 — 
first bishop in Africa, at Alexandria, 70 — 
the Gordians proclaimed, 238 — revolt of 
Sabinianus, 240 — Donatist heresy, 313 — 
318. See Donatists. — Tyranny of Ro- 
mans, 336— revolt of Firmus, 372— of 
Gildo, 397-398— Heraclian rebels, 413— 
Bonifacius invites the Vandals, 428 — 
they land, 429— Bonifacius repents, fails 
in his efforts against them, and returns 
to Italy, 431 — the greater part of Africa 
is assigned to Genseric, 435 — Genseric 
appoints Arian bishops, 437 — takes Car- 
thage, Oct. 19, 439— Genseric d., All— 
Hunneric, k, 477-484 — Gundamund, 484- 
496— Thorismund, 496-523— Hilderic, 523 
— grants religious freedom ; deposed by 
Gelimer, 531 — Belisarius lands, 533 — 
sends Gelimer to Constantinople, and re- 
stores the Roman province ; Solomon de- 
feats the Moors, 534 — a mutiny quelled by 
Belisarius, 536 — peace restored by Solo- 
mon, 540— the Moors renew the war, and 
he is slain, 543— Heraclius and Nicetas 
proceed from Africa to depose Phocas,810. 
Gregory, praetorian prefect, assumes 
the purple. 646 — defeated and slain by 
Abdallah, the Saracen, 647 — Akbah, or 
Okbah, begins his conquests, 665— de- 
feats the exarch Gregory, and penetrates 
into Mauritania, 667 — Cairoan founded, 
670 — Invasion of Hassan, 693— Cartilage 
finally taken, and destroyed, 698— Musa 
completes the conquest, 707 — Christian- 
ity supplanted in Africa by the Moham- 
medan faith, 749 — invaded by Boniface, 
marquis of Tuscany, 828 — piratical at- 



tempts on Spain, 917 — Al Hakem em- 
ploys agents to purchase or copy W8S., 
962 — war for the recovery of Fez, 972 — 
974. See Fez and Morocco. 

The Greek emperors invite the Sara- 
cens of Africa to oppose Otho, 982 — Bona 
taken by the Pisans, 1035 — conquests of 
the Almoravides, 1067 — their power in- 
creased by Yusef Ben Taxfin, 1070 — he 
assists the Mohammedans of Spain, 1086 
— conquers them, 1091 — El Mehedi begins 
the power of the Almohades, 1121 — de- 
feat of Taxfin by Abdelmumen, 1144 — 
Roger of Sicily attacks the coast, 1146 — 
conquests of Abdelmumen, 1151 — Roger 
takes Tunis, Bona, and other towns, 1152 
— Tunis taken by Abdelmumen, 1158 — 
he passes into Spain, 1160— his son, Yu- 
zef Jakub, k. of the Almohades, 1163— 
flight of Mohammad Abdallah, k. to 
Africa, 1212 — the Merines rise in power, 
1238— crusade of Louis IX., of France, 
1270— the Genoese take Tripoli, 1355— 
Muhamad, k. of Granada, retires into 
Africa, 1359— leaves, 1361. 

The coasts explored by the Portuguese 
beyond Cape Bojador, 1433 — Bartholo- 
mew Diaz reaches the southern extrem- 
ity, 1486. See Cape of Good Hope.— 
Vasco de Gama passes it, 1497 — Pedro 
Alvarez Cabral visits the eastern coast, 
1500— conquests of Ferdinand of Spain 
on the northern coast, 1510 — the Dutch 
settle at the Cape of Good Hope, 1650 — 
the French possess themselves of Algiers, 
1830. See Algiebs. 

African corsairs infest Italy, 813. 

Afbicanus, consul of Rome, 236. 

Afbicanus, lulus Antonius, consul of 
Rome, B.C. 10. 

Afbicanus, Pub. Com. Scipio, takes the 
command in Spain, 211 — takes Carthago 
Nova, 210 — advances into the interior, 
209 — reaches Gades, 207 — negotiates 
with Syphax, 206 — consul, and proceeds 
to Sicily, 205 — lands in Africa, 204 — de- 
feats Hannibal, at Zama, 202 — peace, 
return and triumph, 201 — consul II., un- 
popular at Rome, 194 — assists his 
brother, Lucius, in Greece, 190 — accused 
of peculation, retires in disgust to Li- 
turnum, 188— d 183. 

Afbicanus, P. Corn. Scipio iEmilianus. 
See ^Emilianus. 

Afbicanus, T. Sextius, consul of Rome 
112. 

Agamemnon, k. of Mycenae, b.c. 1201 
(1200 C.) 

Agamestob, Athenian archon, b.c. 795. 

Agapetus, consul of Rome, 517. 

Agapktus, bp. of Rome, 535 — his mission 
to C.P., 536. 

Agapetus II., pope, 946—956. 



AGI 



10 



AGE 



Agapius, claims the bishopric of Bostra, 
394. 

Agapius, the disciple of Proclus, fl. 511. 

Agatharcides, of Cnidus, hist fl. B.C. 113. 

Agatharcus, Olympic victor, B.C. 536. 

Agathias, begins his History, 553 — writes 
l.v., 559 — concludes, 562 — the five ex- 
tant books written, 582. 

Agatho, pope, 678-682— orders the resto- 
ration of Wilfrid to York, 678. 

Agathocles, Athenian archon, B.C. 357. 

Agathocles, obtains absolute power at 
Syracuse, B.C. 317 — defeated at Himera, 
passes into Africa, 310— returns, 307 — 
poisoned, 289. See Syracuse. 

Agathon, receives the prize for tragedy, 
B.C. 416. 

Agaunum, monastery, founded by Sigis- 
mund, 515— endowed by him, 522. See 
St. Maubice. 

Agde, council of, 506. 

Agelas, k. of Corinth, B.C. 996. 

Agelas, k. of Corinth, B.C. 889. 

Agelius, pastor of the Novatian church 
at C.P.— d 384. 

Agemon, k. of Corinth, B.C. 799. 

Agesicles, Proclidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
B.C. 598-560. 

Agesilaus, Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
B.c. 927—883. 

Agesilaus II., Proclidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
B.C. 398-361 — commands the Grecian 
army in Asia, 396 — gains a victory near 
Sardis, and penetrates intoPhrygia, 395— 
recalled from Asia, victorious at Coronea, 
394— in the Gulf of Corinth, and at Le« 
chseum, 393— defeated by Iphicrates, 392 
— invades and conquers Acarnania, 391 
-390 — compels the Thebans to give up 
Plataea, 386— besieges and takes Piilius, 
381— 379 — invades Bceotia, 378— 377 — 
invades Arcadia, 370— assists the Egyp- 
tians against Persia, and d. 361. 

Agesipolis I., Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
B.C. 394-380 — invades Argolis, 390 — 
takes Mantinea, 385 — d. in the third 
campaign against Olynthus, 380. 

Agesipolis II., Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
B.C. 371. 

Agesipolis III., last of the Agidse. killed 
by Lycurgus, k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 219. 

Agetroda, mother of Lambert, defends 
Spoleto against Arnulf, 896. 

Agheim, battle of: the Irish and French 
defeated by Ginkel, July 22, 1691. 

Agila, k. of the Visigoths, 549 — 554. 

Agilbebt, bp. of Dorcic, 650 — of Paris, 
660. 

Agilulph, duke of Turin, becomes k. of 
Lombardy, 591 — renounces Arianism, 
602 — gives the valley of Bobium to Co- 
lumbanus, 612 — d. 615. 

Agincoubt, battle of, Oct. 25, 1415. 



Agis, Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 1059 
—1028. 

Agis II., Proclidan k. of Lacedsemon, b.c. 
427-398 — defeated by Nicias, at Tana- 
gra, 420 — invades Attica, but retires, 425 
— d. 398. 

Agis III., Proclidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
B.C. 338— defeated and slain, by Anti- 
pater, 331. 

Agis IV., Proclidan k. of Lacedsemon, en- 
deavours to revive the laws of Lycurgus, 
b.c. 244 — assists the Achseans, 241 — is 
killed, 240. 

Agis, Olympic victor, b.c. 572. 

Aglabites, dynasty, founded at Cairoan 
and Tunis, 800. 

Agnadello, battle of ; the Venetians de- 
feated by the French, May 14, 1509. 

Agnes, daughter of Wm., duke of Poitiers, 
marries Henry III., emperor of Ger- 
many, 1043 — regent during the minority 
of her son, 1056- calls a council at Si- 
euna, to elect a pope, 1058 — nominates 
Cadalo, bp.of Parrna, as auti-pope,1061 — 
retires to Rome, and is pardoned by pope 
Alexander 11., 1062. 

Agnes Sorel. See Sorel. 

Agnes, daughter of Louis VII., of France 
married to Alexius, son of the empero. 
Manuel, 1178. 

Agnew, Sir Andrew, d. 1849. 

Agnew, Mr., murdered by the Sikhs, at 
Mooltan, Apr. 21, 1848. 

Agnon, Olympic victor, b.c. 568. 

Agnon. See Amphipolis. 

Ago, duke of Friuli, 651. 

Agobard, abp. of Lyons, protests against 
image-worship, 816 — degraded, 835 — d. 
840. 

Agra, taken by general Lake, Oct. 17, 
1803. 

Agrarian law, introduced at Rome by Sp. 
Cassius,B.c486— causes violentcontests, 
482 — violated by Licinius Stolo, 357. 
See Rome. 

Agricola, Cn. Julius, Roman governor oi 
Britain, 78— his successful campaign in 
Caledonia, 80 — totally defeats the Cale- 
donians, builds the wall between the 
Forth and Clyde ; his fleet sails round the 
north of Scotland, 84 — recalled, 85 — 
d. Aug. 23, 93. 

Agricola, consul of Rome, 421. 

Agricola, son of Severian, preaches Pela- 
gianism in Britain, 429. 

Agricola, Calpurnius, sent to Britain to 
repel an incursion of the Brigantes, 162. 

Agricola, L. Virius, consul of Rome, 230. 

Agricultural distress, committee on, ap- 
pointed Feb. 8, 1836— sits four months ; 
makes no report. 

Agricultural produce advances in prica, 
1824. 



A OB 



11 



AIK 



•Agricultural and Commercial bank of 
Ireland stops payment, 1836. 

Agriculture, the Athenians instructed 
in, 3.c. 1383 (1384 H.). 

Agriculture, Board of, established, on the 
motion of Sir John Sinclair, May 31, 1793. 

Agriculture, professorship of, establish- 
ed by Wm. Pulteney, at Edinburgh, 
Apr. 14, 1790. 

Agrigentinzs, revolt against the Sara- 
cens in Sicily, 938. 

Agrigentum, founded, B.C. 582 — Phalaris 
put to death, 549— Theron rules, 488 — 
the republic restored, 472 — conquered by 
Syracuse, 446 — taken by the Carthagi- 
nians, 406 — by the Romans, 262 — the re- 
public subverted by Rome, 210. 

Agrippa, Menenius Lanatus, consul of 
Rome, B.C. 503. • 

Agrippa the Younger, tetrarch of Judaea, 
44 — prevails on Claudius to reverse the 
orders of Cassius Longinus, 45 — receives 
additional territory from Claudius, 48 — 
Trachonitis, Abilene, and other districts 
placed under his jurisdiction, 53. 

Agrippa, Herod, k. of Judaea, 37— receives 
the dominions of Herod Antipas, 39 — 
his territories still further enlarged, 41 — 
d.44. 

Agrippa, Purius Fusus., cousul of Rome, 
B.C. 446. 

Agrippa, Dec. Haterius, consul of Rome, 
22. 

Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, consul of 
Rome, B.C. 37, 28, 27 — crosses the Rhine, 
to secure the frontier of Gaul, 37 — defeats 
Sextus Pompeius, and receives a naval 
erown,36 — JEdile.Testores the public edi- 
fices and fountains of Rome, 33 — assists 
at the battle of Actium, 31 — aids Octa- 
vius in regulating the state and adorning 
the city, 28 — builds the Pantheon, 25— 
appointed prefect of the city, and marries 
Julia, daughter of Augustus, 21 — his 
son, Caius Caesar, i. 20 — subdues the 
Cantabri, 19 — tribune for life, 18 — birth 
of his son, Lucius ; his two sons are 
adopted by Augustus ; visits Syria, 17 
— and Jerusalem, 16 — goes to put down a 
disturbance in Bosporus, 14 — returns to 
Rome, 13— d. Mar. 22, 12. 

Agrippa, M. Asinius, consul of Rome, 25. 

Agrippa, math., observes a conjunction 
of the moon with the Pleiades, Nov. 29, 
7 p.m., 92. 

Agrippa, M., adopted by Augustus, 4 — 
murdered by Tiberius, 14. 

Agrippa, H. Cornelius, b 1486; d. 1535. 

Agrippina, daughter of M. Vip. Agrippa, 
and wife of Germanicus, brings the ashes 
of her husband to Rome, 20— Sejanus 
^lots against her and her sons> 26 — ba- 
nished, 30— put to death, Sept. 17, 33. 



Agripp na, daughter of Germanicus, ii 

married to Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, 

28— to Claudius, 49— prevails on him to 

adopt Nero as his successor ; founds Co- 

lonia Agrippina, 50— poisons Claudius, 

Oct. 13, 54 — courts Britannicus, 55 — 

murdered by Nero's order, Mar. 20, 59. 
Agrippina. See Cologne. 
Agrippinus, bp. of Alexandria, 168. 
Aguero and the insurgent Cubans defeat 

the Spanish troops, July 4, 1851 — their 

rebellion suppressed, Sept. 1. 
Aguesseau, D', chancellor of France, d. 

1751. 
Agyrrhius, replaces Thrasybulus, B.C. 389. 
Ahab, k. of Israel, b.c. 919— slain, 896. 
Ahala, C. Servilius, consul of Rome, B.C. 

478. 
Ahala, Q. Servilius, consul of Rome b.c. 

342. 
Ahala, C. Servilius Struct., murders Sp. 

Mselins, b.c. 439— exiled, 438— consul, 

427— military tribune III., 402. 
Ahala, Q. Servilius, consul of Rome, b.c. 

365, 362. 
Ahasuerus. See Artaxerxes, b.c. 462. 
Ahaz, k. of Judah, b.c. 741—726. 
Ahaziah, k. ot Israel, b.c. 896. 
Ahaziah, k. of Judah, b.c. 886. 
Ahenobarbus, Cn. Domitius, consul of 

Rome, B.C. 192. 
Ahenobarbus, Cn. Domitius, consul, b.c. 

162. 
Ahenobarbus, Cn. Domitius, consul, B.C. 

122— defeats the Arverni, 121. 
Ahenobarbus, Cn. Domitius, consul, b.c 

96. 
Ahenobarbus, Cn. Domitius, marries 

Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, 28 

— consul, 32. 
Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius, consul of 

Rome, b.c. 94. 
Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius, consul of 

Rome, b.c. 54. 
Ahenobarbus, L. Domitius, consul of 

Rome, b.c. 16. 
Ahimaaz, Jewish high priest, B.C. 990. 
Ahmed, Mohammedan k. of Saragossa, 

slain by Alfonso VII., k. of Castile, 1109. 
Ahmed, the Turk, establishes the office 

of Emir al Omra, at Bagdad, 944. 
Ahmed Ben Gehaf betrays Valencia to the 

Almoravides, 1092— burnt alive, 1094. 
Ahmednuggur, captured by Sir Arthur 

Wellesley, Aug. 12, 1803. 
Aidan, bp. of Lindisfarne or Holy Island, 

635— d. 650. 
Aigues Mortes, interview of Charles V. 

and Francis I. at, 1538. 
Aiguillon, due d', tried by the parliament 

of Paris, 1770. 
Aikin, Arthur, d. 1854. 
Aikin, Dr. John, d. 1822. 



ALA 



12 



ALB 



Ailesbury, earl of, d. 1856. 

Ailly, Peter d', abp. of C&mbray, and 
chancellor of the university of Paris, 
urges, at the Council of Constance, the 
reforms recommended by the university, 
1414— d. 1425. 

Aimoin, the monk-historian of France,, d. 
1008. 

Aimon, the Pacific, count of Savoy, 1329, 

Ainsworth, W. H., b. 1805. 

Aire, taken by the allies, Nov. 9, 1710. 

Aislabie, chancellor of the exchequer, im- 
plicated in the South Sea fraud, resigns 
his office, 1721. 

Aix, the first Roman colony in Gaul (Aqusa 
Sextise), founded by C. Sextius Calvius, 
B.C. 122— defeat of the Teutones, 102— 
treaty between Aragon and France, 1291 
— massacre of royalists, 1791. 

Aix, the Isle of. taken. Sept. 23, 1757. 

Aix-la-Chapelle, enriched with mosaics 
and marbles from Ravenna, 784— Char- 
lemagne makes it his capital, 795 — 
council of, 809 — diet of, 831 — plundered 
by the Danes, 851 — council of, 862 — 
Henry, son of Conrad II., crowned, 1028 
— diet of, 1099 — Frederic II., crowned, 
1215— William, count of Holland, 1247- 
Richard, earl of Cornwall, 1257- — Rudolf 
of Habsburg, 1276 -Adolphus of Nas- 
sau, June 24, 1292 — Albert of Austria, 
1298— Sigismund, 1414 — Albert II., of 
Austria, 1438 — peace between Fiance 
and Spain, May 2, 1668 — negotiations 
commenced, 1747 — cessation of hostili- 
ties proclaimed, Aug. 10 ; peace con- 
cluded, Oct. 7, 1748 — congress, Sept. 9 
to Nov. 22, 1818. 

A jnadin, battle of; Heraclius defeated 
by the Saracens, 633. 

Ajo, duke of Reneventum, slain in battle 
against the Sclavonians, 642. 

Akbah, or Okbah, sent to conquer Africa, 
665— defeats the exarch, Gregory, and 
penetrates into Mauritania, 667— founds 
Cairoan, 670. 

Akbar Khan, joins the Afghan insurgents, 
Nov. 25, 1841 — invites Sir Win. M'- 
Naghten to an interview, and assassi- 
nates him, Dec. 25 — massacres the Bri- 
tish in their retreat, Jan. 1842— restores 
Lady Sale and other captives, Sept. 21. 

Akenside, Mark, b. 1721 — d. 1770. 

Akerman, taken by Potemkin, 1789 — treaty 
between Russia and Turkey, 1827. 

Alabama, twenty-first State of the Ame- 
rican Union, 1819. 

Alachis, duke of Trent and Brescia, rebels 
against Cunibert. and falls in battle, 690. 

Alaeddin, sultan of Iconium, 1222 — gives 
a settlement for 400 families of Oghusian 
Tartars in Asia Minor, 1231 — poisoned 
by his son, 1236. 



Alaeddin II., last of the Seljukian sul- 
tans, 1297. 

Alaftas, k. of Badajos, repels Alfonso 
VI., of Castile, from Toledo, 1081. 

Alahman. See Muhamad and Ytjsef. 

Alalia, founded, in Cyrnos (Corsica), by 
the Phocseans, B.C. 564. 

Al Amin, caliph, 809 — dethroned by his 
brother, Al Mamun, 813. See Arabia, 
caliphs of. 

Alamundarus defeats Belisarius, 531. 

Alan, son of Mathuedoi, regent of Bri- 
tanny, takes refuge in England, 913 — 
returns, 931 — is established in Britanny 
by Athelstan, 937. 

Aland, the Isles of, taken by the czar 
Peter, 1714 — conquered again by Russia, 
1809— occupied by the allied fleets, 1854. 

Alani, invade Parthi'a, 75 — enter Spain, 
through Gaul, and establish a kingdom 
for themselves, 409 — attacked by Wal- 
lia, 417 — overcome by the Vandals, 419. 

Alarcos, battle of, July 19, 1195. 

Alaric, leader of the Visigoths, 382 — as- 
sists Theodosius against Eugenius, 393— 
plunders Thessaly, 395 — takes Athens, 
396— overcome by Stilicho, retires into 
Epirus, 397 — master-general of Eastern 
lllyiicum, and k. of the Visigoths 398 
— enters Italy, 400 — advances, 402 — de- 
feated at Pollentia and Verona, and 
leaves Italy, 403— returns and besieges 
Rome, 408 — receives a large ransom, and 
withdraws, takes Ostia, forms the second 
siege of Rome, and again spares the city 
409 — after a third siege, takes Rome, 
Aug. 24, and marches to the south <>t 
Italy, where he dies, at Consentia, 
410. 

Alaric II., k. of the Visigoths, 485 — con- 
tracted toTheudegotha, daughter of The- 
odoric, 495— legislates for his peopie, 
and employs Anianus to adapt the The- 
odosian code to his purpose ; war with 
Clovis ; Theodoric mediates. 506 — de- 
feated and slain, at Vougle, near Poitiers, 
507. 

Alava, taken from Sancho VII., of Na- 
varre, by Alfonso VIII., of Castile, 1200. 

Alba, on the lake Fucinus. the prison or 
Syphax, B.c. 204 — of Perseus, 168— and 
of Bituitus, k. of the Arverni, 121. 

Alba. See Alva. 

Albaida, battle of; Musa defeated, 852. 

Albas, Mount, held by the Senones, b.c. 
360. 

Albani, cardinal. See Clement XI., pope. 

Albania, near the Caspian Sea, winter- 
quarters of Heracliu; , 623. 

Albania, in Epirus. invaded by Robert 
Guiscard, 1081-1084 — conquered by 
Amurath I., 1387 — independent under 
Scanderbeg, 1443. See Scanderbeg. — 



ALB 



13 



ALB 



earthquake in, 1667— revolt of Ali Pasha 
in, 1820. 

Albanians, of Epirus, defeated by Andrc- 
nicus III., 1337 — under Scanderbeg, sup- 
port Ferdinand in Naples, 1461. 

Alban's, St., Abbey built by Offa, 793— 
battle of; the Lancastrians defeated, 
May 23, 1455 — they conquer in the se- 
cond battle, Feb. 17, 1461— borough dis- 
franchised, for bribery, 1852. 

Alban's, St., Hall, Oxford, founded, 1547. 

Albany, the duke of, brother of Robert, 
k. of Scotland, puts to death his nephew, 
Uavid, 1405— regent, 1406. 

Albany, John, duke of, escapes from his 
brother, J as. Ill , into England, 1479 — 
invades Scotland with an English army. 
1482. 

Albany, duke of, l'egent of Scotland, 1514 
— war against England, and truce, 1522 
— killed at the battle of Pavia, Feb. 24, 
1525. 

Albany, duchess of, natural daughter of 
the Pretender, d. 1789. 

Albategni, Arab, astron., observes the 
autumnal equinox, Sept. 19, 882. 

Albemarle, earl of, defeats David I., k. of 
Scotland, in the battle of the Standard, 
Aug. 22, 1138. 

Albemaele, duke of, d. 1670. See Monk. 

Albemarle, lord, commanding part of 
prince Eugene's army, defeated by Vil- 
lars, at Denain, July 24, 1712. 

Albemarle, lord, and admiral Pococke, 
conquer the island of Cuba, 1762. 

Alberada, wife of Robert Guiscard, di- 
vorced, 1058. 

Alberche, a river of Spain ; battle near 
it. 832. 

Ai.bergati, Nicholas, cardinal, opens the 
council of Ferrara, Jan. 8, 1438. 

Alberia, daughter of Alfonso VIL, k. of 
Castile, married to Roger, count of Si- 
cily, 1120. 

Alberic, son of Marozia, expels her hus- 
band, Hugh, and governs Rome, 932 — 
they are reconciled, and he marries Alda, 
daughter of Hugh, 936 — again recon- 
ciled, 939— d. 954. 

Alberico, marquis of Camerino, first hus- 
band of Marozia. 925. 

Alberico, count of Tusculum, purchases 
the papal chair for his son, 1033. 

Alberoni, b. 1664 — prime minister hi 
Spain, 1714— intrigues against Great 
Britain, 1716 — fails in his attempt to 
prolong the war between the Turks and 
the empire, and in a plot against the 
duke of Orleans, 1718— dismissed, 1719 
— d. 1751. 

Albert L, made duke of Austria, by his 
father, the emperor, Rudolf, 1282— re- 
jected as emperor by the nobles of Ger- 



many, 1291 — elected and crowned, Aug. 
24, 1298 — oppresses the Swiss, 1304 — 
assassinated, 1308. 

Albert, of Mecklenburg, son of Magnus 
Smek's sister, invited by the Swedes, 
1363— k. of Sweden, 1364-1389— defeats 
Haco VIII. of Norway, and takes his 
father prisoner, at Enkioping, 1365 — 
defeated by Margaret, at Falkioping, 
captured, and loses his crown, 1389. 

Albert the Younger, of Mecklenburg, son 
of Margaret's sister, aspires to the 
throne of Denmark, 1375. 

Albert, duke of Austria, assists Fran 
cisco da Carrara against Venice, 1373 

Albert II., of Austria, marries Elizabeth, 
daughter of Sigismund, 1422 — k. of Hun- 
gary, Germany, and Bohemia, 1437 — 
crowned, and defeats Casimir of Poland, 
at Tabor, 1438 — his expedition against 
the Turks stopped by his sudden death, 
Oct. 27, 1439. 

Albkrt III., duke of Bavaria, 1550-1579. 

Albert of Brandenburg, Culmbach, Ten 
tonic grand-master in Prussia, 1512- - 
embraces Lutheranism, and becomes 
duke of Prussia, 1525 — marries the 
princess Dorothea, of Denmark, 1527 — 
is put to the ban of the empire, 1532 — 
d. 1568. 

Albert the Younger, margrave of Bran- 
denburg, defeated at Sievershausen, 1553. 

Albert, made by the pope marquis of Tus- 
cany, 1127. 

Albkrt, count of Biandrate, leads his cru- 
sade, 1100. 

Albert, brother of the emperor Frederic 
IV., rebels, 1460. 

Albert, archduke of Austria, surprises 
Calais. 1596 — marries Isabella, daughter 
of Philip II., who resigns the sovereignty 
of the Netherlands to them, 1598— de- 
feated by prince Maurice, 1600— besieges 
Ostend, 1601 — negotiates for peace, 1607 
— unable to continue the war, he con- 
cludes a truce with the United Provinces, 
Mar. 30 (Apr. 9, n.s.), 1609— d. 1621. 

Albert, prince of Saxe-Coburg Gothn, b. 
Aug. 26, 1819— marries Queen Victoria 
Feb. 10, 1840— lays the first stone of the 
Infant Orphan Asylum, at Wanstead, 
1841; and of the new Royal Exchange, 
Jan. 17, 1842— embarks at Woolwieh for 
Scotland ; returns, Sept. 17 ; embarks at 
Southampton, and visits Falmouth, Aug. 
28. 1843 — visits the royal family <.f 
France, and lands again at Brighton, 
Sept. 9 — visits the king of the Belgians 
at Ostend, Sept. 13 — elected chancellor 
of Cambridge, Feb. 28, 1847— installed 
at Buckingham Palace, Mar. 25, and at 
Cambridge, July 6 — lays the first stone 
of the Grimsby docks, April 18, 1849— 



ALB 



14 



ALB 



opens the new Coal Exchange, London, 
Oct. 30 — lays the foundation stone of the 
Edinburgh National Academy, Aug. 30, 
1850— promotes the Great Exhibition ; 
dinner at the Mansion House, Mar. 21 — 
at York, Oct. 25. 1850 — vindicated from 
false charges brought, against him, 
Jan., 1854 — visits Boulogne to meet the 
French emperor, Sept. 5 — visits Hull, 
and inspects the new works at Grimsby, 
Oct. 13; visits the emperor and empress 
at Paris, Aug. 18-27, 1855. 

Albert, a leader of the Parisian Commu- 
nists, arrested, May 15, 1848— condemned 
by the tribunal of Bourges to transpor- 
tation for life, April 2, 1849. 

Albert the Bear, created marg-ave of 
Brandenburg, 1142. 

Albert the Great, teaches at Cologne, 1249 
- d. 1280. 

Albert Azzo of Canossa, protects Ade- 
laide, widow of Lothaire, 951— besieged 
by Berenger in Canossa, 953 — relieved 
by Otho, 956 — created count of Reggio 
and Modena, 962. 

Albert Azzo II., marries Cunegunda, 
sister of Guelph III., duke of Carinthia, 
1047— d. 1097. 

Albigenses, heretics in the south of 
France, first persecuted as Manicheans, 
1163 — crusade against, 1208— defeated 
by Simon de Montfort in the battle of 
Muret, 1213— close of the Crusade, 1229. 

Albinus, Sp. Postumius, consul of Rome, 
b.o 334. 

Albinus, Sp. Postumius, consul of Rome, 
b c. 321 ; surrounded by the Samnites at 
Caudium. 

Albinus, A. Postumius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 242. 

Albinus, L. Postumius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 234—229, II. 

Albinus, Sp. Postumius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 186. 

Albinus, A. Postumius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 180 — 151, IL, writes history in Greek. 

Albinus, L. Postumius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 173. 

Albinus, L. Postumius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 154. 

Albinus, Sp. Postumius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 110 — commands in Africa, where he 
leaves the conduct of the war to his 
brother Aulus, who concludes a treaty 
with Jugurtha, not ratified by the senate, 
109. 

Albinus, P., Roman gov. of Juc'jea, 63 — 
recalled, 64. 

Albinus, Clodius, gen. to Commodus, 
settles commotions in Dacia, 183— gov. 
of Britain, 192 — proclaimed emperor, 
193— receives the title of Caesar, and is 
made consul, 194 — takes his forces into 



Gaul, 196— is defeated and slain by 
Severus at Lyons, Feb. 19, 197. 

Albinus, Nummius, consul of Romo, 206. 

Albinus, consuls of Rome of this name, 
227, 246, 263, IL, 345, 444, 493. 

Albinus, Rufius, consul of Rome, 335. 

Albinus, the senator, put to death by The- 
odoric, 523. 

Albinus, Abbot of St. Augustin's, Canter- 
bury, friend of Bede, 709— d. 732. 

Albion mills, near Blackfriars bridge, 
destroyed by fire, Mar. 3, 1791. 

Albius. See Tibullus. 

Alboin, chief of the Longobardi, subdues 
the Gepidae, kills their king Cuni- 
mund, and marries his daughter Rosa- 
mund, 567 — invades Italy and founds 
the Kingdom of Lombardy, 568— takes 
Milan and conquers Liguria, 569— Pavia 
besieged, 570 — surrenders, 571 — grants 
to his chief captains lands and titles, 
572 — murdered by Rosamund, 573. 

Alboin, a Saxon chief, submits to Charle- 
magne, and professes Christianity, 785. 

Albornoz, Cardinal, restores order in 
Rome, 1354— recalled to Avignon, 1357 
— again legate at Rome, 1358 — Bologna 
given up to him, 1360— d. 1367. 

Albret, John D', in right of his wife 
Katharine De Foix, k. of Navarre, 1483 — 
expelled by Ferdinand, 1512— d. 1516. 

Albret, Henry D', son of John, allowed by 
Francis I. to retain Lower Navarre, with 
the title of king, 1516 — taken prisoner at 
Pavia, 1525— marries Margaret, sister of 
Francis, 1527— d. 1555. 

Albret, Jane D', daughter of Henry, mar- 
ried to Antony de Bourbon, 1548— her 
son Henry born, 1553— Queen of Lower 
Navarre, 1555— encourages the Refor- 
mers, 1562 — issues an edict in favour of 
Calvinism, 1567 — poisoned, June 10, 
1572. 

Albuera, Alfonso V. of Portugal, de- 
feated, Feb. 24, 1479— John IL, king of 
Portugal, d. at, Sep. 14, 1495— battle of; 
Soult defeated by Beresford, May 16, 
1811. 

Albuquerque, a Portuguese commander, 
discovers Zanzibar, 1503 — founds a 
settlement on Ormus, 1507— sends the 
Abyssinian envoy to Lisbon, 1509— su- 
perseded and d. 1515. 

Albuquerque, duke of, Spanish ambas- 
sador in London ; d. 1814. 

Albus, Aulus Postumius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 496. 

Albus, Aulus Postumius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 464. 

Albus, Sp. Postumius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 466. 

Albus, Sp. Postumius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 432. 



ALC 



15 



ALE 



Alcadir, k. of Valencia, slain, 1092. 

Alc^us I., Athenian archon, B.C. 537. 

Aloeus II., Athenian archon, B.C. 422. 

Alceus, the lyric poet, fl. B.C. 611— ba- 
nished by Pittacus, from Mitylene, 589. 

Alcsus of Messenia, poet, fl. B.C. 197. 

Alcala de Henares (olim Complutum), 
taken by the Moors, 1197 — Birth-place 
of Katharine, afterwards Qu. of England, 
1485 — university founded, 1510 — Com- 
plutensian polygot, 1517 — Loyola studies 
there, 1526. 

Alcamenes, Agidan king of Lacedsenion, 
B.C. 783. 

Alcantara taken by the earl of Galway, 
1706. 

Alcasim, put to death by his father Ab- 
dallah, 902. 

Alcasim, brother of Ali Ben Hamud, 
opposes Abderahman IV., 1017 — driven 
from Cordova by Yahye, 1019 — agrees 
to share the kingdom with him, 1020 — 
expelled by the people of Cordova and 
imprisoned by Yahye, 1021. 

Alcazarquivir, battle of, Sebastian of Por- 
tugal killed, 1578. 

Alcetas, king of Macedon, B.C. 572. 

Alchama or Alhaur, a Saracen commander 
in Spain, 718— defeated by Pelayo and 
slain, 719. 

Alcibiades, saved by Socrates, B.C. 429 — 
takes part in public affairs, 423— nego- 
tiates an alliance between Athens and 
Argos, 420 — leads an Athenian expedi- 
tion into the Peloponnesus, 419 — to 
Sicily ; recalled and takes refuge in 
Sparta, 415 — adviser of the Lacedaemo- 
nians ; 413 — negotiates an alliance be r 
tween them and Persia, 412 — recalled 
by the Athenians and placed at the 
head of the army in Samos, 411 — defeats 
the Lacedaemonians near Cyzicus, 410 — 
takes Selymbria and Byzantium, 408 — 
again banished, 407 — killed by Persian 
soldiers, 404. 

Alcide and Lys, two French frigates, cap- 
tured by admiral Boscawen, 1755. 

Alcisthenes, Athenian archon, B.C. 372. 

Alcmson, Athenian archon, b.c. 754. 

Alcman, the Lydian poet, fl. B.C. 671. 

Alcoba^a, royal sepulchre of Portugal. 
See Peter I. of Portugal, and Inez de 
Castro. 

Alcobriga, taken by Almansor, 987. 

Alcock, John, bishop of Ely, founds Jesus 
, college, Cambridge, 1496. 

Alcoran. See Koran and Mohammed. 

Alcoraza, defeat 01 the Mohammedans 
by the Cid, 1087. 

Alcred, king of Northumberland, 765 — 
' expelled, 774. 

Alcuin, born, 735 — studies at York, 760 — 
teaches theology in England, 768- in- 



vited to France by Charlemagne, 782— 
writes against Felix of Urgel, and Eli- 
prand, abp. of Toledo, 794 — obtains the 
release of the Saxons from slavery, 796 
— d. 804. 

Alda. See Alberic, 936. 

Aldermen first elected in London, 1242. 

Alderson, Amelia (afterwards Mrs. Opie), 
b. 1769— d. 1853. 

Aldhelm, abbot of Malmsbury, bishop of 
Sherborne, 703— d. 709. 

Aldred, bp. of Worcester, brings Edward, 
son of Edmund Ironside, from Cologne, 
1054 — abp. of York, accompanied to home 
trv Tostig, earl of Northumberland, 1061 
— d. 1069. 

Aldrovandino, marquis D'Este, 1212— d. 
1215. 

Aldrovandino HI., marquis D'Este, 1352 
— d. of the plague, 1361. 

Aldruda, countess of Bertinoro, relieves 
Ancona, 1174. See Adelard. 

Aldus Manutius sets up his press at Ve- 
nice, 1494. 

Aldwich, bp. of Sidnaceaster, 733. 

Aldwulf, k. of East Anglia, 664-713. 

Aldwulf, bp. of Rochester, 727. 

Al Edrisi, writes his Nubian geography, 
1153. 

Alemanni. See Allemanni. 

Alembert, D', b. 1717 — commences the 
publication of the " Encyclop^die," 1751 
— d. 1783. 

Alencon, duke D', taken prisoner, 1424 — 
revolts against Charles VII., 1440 — 
arrested, 1473. 

Alencon, Francis, duke D', joins the Hu- 
guenots, 1574 — created duke d' Anjou, 
1578. See Anjou. 

Aleppo, the ancient Bercea, surrenders to 
the Mohammedans, 638 — attacked by 
Baldwin II., 1127 — taken by Saladin, 
1193— sacked by Timour, 1400— battle of; 
Khansou Ghori, sultan of Egypt, de- 
feated and killed, 1516— plague at, 1797 
— earthquakes at, 1822-1830 — massacre 
of the Christian inhabitants at, Oct. 16, 
1850. See Ber<ea. 

Alessandria, founded by the Lombard 
league, 1168— repels the emperor Fred- 
eric I., 1174 — submits to Frederic II., 
1240— taken, 1274- -capture of William, 
count of Montferrat, 1290 — taken by the 
papal legate, 1323— by the French, 1527. 

A^f.tes, k. of Corinth, B.C. 1068. 

Alexander, k. of Corinth, B.C. 783. 

Alexander I., k. 01 Macedon, b.c. 500—454 

Alexander II., k.of Macedon, B.C. 369— 
367. 

Alexander I II. (the Great), k. of Macedon, 
b. B.C. 356 — Aristotle his preceptor, 342 — 
his accesi-.ii 11, 336— his first conquests in 
'1 brace and Thebes, spares the orators 



ALE 



16 



ALE 



of Athens, 335— crosses the Hellespont, 
battle of the Granicus, May 22, 334— re- 
duces Lycia and Syria, Damascus taken, 
besieges Tyre, defeats Darius near Issus, 
Nov., 333— takes Tyre, conquers Phoe- 
nicia, Jerusalem, and Egypt, and founds 
Alexandria, 332— crosses the Euphrates, 
penetrates into the interior of Asia, 
battle of Arbela, Oct. 1 ; flight of Darius, 
extinction of the Persian empire, 331 — 
conquers Parthja, Media, Bactria, to the 
borders of the Caspian sea, 330— crosses 
the Oxus and Jaxartes, drives back the 
Scythians and founds new cities, 329— 
Sogdiana occupies his seventh campaign, 
328— marries Roxana, invades India and 
defeats Porus, builds ships on the Hy- 
daspes to facilitate the return of his 
army, 327 — descends to the mouth of 
the Indus, and marches overland to Car- 
mania, 326 — passes through Gedrosia, to 
Susiana, where Nearchus joins him with 
the fleet, 325 — returns to Babylon, allows 
all Greek exiles to return to their homes, 
builds cities, plants colonies, and pro- 
motes intermarriage between Greeks 
and Persians, 324— d. April 21 (May or 
June, CI.), 323 —his body is entombed 
at Alexandria, 322 — his sarcophagus 
brought thence by Dr. E. D. Clarke, 1806. 

Alexander iEGAS, son of Alexander the 
Great, murdered with Roxana, B.C. 311. 

Alexander, son of Cassander, disputes the 
throne of Macedon with his brothers, 
b.c. 296— invites the aid of Demetrius 
Poliorcetes, 295— killed by him, 294. 

Alexander (of Pherae), succeeds Poly- 
phron, B.C. 369 — treacherously makes 
Pelopidas prisoner, 368 — attacked by 
Pelopidas, 364 — unsuccessfully resists 
the Athenians, 362 — slain, 359. 

Alexander I. of Epirus, called into Italy 
by the Tarentines, B.C. 337 — makes a 
treaty with Rome, 335 — slain at Pando- 
sia by the Lucanians and Bruttians, 332. 

Alexander II. of Epirus, B.C. 272 — his 
attempts on Macedon defeated by Anti- 
gonus Gonatas, 266. 

A lexander Bala, overthrows Demetrius 
Soter and ascends the throne of Syria, 
B.C. 150 — defeated and slain by Deme- 
trius Nicator, 146. See Bala. 

Alexander Zebina, overcomes Demetrius 
Nicator and claims the throne of Syria, 
b.c 125— slain, 123. 

Alexander, k. of Egypt, B.C. 107 — puts 
his mother Cleopatra to death, is ex- 
pelled from Egypt. 89. 

Alexander II., k. of Egypt, B.C. 81 — 
killed, 80. 

Alexander III., k. of Egypt — a compe- 
titor of Ptolemy Auletes, assumes this 
title, without real power — d. B.C. 65. 



Alexander J ann^eus, k. of the Jewa b.c. 
105— irritates the Jews by his cruel ty ; 
97 — massacres 1000 Pharisees, 95 — Uie> 
great cruelty in quelling a sedition of 
the Jews, 86— d. 79. 

Alexander Severus, emperor (See Alex- 
ianus), succeeds Elagabalus, 222 — U 
guided by his mother Julia Mamsea, 
selects for his counsellors Ulpian, Julius 
Paulus and other eminent senators, 223 — 
marries Sulpitia Memmia, 225 — repairs 
the baths of Nero, thenceforth called 
Alexander's, 226— at Antioch prepares 
to resist the Persian demands by arms, 
231 — after a campaign in Mesopotamia, 
without any decisive results, claims a 
victory, and returns to Antioch, 232 — 
celebrates a triumph at Rome, and dis- 
tributes money to the people, 233 — 
musters his forces in Gaul to repel the 
German invaders, 234 — murdered with 
Mama^a by his soldiers, Feb. 10, 235. 

Alexander, proclaimed by the army in 
Africa, 308 — plunders Carthage, and 
falls, 311. 

Alexander, brother of Leo VI. and col- 
league of Constantine X., emperor of the 
east, 911- d. 912. 

Alexander 1., k. of Scotland, 1107-1124. 

Alexander II., k. of Scotland, 1214 — 
marries Jane, daughter of k. John, 1221. 

Alexander III., k. of Scotland, 1249-1286 
— his only child Margaret married tc 
Erik, k. of Norway, 1281. 

Alexander I., Newski, made grand duke 
of Russia by the Golden Horde, 1252 — 
intercedes with them for the people of 
Novogorod, d- on his journey homeward, 
1263. 

Alexander II., grand duke of Russia, 1327 
— offends the Golden Horde, and is ex- 
pelled, 1328. 

Alexander I., emperor of Russia, March 
23, 1801 — concludes a friendly treaty 
with England, June 17 ; appoints the 
duke of Richelieu governor of Odessa, 
1803 — urges the German states to de- 
mand satisfaction for the violation of 
the territory of Baden, May 7, 1804 
— requires the French to evacuate 
Hanover and Naples, and make com- 
pensation to the k. of Sardinia, July 
21 ; his ambassador leaves Paris, Aug. 
28 ; joins the third coalition against 
France, April 11, 1805— War with Tur- 
key, 1806 — meets Napoleon at Tilsit, 
July 2, 1807 — breaks off all intercourse 
with Great Britain, Sep. 28 ; meets Na- 
poleon at Erfurt, Sep. 27, 1808 — offers to 
treat for peace, which England refuses, 
Oct. 12 ; alienated from Napoleon, 1809 
—his contingent arrives too late to assist 
in the Austrian war; his army is de- 



ALE 



17 



ALE 



feated by the Turks near Silistria, Sep. 
26 ; breaks up the continental system, 
admits colonial produce and excludes 
French manufactures, 1810— relaxes in 
his operations against Turkey, to collect 
his forces for war with France, 1811 ; 
(for the events of this war, see France 
and Russia) -makes peace with Turkey, 
May 28, 1812— visits the prince regent 
in London, June 7 ; departs, 27, 1814— 
persuaded by the baroness Valerie de 
Krudener to form the " Holy Alliance," 
Sep. 26, 1815 — obtains the duchy of 
Warsaw, calls it the kingdom of Poland, 
and gives it a new constitution, Nov. 27 ; 
prohibits almost all British manufac- 
tures, 1816 — establishes schools through- 
out Russia, 1817— visits Louis XVIII. 
Oct. 28, 1818 —convokes the Polish diet 
and closes the session abruptly, 1820— 
having no issue, he gives the succes- 
sion by a secret family treaty to his 
second brother Nicholas, 1822— recalls 
his ambassador from Madrid, 1823 - d. at 
Taganrog, Dec. 1, 1825. 
lexander II., emperor of Russia, March 
2, 1855, adheres to the policy of Lis 
father Nicholas ; accepts the terms pro- 
posed as the basis of peace, and sends 
count Brunow to the congress of Paris, 
Feb. 16, 1856. 
Alexander, k. of Poland, 1501-1506. 
Alexander de' Medici, expelled with the 
family from Florence, 1527 — restored 
and made chief magistrate for life, 1530 
— duke, 1532 — uses his power tyranni- 
cally, 1535 — assassinated, Jan. 6, 1537. 
Alexander Farnese, son of Octavius 
duke of Parma and Margaret of Austria, 
takes the command of the Spanish army 
in the Netherlands, 1578 — the ten 
southern provinces submit to him, 1579 
— is joined by his mother in the govern- 
ment, 1580 — objects, and she retires ; he 
raises the siege of Cambray, 1581 — re- 
stores the authority of Philip in the ten 
provinces, 1583— besieges Antwerp, 1584 
— reduces the garrison by famine, 1585 
— succeeds his father as duke of Parma, 
his resignation of his command not ac- 
cepted, 1586— relieves Paris, 1590— and 
Rouen, 1591— d. at Arras, Dec. 2, 1592. 
Alexander, bp. of Rome, 109—119. 
Alexander II. (Anselmo da Badagio, bp. 
of Lucca), pope, elected without the 
imperial consent, 1061 — the papacy se- 
cured to him by Godfrey of Tuscany, par- 
dons the empress Agnes, 1062— d. 1073. 
Alexander III. (Rolando da Siena, chan- 
cellor of the church), pope, 1159— excom- 
municates the antipope Victor IV., and 
the emperor Frederic I., 1160 — acknow- 
ledged byHenry II. of England and Louis 



VII., 1161— escapes to France, 1162— he 
declares void all the acts of his opponents, 
and fixes his residence at Sens, 1163 — 
condemns the "Constitutions of Claren- 
don," 1164 — returns to Rome, 1165— his 
Sicilian auxiliaries defeated by the em- 
peror, 1167 — Alessandria named in 
honour of him, 1168— joins the Lom- 
bards against Frederic, rejects his pa- 
cific overtures, 1170 — inquires into 
Becket's death, 1171— meets the emperor 
at Venice, concludes a treaty of peace, 
1177 — returns to Rome, allows the senate 
to remain, but subordinate to him, 1178 
— urges a new crusade, 1180 — d. 1181. 

Alexander IV. (Rolando di Segna, bp. of 
Ostia), pope, 1254 — refuses to ratify the 
peace with Manfred, and offers Sicily 
to Edmund, son of Henry III. of England, 
1255— condemns William de St. Amour's 
book against the Dominicans, 1256 — 
places Portugal under an interdict, 1257 
— mediates a peace between Genoa, Ve- 
nice, and Pisa, 1258 — excommunicates 
Manfred, 1259 — dispenses Henry 111. 
from observing the "Provisions of Ox- 
ford," 1260-rf.May25, 1261. 

Alexander V. (Pietro FilHigo da Candia, 
abp. of Milan), pope, elected by the coun- 
cil of Pisa, and obeyed as the true pope 
by the greater part of Europe, 1409 — 
obtains possession of Rome, encourages 
Louis of Anjou to revive his claim to 
Naples, d. 1410. 

Alexander VI., pope (Rodrigo Borgia), 
1492 — divides the New World between 
the Spaniards and the Portuguese, 1493 
— quarrels with Ferdinand of Naples, 
1493 — confines Zizini in St. Angelb, 
1494 — leads a scandalous life ; makes a 
treaty with Charles VIII. of France; 
leagues against him ; retires to Perugia, 
1495 — secularises church lands for a 
duchy for his son John, 1497 — creates 
his son Caesar, Duke of Romagna, and 
assists him to seize Faenza and other 
cities, 1501— d. 1503. 

Alexander VII. (Fabio Chigi), pope, Apr. 
7, 1655 — aids the Venetians against the 
Turks, 1657— offended by the peace of 
the Pyrenees, 1659 — dissensions with 
Louis XIV. 1662-1663— he submits to all 
the demands of Louis, and hostilities are 
averted bv the treaty of Pisa, Feb. 12, 
1664- d. May, 1667. 

Alexander VIII. (Pietro Ottoboni), pope, 
1689— regains Avignon from Louis XIV., 
1690— d. 1691. 

Alexander, bp. of Alexandria, 313 — calls 
the council against Arius, 321— attends 
the council of Nice, 325— d. 326. 

Alexander, first bp. of CP., 326-340. 

Alexander, bp. of Antiocb, 413—420: 

c 



^ 



ALE 



1! 



ALE 



Alexander, bp. of Jerusalem, founds a 
library there, 214 — martyred, 250. 

Alexander, Michael, a converted Jew 
Protestant bp. of Jerusalem, Nov. 7, 

: 1841, d. 1845. 

Alexander the iEtolian poet, patronised 
by Antigo'nus Gonatas, B.C. 272. 

Alexander Polyristor comes to Rome, 
B.C. 83. 

Alexander of Cotyleum, the Galatian 
sophist, Greek secretary to M. Aure- 
lius, 170. 

Alexander of Aphrodisias writes com- 

. mentaries on Aristotle, 200. 

"Alexander the Impostor," written by 
Lucian, 182. 

Alexandra, widow of Alexander Jannaeus, 
governs Judaea, b.c. 79— d. 70. 

Alexandra. See Lycophron, b.c. 360. 

Alexandria, founded by Alexander the 
Great, b.c. 332 — his body entombed 
there, 322 — many thousand Jews trans- 
planted to, by Ptolemy, 312 — Euclid 
the mathematician fl. at, 300 — Pto- 
lemy adorns it with the Museum, the 
Serapeum, the Pharos, and other edificed, 
and begins the library, 298 — Demetrius 
Phalereus takes the chair of philosophy 
at, 296 — Ptolemy Philadelphus com- 
pletes his father's works, 283 — besieged 
by Antiochus, 169— relieved by the Ro- 
man victories in Macedon, 168 — Ptolemy 
Physcon expeiled,130 — the library burnt, 
48 — Antony replaces it by the library of 
Pergamus, 32 — dissensions between the 
Jews and Greeks at, a.d. 40 — Claudius 
Ptolemy observes the vernal equinox, 
March 22, 139, 140— visit of Caracalla 
and massacre of the inhabitants, flight 
of Origen, 215 — he returns and writes 
. many of his works, 229 — withdraws 
again, 231 — the Bruchion and its library 
destroyed by a tumult, 263 — besieged 
by Diocletian, and slaughter of the 
people, 297 — Meletius, bp. of Nicopolis, 
degraded by a synod for heresy, 302 — a 
council condemns Arius, ejects him from 
the church, 321 — tumults of the sectarian 
factions, bp. Gregory killed, 349 — Atha- 
nasius expelled, 356— George of Cappa- 
docia killed and Athanasius restored, 
but almost immediately banished again, 
362 — again returns, 363 — Theon takeB 
observations to regulate the calendar, 
364 — a synod held, 430 — seditious tu- 
mults, 516— conquered by the Persians, 
616 — taken by the Saracens, Dec. 22, 
640 — seized by the Andalusian emi- 
grants, who are prevailed upon to go to 
Crete, 822— surprised and plundered by 
the k. of Cyprus, the Knights Hospi- 
tallers and others, 1365— occupied by the 
French, July 2, 1798 — battle of; the 



French, defeated by Sir R. Abercrombie, 
March 21, 1801— taken by the British 
under general Fraser, March 20, 1807— 
evacuated, Sep. 23— Railway to Cairo, 
1851. 
Alexandria, Bishops of:— 

1. Annianus, 63. 

2. Abilius,85. 

3. Cerdon, 96. 

4. Primus, 109. 

5. Justus, 120. 

6. Eumenes, 131. 

7. Marcus, 143. 

8. Celadion, 153. 

9. Agrippinus. 168. 

10. Julianus, 180. 

11. Demetrius, 190— he recalls Origen, 
215 — condemns some of his opinions, 
229. 

12. Heraclas, 233. 

13. Dionysius, 249. 

14. Maximus, 265. 

15. Theonas, 283. 

16. Petrus I., 301 — suffered martyrdom 
312. 

17. Achillas, 312. 

18. Alexander, 313 — instigated by Atha- 
nasius against Arius, 321 — at the coun- 
cil of Nice, 325. 

19. Athanasius, 326 — favours the mo- 
nastic system, 328 — disregards the 
vote for his deposition, 334 — resides 
at Treves, 335— returns, 338— deposed, 
and retires to Rome, 341. 

20. Gregorius, 341 — Athanasius restored, 
347 — Gregory killed in a sectarian 
tumult, 349 — Athanasius expelled con- 

4 ceals himself in Thebais, 356. 

21. George of Cappadocia, 356 — killed, 
362 — Athanasius comes back, is again 
banished, but finally reinstated, a63 
— d. 373. 

22. Petrus II., 373. 

23. Lucius nominated by the emperor 
Valens, 373. 

24. Timothy I., 377. 

25. Theophilus, 385 — destroys the Se- 
rapeum and its library 390— enemy 
of Chrysostom, 401 — supported by 
Jerome, 402. 

26. Cyril, 412— connives at the murder 
of Hypatia, 415— persecutes Nestorius, 
430 — procures his banishment, 435. 

27. Dioscorus, 444 — violence at the 
" Robber synod," 449 — his acts an- 
nulled, he is deposed and banished, 
451. 

28. Proterius, 452. 

29. Timothy II., ^Elurus, 457— expelled,' 
460. 

80. Timothy III., Salophacius, 460— de- 
posed and Timothy II. restored 476 — 
Timothy III. again. 477. 



ALE 



19 



ALF 



Alexandria, bishops of : — 

31. John I., Talaia, 482 — expelled, 
483. 

32. Peter III., Mongus, 483. 

33. Athanasius II., 490. 

34. John II., 496. 

35. John III., 506. 

36. Dioscorus II., 517. 

37. Timothy IV., 519. 

38. Gaianus, 537. 

39. Theodosius, 537— banished, 538. 

40. Paulus, 538— deposed, 541. 

41. Zoilus, 541— deposed, 551. 

42. Apollinaris, 551. 

43. John IV., 569. 

44. Eulogius, 580. 

45. Theodoras, 607. 

46. John V., 609, flies from the Persians 
to Cyprus, 616. 

47. George II., 616. 

48. Cyrus, 630— expelled by the Sara- 
cens, 640. 

Alexandria, libraries of, commenced by 
I Ptolemy Soter, b.c. 298— enlarged by 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 266— Zenodotus, 
librarian, 240— Eratosthenes, 223— Apol- 
lonius Rhodius, 194 — Aristonymus, 183 
— destroyed in Caesar's war, 48 — re- 
stored by Antony and Cleopatra, 32— 
that of the Bruchion burnt in a popular 
tumult, a.d. 263— that of the Serapeenm 
by bp. Theophilus, 390— asserted, but 
doubtful destruction of another by the 
Saracens, 640. 

Alexandria, Mundane Era of, commenced 
1498 years before 4004, the generally 
believed date of the creation, so that 
A. Alex. 5503 corresponds with our 
a.d. 1. In a.d. 285 ten years were sub- 
tracted and 5787 was called 5777. There- 
fore, to reduce the Alexandrian to the 
Christian era, deduct 5502 years till a.d. 
285, and afterwards 5492. 

Alexandria, Greek era of. See Era of 
the Seleucid^;. 

Alexandria on the Issus (Scanderoon), 
Heraclius lands at, 622. 

Alexandrina Victoria, princess, b. May 
24, 1819— attains her majority, May 24, 
1837— queen, June 20, 1837. See Victo- 
ria, queen of Great Britain. 

Alexianus, cousin of Elagabalus, studies 
under Julius Frontinus and the most 
eminent philosophers of Rome, 220 — de- 
clared C«?sar under the name of Alex- 
ander Severus, 221. See Alexander 
Severus, emperor of Rome. 

Alexias, Athenian archon, B.C. 405. 
' Alexis, czar of Russia, pernicious influence 
of his tutor the boyarMorouzoff, 1645— 
, d., 1676. 

Alkxis, eldest son of Peter the Great, 
persecuted by his father, compelled to 



■ 



renounce the succession and put to 
death, July 7, 1718. 

Alexis, patriarch of C.P., 1025. 

Alexis, the comic poet, fl. b.c. 356. 

Alexius I. (Comnenus), drives Nicephorus 
Botoniates, emperor of the East, info a 
monastery, and occupies his throne, 1081 
— defeated by Robert Guiscard, at Du- 
razzo — by Bohemond, 1083 — sends am 
bassadors to the council of Placentia, 1095 
— obtains from the Crusaders an oath of 
fealty, and secures for himself the city 
of Nicaea, conquered by them, 1097 — 
claims Antioch, 1106— attacked by Bo- 
hemond in Epirus. 1107 — aided against 
him by the Venetians, and concludes a 
treaty of peace, 1108— d. Aug. 15, 1118. 

Alexius II. (Angelus), marries Agnes, 
daughter of Louis VII. of France, 1178 
— succeeds his father, Manuel, 1180— 
murdered, 1183. 

Alexius III., emperor of the East, dp- 
thrones his brother, Isaac Angelus, 1195 
—expelled by the Crusaders, 1203. 

Alexius. See Strategopulus. 

Alexius Comnenus, founds the empire of 
Trebizond, 1204— d. 1222. 

Alexius II., ninth emperor of Trebizond. 
1297 — concludes a commercial treaty 
with the Genoese, 1316— d. 1330. 

Alexius Comnenus III., seventeenth em- 
peror of Trebizond, 1349 — endows the 
monastery of Sumelas, 1365 — defeated 
by the Turkoman tribes, 1366— d. 1390. 

Alexius IV., nineteenth emperor of Tre- 
bizond, 1417 — murdered by his son, 
John, 1446. 

Alexius, son of the deposed emperor 
Isaac Angelus, escapes and goes to Italy, 
1201 — he joins the Crusaders, 1203— pro- 
claimed with his father, as Alexius IV., 
1203— put to death, 1204. 

Alexius, son of John IV., emperor of Tre- 
bizond, set aside by his uncle, David, 
1458. 

Alfieri, b. 1749— d. 1803. 

Alfitna, the civil war of the, begin* 
among the Almohades, 1223. 

Alfonso I., a descendant of k. Recared, 
joins the Asturians, and marries Pe- 
layo's daughter, 722— elected k., 739— 
extends his kingdom in Gallicia and 
Castile, 740 — conquers the north-west 
of Spain, along the Douro, from Sentica 
toCalle, 751- d. 757. 

Alfonso II., k. of the Goths in Spain, or 
of Oviedo, son of Froila, taken by Silo 
as his colleague, 775— excluded from the 
throne by Mauregatus. 783— obtains it 
by the resignation of Veremundus, 791 
— refuses to pay the stipulated tribute 
to the Saracens, and defeats them,, at 
Ledos, 793— adonis Oviedo with palaces 
c2 



ALF 



20 



ALF 



and churches, 802— makes a treaty with 
Al Hakem, 805 — founds Santiago de 
Compostella, 808 — gains another victory, 
and makes peace with Al Hakem, 810— 
d. 843. 

Alfonso III., the Great, k. of the Goths 
in Spain, 862— extends his conquests be- 
yond Salamanca, 867 — successfully re- 
sists Almondhir, 872— defeats him near 
the river Urbicus, 874 — foils Almondhir 
in Gallicia, 876 — drives him from Za- 
mora, 878 — his victories are followed by 
the embassy of Dulcidius, and a truce 
for three years, 881 — maintains peace 
with Abdallah, and defeats an irregular 
force of Arabians, at Zamora, 900 — Ab- 
dallah sends an embassy to renew his 
treaty, 901 — defeats a rebellion of his 
son, Garcias, at Zamora, 907 — he resigns 
his crown to his sons, 910 — takes the 
field again to assist them, and gains his 
last victory, soon after which he dies, at 
Zamora, 912. 

Alfonso IV., k. of the Goths in Spain, 
or of Leon, 924 — retires from the throne, 
931, 

Alfonso V., k. of Leon, Gonsalvo is his 
guardian, and regent, 999— his lost ter- 
ritories regained through the dissen- 
sions of the Saracens, 1010— killed at 
the siege of Viseu, 1028. 

Alfonso VI., k. of Castile, 1072 — pope 
Gregory VII. exacts an annual tribute 
from him, 1077 — makes an alliance with 
Aben Omar, 1079 — driven back fiom 
.Toledo by Alaftas, king of Badajos, 
1081— takes it, 1084— defeated at Za- 
lacca, 10S6 — drives the Mohammedans 
irom the siege of Alid, and compels 
Yussef to re-embark for Africa, 1089 — 
marries his daughter to Henry of Be- 
sancon, and makes him duke of Portu- 
gal, 1095 — defeated at Ucles; his son, 
Sancho, slain, 1108— d. 1109. 

Alfonso VII., k. of Castile. See Alfonso 
I., el Batallador, k. of Aragon ; and Al- 
fonso, k. of Gallicia. 

Alfonso VIII., k. of Castile, 1158— de- 
feated by the Moors, at Alarcos, 1195 — 
takes Biscay, Alava, and Guipuscoa 
from Sancho VII., of Navarre, 1200— 
marries his daughter, Garsenda, to Al- 
fonso IX., of Leon, 1201— d. 1214.— The 
schools founded by him at Palencia, are 
transferred to Salamanca by his grand- 
son, Ferdinand III., 1240. 

Alfonso IX., k. of Leon, 1188 — marries 
Garsenda, daughter of Alfonso VIII., of 
Castile, 1201 — his kingdom is laid under 
an interdict, because he refuses to annul 
his marriage, 1202 — after a struggle of 
twelve years, he is compelled to divorce 
his queen ; the pope acknowledges the 



legitimacy of their children, 1214— on 
his death, Leon is re-united to Castile, 
1230. 

Alfonso X., the Philosopher, while prince 
of Asturias, concludes the treaty which 
establishes the supremacy of his father, 
Ferdinand III., in Murcia, 1240— succeeds 
him on the throne, 1252 — the Astrono- 
mical Tables of, framed, 1253 — conquers 
Xeres, Medina Sidonia, and other cities 
in the south of Spain, 1254 — knights 
Edward, son of Henry III., at Burgos, and 
affiances his sister, Eleanora, to him, 
1255 — chosen k. of the Romans by some 
of the German nobles, 1257 — Muhamad, 
k. of Granada, breaks his alliance with 
him, and encourages the Moors in An- 
dalusia and Murcia to rebel, 1261 — Xeres 
and other revolted cities submit, 1263 
— makes peace with Muhamad, who 
pays tribute, 1264— continues to claim 
the title of k. of the Romans, but has 
no authority, 1271 — some Castilian no- 
bles detected in a conspiracy, retire to 
Granada, 1272— has an interview with 
Muhamad II., at Seville, and concludes 
a treaty, 1273— assists in the taking of 
Alessandria, 1274 — has an interview with 
the pope, at Beaucaire, and asserts his 
title as k. of the Romans, 1274 — being 
threatened with excommunication, re- 
nounces his claim ; stops the progress 
of the Merines in Spain, 1275 — concludes 
a trace with Abu Yusef, 1276 — repulsed 
at the siege of Algesiras, 1278 — leagues 
with the Merines against his son, San- 
cho, who had seized Cordova, in alliance 
with the k. of Granada, 1281 — d. June 
21, 1284. 

Alfonso XI.,k. of Castile, 1312— he takes 
the government into his own hands, 1324 
— involves himself in many troubles by 
his illicit attachment to Eleanora de 
Guzman, 1330 — besieges the Merines of 
Africa, who had taken Gibraltar, 1333 — 
relieves Tarifa when besieged by the 
Moors, and defeats them near the river 
Guadacelito, 1340 — Algesiras besieged 
by him, 1342 — taken, and a truce made 
for ten years with the k, of Granada, 
1343 — dies of the plague in his camp 
before Gibraltar, Mar. 26, 1350. 

Alfonso I. (el Batallador), k. of Aragon 
and Navarre, 1104— is acknowledged in 
Castile as Alfonso VII., 1109 — defeats and 
slays Ahmed, the Mohammedan k. of 
Saragossa, 1109 — repairs Soria, Uxama, 
and other cities; quarrels with his 
queen, Urraca, and imprisons her, 1111 
— defeats her partisans in Castile, 1112 — 
leagues with the Moorish k. of Saragossa; 
the Almoravide gen., Mez-deli,is defeat- 
ed and slain by them ; they take Lerida, 






ALF 



21 



ALF 



. 1117 — he takes Saragossa, 1118 — Calata- 
yud, 1119 — Roger, count of Sicily, mar- 
ries his daughter Alberia, 1120— makes 
an incursion into Murcia and Granada, 
1123 — on the death of Urraca, he resigns 
Castile to her son, Alfonso, k. of Gal- 
licia, 1126— defeats Taxfin in Andalusia, 
1130— bequeaths Aragon to the Knights 
Hospitallers and Templars, but his will 
is not carried into effect, 1131 — lays 
siege to Fraga, 1132— defeated and slain 
there, 1134. 

Alfonso II., k. of Aragon; regency of 
his mother, Petronilla, 1162— d 1196. 

Alfonso III., k. of Aragon, 1285— takes 
the Balearic Islands from his uncle, who 
had assisted the French invasion of Ara- 
gon, 1286 — concludes a treaty of peace, 
with France, at Aix, but before it can be 
executed, dies, June 18, 1291. 

Alfonso IV., k. of Aragon, 1327 — 
1336. 

Alfonso V., the Wise, k. of Aragon, 1416 
— adopted as heir by Joanna II., queen of 
Maples, 1420 — engages Braccio in their 
service, 1421 — puts an end to the hosti- 
lities of pope Martin V., by threatening 
to recognize again Benedict XIII., 1422 
— his adoption annulled ; he attacks 
and plunders Marseilles, 1423 — ap- 
points the ex-pope Clement VlII. bp. of 
Majorca, 1429— arrives in Sicily with a 
fleet, and renews his project of obtaining 
the succession to Naples, 1432— on the 
death of Joanna takes the title of k. of 
Naples; lays siege toGaeta ; in a naval 
battle with the Genoese, Aug. 5, he is 
defeated and taken prisoner; sent to 
Milan; the duke releases him without 
a ransom, and enters into a league with 
him against the pope, Eugenius IV.. 
1435— arrives at Gaeta, and is acknow- 
ledged by many towns in the Abbruzzo 
and other provinces, 1436 — takes Aversa, 
and besieges Naples, 1440 — takes the 
city of Naples, and the whole kingdom 
submits to him, 1442 — Eugenius ac- 
knowledges him, and employs him to 
recover the March of Ancona, 1443— dis- 
putes the possession of the states of the 
late duke of Milan with Francesco Sfor- 
za, 1447 — pope Nicholas V. mediates 
peace between him and the republics of 
Florence and Venice, 1450— visited by 
the emperor Frederic IV., 1452 — op- 
posed by Kegnier d' Anjou, 1453 — he re- 
fuses to agree to the treaty of peace con- 
cluded at Lodi, 1454 — pope Nicholas V. 
prevails upon him to assent to the peace 
of Lodi, and to join the league against 
the Ottomans, 1455 — redresses griev- 
ances in the diocese of Sienna, 1456— he 
makes war on Genoa, and quarrels with 



pope Callistus, 1457 — he besieges Genoa ; 
dies at Naples, June 27, 1458. 

Alfonso, k. of Gallicia, 1109 — protects his 
mother, Urraca, 1112 — obtains possession 
of Castile on her death, and continues 
the title of Alfonso VII., 1126— protects 
the kings of Aragon and Navarre, 1132 
— invades Murcia, 1146 — assists in tak- 
ing Almeria, 1147— d. 1157. 

Alfonso I., k. of Naples. See Alfonso 
V., king of Aragon. 

Alfonso II., k. of Naples, conciliates the 
pope, 1494 — resigns the crown to his 
son, Ferdinand, Jan. 23, 1495 — retires to 
a monastery at Mazzara, where he dies, 
Nov. 19. 

Alfonso I., k. of Navarre, 1104. See Al- 
fonso (el Batallador), k. of Aragon. 

Alfonso I., count of Portugal, his mother, 
Theresa, regent, 1112— gains a victory 
over the Moors at Ourique, on the river 
Corbes, and assumes the title of king, 
1139— takes Lisbon, 1147— Evora, 1166— 
defeats Yusef Abu Jakub, 1184—^. 1185. 

Alfonso II., k. of Portugal, 1211-1223. 

Alfonso III., k. of Portugal, 1248— his 
kingdom placed under an interdict in 
consequence of his having divorced his 
queen and married another, 1257 — he ac- 
quires the sovereignty of Algarve, 1269 
-d. 1278. 

Alfonso IV. the Brave, k. of Portugal, 
1325 — defeats the Moors of Fez and Gra- 
nada, when besieging Tarifa, near the 
river Guadacelito, 1340 — orders his 
son's wife, Inez de Castro, to be put to 
death, 1354-d. 1357. 

Alfonso V., the African, k. of Portugal, 
1438 — regency of his uncle, Henry of 
Viseu ; marriage of his sister, Eleanora, 
to Frederic IV., of Germany, 1452 — 
conquers Tangier and Arzilla, forms the 
province of Algarve beyond the sea, and 
receives the name of the African, 1471 
— affianced to Joanna, daughter of Hen- 
ry IV.; he claims Castile; takes Zamora, 
1474 — is defeated by Ferdinand of Cas- 
tile, near Toro, and applies in vain to 
Louis XI ., of France, for assistance, 1476 
—defeated, at Albuera, Feb. 24 ; makes 
peace with Castile, 1479— d. at Cintra, 
July 28, 1481. 

Alfonso VI., k. of Portugal, 1656 — set 
aside for imbecility ; his brother, Pedro, 
marries his destined queen, Maria Fran- 
cisca, of Savoy, and assumes the govern- 
ment as Pedro VI., with the title of re- 
gent, during the life of Alfonso, who is 
secluded in Cintra, 1667— till his death, 
1683. 

Alfonso, brother of Louis IX., of France, 
affianced to the only daughter and heiress 
of Raymond, count of Toulouse, 1229— 



ALF 



22 



ALG 



csi their death, without issue, their l.e- 

, phew, Philip III inherits their lands, 
1271. 

Alfonso de la Cerda, son of Ferdinand, 
the deceased eldest son of Alfonso X., of 
Castile, is excluded from the throne by 

• his uncle, Sancho IV., 1284— his right is 
supported by a strong party, 1289— coali- 
tion of many States in his favour, 1296 

, — by the treaty of Campillo, a suitable 
provision is made for him and his bro- 

. ther Juan, and they acknowledge their 
cousin, Ferdinand IV., 1305. 

Alfonso, prince of Castile, is declared by 
. the grandees to be the legitimate heir 
of his brother, Henry IV., 1464 — pro- 
claimed k. by them, 1465— his death 
opens the wav to his sister, Isabella, to 
the throne, 1468. 

Alfonso, prince of Portugal, son of John 
II., marriage and death of, 1490. 

Alfonso, of Aragon, duke of Biseglia, 
third husband of Lucretia Borgia, mur- 
dered by her brother, Csesar, 1500. 

Alfonso d' Este, duke of Ferrara, d., and 
his States are claimed by pope Clement 
VIII., 1597. 

Alfokd, battle of, the Covenanters defeat- 
ed by the earl of Montrose, July 2, 1645. 

Alfred the Great, b. 849— sent to Rome, 
and anointed by the pope, 853— taken by 
his father, Ethelwulf, to Rome, 855— as- 
sists his brother, Ethelred, against the 
Danes, 868 — " secondary," or assistant 
regent to his brother, 869— k., Apr. 23, 
871 — defeats the Danes in a sea-fight, 
875 — gains another victory at Swanewic 
(Swansea), and concludes a treaty with 
them at Exeter, 877— obliged to with- 
draw into the Isle of Athelney ; defeats 
the enemy at Ethandun (Eddington), 878 
— makes a new treaty with the Danes, 
giving them equal rights, and they ac- 
knowledge his supremacy, 880 — defeats 
an attempt at invasion by Hasting, 882 
— his missions to Rome and India, 883 — 
defeats the Danes at Rochester, 884 — 
his ships defeated by the Danes at the 
mouth of the Stour, in East Anglia, 
885 — repairs London; is said to have 
founded the university of Oxford; he 
improves the laws and government of 
■England ; patron of John Scotus Eri- 
gena, 886 — begins his translations from 
Latin into Anglo-Saxon, 888— his wise 
-measures produce security and order, 
890 — marriage of his daughter, Elfrith, 
891 — defeats the Danes at Farnham and 
Bemfleet; compels them to raise the 
siege of Exeter, and restores to Hasting 
his wife and son, who were made pri- 
soners, 894 — the Danes avoid an en- 
counter with him, 895— he constructs a 



powerful navy, defeats them near the 
Isle of Wight, and puts a final stop to 
their incursions, 897— his death, Oct. 28, 
901— death of his widow, Elswith, 905— 
thousandth year commemoration of his 
birth, at Wantage, Oct. 25, 1849. 

Alfred, the Etheling, lands at Sandwich 
with a body of Normans, is made pri- 
soner by Godwin, earl of Kent, and put 
to death, at Ely, 1036, 

Alfred, son of George III., b. Sept. 22, 
1780— d. Aug. 20, 1782. 

Alfred, Ernest Albert, second son of 
Queen Victoria, b. Aug. 6. 1844. 

Alfric, the grammarian, abp. of Canter 
bnry, 995— d. 1006. 

Alfrid, k. of Northumberland, 685 — re- 
stores bp. Wilfrid to York, 686 — expels 
him again, 691 — encourages learning, 
703 — resists the papal mandate to restore 
Wilfrid, 704— d. 705. 

Alfwold, k. of Northumberland, 778 — 
slain, 789. 

Alfwold, usurps Northumberland, 806 — 
Erdulf restored, 808. 

Alfwuld, k. of East Anglia, 746-749. 

Algar, the ealdorman. defeats the Danes, 
in Kesteven, on St. Maurice's day, Sept. 
22 ; slain in a second battle, 869. 

Algarottt, Count, d. 1764. 

Algarve. See Alfonso III. and V., kings 
of Portugal. 

Algeria, a French province, 1834 — war 
with Abd el Kader, 1835 — his incursions 
renewed, 1843— victory of Isly gained 
by marshal Bugeaud, 1844— attacked by 
the Kabyles, 1845 — Abd el Kader sur- 
renders, and hostilities cease ; the duke 
d'Aumale gov., 1847 — gen. St. Arnaud 
gov., defeats the Kabyles. May 11, July 
17, 1851 — a submarine electric telegraph 
to connect it with France, projected, May 
24, 1853. 

Algesiras. first incnrsion of the Saracens, 
710— besieged by AlfonsoX., 1278 — given 
up to the k. of Granada by the Merines, 
1294— besieged by the Castilians, 1342 
— surrenders, 1343 — naval engagements 
in the bay. July 6-13, 1801. 

Algidus, a height held by the Senones, 
b.c. 360. See Alban, Mount. 

Algiers, a piratical State, founded by 
Horuc and Hayraddin Barbarossa, 1518 
— attacked by the emperor Charles V. 
1541 — expedition against, under Gian- 
andrea Doria, dispersed by adverse 
winds, 1601 — Blake compels the dey to 
give up his English captives and de- 
sist from piracy, 1655— the fleet of Louis 
XIV. defeats the Algerines, 1665— they 
release their French captives and re- 
nounce piracy, 1670— he sends another 
expedition against them, 1681 — Du- 



ALI 



23 



ALK 



quesne bombards the fortress, 1682 — 
again, June 27, 1683— bombardment by 
Lord Exmouth, and submission of the 
dey, Aug. 27, 1816 — France commences 
hostilities, 1827 — the city taken and the 
dey deposed by count de Bourmont, 
July 5, 1830. See Algeria. 

Algineb, or Holy War is proclaimed in 
Spain by Hixcm, 791. 

Al Hadi, caliph of Bagdad, 785. 

Alhaitan, a Saracen commander in Spain, 
728. 

Al Hakem I., caliph of Spain, 795 — his 
uncles Suleiman and Abdallah raise a 
civil war, 797 — he recovers Uuesca and 
Lerida, 798 — defeats and expels his 
uncles, 799— pursues them into Tadmir; 
they retire into Africa, 800 — recovers 
Saragossa, Pampeluna, and Huesca, 802 
— returns to Cordova, and makes an 
alliance •with Edris Ben Edris, k. of 
Fez, 804 — makes a treaty with Al- 
fonso II., k. of the Goths, 805 — a plot at 
Cordova against him, 806" — his son Ab- 
derahman delivers Tortosa, 808 — makes 
peace with Alfonso and Charlemagne, 
810 — proclaims Abderahman as his vice- 
gerent and successor, disaffection begins 
to prevail at Cordova, 815 — his cruelty 
drives many thousand Andalusians into 
Africa, 817 — becomes insane, and Ab- 
derahman takes the government, 820 — 
d. 821. 

Al Hakem II., caliph of Spain, 961 — em- 
ploys agents in Africa and Arabia to 
purchase or copy MSS., and forms a 
large library, 962 — attacks the frontiers 
of Leon, on the Douro, 963 — destroys 
the vine-grounds in Spain, to check the 
drinking of wine ; concludes a treaty of 
peace with Sancho I., 965 — sends a pow- 
erful army into Africa, under Calib, 973 
— his authority restored in Fez and 
Western Africa, 974— d. 976. 

Alhama taken from the Moors, 1482. 

Alhambra at Granada, founded by Mo- 
hamad I., 1253. 

Alhandic, victory gained at, by Abderah- 
man III., according to Arabian writers, 
938. 

Alhasan Ben Edris, k. of Fez, struggles 
against Muza, 924. 

Al Hassan, the last Edrisite k. of Fez, 
surrenders, and is treacherously be- 
headed by Almansor, 984. 

Alhaug Yahix fortifies Gibraltar, 1160. 

Alhaur or Alchame, commands in Spain, 
718. 

Alhmund, bp. of Hexham, 766— d. 780. 

Ali, supposed time of his birth, 597 or 599 
— Mohammed's vizir, 613 — venerated by 
the Persian Mohammedans, 644. See 
Shiites. — Elected caliph, 655 — Moawi- 



yah revolts : Ali's victory, on the " day of 
the camel," 656 — campaign on the plain 
of SefFein ; vain efforts to settle their 
quarrel by single combat or arbitration ; 
insurrection of the Karegites, 657 — his 
partisans ai'e expelled from Egypt by 
Amrou, 658— he subdues the Karegites, 
659 — is assassinated by one of them, 660. 

Ali, gov. of Africa, lands in Spain with an 
army, and proclaims Almansor, 761— 
the expedition fails, he is killed, and 
his head sent to Cairoan, 762. 

Ali. See Hyder Ali. 

Ali Pacha, gov. of Albania, is resisted 
by the people of Parga, 1817 — obtains 
the town from the English, May 10, 1819 
— revolts, and urges the Greeks to assert 
their independence, 1820— captured and 
put to death, 1822. 

Ali, vizir, assassinates the British envoys 
at Benares, Jan. 14, 1799. 

Ali Ben Hamud, takes arms against So- 
leiman, caliph of Spain, 1014 — defeats 
and slays him, and becomes caliph, 1016 
— drowned in a bath by his attendants, 
1017. 

Ali Ben Yussef, recognized as heir to the 
thrones of Spain and Africa,l 103— caliph, 
1105 — defeats the Christians at Urcesia, 
1108 — repulsed at Toledo, returns to 
Africa, 1109 — drives the Almohades from 
the siege of Morocco, 1123— defeated by 
them, 1130 — sends for his son, Taxfin, 
from Spain, to support him, 1138— d. 1143. 

Alibaud attempts to assassinate Louis 
Philippe, June 25, 1836. 

Alicant, ceded to the Saracen?, by Theo- 
demir. 713 — bombarded by the French 
fleet, 1691. 

Alice Maud Mary, second daughter ot 
Queen Victoria, b. April 25, 1843. 

Alio, near Lorca, besieged by the Moham- 
medans, relieved by Alfonso III., 
1089. 

Alien Act, introduced by lord Grenville, 
Dec. 19, 1792. 

Alien priories, in England, suppressed by 
parliament, 1414. 

Alifia, Musa Ben Abi, invades Fez, 917. 

Alighieri. See Dante. 

Alimentus, L. Cincius, the hist, contem- 
porary of Q. Fabius Pictor, b c. 225 — 
taken prisoner by Hannibal, 218. 

Alisbona. See Lisbon. 

Alison, Archibald, death of, 1839. 

Aliwal, battle of, defeat of the Sihks, 
Jan. 28, 1846. 

Aljama. See Abderahman I., 786. 

Aljcbabrotte, near Leyria, battle of, 
July 29, 1385. 

Al Kader, caliph of Bagdad, restores the 
power and dignity of his office, 981— 
A 1081. 



ALL 



24 



ALM 



At, Kaher, caliph of Bagdad, 932— de- 
posed, 934. 

Al Kaim, caliph of Bagdad, 1031-1075. 

Alkalies, fixed, decomposed by Hum- 
phrey Davy, by means of galvanism, 
1808. 

Alkmaab, resists the duke of Alva, 1573— 
battle of, duke of York defeated, Sept. 19, 
1799. 

Allahabad, treaty of; Bengal, Bahar, 
and Orixa, ceded to the East India Com- 
pany, Aug 12, 1765. 

Allan, Sir Wm., R.A, death of, 1850. 

Alleotus, treacherously murders Carau 
sius, and assumes the government of 
Britain, 293— defeated and slain by As- 
clepiodotus, 296. 

Allegiance, a new oath of, imposed on 
occasion of the Gunpowder Plot: pope 
Paul V. forbids the English Romanists 
to take it, 1606 — controversy concerning 
it, between James 1. and cardinal Bel- 
larmine, 1607. 

Allemanni, their lands, on the river 
Maine, invaded by Caracalla, who de- 
feats them, 214 — they appear on the bor- 
ders of Italy, 256— penetrate into Italy 
and are defeated by Claudius, near Lake 
Benacus, 268— repelled from Gaul, by 
Constantine, 309 — again, by Crispus, 
320— infest Gaul, under Gundomad and 
Vadomar; are repulsed by Constantius 
1 1., and agree to peace, 354 — attack Ju- 
lian, at Sens, but are defeated. 356 - 
again, at Strasburg, and Chnodomar, 
their chief, taken prisoner, 357 — again 
defeated by Julian, and Vadomar, their 
ciiieftain, taken, 360 — harass Gaul, 365 — 
are defeated by Jovinus, 366— surprise 
and plunder Mentz ; defeated by Valen- 
tinian, at Soiicinium, 368— Burgundian 
mercenaries assist in repelling them, 
370 — their incursions in Gaul, are de- 
feated by Gratian, at Argentaria (Col- 
mar), and they make peace,378 — defeated 
by Clovis I , at Tolbiac (Zulpich), 496— 
repulsed with the Franks, in Italy, by 
N arses, 554. 

Allenius, Sex. Papinius, consul of Rome, 
36. 

Alleyne, Edward, founds Dulwich Col- 
lege, 1619. 

Allia, battle of the ; the Romans defeated 
by the Gauls (Celtse), B.C. July 16, 389. 

Alliance, the Holy. See Alexander I., 
of Russia. 

Allifje. battle of; the Samnites defeated 
by Fabius, B.C. 308. 

Allobroges, the, defeated by C Sextius 
Calvinus. B.C. 122. and on the Isaras, 
near Vindalium, 121. 

All Souls' College, Oxford, founded by 
Chicheley, abp. of Canterbury, 1437. 



" All the Talents," an administration so 
called, formed, Feb. 5, 1806. 

Alma, river in the Crimea, battle of the; 
defeat of the Russians by the British 
and French, Sept. 20, 1854. 

Almagest of Ptolemy, translated wo to La- 
tin, by order of the emperor, Frederic II., 
of Germany, 1231 . See Ptolemy, Clau- 
dius. 

Almagro, with Pizarro, discovers Peru, 
1524— attacks Chili, 1535— is killed by 
Pizarro, 1538 -Almagro, the son, assas- 
sinates Pizarro, and is executed by De 
Castro, 1541. 

Al Mahoi, caliph of Bagdad, 775— expends 
666,000 gold crowns in a pilgrimage te 
Mecca, 784— d. 785 

Almamoun, k. of Toledo, seizes Valencia, 
and deposes his son-in-law, Almudafar, 
1064. 

Al Mamun, caliph of Bagdad, dethrones 
his brother, Al Amin, 813 — protects the 
Shiites, and patronizes literature, 814 
—employs astronomers to observe the 
sun's greatest declination, 816 — revolt 
against him 817— d. 833. 

Almanacs, first printed at Bnda, 1472 — 
in England, by Pynson, 1497 — Moore's 
first printed, 1713. 

Almansor, caliph, introduces learning 
among the Arabians, 754 — builds Bag- 
dad, 758 — proclaimed in Spain, by Ali, 
gov. of Africa, 761— d. 775 

Almansor, or the Illustrious; under this 
name, Muhamad Abdallah governs Spain 
during the minority of Hixem II., 977 — 
he collects an army against the Chris- 
tians of Leon, 979 — defeats them, and 
captures Zamora, 981 — takes Leon and 
Astorga, 983 — defeats Borel, count of 
Barcelona, and takes the city, 984 — 
treacherously beheads Al Hassan, the 
last Edrisite k. of Fez, 984 — invades Na- 
varre, 986 — takes Osma and Alcobriga, 
in Castile, 987 — takes Coimbra and San- 
tiago, 988 — sets apart a fund to promote 
literature ; learned men from the East 
resort to Cordova, 989 — a poetical tour- 
nament held in his palace, 991 — invades 
Gallicia, and carries away the bells from 
the church of Santiago as trophies, 993 — 
invades Navarre, 994 — after gaining two 
victories, makes peace with Bermudo, 
k. of Leon, 995 — his son. Abdelmelic, 
defeats Zeir Ben Atia, 997 — defeats the 
Christians at Hisn Dhervera, 1000 — to- 
tally defeated by the Christian princes, 
at Calat Anosor, is wounded, and dies 
soon after, 1002. 

Almansor, Jakub, k. of the Moors in 
Spain, 1184— defeats Alfonso Vlll., ol 
Castile, at Alarcos, 1195— d. 1198. 

Almarez, taken by gen. Hill, May 19, 1812. 



ALM 



20 



ALr 



Almazan, treaty of, between Castile and 
Aragon, 1374. 

Almeida, captured by Massena, Aug. 27, 
1810 — retaken by Wellington, May 10, 
1811. 

Almeida, Lorenzo de, forms a Portuguese 
settlement in Ceylon, 1507. 

Almeira, Francesco de, Portuguese vice- 
roy in India, establishes factories in 
Malabar, 1505. 

Almenara, battle of, gained by the com- 
bined army, under Charles of Austria 
and gen. Stanhope, July 27. 1710. 

A i.MERi a, conquered by Yussef. the Almora- 
vide, 1091 — taken by the kings of Castile, 
Aragon, and Navarre, assisted by a 
Genoese fleet, 1147 — recovered by the 
Moors, 1157 — besieged by Ferdinand, 
1488— captured, 1489. 

Almeric, Amalrich, or Amaury, k. of Cy- 
prus, and titular k of Jerusalem, marries 
Isabella, 1198— d. 1206. 

Almetuakel, k. of Badajos, put to death 
by Yusef, 1093. 

Almoatamad, Muhamad, takes Cordova, 
and is the most powerful of the Moorish 
kings in Spain, 1060— d. 1068. 

Almogavares, or Adventurers, sail 
from Lisbon to explore the Atlantic,1014 

Almohades, partisans of El Mehedi, in 
Africa, 1121 — lay siege to Morocco, and 
are repulsed by Ali, 1123 — El Mehedi 
dies, and is succeeded by Abdelmumen, 
1129— defeat of Ali, 1130— his son, Tax- 
fin, supports him, 1138 — is defeated. 
1144 — the Almohades conquer Morocco, 
and enter Spain, 1145 — take Seville, 1146 
— Cordova, 1 148— Granada, 1156 — rule in 
Africa and Spain, 1163 — decline in Spain, 
1212 — divided by civil war in Africa, 
1223 — end of their dominion in Spain, 
1232— -finally extinguished in Africa by 
the Merines, 1278. 

Al Mohtadi, caliph of Bagdad, 869 — mur- 
dered by the Turkish guards, 870. 

Al Moktad, caliph of Bagdad, 1075-1094 

Al Moktader, caliph of Bagdad, 908 — 
deposed and blinded, 932. 

AlMoktafi, caliph of Bagdad, 902-908. 

Al Mokta, a supporter of Abdallah, son 
Df Zobeir, killed at Cufa, 686. 

Alsion, John, tried for selling Junius's 
Letters, June 2, 1770— d. 1805. 

Almondhab, the Moorish k. of Saragossa, 
assassinated at Granada, 1031. 

Almondhir, son of the caliph Muhamad, 
blockades Toledo, 854— storms Rosas, and 
disperses the army of the rebel, Omar. 
866— is successfully resisted by Alfonso 
III., 872 — defeated by him, near the 
river Urbicus, 874 — foiled by him in Gal- 
licia, 876 — besieges Zamora : driven by 
him from the siege of Zamora, 878— 



caliph, 886— slain in battle by Cahb, 
888. 

Almoravides, founded in Africa about 
1050 — extend their conquests, 1067 — in- 
vited into Spain, 1086 — Valencia betray- 
ed to them by Ahmed Ben Gehaf, 1092— 
recovered by the Cid, 1094 — retaken by 
them, 1100 — general insurrection of the 
Moors in Spain against them 1143 — over- 
come by the Almohades, 1145. 

Al Mortader, caliph of Bagdad,1094-1118. 

Al Mostadhi, caliph of Bagdad, 1170-1180. 

Al Mostain, raised to the caliphate by 
the Turkish guards, 862 — murdered by 
them, 866. 

Al Mostakfi, caliph of Bagdad, 944. 

Al Mostanjid, caliph of Bagdad, 1160-1170. 

Al Mostanser, instigates the Turkish 
guard to murder his father, Al Motawak- 
kel, and is raised by them to the cali- 
phate, 861 — assassinated by them, 862. 

Al Mostanser, caliph of Bagdad, 1226- 
1243. 

Al Mostarshed, caliph of Bagdad, 1118- 
1135. 

Al Mostasem. last caliph of Bagdad, 1243 
— put to death by Hulagou, 1258. 

Al Motadhed, caliph of Bagdad, 892-902. 

Al Motaki, caliph of Bagdad, 940-944. 

Al Motamed, caliph of Bagdad, 870-892. 

Al Motassf.m, caliph of Bagdad, 833 — de- 
feats Theophilus, and destroys Amo- 
rium, 838-839— d. 841. 

Al Mojtavvakkel, caliph of Bagdad, 847 — 
assassinated, 861. 

Al Motaz, caliph of Bagdad, 866 — endea- 
vours to remove his Turkish guards; is 
deposed and slain by them, 869. 

Al Moti, caliph of Bagdad, 945-974. 

Almuatedid Muhamad, caliph of Spain, 
1068 — sent a prisoner to Africa by Yussef, 
the Almoravide, 1091. 

Almudafar, k. of Valencia, deposed by his 
father-in-law, Almamoun, 1064. 

Almutaraf, son of the caliph Abdallah, 
rebels, and defeats his father's army, 
at Jaen, 889 — assassinated, 894. 

Al Naser, caliph of Bagdad. 1180-1225. 

Alnwick, battles of; Malcolm III., k. of 
Scotland, killed by Roger Mowbray, 1093 
— William the Lion defeated and made 
prisoner, 1174 — the Castle taken by the 
French, 1462 — abandoned after the battle 
of Hexham, 1463. 

Alopo, Pandolfo, the chamberlain and fa- 
vourite of Joanna II., of Naples, put to 
death by her husband, James of Bourbon, 
1415. 

Alost, siege of, 1128. 

Aloysius, an architect, employed by The- 
odoric to repair and preserve the public 
edifices of Rome, 500. 

Alp Arslan, succeeds his uncle, Togrul 



ALP 



26 



AMA 



Beg, 1063- -conquers Armenia, 1065 — Ge- 
orgia., 1068 — defeats and captured Ro- 
manus Diogenes, 1071 — assassinated, 
1072. 

Alphabet, Egyptian, invented by Mem- 
non, B.C. 1822 (ascribed by Lepsius to 
Amenemhe III., about 2120) — the Ionian 
adopted at Athens, 403. 

Alpine, k. of Scotland, 833-836. 

Alps, the, crossed by Hannibal, B.C. 218 — 
by Hasdrubal, 207 — first crossed by the 
Romans, 154 — by theFrench army, under 
Bonaparte, May, 1800. 

Al Radhi, caliph of Bagdad, 934-940. 

Al Rashid, caliph, 1135. 

Alric, k. of Kent, 760 — fights the battle 
of Otford with Offa, k. of Mercia, 773. 

Alsace, traversed by the army of Gusta- 
vus Adolphus, 1631 — occupied by the 
French, 1638 — ceded to France by the 
peace of Westphalia, 1648 — Louis XIV. 
makes new claims, 1680 — feudal rights 
of the German princes abrogated by 
the National Assembly in France, Aug. 
4, 1789 — their restoration demanded, 1791 
— formally refused, Sept. S3. 

Alsama, or Zama, a Saracen commander 
in Spain, invades Southern Gaul, 720 — 
defeated by Eudes, and slain in the 
battle of Toulouse, 721. 

Alstan, bp. of Sherbourne, forces Ethel- 
wulf to resign the crown of Wessex, 854 
— d. 867. 

Altades, k. of Assyria, b.c. 1702 (1808 C). 

Altai, Mount, the original seat of the 
Turks, mission of Zemarchus to them, 
569. 

Al Tai, caliph of Bagdad, 974-991. 

Altenburg, battle of ; the Austrians de- 
feated by the Hungarians, May 7, 1849. 

Altenkirchen, defeat of the Austrians at, 
June 4, 1796. 

Althoepe, lord, b. 1782 — chancellor of the 
exchequer, Nov. 1830 — announces the 
Reform Bill, Feb. 3, 1831— the abolition 
of the taxes on coals, candles, and printed 
calicoes, and reduction of other duties, 
1 1 ; carries up the Reform Bill to the 
House of Lords, Sept. 19 ; resigns, May 9, 
1832— resumes office, 18 ; presented with 
a gold cup, Nov. 6; announces a large 
surplus revenue, Feb. 14, 1834 — brings 
in a bill to amend the poor laws, April 
17 ; also a plan for the abolition of church 
rates, 21 ; announces a further surplus 
of revenue, and reduces more taxes, 
July 25 ; succeeds his father, as earl 
Spencer, Nov. 19. See Spencer, John 
Charles, earl. 

Altieri, cardinal. See Clement X. pope, 
1670. 

Alton, in Hampshire, battle of, victory of 
the Danes, 1001. 



Altona, in Holstein, burnt by the Swedish 
gen. Steinbock, 1713 — the duke of Bruns- 
wick dies there after the battle of Jena, 
Nov. 10, 1806. 

Altranstadt, treaty of, dictated by 
Charles. XII. to Augustus, k. of Poland, 
Sep. 14, 1706. 

Alum, manufactured at Phocaea by Domi- 
nico Catagna and a Genoese colony, 1330 
— their works removed to Pera, and 
thence to the isle of Ischia ; others 
established at Tolfa, for pope Pius II. 
by John di Castriot, 1459 — a bed dis- 
covered at Volterra, is claimed and ap- 
propriated by the government of 
Florence, 1472 — discovered by Sir 
Thomas Chaloner at Guisborough near 
Whitby, and manufactured there, 1608. 

Alva, Francis Alvarez de Toledo, duke of, 
b. 1508— sent by Philip II. to invade the 
papal territories, 1556 — holds a con- 
ference at Bayonne with Katharine 
de' Medici, for the destruction of the 
Protestants, 1565 — sent into the Nether- 
lands, 1567 — governs there in a san- 
guinary manner, 1568 — continues his 
barbarous course, 1569 — opens a secret 
intercourse with Mary, qu. of Scots, 1571 
— takes Haarlem, and puts the inhabit- 
ants to the sword ; fails before Alkmaar, 
and is recalled, 1573— d. 1582. 

Alvanley, lord ; see Arden, Pepper, d. 
1804. 

Alvarez, chaplain to Roderigo de Lima 
in his embassy to Abyssinia, 1520 — re- 
turns and misrepresents the religious 
sentiments of that country to the Con- 
ference at Bologna, 1533. 

Alvinzi, Austrian general, defeated by 
Bonaparte at Areola, Nov. 15, 16, 17, 1796. 

Al Wathek, caliph of Bagdad, 841 — the 
splendour of the office declines, he d. 
847. 

Alvvyn, bp. of Winchester, 1032— d. 1045. 

Alyattes, k. of Lydia, expels the Cimme- 
rians, B.C. 617 — makes peace with Thra- 
sybulus of Miletus, 612 — war with Cyax- 
ares, k. of Media, 603— d. 560. 

Alypius, a Roman governor of Britain 
under Constantius II., afterwards em- 
ployed by Julian to rebuild the temple 
or Jerusalem, 363. 

Al Zaher, caliph of Bagdad, 1225. 

Amadeus, count of Maurienne, becomes 
count of Savoy, 1109 - d. in Cyprus, 1148. 

Amadeus III. or IV., count of Savoy. 1233 
-1253. 

Amadeus IV. or V„ count of Savoy, 1285 
— assists the Knights Hospitallers to 
defend Rhodes against Othman, 1315 — 
d. 1323. 

Amadeus V. or VI., the Green, Count of 
Savoy, 1343— peace concluded through 



AM A. 



2/ 



AMB 



his mediation, between Venice and Genoa 
1381— d. of the plague, 1383. 

Amadeus VII., the Bed, count of Savoy, 
1383-1390. 

Amadeus VIII., count ot Savoy, 1391 — re- 
ceives the title of duke, 1416 — joins the 
league against the duke of Milan, 1426 — 
— secedes on obtaining Vercelli. 1427 — 
saves the marquis of Montferrat from 
Francesco Sforza, 1431 — retires into a 
hermitage at Ripaglia,1434 — elected pope 
by the council of Basle as Felix V., 1439 
— the German electors threaten to de- 
clare for him, 1446 — resigns his papal 
title and goes back to Ripaglia, 1449— d. 
Jan. 7, 1451. 

Amadeus IX., duke of Savoy, 1465 — nego- 
tiations for the marriage of his sister 
Bona to Edward IV. of England broken 
off, she marries Galeazzo Maria, duke of 
Milan, 1468 — death of Amadeus, 1472. 

Amauis de Gaul, written by Vasco Lo- 
beira, 1308. 

Amalaberga, niece of Theodoric, marries 
Hermanric, k. of the Thuringians, 500. 

Amalafrida, sister of Theodoric, married 
to Thorismund, Vandal k. of Africa, 499 
— murdered by Hilderic, 527. 

Amalarich, the infant son of Alaric II.. 
proclaimed jointly with his natural 
brother, Giselich, k. of the Visigoths, 
Thiodes their guardian, 507— by the 
flight of Giselich, he is left sole king; 
marries Clotilda, daughter of Clovis, and 
makes Seville his residence. 528 — falls 
in battle against Childebert, 531. 

Amalasontha, daughter of Theodoric, 
marries Eutharic, 515 — is left a widow 
with one son, 523 — on her father's death, 
governs as guardian to her son, Athala- 
ric, 526 — after his death, associates 
her cousin, Theodatus, in the govern- 
ment, and is murdered by hirn, 534. 

Amalfi, begins to flourish by commerce 
with the East, 776— repels the attack of 
Arigisius, duke of Beneventum, 786 — 
arms against the African and Spanish 
corsairs, 813 — assists in the defeat of the 
Saracen pirates, 849 — leagues with Bene- 
ventum and Capua, against the Sara- 
cens, 908 — conquered by Robert Guis- 
cardl, 1077 — recovers its independence, 
1096— submits to Roger, k. of Sicily, 1131 
— taken by the Pisans, when a copy of 
Justinian's Pandects is said to have 
been discovered there, 1135 — gives the 
title of Count to Nicolo Acciaiuolo, 
1348. 

Amalgamated Society of Engineers in 
Manchester, make demands which their 
masters resist, Jan. 2, 1852 — submit to 
their employers' terms, April 26. 

AM4.LI, the royal race of the Ostrogoths; 



Tulum, one of them, 504 — Eutharic also, 
515. 

Amalphi. See Amalfi. 

Amalrich, or Amauby, k. of Jerusalem, 
1162 — invades Egypt, and takes and pil- 
lages Heliopolis, 1168— d. 1173. See Ai.- 

MER1C. 

Amand, St., the French defeated at, Mav 
8, 1793. 

Amantius, consul of Rome, 345. 

Amantius, put to death for conspiracy by 
Justin I., 518. 

Amariah, Jewish high priest, B.C. 840. 

Amasis, k. cf Egypt, B.C. 569 (F. \l.) — 
death of. five months before the invasion 
by Cambyses, 526. 

Amauby, k of Jerusalem. See Amalkich. 

Amaury, son of Simon de Montfort, con- 
tinues the war against the Albigenses, 
1218. 

Amaziah, k. of Judah. B.C. 837. 

Amazon, West India Mail ship, destroyed 
by fire at sea, Jan. 4, 1852. 

Amazons, river of the, explored by Ovel- 
lana, 1540. 

Ambibulus, L. Carius, consul of Rome, 126. 

Ambiorix, a leader of the Eburones, B.C. 54. 

Ambisa, a Saracen commander in Spain. 
722— slain, 725. 

Amblef, battle of; Charles Martel defeats 
Raginfried, mayor of Neustria, 716. 

Ambleteuse, James II. lands at, 1688. 

Amboise, Charles VIII., k. of France, dies 
at, April 7, 1498— league of, 1560— com- 
promise of, between the Romanists and 
the Huguenots. March 19, 1563. 

Amboyna, colonized by the Portuguese, 
1511 — taken from them by the Dutch, 
1620 — who massacre the English there, 
1624— taken by the English. Feb. 16, 
1796— restored to Holland, 1802— again 
taken, Feb. 21, 1810 — and again restored, 
1814. 

Ambbacia, receives an Athenian embassy 
to counteract the designs of Philip, B.C. 
343 — given up to the Romans by the 
-tfStolians, 189 — battle of Actium in its 
gulf, 31 — on its site Augustus builds Ni- 
copolis (now Prevesa), 30. 

Ambbose, bp. of Milan, 375 — holds a synod 
at Aquileia against Palladius and Se- 
cundianus, 381 — pleads against the re- 
storation of the Altar of Victory to the 
senate-house, 384 — refuses the empress 
Justina one church for Arian worship at 
Milan, 385 — persuades Theodosius to re- 
scind the order for rebuilding the Jews' 
synagogue at Callinicum, 388 — enjoins 
penance on him at Milan; encourages 
monachism, 390 — d. 397. 

Ambrosius, the friend and disciple of Ori- 
gen, assists him by paying clerks to 
copy for him, 235. 



AMR 



28 



AMO 



Ambustus, Q. Fabius, military trioune of 
Rome, b c. 390. 

Ambustus, C. Fabius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
358. 

Ambustus. M. Fabius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
360, 356,' 354. 

Ambustus, Q. Fabius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
412. 

Ameers of Scinde, defeated by Sir Charles 
James Napier, Feb. 17, 1843. 

Ameinias, Athenian arclinn. BXJ. 423. 

Amelia Adelaide Louisa Theresa, princess 
of Saxe Meiningen, b. 1792 — marries the 
duke of Clarence, July 11, 1818 — gives 
birth to a daughter, which soon dies, 
Mar. 27, 1819— becomes queen, June 26, 
1830— visits Germany, 1834 — d. Dec. 2, 
1849. See Adelaide. 

Amelia, daughter of George III., b. Aug. 
8, 17S3— d. Nov. 2, 1810. 

Ameltus. a disciple of Plotinus, writes Ex- 
positions of their philosophy, 264. 

Amenemhe III., k. of Egypt, about b c. 
2120, Leps. — the invention of the Egyp- 
tian alphabet and the construction of 
Lake Moeris ascribed to him by Lep- 
sius. 

Amenophis L. k. of Egypt, B.C. 1821 (about 
1580 B. and Leps.) 

Amenophis II.. k. of Egypt, B.C. 1686(1625 
C, about 1500 Leps.) 

Amenophis III., k. of Egypt, bx>. 1618 
(about 1460 Leps.) 

Amenophis, k. of Egypt, B.C. 933. 

America, the northern part, first disco- 
vered by two Icelanders, Biorn and Leif, 
1001 — discovered by Columbus, 1492 — 
divided by the pope between the Spani- 
ards and Portuguese, 1493 — North Ame- 
rica discovered by Cabot, 1497 — the 
name imposed by Amerigo Vespucci, 
1499 — the N.E. coast explored by Corte 
Real, 1500 — first Spanish settlement on 
the mainland, 1510 — the western coast 
first reached, 1513 — introduction of the 
Inquisition, 1570 — Davis explores the 
north-eastern coast, 1585 — and Hudson, 
1608 — first British settlements, by Sir 
Geo. Somers and others, 1606-1609 — dis- 
sensions between the Spaniards and Por- 
tuguese colonists, 1736— encroachments 
of the French, 1754— commencement of 
the dispute between the British govern- 
ment and the colonists, 1765— renewed, 
1772 — the N.W. coast explored by Cook, 
1778 — by Vancouver, 1791 — unsettled 
state of South America, 1824. See Uni- 
ted States, Spanish America, British 
America, and Canada. 

American Congress, meets at Philadel- 
phia, and issues its Declaration of 
Rights, Sept. 5, 1774 — the second assem- 
bles, May 10, 1775 — the third proclaims 



independence, July 4, 1776— first session 
at Washington, 1800. 

American Stamp Act. See Stamp Act, 
American. 

Amerigo. See Vespucci. 

Ames, Joseph, secretary of the Antiquarian 
Society, d. 1758. 

Amherst, gen., Jeffrey, b. 1717 — takes 
Louisbourg and Cape Breton, July 27, 
1758— Montreal surrenders to him, Sept. 
7, 1760— d. 1797. 

Amherst, William, lord, departs on an em- 
bassy to China, Feb. 8, 1816 — returns 
from his mission, unsuccessful, July 30, 
1817— arrives in India, as governor-ge- 
neral, Aug. 1, 1823— recalled, 1828. 

Amida, taken by Sapor II., of Persia, 359 
— by Cabades, 502 — besieged by Celer, 
504 — recovered by him, 505 — relieved 
from all taxes by Anastasius for seven 
years, 506 — taken by Heraclius, 625. 

Amiens, the cathedral of, commenced. 1220 
— the league between England and the 
duke of Burgundy is renewed there, Apr. 
17, 1423 — surprised by the Spaniards, 
Mar. 11, 1597 — recovered by Henry IV., 
Sept. 15 — treaty of peace signed, Mar. 27, 
1802— railway to Boulogne opened, Mar. 
13, 1847. 

Amintinus, P. Volumnius, consul of Rome. 
B.C. 461. 

Amisus, founded by the Phocians, B.C. 563 
— besieged by Lucullus, 72— surrenders, 
71. 

Ammenemes, k. of Egypt, B.C. 1215. 

Ammenephtheb, k. of Egypt, B.C. 1255. 

Ammianus. See Marcellinus. 

Ammonites conquer Israel, B.C. 1206 (1263 
H., 1256 C.)— defeated by Jephtha, 1188 
(1245 H., 1238 C.) 

Ammonius, Olympic victor, B.C. 256. 

Ammonius, preceptor of Plutarch, 66. 

Ammonius Saccas, founder of the new Pla- 
tonism at Alexandria, 201— teacher of 
Origen 206— of Plotinus, 232. 

Ammonius, a Greek poet, celebrates the. 
war of Gainas, 438. 

Amnesty, proclaimed by Thrasybulns at 
Athens, b.c. 403 — by Radetzkv in Italy, 
Aug. 18, 1849— by Napoleon III., Feb. 4, 
1853. 

Amon, k. of Judali, b.c. 644. 

Amorgcs. See Simonides. 

Amorites settled in Palestine, at least as 
early as B.C. 1965 (2088 C.) 

Amorium, in Phrygia, birth-place of Mi- 
chael II., who becomes emperor of the 
East, 820 — destroyed by Al Motassem. 
838 

Amos, prophesies, b.c. 795. 

Amos, bp. of Jerusalem, 594. 

Amour, William de St., condemned by 
Alexander IV., for his book against th« 



ATMS 



29 



AMY 



Dominicans, and is obliged to take flight 
from Paris, 1256. 

Amoy, taken by the English, Aug. 27, 1841 
— by the Chinese insurgents, Mar. 18, 
1853 — recovered from them, Nov. 11. 

Ampfing, or Muhldorf. battle of, 1322. 

Amphictyon, k. of Athens, B.C. 1497 (1499 
1 1., fictitious, C.) 

A MPHiCTYOfic League instituted b.c. 1113 
I'.— make war on the Cirrhssans, 595 — 
take Cyrrha, 591 — Philip of Macedon 
elected chief, 346 — he leads them against 
the Locrians, and conquers at Chseronea, 
B.C. 338. 

Amphigyes, k. of Sicyon, B.C. 1107 (doubt- 
ful). 

Amphilochius, recommended as bp. of 
1 coui wm by Basilius, 373 — presides at 
the synod of Side, in Pamphylia, against 
the Messalians, 383. 

A mphion, British frigate of 38 guns, blown 
up in Plymouth Sound, with loss of all 
(more than 250) on board, Sept. 22, 
1796. 

Amphipolis, on the river Strymon. an 
Athenian colony planted by Agnon, B c. 
437 — captured by Brasidas, 424 — Lace- 
demonians engage to give it up, 421— 
retained by them, 420— held by the Olyn- 
hians, 360— taken by Philip of Mace- 
don, 358. 

Amphitheatre, See Colosseum, Titus, 
and Fidenje. 

Amphitrite, the planet, discovered by 
Marth, Mar. 3, 1854. 

Amphitrite, convict ship, 103 women, 12 
children, and 16 crew, all lost (excepting 
3 of the crew) on the Boulogne Sands, 
Aug. 30, 1833. 

Ampthill, Katharine of Aragon retires to, 
1531. 

Amrou, invades Egypt, aided by the Jaco- 
bite or Monophysite Copts, 639 — re- 
ported interview with Joannes Philopo- 
nus, 640 — Egypt flourishes under him ; 
recalled, 644 — supports Moawiyah 
against Ali, 656 — sent into Egypt by 
Moawiyah, and expels Ali's partizans, 
658— gov. of Egypt, 661— d. 663. 

Amrou, son of Said, revolts, is defeated 
and killed by Abdalmelik, 688. 

A mru. See Jusuf. 

Amsterdam, taken by the Hollanders, 1578 
— supplants the commerce of Antwerp, 
1609— repulses the statholder, William 
II., 1650— gives currency to a French 
translation of the Scriptures, 1667 — 
taken by the French, Jan. 19, 1795— de- 
clared the third city of the empire by 
Napoleon, July 9, 1810 — entered by the 
Prussian gen. Bulow, and the prince of 
Orange proclaimed, Pec. 6, 1813. 

Amsterdam, New. See New York. 



Amund, the Dane, establishes himself at 
Cambridge, 875 

Amurath, or Murad I., sultan of the Ot- 
tomans, 1359 — takes Ancyra and Demo- 
tica. 1360 — takes Adrianople, and makes 
it his residence, 1361 — turns his arms 
against the Bulgarians and Servians, 
takes Philippopolis and Serres, 1363 — 
makes a treaty of commerce with the 
republic of Ragusa, 1365— his progress 
alarms John V., emperor of the East. 
1368— punishes his son, Saoudgi, for re- 
bellion, by blinding him, 1375 -protects 
John V., 1381 — his conquests extend 
from Cilicia in the East, to Albania in 
the West, 1387— defeats the Servians at 
Kossova, and is assassinated, 1389. 

Amurath, or Muead II., sultan of the Ot- 
tomans. 1421 — fails in his siege of Con- 
stantinople, 1423 — takes Thessalonica, 
1430 — negotiates with Chalcocondylas 
and Phranza, 1435-37— conquers Servia, 
but fails in his attempt on Belgrade, 1439 
— resigns the throne to his son, Mahomet 
II., and retires to Magnesia, 1442- re- 
called from his retirement and resumes 
the command. 1443 — concludes the treaty 
of Segedin with Hungary ; the truce 
being broken by Ladislas, he defeats 
him in the great battle of Varna, Nov. 
10, and retires again to Magnesia, 1444 
— the insubordination of the Janizaries 
compels him again to leave his retire- 
ment ; he leads them to attack the Mo- 
rea, imprisons Chalcocondylas for his 
arrogant demands, 1445 — breaks through 
the fortified hexamilion of the Isthmus 
of Corinth, 1446 — fails in his war with 
Scanderbeg, 1447 — he defeats John Hu- 
niades at Kossova, 1448 — d. 1451. 

Amurath III., sultan of the Ottomans, 
murders his brothers,1574— Queen Eliza- 
beth enters into a treaty of commerce 
with him, 1579— long war with Persia, 
1580— invasion of Hungary, 1592 — con- 
quest of Raab, 1594— d. 1595. 

Amurath IV., sultan of the Ottomans, 
1623 — war with the Cossacks; Asof taken 
by them, 1637— d. 1640. 

Amyntas, k. of Assyria, B.C. 1480 (1450 
C.) 

Amyntas I., k. of Macedon, b.c. 540 — 
called upon to do homage to Darius Hys- 
taspes, 506— d. 500. 

Amyntas II., k. of Macedon, B.C. 393— 
unsuccessful in wars with the Illyrians, 
392 — ally of the Lacedaemonians in their 
war against Olynthus, 382— d. 369. 

Amy-ntianus dedicates to the emperor 
Marcus Aurelius a work in praise ot 
Alexander the Great, 167. 

Amy'rt^eus, prolongs the revolt against 
Persia, and maintains himself in Lower 



ANA 



30 



ANC 



Egypt, B.C. 455 — restores the indepen- 
dence of Egypt, 414. 

Anabaptists, under. John of Leyden, gain 
possession of Munster, 1534 — suppressed, 
1536 — burnt, in England, 1538. 

Anacharsis, the Scythian (Gothic) tra- 
veller, arrives at Athens, B.C. 592. 

Anacharsis the Younger, Travels of. 
See Barthelemy. 

Anacletus, bp. of Rome, 79-91. 

Anacletus 11., set up as anti-pope, gains 
possession of the Lateran, and is conse- 
crated there, 1130 — still retains all the 
fortified posts in Rome, 1133— d. 1138. 

Anacreon, writes lyrics, B.C. 557 — invited 
to the court of Polycrates, in Samos, 532 
— goes to Athens, 525. 

Anafestus, the first doge of Venice, 697 — 
717. 

Anagni, treaty of, 1295 — pope Boniface 
VIII. is surprised at, by William de 
Nogaret, 1303 — Gregory XI. fixes his re- 
sidence at, 1377. 

Anakbarbeth-Hira, or Shimishbal-Bith- 
kira, k. of Nineveh or Assyria, B.C. 
1180 La. 

Anaku Merc-dak Shimish Bar, k. of Ni- 
neveh or Assyria, B.C. 960 La. 

Anapa abandoned by the Russians, July 
15, 1855. 

Anastasius I., emperor of the East, 491 
— accords liberty of conscience, and re- 
mits oppressive taxes; consul I., 492 — 
his statues are thrown down at Constan- 
tinople, 493 — consul II., 497 — sends Sa- 
binianus against Mundo, 505 — remits all 
taxes to Amida for seven years, 506 — 
builds the long wall for the protection of 
Constantinople, and fortifies Dara, in 
Mesopotamia; consul III., 507 — con- 
eludes a treaty of peace with Theodoric, 
508 — sends the ensigns of consulship to 
Clovis ; receives Theodoric's announce- 
ment of Felix being appointed consul 
for the ensuing year, 510 — expels and 
banishes Macedonius, bp. of Constanti- 
nople, and appoints Timotheus, 511 — 
accused of heresy and persecution, 512 — 
having relieved his subjects from many 
taxes, still by his economy accumulates 
a large sum in his treasury ; panegyrized 
by Procopius, of Gaza, 513 — religious 
war excited against him by Vitalianus, 
514 — treaty between them, 515 — redeems 
the captives led away by the Goths, 517 
.4. July 9, 518. 

Anastasius II., emperor of the East, 713 
— prepaies an armament against the Sa- 
racens, 714 — resigns to Theodosius III., 
716 — attempts to regain his throne with 
the aid of the Bulgarians, who give 
him up to Leo III., and he is put to death, 



Anastasius I., bp. of Rome, 398-402 

Anastasius II., bp. of Rome. 496-498. 

Anastasius III., pope, 911-913. 

Anastasius IV., pope, 1153 — d. 1154. 

Anastasius 1., patriarch of Constantino- 
ple, 730-754. 

Anastasius I., bp. of Antioch, 559 — ha« 
nished 570— restored, 593 — d. 599. 

Anastasius II., bp. of Antioch, 599 — mur- 
dered by the Jews, 610. 

Anastasius, bp. of Jerusalem, 458-478. 

Anastasius, unsuccessful candidate for 
the papacy, 855. 

Anastasius, the librarian, writes the Life 
of pope Nicholas I., 868. 

Anastasius, Fl., consul of Rome, 517. 

Anatolia, or Asia Minor, the Southern 
Mongols advance to, 1214 — re-united to 
Romania, by Mahomet, son of Bajazet, 
1413. 

Anatolico besieged by Omer Vrioni, re- 
lieved by the Suliotes and Mavrocordato, 
1822. 

Anatolius, consul of Rome, 440 — checks 
an invasion of the Persians, 441. 

Anatolius, bp. of Constantinople, 449. 

Anatolius, bp. of Laodicea, noted for his 
study of philosophy, 279. 

Anatomy, prohibited in Bologna by pope 
Boniface VI 1 1., 1297— taught by Mon- 
dini de' Luzzi, 1316— about 1516 by Bar- 
tolomeo Eustachi, and Gab. Fallopio, and 
by And.Vesalius, of Brussels, with plates 
from drawings made by Titian; about 
1750 by Albinus— John Hunter author 
of the modern system, about 1770. 

Anaxagoras, phil., b. B.C. 500— teaches at 
Athens, 480— leaves Athens, 450— re- 
turns, is accused of impiety, and retires 
to Lampsacus, 432 — d. 428. 

Anaxander, Agidan k. of Lacedaemon, 
B.C. 676-637. 

Anaxandrides, Agidan k. of Lacedaemon, 
B.C. 560-520. 

Anaxandrides, poet of the middle co- 
medy, fl. at Athens, B.C. 375. 

Anaxicrates, Athenian archon, B.C. 307 — 
again, 279. 

Anaxidamus, Proclidan k. of Lacedaemon, 
b c 686-648. 

Anaxilaus, k. of Rhegium, B.C. 494— d. 
476. 

Anaximander, the phil., b. at Miletus, b.c 
610— first designer of maps, 547. 

Anaximenes, the phil., fl. B.C. 548. 

Anaxippus, the comic poet, fl. B.C. 303. 

Anazarbus, in Cilicia, overthrown by an 

earthquake, 525 — John II., emperor of 

the East, dies of a wound received while 

hunting there, 1143. 

Anbar, conquered by the Mohammedans, 

632. 
Anchialus, in Thrace; Maurice leaves 



AND 



31 



AN J) 



his troops there, 592 — Justinian II. de- 
feated by Terbelis, 708 — plundered by 
the Bulgarians, 1193. 

Anchises, Athenian archon, B.C. 488. 

Ancient Historians of the Realm, com- 
plete editions of, ordered by parliament 
to be printed, July 24, 1822. 

Ancients, Council of, established in 
France, Oct. 28, 1795. 

Ancona, the harbour of, constructed by 
Trajan, 107 — given up to the pope by 
Desiderius, 756 — invested by Frederic, 
1167 — the siege raised by William Adei- 
ard, a citizen of Ferrara, and Aldruda, 
countess of Bertinora, 1174 — annexed to 
the papal States, 1198 — governed by 
Milo, bp. of Beauvais, 1230 — the ex- 
pope, Gregory XII., made gov. of the 
March, 1415 — occupied by Francesco 
Sforza, 1433 — ceded to him for life by 
pope Eugenius IV., 1434 — recovered by 
Alfonso, k. of Naples, 1443 — pope Pius 
II., while collecting an armament there 
against the Turks, dies, Aug. 15, 1464 — 
seized by Gonzaga, the papal gen., 1532 
— destroyed by an earthquake, 1672 — 
surrenders to ihe French, Feb. 9, 1797 — 
taken by the Austrians, Nov. 13, 1799 — 
occupied by the French, Feb. 22, 1832 — 
evacuated, 1838 — bombarded and cap- 
tured by the Austrians, June 18, 1849. 

Ancre, Concini, marshal d', assassinated, 
1617. 

Ancus Martius, k. of Rome, B.C. 640-621. 

Ancyra, or Angora, Council of, 314 — ta- 
ken by the Persians, 620 — pillaged by 
the Paulicians, 868 — captured bv Amu- 
rath I., 1360— battle of, defeat of Baja- 
zet I., July 28, 1402. 

Axdalusia occupied by the Vandals, 419 
— abandoned by them, 429 — invaded by 
Alfonso VII. ; Taxfln, son of AH Ben 
Yussef, defeated, 1130— part conquered 
by Ferdinand III., 1236— rebellion of the 
Moors against Alfonso XII., 1261. 

Andalusians, many thousands are driven 
into Africa by Al Hakem's cruelty ; some 
settle at Fez, others in Egypt, 817 — 
whence they obtain Crete, and build 
Candia, 822. 

A ndernach, battle of; Charles the Bald 
is defeated by Louis II., Oct. 8, 876. 

Anderson, lieut., murdered by the Sikhs, 
at Mooltan, April 21, 1848. 

Andhun, gen. of Ethelwalcb, defends Sus- 
sex, 686. 

Andians, or Quartodecimans, begin 
their dispute about the time of celebrat- 
ing Easter, 197. 

A.vdjca, k. of the Suevi in Spain, 583 — 
subdued by Leovigild, 584. 

Andocides, orator, b. B.C. 467 — commands 
the Athenian ships at Corey ra, 432— ac- 



cused of having broken some statues ct 
Mercury, imprisoned and exiled, 415 — 
returns, 403— takes part at Athens with 
Archinus and Cephalus, 402 — banished 
from Athens for advising peace, and dies 
in exile, 391. 

Andoria ; the army of Robert, k. of Na- 
ples, defeated at, 1321. 

Andover Union inquiry, Mar. 5, 1846. 

Andragathius, murders Gratian, at Ly- 
ons, Aug. 25, 383— kills himself, 388. 

Andre, major, hanged by the Americaus 
as a spy, Oct. 2, 1780. 

Andre a dce aster, or Anderida, taken by 
^Ella, 491. 

Andreossy, the French ambassador, ar- 
rives in London, Nov. 6, 1802 — departs, 
May 16, 1803. 

Andrew I., called by the people to be 
k. of Hungary, 1046 — war with the em- 
peror Henry III. ; pope Leo IX. mediates 
between them, 1052 — killed by his 
brother, Bela, 1060. 

Andrew II., k. of Hungary, 1205 — obliged 
by pope Honorius III. to begin the fifth 
crusade, 1217 — returns and finds his son 
Bela in rebellion against him, 1220 — ap- 
peases the troubles of Hungary by his 
Golden Bull, granting privileges to the 
nobles and clergy, 1222— death of his 
daughter, Elizabeth, 1231 — he marries 
Beatrice of Este, 1234— d. 1235. 

Andrew III., the Venetian, k. of Hungary, 
1290 — defeats Charles Martel, who had 
been set up against him, by the pope, at 
Zagrab, 1292 — last of the race of Arpad, 
d. 1301. 

Andrew I., son of George Dolgorucki, be- 
comes prince of White Russia, 1157 — 
attacks Mstislav II., and storms Kiow, 
1169— killed by his subjects, 1176. 

Andrew II., grand duke of Russia, 1249 — 
expelled by the Golden Horde, 1252. 

Andrew III., grand duke of Russia, 1294- 
1304. 

Andrew, second son of Charles Robert, k. 
of Hungary,is affianced to Joannajgrand-' 
daughter of Robert, k. of Naples, and 
sent into Italy to be educated, 1333— she 
manifests extreme aversion for him, and 
is crowned without him, 1343 — he is 
murdered at Aversa, Joanna is accused 
of having instigated the deed, Sep. 18, 
1345. 

Andrew's, St., university of, founded, 1411 

Andrews, Henry, maker of "Moore's Al- 
manack," d. 1820. 

Andria, the count of, imperial general de- 
feated and slain at Ascoli, 1190. 

" Andria," the. See Terbnck. 

Andriscus, Pseudo-philippus, pretends to 
be a son of Perseus, and lays claim to '• 
Macedon, B.C. 149— defeats and kills the 



AM) 



3:2 



ASO 



prastor P. Juventius; is himself defeated 
and slain by Metellus, 148. 
Anoroclus, Olympic victor. B.C. 768. 
Awdromaque. See Racine. 
" Andromeda." See Euripjdes. 
Andromenes, Olympic victor, B.c. 308. 
Andronicus I., second son of Constantine 
XIII. Ducas, was proclaimed Augustus 
by his father with this title, and nominal 
colleague of his eldest brother, Michael 
VII., but had no real power, 1071. 
Andronicus I., grandson of Alexius I.Com- 
nenus, acquires the administration of the 
Greek empire for Alexius II., 1182 — mur- 
ders him and usurps the throne, 1183 — 
deposes the patriarch Theodosius ; is 
killed in a popular tumult, 1185. 

Andronicus II. Palseologus, emperor of 
the East, breaks the union of the Eastern 
and Western churches, 1282 — marries 
Violante, or Irene, daughter of William, 
marquis of Montferrat, 1284— defeated 
by Othman at Baphaeon, 1301 — employs 
Roger di Flor and the Catalans, 1303— 
his son Theodore inherits Montferrat, 
1305 — assassinates Roger di Flor, is at- 
tacked by the Catalans and defeated at 
Aspros, 1307 — civil war with his grand- 
son Andronicus, peace made at Rhegion, 
war renewed in the autumn, 1321 — treaty 
of Epibates between them, 1322 — third 
rebellion, Constantinople taken by An- 
dronicus the younger, and the old em- 
peror resigns the crown to him, 1328 — he 
dies in a monastery as the monk Antony, 
Feb. 13, 1332. 

Andronicus III. (for his previous history 
see Andronicus II.), emperor of the East, 
1328 — is defeated by the Ottomans at 
Pelekanon, reconquers Chios from the 
Genoese, 1329 — concludes a treaty of 
peace with the Ottomans, 1330 — defeated 
in an attempt on Phocsea, 1334 — conquers 
the Albanians and takes the despotat of 
Epirus, 1337— d. 1341. 

Andronicus IV. conspires against his 
father John V., is overcome and his eyes 
put out; cedes the island of Tenedos to 
the Genoese to gain their support, 1375 
— shut up in the tower of Anemas, 1376 
— escapes ai>d again rebels, 1378 — makes 
his father prisoner, 1379 — shares the 
empire with him, and resides at Selym- 
bria, 1381 — gives way to his brother 
Manuel II., 1391. 

A ndronicus, consul of Rome, 310. 

Andronicus Ghidos, emperor of Trebizond, 
1222-1235. 

Andronicus II., emperor of Trebizond, 
1263-1266. 

Andronicus III., emperor of Trebizond, 
1330— d. 1332. 

Andronicus, president of Libya, excom- 



municated by Synesius for oppression 
recalled and punished, 411. 
Andronicus. See Livius. 
Andronicus of Rhodes, employs Tyrannio 

to copy Aristotle's works, B.C. 68. 
Andros, taken by the Venetians, 1125. 
Androtion, becomes conspicuous as an 

orator at Athens, B.C. 385. 
"Anecdota." See Procopius. 
Anemas, the Tower of. See Andronicus IV 
Angari, public messengers or postmen 

employed in Persia, B.C. 513. 
Angelo, Sanudo, second duke of Naxos, 

1220. 
Angelo, son of Niccolo Acciaiuoli, mort- 
gages Corinth to Nerio, 1370. 
Angelo, Michael, born, 1474 — d. 1564. 
Angelo, St., the castle of, the site of the 
Moles Hadriani, built by Hadrian as his 
sepulchre, 137 — the anti-pope Cadalo 
gains possession, and is besieged, 1063 — 
escapes, 1065 — Pope Gregory VII. be- 
sieged there, 1084 — it is held by the party 
of Guibert, 1092 — pope Urban II. gets 
possession of it, 1099 — taken by Urban 
VI., 1379— by Ladislas, king of Naples, 
1413 — pope ClementVII.,a prisoner there, 
receives the envoy of Henry VIII., 
1527. 
Angelus, Michael, founds the Greek des- 
potat of Epirus, 1205. 
Angelus. See Alexius, Isaac, and Theo- 
dore. 
Angers, taken by John, k. of England, 
1206 — prince Edward, son of Henry VI., 
educated there by Sir John Fortescue, 
1467 — taken by theVendeaus, June, 1793. 
Angerstein, John Julius, death of, 1823 — 
his collection of pictures purchased for 
the National Gallery, 1824. 
Angilberga, wife of Louis, emperor of 
Germany, accompanies him to Venice, 
856 — surprised and captured with him in 
Beneventum by Adelgiso, 871. 
Ai\iGLESEA,Ethelwulf penetrates to the isle 

of, 853. 
Anglesey, Henry, marquis of, b. 1768; lord 
lieutenant of Ireland, Mar. 21, 1828— re- 
called for encouragement given by him 
to agitation, Dec. — reappointed by lord 
Grey, 1830— d. 1854. 
Anglia. See East Anglia and England. 
Anglo-Saxon poetry of Csedmon, 680— 
translation of the four Gospels by Egbert, 
abbot of lona, 721 — of Boethius, Orosius, 
and other Latin writers by Alfred, com- 
menced, 888 — Chronicle, the early part of 
it supposed to have been compiled by 
Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury, 
890 — completed, 1154: — School at Rome 
endowed by Ina, king of Wessex, 728 — 
by Offa, king of Mercia, 792— burnt, 816 
—restored by Ethelwulf 855— Laws of 



ANJ 



33 



ANJ 



Ethelbert, 606— of In a, 692— of Alfred, 
886— of Edward the Confessor, 1065. 

Angola, settled by the Portuguese to 
supply Brazil with slaves, 1578. 

Angora. See Ancyea. 

Angouleme, occupied by the Saracens, 731. 

Angouleme, Isabella, daughter of the duke 
of, married to king John of England, 
1200. 

Angouleme, Francis, count of, affianced to 
Claude, daughter of Louis XII., 1506 — 
married, 1514 — he becomes king, 1515. 
See Francis I., king of France. 

Angouleme, duke of, son of Francis I., the 
emperor Charles V. offers Milan to him, 
1536. 

Angouleme, Louis Antony, duke d', born 
1765, marries his cousin Maria Theresa, 
June 10, 1799 — endeavours to raise the 
French departments in favour of the 
Bourbons, but fails, April 11, 1815" — leads 
a French army into Spain, and over- 
throws the constitution, 1823 — d. 1844. 

Angouleme, duchess d'. See Maria The- 
resa, daughter of Louis XVI 

Angria, the East Indian pirate, taken 
prisoner, and his stronghold on the Ma- 
labar coast destroyed by Adm. Watson 
and Col. Clive, Feb. 11, 1756. 

Angus, the earl of, captured by the Percies 
at Homedon Hill, 1402. 

Angus, Archibald Douglas, earl of, marries 
Margaret, sister of Henry VIII., and 
dowager queen of Scotland, 1514. 

Anhalt Dessau, Maurice, prince of, Prus- 
sian general, obliges the Austrians to 
retire from Berlin, 1757. * < V > 

Anholt, defended by a Brtflsm gaffison 
of 150 men, against 4000 I|anes, 1811. 

Anianus, bp. of Antioeh, 3A£<sV. f] O " 

Anianus employed to adapt thfefReoaosian 
code for Alaric II., 506. 

Anicetus, bp. of Rome, 150-16&V c\ 

Anicius Probus, consul of Rome/406. 

Animal Magnetism, introduced by Mes- 
mer, 1779. 

Anjou, Fulk, Count of, seizes Maine, and 
quarrels with Henry I. of England, 1111 
— is supported by Louis VI. of France, 
1112 — a reconciliation effected by the 
marriage of Henry's eldest son William 
to Fulk's daughter Matilda, 1119 — death 
of William; his widow returns to her 
father, 1121 — her brother, Geoffrey Plan- 
tagenet, marries Henry's daughter Ma- 
tilda, widow of the emperor Henry V., 
1127 — Fulk joins the crusaders and be- 
comes king of Jerusalem, 1131 — is killed 
by a fall from his horse, 1142. 

Death of Geoffrey ; his son Henry (af- 
terwards Henry II. of England) inherits 
Anjou and Maine, 1156 — prevails On his 
brother Geoffrey to renounce all claim 



Anjou — continued. 
on these lands for a pension, 1156 — they 
are taken from king John by Philip Au- 
gustus, 1205. 

Charles, count of Anjou, brother of 
Louis IX., treats with pope Innocent IV. 
for the crown of Sicily, 1253 — again 
with Urban IV., 1262 — concludes the 
treaty, 1263— senator of Rome, 1264— 
crowned at Rome by Clement IV., 1265 
— defeats Manfred at Benevento, Feb. 
26, and is acknowledged as king, 1266. 
See Charles I., k. of Sicily. 

Anjou reconquered by Edward III., 
but relinquished by him in the treaty of 
Bretigni,1360 — given by Charles V.,king 
of France to his brother Louis, with the 
title of duke of Anjou ; he is invested 
by pope Clement VII. with all the do- 
minions of Joanna, queen of Naples, in 
Italy and Provence, 1381 — he attacks 
Charles, k. of Naples, 1382 — the plague 
destroys a great part of his army, 1383 
— he dies at Bari, 1384. 

His son Louis receives the same grant 
from Urban VI., 1386 — resisted in Naples 
by Margaret, mother of Ladislas, 1387 — 
abandoned by Urban, 1388 — crowned at 
Avignon by Clement VII., 1389 — opposed 
by the rival pope, Boniface IX., 1390 — 
gains possession of Naples, 1395-^-is vi- 
gorously attacked by Ladislas, 1398 — 
deserted by all, returns to Provence, 1399 
— revives his pretensions to the throne, 
1409 — his fleet defeated by the Genoese, 
•-■ 141f> — goes back to Provence, 1411. 
** ^ ms^«b^»HidKNT^s encouraged by 
pope Martin "v\ tAeteiOTtthe throne, 1420 
— defeated- by Braccio,^aBl — returns to 
Rome, 1422— is adoptecn&y Joanna as 
her heir J 1423— d. 1434. 

His brJrn«T,^'"Heg^?er ^(Renatus or 
Rene),_now of Anjou, is declared k. ot 
Naples by the will of Joanna, 1435 — 
being a prisonerin tlu- hands of the duke 
of Burgundy, he sends his wife Isabella, 
and his son Louis, to claim the suc- 
cession ; they are opposed by Alfonso of 
Aragon, 1436 — he regains his liberty, 
and arrives at Naples,1438 — expelled by 
Alfonso and returns to Provence, 1442 — 
marriage of his daughter Margaret to 
Henry VI. of England, contracted, 1444 
— solemnized, Apr. 22, 1445. See Henry 
VI., king, and Margaret, Queen, of Eng- 
land. Regnier is invited by Francesco 
Sforza to claim Naples. 1453 — returns to 
France, 1454— his son, John, renews the 
war in Naples, 1459 — withdraws to the 
Isle of Ischia, 1463 — returns to France. 
1464 — the throne of Aragon offered to 
Regnier by the Catalonians, 1466 — ha 
sends his son, John, with a French anx- 



ANN 



34 



ANN 



AVJOC — continued, 
iliary force, 1468 — who dies at Barcelona, 
Dec. 16, 1470 — Regnier is expelled from 
Anjou by Louis XI., 1474 — his daughter 
JVIargaret is restored to him, 1475 — d. 
1480— when she resigns all claim on his 
states to Louis XL, and receives a pen- 
sion from him — the duchy given to Fred- 
eric, the expelled king of Naples, 1501 — 
and held by him till his death, 1504. 

Henry, duke of, younger brother of 

Charles IX. of France, defeats the Hu- 
guenots at Jarnac, March 13, and at 
Moncontour, Oct. 3, 1569 — delusive ne- 
gotiations for a marriage between him 
and Elizabeth, queen of England, 1571 
— is obliged to raise the siege of La 
Rochelle, June 25 — elected king of Po- 
land, 1573 — becomes king of France, 
May 30, 1574. See Heney III., king of 
France. 

His brother Francis, duke d' Alen- 
con, is created duke of Anjou, and in- 
vited by the ten southern provinces of 
the Netherlands, to be their gov., 1578 
— he visits queen Elizabeth and makes 
her proposals of marriage, 1580 — fallaci- 
ous negotiations between them ; he is 
nominated by the Seven United Pro- 
vinces to be sovereign of the Nether- 
lands, 1581 — finally dismissed by Eliza- 
beth ; he is received as sovereign at 
Antwerp, but acquires no real power, 
1582 — fails in an attempt on Antwerp, 
and retires into France, 1583 — d. 1584. 

Philip, duke of, second son of the dau- 
phin, and grandson of Louis XIV., re- 
ceives the dominions of Spain by bequest 
of Charles II., 1700. See Philip V., k. of 
Spain. 

Ankarsteom, assassinates Gustavus III. of 
Sweden, March 6, 1792. 

Anlaf, totally defeated by Athelstan and 
Edmund at Brunanburh, 937 — is chosen 
king by the Northumbrian Danes, 941 
^rf.942. 

Anlaf, son of Sihtric, governs Northum- 
berland, 942— defeated by Edmund, 943. 

Anlaf Cwiban lands in the north of Eng- 
land, 949. 

Anna, king of East Anglia, 635 — enlarges 
and endows the monastery of Fursey, at 
Cnobersburg, 639 — falls in battle against 
Penda, 654. 

Anna, daughter of Romanus II., and sister 
of the Greek emperors Basil II. and Con- 
stant! ne XL, married to Wolodomir, 
grand-duke of Russia, 988. 

Anna Comnena, writes the history of her 
father's reign, 1099 — detected in a con- 
spiracy against her brother, is pardoned, 
1118. 

Aire a, daughter of Ladislas VI., k. of 



Hungary, betrothed to Ferdinand of 
Austria, 1506 — their marriage, 1521— 
unites Hungary and Bohemia to Austria, 
1526. 

Anna Maria Maubicia. See Anne at 
Austria. 

Anna, Santa, defeats the Spanish invasion 
of Mexico, 1829 — elected president, 1833. 

Annales Ecclesiastici. See Baeonius. 

Annan, battle of, Edward Balliol is defeat- 
ed by Sir Archibald Douglas, 1332. 

Annapolis, the name given by Colonel 
Nicholson to the French settlement of 
Port Royal in Acadia, after its capture, 
1710. 

Annats, or first-fruits, paid to the pope, 
abolished by the Council of Basle, 1435 
prohibited by the English parliament, 
1532. 

Anne of Savoy, widow of the Greek empe- 
ror Andronicus III. Pa laeologus, regent 
for her son, John V., 1341 — opposed by 
Jolni Cantacuzene,1343 — assisted by the 
Servians, who are defeated by the Turks, 
1344 — concludes a treaty, by which he 
shares the throne, Feb. 8, 1347 — he breaks 
the treaty, 1353. See John V. Palae- 
ologus. 

Anne, sister of Wenceslas of Germany 
and Bohemia, married to Richard II., k. 
of England, Jan 14, 1382 — protects 
Wicklifte, intercedes for John of Ghent, 
1386— for the citizens of London, 1392— 
dies at Shene, June 7, 1394. 

Anne Neville, daughter of the earl of 
Warwick, married to Edward, son of 
Henry VI., 1470 — to Richard, duke of 
Gloucester, 1473— queen, 1483— d. 1485. 

Anne, queen of Henry VIII. See Boleyn, 
Anne, and Clevks, Anne of. 

Anne, daughter of Frederic II., k. of Den- 
mark, married to James VI., k. of Scot- 
land, 1589— q. of Great Britain, 1603— 
visited by her brother Christian IV. of 
Denmark, 1607 — she intercedes in vain 
for Sir Walter Raleigh, 1618— dies at 
Hampton Court, March 3, 1619. 

Anne, daughter of James, duke of York 
(afterwards James II.), and Anne Hyde, 
born 1665 — married to prince George of 
Denmark, July 28, 1683 — abandons her 
father, Nov. 26, 1688 — at variance with 
her sister, queen Mary, 1692 — reconciled 
with king William, March 5, 1695. 

Queen of Great Britain, Mar. 8, 1702— 
in her first speech to parliament recom- 
mends the Union of England and Scot- 
land, Mar. 11 — crowned, Apr. 23 — war 
declared against France and Spain, May 4 
— Cadiz unsuccessfully attacked, Aug. 
15— the Spanish galleons captured or de- 
stroyed at Vigo, Oct. 12 — commissioners 
appointed to treat for the Union, 28— 



ANN 



35 



ANN 



Ann e — eon tinned. 
Marlborough, command* r-in-chief of the 
English and Dutch armies, is successful 
in Flanders, Aug. to Oct. — storms the 
citadel of Liege, Oct. 23. 

Disputes in parliament respecting the 
public accounts, Feb. 4, 1703 — violent de- 
bates in the Scottish parliament regard- 
ing the Hanoverian succession, May 6 — 
Marlborough captures Bonn, May 14 — 
Huy, Aug. 27 — Limburg, Sept. 27 — the 
k. of Portugal joins the alliance against 
France and Spain, 1703. 

The fund termed Queen Anne's bounty 
instituted, Feb. 7, 1704 — Marlborough 
takes Donawert, July 2, and gains the 
battle of Blenheim, Aug. 2 (o.s. 13 n.s.) 
— Gibraltar captured, July 22 — besieged 
in vain by the French and Spaniards, 
Oct. 22 — the English and Dutch forces 
in Spain are ill-supported, and cannot 
make head against the duke of Berwick, 
1704. 

The queen is attached through the 
duke of Marlborough to the Whig party, 
1705 — visits Cambridge, and confers 
knighthood on Isaac Newton, Apr. 10 — 
the siege of Gibraltar raised, Mar. 10 — 
the earl of Peterborough reduces Catalo- 
nia and Valencia for Charles III. — Marl- 
borough forces the French lines at Tirle- 
mont, July 18— he visits the emperor at 
Vienna, concerts a plan for the operations 
of the next year, and returns to England 
in Dec. — the Tories and Jacobites alarm 
the queen for the safety of the church. 

Meeting of the commissioners to treat 
for the Union with Scotland, Ap. 10, 1706 
— Marlborough gains the victory of Ra- 
millies, May 12, o.s. — the allies are suc- 
cessful in Spain, and enter Madrid, June 
£4, but it is recovered by Philip V., 
Aug. 5 — Louis proposes to treat for 
peace, but his offers are rejected, Oct. 21 
— Mrs. Masham begins to obtain the 
queen's favour. 

The allies, under the earl of Galway, 
are totally defeated at Almanza, Ap. 14, 
1707 — the earl of Peterborough soon after 
withdraws from Spain — the Union with 
Scotland takes effect, May 1 — Marl- 
borough, unable to gain any advantage 
in the Netherlands from the cautious 
generalship of Vend6me, puts his army 
into winter quarters, Oct. 8 — the first 
United parliament assembles, Oct. 23 — 
the mismanagement of the late cam- 
paign inquired into, Nov. 19 — a clerk in 
secretary Harley's office detected in be- 
traying secrets of state to the French 
government, Dec. 31. 

Harley dismissed, Jan. 1708 — the pre- 
tender attempts to land in Scotland, but 



Anne — continued. 
is driven back by Sir George Byng, 
Mar. — Marlborough defeats the French 
at Oudenarde, July 11 — destroys their 
lines between Ypres and the Lys, July 
15, and lays Artois and Picardy under 
contribution — Lisle besieged by the 
allies, Aug. 11 — the town surrenders, 
Oct. 23, and the citadel, Dec. 9 — the 
whole of Flanders recovered by the al- 
lies, Dec. 

Louis XIV. again makes proposals for 
peace, Feb. 28, 1709 — the negotiations 
are broken off, June 9 — Marlborough and 
Prince Eugene collect their forces at 
Lisle, June 18 — take Tournay, July 30 
— gain the battle of Malplaquet, Sept. 
11, and capture Mons, Oct. 21 — Dr. 
Sacheverell preaches a sermon at St. 
Paul's, Nov. 5, for which he is impeach- 
ed by the House of Commons, Dec. 15 — 
the Whig ministry become unpopular, 
and are undermined at court by Mrs. 
Masham and Harley, the ex-secretary — 
the Copyright Act passed. 

Overtures for peace by Louis XI V.again 
rejected, Jan. 2, 1710 — Sacheverell's trial 
commences, Feb. 27 — he is condemned, 
March 25, to silence for three years, and 
his sermon burnt by the hangman, Mar. 
27 — the conferences of Gertruydenburg 
commence, Mar. 11 — broken off, July 20 
— Marlborough and prince Eugene are 
successful in Flanders — the Whig mi- 
nistry dismissed, Aug. 8 — Marlborough 
retains his command — the allies are de- 
feated in Spain, Dec. 

The duchess of Marlborough sup- 
planted at court by Mrs. Masham, Jan. 
18, 1711 — the late ministers formally 
accused of mismanagement, June 4 — the 
South Sea Company established, under 
a royal commission, June 27 — Marlbo- 
rough drives the French from the lines 
of Arleux, Aug. 5, and captures Boii- 
chain, Sept. 13 — negotiations for peace 
privately entered into, and the prelimi- 
naries settled in London, Oct. 6— Marl- 
borough returns to England, is accused 
of peculation, and dismissed from all his 
offices, Dec- -twelve new peers created ,, 
for a political purpose, Dec. 31. 

The duke of Ormond appointed captain- 
general of the British army, in place ot 
Marlborough, Jan. 1, 1712 — conferences 
for peace opened at U trecht, Jan . 29 — the 
House of Lords disapprove the proposed > 
terms, Feb. 16, Mar. 4 — the duke of Or- 
mond is ordered not to undertake hosti- 
lities, May 10 — on the complaint of the 
Dutch, the order is countermanded, May 
28 — he besieges and captures Quesnoy, 
June 8, July 4 — he separates his forces 
o 2 



ANN 



36 



ANS 



A nne — continued. 

from the allies, July 10 — a cessation of 
arms with France proclaimed, July 17 — 
prince Eugene is defeated at Denain, 
July 24, and Quesnoy and other towns 
recaptured by the French — the Dutch 
agree to terms of peace, but the emperor 
(Charles VI.) continues the war — stamp 
duty first imposed on newspapers, 1712. 
The treaty of Utrecht signed, Mar. 
30, 1713 — rivalry of Harley (now earl of 
Oxford) and Bolingbroke ; the latter pre- 
judices the queen against the elector of 
Hanover (afterwards George I.) for not 
agreeing to the treaty of Utrecht — the 
opening of the parliament is deferred in 
consequence of the queen's illness, Dec. 
1 — she recovers, and opens the parlia- 
ment, Mar. 2, 1714 — the electoral prince 
of Hanover summoned to parliament, 
as duke of Cambridge, April 12 — by the 
death of the electress Sophia, her son, 
the elector, becomes heir to the throne 
under the Act of Settlement, June 3 — 
altercations of the ministers, and dis- 
missal of Oxford, July 27 — illness of the 
queen, 29 — she makes the duke of 
.Shrewsbury lord treasurer, 30 — d. at 
Kensington, Aug. 1, 1714. 

Anne, sister of Philip, duke of Burgundy, 
married to the duke of Bedford, 1423 — 
d. 1432. 

Anne Hyde, daughter of lord chancellor 

. Clarendon, married to James, duke of 
York, Sept. 3, 1660 — mother of queen 
Mary II., 1662 — of queen Anne, 1664 — 
d. Mar. 31, 1671. 

Anne, princess royal, daughter of George 
II., o. 1709 — married to William Charles 
Henry, prince of Orange, Mar. 15, 1734 
— leaves England for Holland, Apr. 22, 
regent for her son, William V., 1751— 
d. Jan. 12, 1759. 

Anne, daughter of Louis XI. of France, 
regent for her brother, Charles VI II., 
1483 — assembles the States General at 
Tours, 1484 — quarrels with the duke of 
Orleans, and makes war on the duke of 
Britanny, 1486 — rejects the offered me- 
diation of Henry VII., of England, 1487 
— defeat of the Bretons ; death of their 
duke, and captivity of the duke of Or- 
leans, 1488. See Beaujeu. 

Anne of Britanny, daughter of the de- 
ceased duke, is sought in marriage by 
many, 1488, 1489— betrothed to Maxi- 
milian, k. of the Romans, 1490 — com- 
pelled to marry Charles VIII., of France, 
and annex her lands to his, 1491 — on his 
death, she marries Louis XII., 1498 — 
d. Jan. 9, 1514. 

Anne, daughter of the emperor Maximi- 
lian, married to Philip II., of Spain, 1570. 



Anne, sister of Sigismund Augustus, for- 
mer k., is married to Stephen Bathori, 
k. of Poland, 1576. 

Anne of Austria (Anna Maria Mauricia), 
daughter of Philip III, of Spain, and 
Margaret, archduchess of Austria, b. 
1601 — marries Louis XIII., of Franc , 
1615 — regent for her son, Louis XIV. ; 
makes cardinal Mazarin her minister, 
1643 — her regency ends, 1651 — d. Jan. 
20, 1666. 

Anne, second daughter of Iwan V., b. 1693 
— empress of Russia, 1730 — her favou- 
rite, Ernest John Biren, rules in Rus- 
sia, 1732 — she interferes in the election 
of a king in Poland, 1733 — joins Austria 
in war against Turkey, 1736 — Oczakow 
taken — she makes Biren duke of Coin- 
land, 1737 — Orsova taken — the fortifica- 
tions of Oczakow demolished, and the 
place abandoned, 1738 — Choczim and 
Jassy taken — she concludes a treaty of 
peace with Turkey, at Belgrade, 1739 — 
compels prince Galitzin to marry a girl 
of low birth, builds them a palace of 
ice, and celebrates the wedding with 
many strange ceremonies — d, Oct. 28, 
bequeathing the empire to her great ne- 
phew, Iwan VI., and appoints Biren 
guardian and regent, 1740. 

Anne, grand-daughter of Iwan V., and 
mother of the czar, Iwan VI., regent, 
Nov. 28 — forms an alliance, first with 
the k. of Prussia, and then with the 
queen of Hungary, 1740 — her son is de- 
posed and she is imprisoned, 1741 — d. 
1746. 

Aknic Duboueg, a magistrate and council- 
lor, the first Protestant martyr in France, 
Dec. 23, 1559. 

Anneau, battle of ; the German allies of 
Henry of Navarre repulsed by the duke 
of Guise, Nov. 24, 1587. 

Annecy in Savoy, attempted revolt at, 1830. 

Annianus, consul of Rome, 314. 

Annianus, first bp. of Alexandria, 63-85. 

Annianus, the chronologist, fl., 412. 

Annibaldeschi, the, claim to be senators 
of Rome, 1280. 

Annicerbis, phil. of the Cyrenafc school, 
fl. b.c. 315. 

Annius Rufus, Roman gov. of Judea, 13. 

Annual parliaments, a motion for, nega- 
tived in the House of Commons by 145 
to 113, Jan. 24, 1745. 

Annual Register, suggested to Dodsley 
by Edmund Burke, 1759. 

Anselm, abp. of Milan, joins the first cru- 
sade, 1100 — escapes to Constantinople, 
and dies there, 1101. 

Anselm, a native of Aosta, and abbot of 
Bee, appointed abp. of Canterbury, 1093 
— expelled from England by William II., 



ANT 



37 



ANT 



1097 — takes a prominent part in the 
council of Bari, 1098 — reinstated at Can- 
terbury by Henry I., 1100 — disputes the 
right of investiture with Henry, 1102 — 
goes to Rome, 1103— d. 1109. 

Ansgar, a monk of Corvey, preaches 
Christianity in the North, 826— in Swe- 
den, 830 — abp. of II amburg, 834 — returns 
to Sweden and converts k. Olof, 853 — 
d. 865. 

Anson, George, 5. 1697 — sails for the South 
Seas, Sept. 18, 1740 — returns, having 
sailed round the globe, and made many 
rich prizes, June 14; the treasure brought 
home by him, amounting to £ 1,250,000, 
is conveyed to the Tower in 32 waggons, 
July 14, 1744 — he and adm. Warren de- 
feat the French off Cape Finisterre, May 
— is made a peer, 1747 — d. 1762. 

Anson, Sir William, d. 1847. 

Anspach and Bayreuth, purchased from 
the margrave by the k. of Prussia, 1791. 

Anspach, margravine of (Lady Craven)— 
d. 1828. 

Ansprando, the guardian of Liutbert, k. 
of Lombardy, 700 — defeated in an at- 
tempt to expel Aribert, 702 — driven 
from the Lake of Como, is protected, 
with his son, Liutprand, by the Bavari- 
ans, 703 — assisted by them, defeats Ari- 
bert — d. after a reign of seven months, 
712. 

Ansprando, duke of Spoleto, succeeded by 
Lupo, 746. 

Antagoras, the Rhodian poet, favoured 
by Antigonus Gonatas, B.C. 269. 

Antalcidas, the Lacedaemonian, drives 
the Athenian fleet from Abydos, and 
releases that of Nicolochus, B.C. 388 — 
makes peace with Artaxerxes, leaving 
the Ionian cities at his mercy, and main- 
taining the supremacy of Lacedusmon in 
Greece, 387. 

Antaradus, the Mohammedans are re- 
pulsed from, 700. 

Antequera surrendered by the Moors to 
Ferdinand, regent of Castile, 1410. 

Anteros, bp, of Rome, 235. 

Anteiul, M. d', and the French forces 
nnder his command, surrender to Law- 
rence and Clive, 1752. 

Anthemius, consul of Rome, 405 — prefect 
of the East, and minister of Theodosius 
II., 408. 

Anthemius FlaviusProcopius, consul, 455 
— emperor of the West, 467 — his intend- 
ed religious toleration is prevented by 
Hilary; consul II., 468 — hires Riothamar 
and a Breton force to defend Gaul, 470 — 
quarrels with Ricimer, 471 — killed, July 
11, 472. 

Anthemius, consul of Rome, 515. 

Anthemius of Tralles, the architect, em- 



ployed by Justinian to build the new 
church of St. Sophia. 532. 

Anthimus, bp. of CP., 535 — deposed by a 
council held at, 536. 

Anthologia, collected by Meleager, b.c. 95 
— a second by Philippus of Thessalonica, 
about a.d. 100 - others by Diogenianus, 
about 120 — Strato, about 130— and Aga- 
thias, Mat., about 560. See Antipaj er. 

Anthropomorphite heresy, propagated 
by Audasus, 341. 

Axtias, Valerius, the hist., fi. B.C. 110. 

Anticles, Athenian archon, B.C. 326 H., 
325 C. 

Anticles, Olympic victor, b.c. 748. 

Anticles, Olympic victor, b.c. 340. 

Anti-Corn-Law Association formed, Mar., 
1841 — deputies meet in London, Feb. 8, 
1842 — the League established, diffuses 
information by lectures, pamphlets, and 
monthly meetings in Covent Garden 
theatre, Sept. 28, 1843 — annual meeting, 
Jan. 22, 1845 — bazaar in Covent Garden 
theatre, May 4 — great meeting at Man- 
chester, where more than £60,000 is sub- 
scribed in four hours, Dec. 23 — meets at 
Manchester, and closes its operations, 
July 2, 1846 — revived on the appoint- 
ment of lord Derby's administration^ 
Mar. 4, 1852. 

Anticrates, Olympic victor, B.C. 600. 

Antidotus, Athenian archon, B.C. 451. 

Antigenes, Athenian archon, B.C. 407. 

" Antigone.'' See Sophocles. 

Antigonia, a defile between Epirus and 
Macedon, from which Flaminius drives 
Philip V., B.C. 19S. 

Antigonus, obtains a portion of Alexan- 
der's empire, b.c. 323 — defeats Eumenes, 
and extends his dominions in Asia Minor, 
320 — besieges Eumenes in Nora, 319 — 
establishes his authority in Asia Minor, 
318 — defeated while pursuing Eumenes, 
316 — drives Seleucus from Babylon to 
Egypt, 315 — declares war against Cas- 
sander at Tyre, 314 — Tyre surrenders, 
313 — his army, under his son Demetrius 
Poliorcetes, defeated at Gaza, by Pto- 
lemy and Seleucus, 312 — Phoenicia given 
up to him, 311 — fails in an attempt on 
Egypt, 306 — treacherously kills Mithri- 
dates Ctistes, of Pontus, 302 — defeated 
and slain at the battle of Ipsus, 301. 

Antigonus Gonatas, son of Demetrius 
Poliorcetes, succeeds Sosthenes, k. of 
Macedon, B.C. 277 — expelled byPyrrhus, 
273 — regains his throne, 272 — patronizes 
poets and philosophers, 269 — takes 
Athens, 268— defeats Alexander of Epi- 
rus, 266— d. 239. 

Antigonus Doson, k. of Macedon, sup- 
ports the Achaean league, B.C. 229 — called 
upon by them to oppose Cleomenes, 



ANT 



38 



ANT 



223— defeats him at Sellasia, 222— d. 
220. 

Antigonus set up by Pacorns as k. of 
Judaea, B.C. 40— sent by Sossius a pri- 
soner to Rome, 38— put to death, 37. 

Antigonus, Olympic victor,B.c. 292 and 288. 

Antigua, West Indian Island, first set- 
tled, 1632. 

" Anti- Jacobin," the, commenced by Geo. 
Canning and his friends, 1797. 

Anti-Jacobin Review, edited by John 
Gifford, 1806. 

Anti- Jesuit controversy, afterwards call- 
ed Jansenist; pope Clement VIII. at- 
tempts to settle it, 1597. 

Antilochides, Athenian archon, B.C. 435. 

Antimachus, Olympic victor, b.o 772. 

Antimachus, the poet of Colophon, fi. B.C. 
405. 

Anti-monastic spirit spreads in Italy, 
1776. 

Antinoeion, the name given by Pancrates, 
in honour of Antinous, to the red lotus, 
130. 

Antinomian doctrines discussed by Lu- 
ther and Agricola of Eisleben, 1538-40 
— controversy revived in England, 1690. 

Antinopolis, in Thebais, built by Hadrian 
in memory of his favourite, Antinous, 130. 

Antinous, the favourite of Hadrian, 
drowned in the Nile, Oct. 30, 130. See 
Ajttinoeion, and Antinopolis. 

Antooch, a city of Syria, built by Seleu- 
cus Nicator, for his residence, B.C. 300 — 
battle of; Alexander Bala slain by De- 
metrius Nicator, 146— Germanicus dies 
at, Oct. 9, a.d. 19 — arrival of disciples 
who fled from Jerusalem, after the mar- 
tyrdom of Stephen, 35 — their doctrines 
are first taught to the Gentiles by some 
men of Cyprus and Cyrene, who produce 
so great an impression, that Saul and 
Karnabas come to inquire into it, 36 — 
after a year's conference, the believers 
take the name of Christians, and the 
first Greek Christian church is founded, 
37 — Saul and Barnabas return to An- 
tioch, and are sent forth by the new 
church to preach the Gospel to the Gen- 
tiles, 38. 

The Olympic games celebrated at, 44 
— Euodius, first bishop. See Antioch, 
bishops of. — Trajan, on bis march 
to the East, winters there, 114 — a de- 
structive earthquake at, 115 — L. Verus, 
colleague of M. Aurelius, resides there 
during the war in the East, 163 — Olym- 
pic games celebrated at, 212 — surprised 
and pillaged by the Persians, 262 — 
council of, to oppose the doctrines of 
Paul of Samosata, 264 — taken from Ze- 
nobia by Aurelian, 272. 
Revolt of Eugenius suppressed by 



the inhabitants, 303 — a synod held by 
the Arians, 328 — decree issued by 
Constantius II. prohibiting marriage 
between uncles and nieces, Mar. 31, 
339 — synod of, assents to an Ariau 
creed, deposes Athanasius, and appoints 
Gregory, bp. of Alexandria, 341 — the 
Caesar Gal Ins, gov. of the East, 351 — 
visit of Libanius, 352 — massacre of the 
proconsul Theophilus, 353 — a synod 
deposes Meletius, and appoints Eu- 
zoius bp., 361 — contest between Paulinus 
and Meletius — orations of Libanius, 362 
— a synod held by Meletius, 363 — perse- 
cution of magic by the emperor Valens, 
372 — a council of, deposes all Arian bi- 
shops, 380 — Chrysostom ordained deacon 
at, 381 — contests of rival bishops : vio- 
lent tumults, and the statues of Theo- 
dosius are thrown down; his anger 
appeased, 387. 

NestoWus retires into a monastery 
at Antioch, 431 — another fatal earth- 
quake, 458— bloody encounters of the 
circus-factions, 507 — these disorders 
cause an ordinance which puts a stop 
to the Olympic games at Antioch, 520 
— an earthquake begins, (Jet. 525, aud 
continues till the following May — ano- 
ther violent earthquake, 528 — taken by 
Chosroes, 540 — earthquake, 554 — the 
Jews of Antioch attack the Christians, 
and kill the bp. Anastasius ; the see re- 
mains vacant nineteen years, 610 — sur- 
renders to the Saracens, 638. 

Recovered by the Greek emperor, 
966 — taken by Soliman, sultan of Ico- 
nium, which involves him in war 
with Thuthusch, 1086 — besieged by 
the Crusaders, Oct. 21, 1097 — sur- 
renders, June 3, 1098 — a Latin princi- 
pality, under Bohemond, 1099 — claimed 
by Alexius Comnenus, 1106 — Tailored 
dies there, 1112 — battle of; the Turks 
defeated by Baldwin II., k. of Jeru- 
salem, and the Knights Hospitallers, 
1119 — given to Raymond of Poitiers, 
— claimed by Roger, k. of Sicily, and 
attacked by the emperor John II., who 
is repulsed, 1137 — he prepares ano- 
ther attack, which is stopped by his 
death, 1143— distress of the wreck of the 
emperor Frederic Barbarossa's army at 
Antioch, when conducted there after his 
death by his son Frederic, duke of Swa- 
bia, 1190 — Antioch taken by the Mame- 
luke Bibars, 1268 — by Ibrahim Pasha, 
1832. 

Antioch, Mundane Era of, commenced 
5492 years B.C. 

Geecian, or Seleucidan Era 

of (called by some Alexandrian) com- 
menced, Sept. 1, B.C. 132 (Olymp. 117, 1 ; 



ANT 



39 



ANT 



A.u.c. 442) from the taking of Babylon 

by Seleucus Nicator. 
Ahtioch, Pomj-eian Epoch of, b.c. 64, when 

Pompey drove Tigranes out of Syria. 
Cesarean Era of, B.C. 48 ; A.U.C. 

706 — reckoned by the Greeks from b,c. 

49; a.u.c. 70'i — to commemorate the 

battle of Pharsalia; this era is in general 

use by Evagrius and others. 
Augustan Epoch of, from b.c. 

31, A.u.c. 723, to commemorate the battle 

of Actiura. 
Antioch, bishops of: — 

1. Euodius ; time uncertain, but sup- 
posed to be a.d. 43. 

2. Ignatius ; probably 70 — accused be- 
fore Trajan, sent to Rome, and killed by 
wild beasts in the amphitheatre, 115. 

3. Heros, 115. 

4. Cornelius, 129. 

5. Eros, 143. 

6. Theophilus, 171 — writes his three 
books, Ad Autolycum, 181. 

7. Maximus I., 183. 

8. Serapion, 190 — writes an accountof an 
heretical gospel, ascribed to St. Peter. 

9. Asclepiades, 203. 

10. Philetus, 218. 

11. Zebinus, 229. 

12. Babylas, 238 — suffers martyrdom, 
250 — removal of his remains from the 
grove of Daphne by order of the em- 
peror Julian, 363. 

13. Fabius, 250. 

14. Demetrianus, 252. 

15. Paul of Samosata, 260 — accused of 
heresy, 264 — condemned by a council, 
but refuses to submit, and is supported 
by Zenobia, 269— expelled by Aure- 
lian, 270. 

16. Domnus I., 270. 

17. Timseus. 272. 

18. Cyrillus, 2S0. 

19. Tyrannus, 302. 

20. Vitalis, 315. 

21. Philogonius, 320. 

22. Paulinus I., 321 — deposed for Arian- 
ism, 325. 

23. Eustathius, 325 — deposed by the 
Arians, 328. 

24. Paulinus II., 328 — translated from 
Tyre — dies in six months. 

25. Eulalius, 329 

26. Euphronius,330. 

27. Placillus, 332. 

28. Stephen I., 342— ejected, 348. 

29. Leon ti us, 348. 

30. Eudoxius, 358— translated to C P., 359. 

81. Anianus, 359. 

82. Meletius, 360 — deposed by Constan.- 
tius, 361 — restored by Julian, 362 — 
again deposed by Valens, 376— rein- 
Btated by Gratian, 378— d. 381. 



33. Euzoius, 361 — appointed by Constao 
tins, maintains the Meletian schism, 
till his death, in 376. 

34. Paulinus III., 362— a third rival bp. 

35. Dorotheus, 376 — Arian, appointed by 
Valens on the death of Euzoius — de- 
posed, 378— d. 407. 

36. Flavianus, 381 — succeeds Meletius-— 
refuses to concur in the proceedings 
against Chrysostom, 403 — d. 404. 

87. Porphyrius, 404. 

38. Alexander, 413. 

39. Theodotus, 420. 

40. Joannes I., 429. 

41. Domnus II., 442 — deposed by the 
" Robber Synod," of Ephesus, 449. 

42. Maximus II., 449. 

43. Basilius, 456. 

44. Acacius, 458. See Acacius. 

45. Martyrius, 459— resigns on account 
of the troubles created by Peter the 
Fuller, 471. 

46. Julianus, 471. 

47. Peter the Fuller, 476— expelled, 477 
—restored, 485— d. 488. 

48. Joannes II., 477 — expelled, 478. 

49. Stephen II., 478. 

50. Stephen III., 480— killed, 481. 

51. Calandio, 481 — expelled, 485. 

52. Palladius, 488. 

53. Flavianus II., 498 — deposed by Ana*. 
tasius, and banished to Petra, 512. 

54. Severus, 512 — deposed by Justin I., 
and condemned to have his tongue cut 
out, 519. 

55. Paulus II., 519 — abdicates, 521. 

56. Euphrasius, 521 — perishes in the 
earthquake, 526. 

57. Ephraimius, 527. 

58. Domnus III., 545. 

59. Anastasius I., 559 — deposed and ba- 
nished by Justin II., 570 — restored by 
Maurice, 593— d. 599. 

60. Gregorius, friend of Evagrius, 570-- 
d. 593 

61. Anastasius II., 599 — slain by the 
Jews, 610. The see remains vacant, 
and Christianity yields to Mohamme- 
danism, 638. 

A ntiochenus, George, the Sicilian admiral, 
anchors his fleet before CP., and plun- 
ders its vicinity, 1148— rescues Louis 
"VII. of France from the Greeks, 1149. 

Antiochianus, consul of Borne, 270. 

Antiochis. See Ariarathes IV. 

Antiochus I., Soter, son of Seleucus Ni- 
cator, receives Upper Asia from bin 
father, B.c, 294 — on his father's death, 
becomes k. of all Syria, 280— unsuccess- 
ful in his war against iN'icomedes of Bi- 
thynia, 278 — patronizes Berosus, 276 — 
supports Mas;as of Cyrene in his war 
wittt Ptolemy Philadelphus, 264 — de* 



ANT 



40 



ANT 



feated by Eumenes, near Sardis, 263 — 
killed in battle with the Galatians, 261. 

Antiochus II., Theus, son of Antiochns I., 
k. of Syria, b.c. 261 — repudiates Laodice, 
and marries Berenice, 249 — divorces 
Berenice, and is poisoned by Laodice, 
246. 

Antiochus III., the Great, brother of Se- 
leucus Ceraunus, k. of Syria, B.C. 223 — 
makes war on Ptolemy Philopater, k. of 
Egypt, and conquers Palestine, 218 — de- 
feated, and stripped of his conquests, 217 
— assisted by Attalus, k. of Pergamus, 
quells the rebellion of Achaeus, in Lydia, 
216-14 — attacks the Parthians and Bac- 
trians, 212 — recognizes the independence 
of Parthia, 210 — endeavours to dismem- 
ber Egypt by war, 205 — defeats Scopas, 
and the JEtolian allies of Egypt, at Pa- 
nium, and conquers Ccelo-Syria and Pa- 
lestine, 198 — seizes the Thi*acian Cher- 
sonesus, 196 — receives Hannibal, who 
endeavours to reform the Syrian army 
and its tactics, 195 — marries his daugh- 
ter, Cleopatra, to Ptolemy Epiphanes, 
and restores to him Ccelo-Syria and 
Palestine, 193 — enters Greece, 192 — 
defeated at Thermopylae, his fleet de- 
stroyed, he returns into Phrygia, 191 — 
defeated by L. Scipio, at Magnesia, 190 
— makes peace with the Romans, and 
resigns to them all Asia Minor, from the 
Taurus to the iEgean Sea, 188 — dis- 
misses Hannibal — d. 187. 

Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, brother of 
Seleucus Philopator, k. of Syria, b.c. 175 
— defeats the Egytian army, near Lake 
Sirbonis, 173 — invades Egypt, and takes 
Memphis, 171 — negociates with Perseus 
a league against Rome, 170 — besieges 
Alexandria, 169 — evacuates Egypt, and 
plunders Jerusalem, 168 — is resisted by 
the Jews, 166— d. 164. 

Antiochus V., Eupator, son of Antiochus 
Epiphanes, k. of Syria, admitted, when 
only seven years old, to share his father's 
throne, B.C. 166 — succeeds him, under 
the guardianship of LysiaR, 164 — loses a 
great part of his kingdom, conquered by 
the Parthians — is murdered by Deme- 
trius Soter, 162. 

Antiochts VI., Sidetes, or Euergetes, 
son of Demetrius Soter, defeats and 
slays the usurper Trypho, b.c. 139 — oc- 
cupies the throne of Syria on the capti- 
vity of his brother, Demetrius Nicator, 
137 — besieges Jerusalem, 134 — grants 
peace and immunities to the Jews — 
sends valuable gifts to P. Cora. Scipio 
Africanus ^Emilianus, 133 — invades Par- 
thia, 129 — defeated and slain, 128. 

Antiochus VII., Grypus, son of Deme- 
trius Nicator and Cleopatra, k. of Syria, 



on his accession, has to contend with 
Alexander Zebina, and with his mother, 
B.C. 125 — overcomes and slays Zebina, 
123 — puts his mother to death, 121 — ex- 
pelled by his half-brother, Antiochus Cy- 
zicenus, 113 — shares his kingdom with 
him, 111 — slain in a contest with him, 96. 

Antiochus VIII., Cyzicenus, son of Anti- 
ochus Sidetes and Cleopatra, claims 
Syria, b.c. 114: — drives Antiochus Grypus 
to Aspendus, 113 — shares Syria with 
him, 111 — defeated by Seleucus, son of 
Grypus, and kills himself, 95. 

Antiochus IX., Eusebes, son of Antiochus 
Cyzicenus, obtains the greater part of 
Syria, b.c. 94 — years of confusion and 
civil war follow — he is dispossessed by 
Philippus, 85, and his fate uncertain. 

Antiochus X., Asiaticus, son of Antiochus 
Eusebes, goes to Rome, to obtain aid in 
expelling Tigranes from Syria, b.c. 75 — 
made k. by Lucullus, 69 — expelled by 
Pompey, 65— d. 49. 

Antiochus, son of Alexander Bala, set 
up as a competitor for the crown of 
Syria, by Diodotus Trypho, B.C. 143 — 
murdered by him, 139. 

Antiochus, the nominal k. of Commagene, 
deposed by Vespasian, and sent to Rome, 
72. 

Antiochus, of Syracuse, concludes his 
History of Sicily, B.C. 423. 

Antiochus, alieut. of Alcibiades, defeated 
by Lysander at Ephesus, B.C. 407. 

Antiochus, the phil. acad., fl. B.C. 87 — 
teaches Cicero at Athens, B.C. 79. 

Antiochus, consul of Rome, 431. 

Anti-Orange party prevails in the Uni- 
ted Provinces, on the death of William 
II., 1650 — compelled by the popular 
voice to appoint William III., 1672 — 
prevails again on his death, 1702 — com- 
pelled to appoint William IV., 1747 — 
supported by France, attempts to curtail 
the statholder's power, 1783 — expels 
him, but is overpowered by Great Britain 
and Prussia, 1787. 

Antipater, a gen. of Alexander, makes 
war on Lacedsemon, and kills Agis 111. 
in battle, b c. 331 — defeated by Sosthe- 
nes, the Greek leader, takes refuge in 
Lamia, 323 — assisted by Craterus, sub- 
dues iEtolia, takes Athens, and trans- 
plants 3000 citizens into Thrace, 322 — 
regent of Macedon, 321— d. 318. 

Antipater and Alexander, sons of Cas- 
sander, contend for Macedon, b.c. 296— 
invite foreign aid, 295 — are killed by 
Dometrius Poliorcetes, 294. 

Antipater, the father of Herod, becomei 
an ally of Rome, B.C. 47. 

Antipater, Athenian archon, b.c. 389. 

Antipater, Athenian archon, 45. 



ANT 



41 



ANT 



Antipater of Tarsus, the stoic, succeeds 
Diogenes, and writes against Carneades, 
B.C. 144. 
Antipater Sidonius, writer of the epi- 
grams in the Anthologia, B.C. 127. 
Antipater, L. Cselius, writes a history of 

the Punic wars, B.C. 123. 
Antipater TyRius, stoic phil., and friend 

of Cato, d. B.C. 44. 
Antipater, the sophist, secretary to Sept. 
Severus, and tutor to his sous, 199 — 
writes a monody on the death of Geta, 
212. 
Antipatris, built by Herod, B.C. 10. 
Antiphanes, writes comedies, B.C. 387. 
Antiphates, Athenian archon, b.c. 297. 
Antiphemus of Rhodes, founds Gela, a 

town in Sicily, B.C. 690. 
Antipho, the framer of the " government 
of 400," at Athens, put to death, B.C. 411. 
Antiphon, Athenian archon, b.c. 318. 
Antipodes, the existence of, taught by the 
priest Virgilius, for which he is con- 
victed of heresy, 748. 
Antipopes. See their transactions under 
the respective dates in the Chronological 
Tables. 

Felix II., 355-358. The bishops of 
Home were not then styled popes ; 
but he was called the first pretender 
or intruder. 
Constantine, 767. 
Anastasius, 855. 
Sergius, 898. 
Boniface VII., 974. 
John XVI., 997. 
Gregory, 1012. 
Sylvester, 1044. 
Benedict IX., 1044-48. 

X., 1058. 

Honorius II. (Cadalo), 1061-67. 
Clement III., 1080. 
Gregory VIII.. 1118. 
Anacletus II., 1130-38. 
Victor III., 1138. 

IV., 1159-64. 

Pascal III., 1164-68. 
Callistus III., 1168-78. 
Innocent III., 1178-80. 

Schism of the West. 
Clement VII., 1378-94. 
Benedict XIII., 1394-1424. 
Gregory XII., 1409-15. 
Clement VIII.. 1424-29. 
Felix V. (Amadeus, duke of Savoy), 
1439-49. 
The following are by some added to the 
list: — 
Anastasius II., 496-497. 
Dioscorus, 530. 
PAscal 687 (Irregularly elected in 



gius 1. 



Antipopes — continued. 
Theophylactus, 767. 
Zizimus, 824. 
Antiquarian Society of London incorpo- 
rated by Geo. II, 1751 — of Edinburgh 
founded, 1780. 
Anti-reformers, ejected by most of the 
large constituencies, at the election of 
May, 1831 — many of them burnt in 
effigy, and their property destroyed, 
Sept. 
Anttsthenes, disciple of Socrates, and 

preceptor of Diogenes, fl. B.C. 365. 
Antisthenes, hist., relates the event3 of 

his times, B.C. 198. 
Anti-Trinitarian doctrines of Photinus 
condemned by the synod of Sirmium, 351 
— disseminated in Lithuania by Simon 
Budseus, 1584. 
Anti-Tkinitarian Society', founded by 

Socinus in Italy, 1546. 
Antium, taken by the Romans, b.c 468 — 
restored to the Volscians, 457 — made a 
i Roman colony and municipium ; but de- 
prived of armed ships, 338. 
Antoinette, queen of France. See Marie. 
Antonina, wife of Belisarius, accompanies 
him to Africa, 533 — obtains supplies at 
Naples to relieve Rome, 538. 
Antoninus, Marcus, son of the emperor 
M. Aurelius, and twin-brother of Coin- 
modus, b. at Lanuvium, Aug. 31, 161 — 
d. 165. 
Antoninus, T. Pius, proconsul of Asia, 121 
— adopted by Hadrian, Feb. 25, succeeds 
him as emperor, July 10, 138 — adopts M. 
Aurelius, and marries him to his daugh- 
ter Faustina, 139 — gives a king to the 
Armenians— his wall in Britain built, by 
Lollius Urbicus, 140 — death of his wife, 
Faustina, 141 — bestows salaries and dis- 
tinctions on the teachers of philosophy 
and rhetoric in the provinces, 142 — de- 
dicates a temple to Hadrian, and distri- 
butes money to the people, 145 — cele- 
brates his decennalian games, 148 — 
forbids all persecution of the Christians 
— his reign the happiest period in Ro- 
man history, 151 — punishes Atilius Ti- 
tianns with death for a conspiracy, 156 
— d. Mar. 7, 161. 
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, the name 
assumed by Caracalla, consul of Rome, 
202, 205, 208, 213— again by Elagabalus, 
as consul, 219, 220, and 222. 
Antoninus, the bridge of, destroyed by an 

inundation of the Tiber, 791. 
Antonio, duke of Athens. See Acciaiuoij. 
Antonio, natural son of Emanuel, late k. 
of Portugal, defeated by the marquis 
Santa Croce, in his expedition against 
the Azores ; the prisoners taken aie 
massacred by order of the duke of Alvaj 



ANT 



42 



APE 



1582— expedition of Drake and Norris to 
support him, 1589. 

Antonius, M., the orator, b. B.C. 143 — de- 
fends Aquilius, 98 — killed in Cinna's 
struggle for the consulship, 87. 

Antonius, consul of Rome, 382. 

Antonius. See Constantinople, patri- 
archs of. 

Antonius, C, son of the orator, joins Ca- 
tiline in opposing Cicero's election to the 
consulship, B.C. 64 — consul of Rome, and 
Cicero's colleague, 63 — hanished, 59. 

Antonius, L., expelled from the Roman 
senate for irregularly divorcing his wife, 
B.C. 307. 

Antonius, L. Pietas, brother of Mark An- 
tony, consul of Rome, B.C. 41 — opposes 
Octavius, and is besieged by him in Pe- 
rusia- -taken and pardoned, 40. 

Antonius, M., son of the orator, and father 
of Mark Antony, maritime prefect, B.C. 
75 — attacks Crete, 74 — d. there, 69. 

Antonius, M. See Antony, Mark. 

Antonius, M. Gnipho, rhetorician — Cicero, 
when praetor, attends his lectures, b.c. 66. 

Antonius, Qu. Haterius, consul of Rome, 53. 

Antony, Mark, tribune of the people, ex- 
pelled from Rome, joins Caesar, B.C. 49 — 
master of the horse to him, 47 — consul, 
44— quarrels with Octavius, after Caesar's 
death : tries to make himself master of 
Cisalpine Gaul, and is declared an enemy 
of his country, 44 — besieges Mutina ; 
defeated by the consuls, joins Octavius 
and Lepidus to form the second trium- 
virate, and murders Cicero, 43— remains 
in the East, attacks and kills Ariobar- 
zanes, k. of Cappadocia, 42 — summons 
Cleopatra to answer for having assisted 
Brutus ; they meet at Tarsus ; he con- 
sents to the murder of her sister Arsinog, 
41 — accompanies her to Egypt; recon- 
ciled to Octavius, and married to his 
sister, Octavia, 40 — concludes the treaty 
of Misenum with Octavius and Sextus 
Pompeius, 39 — arrives in Italy to ar- 
range a renewal of the triumvirate, 38 — 
concerts with Octavius the means of op- 
posing Sextus Pompeius, 37 — advances 
into Media, is defeated, and retreats into 
Egypt, 36 — invades Armenia, and brings 
Artavasdes a prisoner to Egypt, 34 — 
divorces Octavia, 33 — detaches himself 
wholly from Rome, and celebrates a 
triumph in Egypt; removes the library 
of Pergamus to Alexandria ; prepares 
for war with Octavius, leads his forces 
as far as Corey ia, and passes the winter 
with Cleopatra, at Patrae, 32 — defeated 
at Actium, 31— d. 30. 

Antony, the founder of monachism, b. 252 
— introduces it into Egypt, 305 — patro- 
uizedby Athanasius, 328— called by him 



to Alexandria to assist in the conversion 
of Arians, 352— d. 357. 

Antony, the monk, the name assumed by 
the deposed emperor Andronicus II., 1332. 

Antony of Bourbon, marries Jane D'Al- 
bret, heiress of Lower Navarre, 1548 — 
birth of their son, the future Henry IV 
of France, 1553 — they inherit Lower Na- 
varre, 1555 — lieutenant-gen. of France, 
1560 — joins the Guise faction, 1561 — 
takes Rouen from the Huguenots, and 
dies of a wound received there, 1562. 

Antony Clembnt, k. of Saxony, succeeds, 
May 5, 1827 — shares his power with his 
nephew Frederic, and gives his people a 
constitution, Sept. 13, 1830 — d. June 6, 
1836. 

Antony's, St., Fire, the disease so called 
breaks out in Lorraine, 1089. 

Antwerp, given to Godfrey of Bouillon, 
1076 — the name of Lollards first used 
there, 1300 — Edward III. lands his army 
there, July 22, 1338— building of its 
church, 1422 — of its exchange, 1531 — 
plundered by the troops of John of Aus- 
tria, 1576 — resists the duke of Parma as 
Spanish viceroy, 1579 — recognizes the 
duke of Anjou, as sovereign, 1582 — de- 
feats his attempted seizure, 1583 — be- 
sieged by the duke of Parma, 1584 — 
reduced by famine, surrenders, 1585— 
its commerce transferred to Amsterdam 
and Rotterdam, 1609 — the Barrier Treaty 
signed there, 5(16) Nov. 1715 — taken 
by the French, 1746 — a military council 
of the allies held there, Apr. 8, 1793— 
held by the Dutch gen. Chasse against 
Leopold, k. of Belgium ; the citadel in- 
vested by mar. Gerard, Nov. 15 — cap- 
tured, Dec. 23, 1832 — railway to Cologne, 
Oct. 13, 1843 — visit of queen Victoria, 
Sept. 7, 1845. 

Anulinus, consul of Rome, 295. 

Anullianus, P. Corn., consul of Rome, II, 
199. 

Anullinus, Corn., consul of Rome, 216. 

Anund, Jacob, k. of Sweden, 1024-1051. 

Anxur, a city of the Volsci, taken by the 
Romans, b.c. 406. 

Aodh, k. of Scotland, 880 ; uncertain. 

Aosta, its valley occupied by the Sa- 
lassi, a wild Alpine tribe, b.c. 143. 

Apamea, taken by the Persians, 611. 

Apelles, the painter, fl. b.c. 332. 

Apellicon, the library of, brought from 
Athens to Rome by Sylla, b.c. 84 — con- 
tained the works of Aristotle which 
Tyrannio copies, 68. 

Aper, consul of Rome, 207. 

Aper, assassinates Numerianus, and him- 
self falls by the hand of Diocletian, 284. 

Aper, M. Flavius, consul of Rome, 130— 
176, II. 



APO 



43 



APS 



Aphdal, the Fatiniite, expels the sons of 
Ortok from Jerusalem, 1096. 

Aphelion of Venus, observed by Theon 
of Smyrna, Oct. 10, 128 — of Mercury, 
July 5, 131. 

Aphides, k. of Athens, b.c. 1137 (1138 H., 
1134 C). 

Apion of Alexandria, fl. 39 — sent as an 
ambassador to Rome, 40. 

Apis, k. of Argos, b.c. 1747 (1693 C). 

Apis, k. of Sicyon, B.C. 1973 (1734 C.J. 

A pocalypse. See John, St. 

Apochas, Olympic victor, b.c. 520. 

Apocryphal and canonical books of the 
Scriptures, distinguished by Gelasius, 
494— declared by the Council of Trent 
to be of equal authority, 1550. 

Apokaukus, the grand admiral, supports 
Anne of Savoy, regent for her son, John 
V., emperor of the East, 1341 — he fails 
in his attempt against Cautacuzcne at 
Demotica, 1344: — he is murdered, 1345. 

Apollinakis, P. Ccelius, consul of Rome, 
169. 

Apollinaris, Sidonius, celebrates the con- 
sulship of his father-in-law, the emperor 
Avitus, 456 — addresses his panegyric to 
Majorian, 458 — to Anthemius, 468 — bp. 
of Clermont, 469. 

Apollinarius. See Alexandria, bps. of. 

Apollinarius, bp. of Hierapolis, 172. 

Apollinarius, bp. of Laodicea, writes 
against Porphyry, and at last deviates 
into heresy, 366. 

Apollo, Commodus places a head of him- 
self on a statue of, 189. 

Apollodorus, Athenian archon, B.C. 430. 

Apollodorus, Athenian archon, b.c. 350. 

Apollodorus, Athenian archon, b.c. 321. 

Apollodorus, chronologist, fl. b.c. 145. 

Apollodorus of Damascus, the architect, 
constructs Trajan's bridge over the Da- 
nube, 105 — designs and executes Trajan's 
column ; is also employed on the Odeum 
temples, triumphal arches, &c, 113. 

Apollodorus of Gela, the comic poet, fl. 
b.c. 326. 

Apollodorus of Pergamus, fl. b.c. 63 — 
preceptor of Octavius, 44. 

Apollonius, consul of Rome, 460. 

Apollonius, writes against the Monta- 
uists, 212 — answered by Tertulliau, 213. 

Apollonius of Athens, the sophist, sent 
ambassador to Sept. Severus, 196. 

Apollonius of Naucratis, the sophist, fl. 
196. 

Apollonius Rhodius, is appointed libra- 
rian at Alexandria, B.C. 194. 

Apollonius of Tyana, begins to distin- 
guish himself, 17— visits Persia and 
India, 45 — present at the Olympic ^ames, 
61 -ordered to leave Koine, 66 — quarrels 
with Euphrates in Egypt, 69 — meets 



Titus in Cilicia, 71 — returns to Rome; 
accused of conspiracy; suffered to es 
cape, and goes to the Olympic games, 
93-^d. 97. For his biography, see Phi- 
lostratus of Lemnos. 

Apologeticus. See Tertullian. 

Apologies for Christianity. See Aris- 
tides, Quadratus, Justtn Martyb, 
Athenagoras, Melito, and Miltiades. 

Apology for Quakerism. See Barclay. 

Apostolicals, a sect, headed by Sega- 
relli, denounce the licentiousness of the 
clergy, 1261 — they are prohibited by the 
pope, 1286 — again persecuted, 1290 — 
their leader burnt at Parma, and they 
retire into Dalmatia, under a new leader, 
Dolcino, 1300 — return to Italy, and fix 
themselves on a mountain near Vercelli, 
1304 — crusade against them, 1306 — dis- 
persion of the sect, 1307. See Segarelli, 
and Dolcino. 

AppelljEus. Olympic victor, B.C. 540. 

Appenzel, invites the protection of the 
Swiss cantons against the abbot of St. 
Gall, 1411— joins the Swiss League, 1513. 

Appian of Alexandria, becomes known to 
Hadrian, and follows him to Rome, 130 
— writes his Histoiy, 147. 

Appian Road (Via Appia), constructed by 
the censor Appius Claudius Caecus, B.C. 
312. 

Appiano, Gherardo d', sells Pisa to Jo. 
Galeazzo Visconte, duke of JM ilan, 1399. 

Appius, Sp. Decemvir, dies in prison, B.C. 
449. 

Appius Claudius. See Claudius. 

Apprentices, tumult of the, in Westmin- 
ster, Dec. 28, 1641. 

Appropriation Clause, in the Irish 
Church Bill, thrown out by the Lords, 
1835— again, July 25, 1836. 

Appuleius, M., consul of Rome, B.C. 20. 

Appuleius, Sex., consul of Rome, B.C. 29 — 
subdues Pannonia, 8. 

Appuleius, Sex., consul of Rome, 14. 

Apraxin, the Russian adm., defeats the 
Swedish adm. Erenschild, and takes him 
prisoner, 1714. 

Apiies, k. of Egypt, b.c. 594 C. 

Apronianus, C. Vipstanus, consul of Rome, 
59. 

Apronianus, Vipstanus, consul of Rome, 
117. 

Apronianus, C. Ventidius, consul of Rome, 
123. 

Apronianus, consul of Rome, 168. 

Apkonianus, consul of R.me, 191. 

Apronius, defeated by the Frisians, 28. 

Apsandrus, Athenian archon, B.C. 702. 

Apsephion, Athenian archon, B.C. 470 II., 
469 C. 

Ai seudes, Athenian archon, B.C. 433. 

Apsines of Uadara, the sophist, fl. 236. 



AQU 



44 



AQTJ 



Apuleius, leaves Madaura, studies at Cai*- 
thage and Athens, and afterwards settles 
at Rome, 149 — composes his works 
there, 174. 

Apulia, a province in Southern Italy, oc- 
cupied by Hannibal, who passes an idle 
winter there, b.c. 215 — be returns after 
a march to the gates of Rome, 211. See 
Italy, Southern. 

Apulia, part of the new Greek province, 
called the Theme of Lombardy, a.d. 
890 — revolt of Melo ; he engages a 
band of Normans to assist him, 1017 
— Basilio Bugiano sent against them, 
1018 — they are defeated, 1019— inva- 
sion of Henry II., emperor of Ger- 
many, 1022 — more Normans arrive, 1026 
— obtain A versa, 1029 — divide the pro- 
vince among them, making Melfi their 
common capital, 1042 — visit of pope Leo 
IX,, to hear the complaints of the people 
against them, 1050 — Humphrey suc- 
ceeds Drogo as their leader, 1051 — on his 
death Guiscard assumes the command, 
1057 — he receives the title of duke of 
Apulia from pope Nicholas II., 1059 — 
revolt of Cannae and other cities, 1083 
— Edgar Atheling retires among the 
Normans, 1086 — treaty with pope Rascal 
II., 1110 — invasion of Roger, count of 
Sicily, 1121 — acquired by him, 1127 — 
he is acknowledged duke of Apulia, 1128 
—and Rainulph created count, 1137 — 
pope Innocent II. taken prisoner by 
Roger, restores Apulia to him, and creates 
his son duke, 1139— the province revolts, 
aided by Michael Palseologus, 1155 — 
conquered by Tancred, 1190 — reconquer- 
ed by the Sicilians, 1191 — conquered by 
the emperor Henry VI. of Germany, 
1194— by the emperor Otho IV., 1211— 
pope Gregory IX. declares a crusade 
against Frederic II., and sends John de 
Brienne to reduce it, 1228-1229— the car- 
dinals and prelates captured by the em- 
peror on their way to hold a council at 
Rome, are confined by him in Apulia, 
1241 — papal agents form conspiracies, 
which he puts down in person, 1246 — 
he dies there, Dec. 13, 1250 — pope Inno- 
cent IV. excites a rebellion, which Man- 
fred quells, 1251 — Conrad arrives, 1252 
— the pope advances with a strong force, 
which Manfred defeats, 1254— Apulia, 
with Sicily, given to Charles of Anjou, 
brother of Louis IX., by pope Urban IV., 
1263 — they form the kingdom of Naples, 
of which h* is crowned k., 1265. See 
Naples, and Sicilies, the Two. 

Aqua Appia, the first Roman aqueduct, 
constructed by Appius Claudius, the 
blind, B.C. 312. 

Aqua Claudia, an aqueduct of Rome, com- 



menced by Caligula, 38 — completed by 
Claudius, 52. 

Aqua Curtia, an aqueduct of Rome, re- 
stored by Titus, 81. 

Aqu^e M attiace, reached by Valentinian, 
371. See Wjsbaden. 

Aquje Sextije, the first Roman colony in 
Gaul, founded by C. Sextius Calvinus, 
b.c. 122 — battle of; Marius defeats the 
Teutones, 102. See Aix. 

Aquaviva, author of the school system 
of the Jesuits, d. 1615. 

Aqueduct. See Aqua. — Of New Athens, 
constructed by Hadrian, 140 — of Raven- 
na, by Theodoric, 502 — of Ecija, com- 
pleted by Abderahman III., 949 — of the 
Ellesmere canal, in the vale of Llangollen, 
completed by Mr. Telford. 1805. 

Aqueducts, public, of Rome, superintend- 
ed by Domitius Afer, 49 — by Frontinus, 
97 — constructed in Spain by Abderah- 
man II., to relieve a great drought, 847. 

Aquila, battle of; Braccio defeated and 
slain by Francesco Sforza, 1424. 

Aquileia, winter-quarters of the consuls, 
while conducting the war in Istria, b.c. 
178 — head-quarters of the emperors M. 
Aurelius and Verus against the Marco- 
manui, a.d. 167 — besieged by Maximin, 
who is assassinated there, 238— battle of; 
Constantine II. defeated and slain by his 
brother, Constans, 340 — synod of, held 
by Ambrose of Milan, against Palla- 
diusand Secundianus,381. SeeRuFmus. 
— siege and destruction of, by Attila, 452 
— battle of; Theodoric defeats Odoacer, 
Aug. 28, 489 — taken by the Lombards, 
568— ceded by Berenger, k. of Italy, to 
Otho I., emperor of Germany, 952 — 
Richard I., of England, shipwrecked 
near, 1192. 

Aquilinus, consul of Rome, 162. 

Aquilinus, consul of Rome, 249. 

Aquilinus, Lart. llerminius, consul 
Rome, b.c. 448. 

Aquilinus, T. Herminius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 506. 

Aquilinus, T. Vettius, consul of Rome, 125. 

Aquilinus Vettius, consul of Rome, 286. 

Aquilius, M., consul of Rome, resisted by 
the slaves in Sicily, B.C. 101 — restores 
tranquillity, 99 — accused of malversa- 
tions, and eloquently defended by the 
orator Antonius, 98. 

Aquinas, Thomas, studies at Paris, 1245 — ■ 
called " the angelic doctor" — dies on his 
way to the council of Lyons, 1274. 

Aquino; Gregory VII. retires to, 1080. 

Aquitaine, given to Wallia, kingdom of 
the Visigoths founded, 418 — conquered 
by Clovis, 507 — independent under 
Eudes, 717 — the Saracens expelled from, 
732 — occupied by Charles Martel, 735 — 



ARA 



45 



ARA 



Aquitaine — continued. 
Iield by Hunald, son of Eudes, as duke, 
736 — Waifar, son of Hunald, maintains 
himself against Pepin, 762 — is slain, 
and his duchy conquered, 768 — Louis, 
son of Charlemagne, crowned k. of Aqui- 
taine at Rome, 781 — gives the title to 
his son, Pepin, 815 — who dies, 838 — his 
sons claim the inheritance, 840 — the 
eldest of them, Pepin, acquires posses- 
sion of it, 845 — Charles the Bald takes 
him prisoner and seizes Aquitaine, 851 
— the people offer it to a son of Louis of 
Germany, but Pepin escapes and places 
himself again at their head,854 — reduced 
i;y Charles, 865 — governed by his son, 
Louis the Stammerer, 867 — given by 
Lothaire to Hugh, count of Paris, 955 — 
becomes an appendage of the English 
crown, through the marriage of Henry 
(1 1.) Plantagenet to Eleanor of Guienne, 
1152 — Edward III. founds the princi- 
pality of, for the Black Prince, 1362 — the 
nobles of, refuse to pay the taxes levied 
by the prince for his Castilian campaign, 
and appeal to the k. of Erance, 1368. 
See Guienne. 

Aquitania, disturbances in, settled by 
Messalla, B.C. 27. 

AyuriANus, Victorius, writes his Canon 
Paschalis, 457. 

Arabia; Ptolemy Euergetes extends his 
empire on the western coast, B.C. 225 — 
unsuccessful expedition of JElius Gal- 
lus, gov. of Egypt, 24 — part of Arabia 
Petrsea conquered by Corn. Palma, a.d. 
106 — visit of Hadrian, 130 — Sept. Seve- 
rus gives the name of Arabia to Adia- 
bene, which lie forms into a new province, 
195 — the native land of Mohammed, in 
which he announces himself as a pro- 
phet, 610 — conquered by him, 630— his 
successors take the title of caliphs, 632 — 
their first money coined by Abdelmelik, 
695 — their empire extends from Tartary 
and India in the East, to the shores of 
the Atlantic, 718— learning introduced 
by Almansor, 754 — its magnificence un- 
der Haroun Al Raschid, 786-809— de- 
clines, 841 — conquered by the Bcwide 
Ahmed, who makes himself Emir Al 
Omra, 944 — MSS. purchased in Arabia 
for the caliph of Spain, Al Hakem, 962 — 
Hulagou murders Al Mostasem, and puts 
an end to the caliphate, 1258 — conquered 
by the Ottoman, Seliml.,1518 — conquest 
completed by Soliman II., 1538 — esta- 
blishment of the British at Aden, 1839. 

Arabia, caliphs of: — 
Abu Beker, 632—634. 
Omar I., 634—644. 
Othman, 644— 655. 
Aii. 655-661. 



Arabia, caliphs of: — continued. 

Hasan, 661. 

Ommiades. 

Moawiyah I., 661—680. 

Yezid I., 680—683. 

Moawiyah II., 683. 

Merwan I., 684. 

Abdalmelik, 685—705. 

Walid I., 705—715. 

Soliman, 715 — 717. 

Omar II., 717—720. 

Yezid 11., 720— 724. 

Hashan or Hixem, 724 — 743. 

Walid II., 743—744. 

Yezid III., 5 months. 

1 brahim, 3 months. 

Merwan II., 744 — 750. 
Abbassides. 

Abul Abbas, or Saffah, 750—754. 

Almansor, 754 — 775. 

Now styled Caliphs of Bagdad, 

Al Mahdi, 775—785. 

Al Hadi, 785. 

Haroun Al Raschid, 786—809. 

Al Amin, 809—813. 

Al Mamun, 813—833. 

Al Motassem, 833—841. 

Al Wathek, 841—847. 

Al Motawakkel, 847—861. 

Al Mostanser, 861. 

Al Mostaiu, 862—866. 

Al Motaz, 866—869. 

Al Mohtadi, 869. 

Al Motamed, 870— S92. 

Al Motadhed, 892—902. 

Al Moktafi, 902—908. 

Al Moktader, 908—932. 

Al Kaher, 932—934. 

Al Radhi, 934—940. 

Al Motaki, 940—944. 

Al Mostakfi, 944. 

Al Moti, 945—974. 

Al Tai, 974—991. 

Al Kader, 991—1031. 

Al Kaim, 1031—1075 

Al Moktadi, 1075—1094. 

Al Mortader, 1094—1118. 

Al Mostarshed, 1118—1135. 

Al Raschid, 1135. 

Al Moktafi, 1136—1160. 

Al Mostanjed, 1160—1170. 

Al Mostadhi, 1170—1180. 

Al Naser, 1180—1225. 

Al Zaher, 1225. 

Al Mostanser, 1226—1243. 

Al Mostasem, 1243 — 1258. 
Arabian numerals, introduced in Franc* 

by Gerbert, from Cordova, 991. 
Arabic, taught in Spain by schools which 

Hixem the caliph establishes for that 

purpose, 794. 
Arabissus, a town of Cappadocia, to which 

Chrysostom is banished, 406. 



ABA 



46 



ARC 



Arabs (Saracens) invade Syria, and are 
repulsed by Eugenius, 497 — invade Pa- 
lestine, 502. See Saracens and Mo- 
hammedans. 

Aradus, the island of, on the coast of 
Phoenicia, taken by Moawiyah, 649. 

Arago, D. F., b. 1786— d. 1853. 

Arago, Etienne, b. 1803. 

Aragon, an independent power, under Az- 
nar, son of Eudes of Aquitaine, 737. See 
Aragonese. — Attacked by Muhamad, 
caliph of Spain, 860 — the kingdom of, 
founded by Ramiro I., 1035 — he adds 
Sobrarba to it, 1038— bequeathed by Al- 
fonso I. to the Templars and Hospital- 
lers, but the gift does not take effect, 
1131— Ramiro II. resigns his kingdom 
to Raymond, count of Barcelona, and 
retires into a monastery, 1137 — pope 
Martin IV. declares the kingdom for- 
feited by Peter III., and offers it to 
Gharles de Valois, 1283— treaty of peace 
with France, 1287— concluded, 1288— 
pope Innocent VI. endeavours ineffectu- 
ally to restore peace between Castile 
and Aragon, 1359— they are reconciled 
by the treaty of Almazan, 1374— a con- 
test arises between John II. and his 
nobles — they invite Pedro, prince of 
Portugal, to take the throne, 1464— on 
his death, they offer the crown to Reg- 
nier d' Anjou, 1466. See Anjou, Reg- 
nier d'. — United to Castile, under Ferdi- 
nand and Isabella, 1479— Don Carlos 
carries on a harassing warfare in, 1838. 

Aragon, sovereigns of: 
Ramiro I., 1035—1067. 
Sancho I., 1067—1094. 
Pedro I., 1094—1104. 
Alfonso I., el Batallador, 1104—1134. 
Ramiro II., 1134—1137. 
Petronilla and Raymond, 1137—1162. 
Alfonso II., Petronilla, regent, 1162— 

1196. 
Pedro II., 1196—1213. 
James I., 1213—1276. 
Pedro III., 1276—1285. 
Alfonso III., 1285—1291. 
James II., the Just, 1291—1327. 
Alfonso IV., 1327—1336. 
Pedro IV., 1336—1387. 
John I., 1387—1395. 
Alartin I., 1395—1410. 

One year Inter-regnum. 
Ferdinand the Just, 1412 — 1416. 
Alfonso V., the Wise, 1416—1458. 
John II., king of Navarre, 1458 — 1479. 
Ferdinand and Isabella, 1479. — United 
to Castile. 

Aragonese, the, regain their lost terri- 
tory from Mnhamad, 862 — are defeated 
by the Merines, at Mastos, in Jaen, 1275 
alliance with the Venetians, send 



an army into the Archipelago, 1351 — 
defeated by the Genoese in a naval 
battle in the Bosphorus, Feb. 13, 1352 — 
defeat the Genoese off Linghiera, in Sar- 
dinia, Aug. 29, 1353 — they appoint nine 
judges to examine and decide on the 
claims of the candidates for their crown, 
1411 — they decide in favour of Ferdi- 
nand, regent of Castile, 1412 — are ex- 
cited to revolt by the severities of the 
Inquisition, and put to death the chief 
inquisitor, Peter Arbue, I486! — unsuc- 
cessfully attempt to regain their ancient 
privileges, 1725. 

Araleus, k. of Assyria, B.C. 1897 (2020 U.J 

Aram, Eugene, convicted of murder, Aug. 
3, 1759 — executed, Aug. 6. 

Aranda, count, prime minister of Spain, 
1766. 

Aranie, battle of; Mr. Clive defeats the 
French and their Indian allies, Dec. 3, 
1751. 

Aranjukz, insurrection at, Mar. 17, 1808. 

Araric, the Gothic chieftain, is compelled 
by the Caesar (Jonstantine to make peace 
with the Sarmatians, and give his son 
as a hostage, 332. 

Araros, the son of Aristophanes, poet of 
the middle comedy at Athens, B.C. 375. 

Aratus, restores freedom to Sicyon, B.C. 
251 — praetor of the Achaean league, 245 — 
sets Corinth free, 243 — involves the La- 
cedaemonians and the Achaean league in 
war, 227 — again prsetor of the Achaeans, 
217— poisoned by Philip V.,k. of Mace- 
don. 213. 

Aratus, the poet, fl., patronized by Anti- 
gonus Gonatas, B.C. 272. 

" Araucana." See Ercilla, Alonzo de. 

Abaxes, a river between Armenia and 
Media, from which the Massagetse drive 
the Cimmerians, B.C. 635 — Justinian, a 
general of .lustin II., penetrates to its 
banks, a.d. 575. 

Arbela, battle of, between Alexander and 
Darius, B.C. Oct. 1, 331. 

Arbetio, consul of Rome, 355. 

Arbiter, Petronius, d. 66. 

Arbogastes, left by Theodosius to assist 
in the defence of the West, 391— kills 
Valentinian II. at Vienne, and sets up 
Eugenius as emperor, 392— is defeated 
and slain, Sept. 6, 394. 

Arbue, Peter, chief inquisitor, put to 
death for his cruelties by the Aragonese, 
1486. 

Arbuthnot, Dr., d. 1735. 

Arc, Joan of. See Joan. 

Arc de i/Etoile, at Paris, constructed, 
1806. 

Arcadia, governed by the sons of Areas, 
B.C. 1335 (C. 1333)— Megalopolis is found- 
ed by the Thebans, 371— invaded by 



ARC 



47 



ABC 



Agesilans, 370 — alliance with Athens, 
366— war with Elis, 365— invaded by 
Archidaraus, 364. 

Arcadiopolis, battle of ; the Bulgarians 
defeat the emperor Isaac Angelus, 
1194. 

Arcadius, son of Theodosius I., b. 377 — 
receives the title of Augustus, 383 — 
becomes emperor of the East, and mar- 
ries Eudocia, daughter of the Frank, 
Bauto, 395— birth of his daughter, Pul- 
cheria — oration of Synesius addressed 
to him, 399— his son, Theodosius, b. 401 
— Arcadius d. M ay 1, 408. 

Arcas. See Arcadia. 

Arcesilaus I., son of Battus I., k. of Cy- 
rene, b.c. 591-575. 

Arcesilaus IV., last of the race of Battus, 
killed, B.C. 431. 

Arcesilaus, consul of Rome, 267. 

Arcesilaus, of the New Academy, fl. B.C. 
299— head of the school, 278— <Z. 241. 

Arch of Titus, at Rome, 80— of Sept. Se- 
verus, 203— of Constantine, 312 — of Ho- 
norius, 404 — at the entrance of the park, 
London ; equestrian statue of Welling- 
ton placed on it, 1846. 

Archeanactid.*:, the earliest sovereigns 
of Bosporus, about b.c. 4S0. 

Archagathus, the first Roman physician, 
fl. b.c. 219. 

Archambaud, Beatrice, heiress of Bour- 
bon, marries Robert, sixth son of Louis 
IX., k. of France, about 1300. 

Archangel, the passage to, round the 
North Cape, discovered, 1553— the Nor- 
wegians attempt to interrupt the English 
commerce, 1578— the czar Peter acquires 
there a practical knowledge of naviga- 
tion, 1694 — a project of the Swedes 
against it defeated, 1702. 

Archbishop ; the term first used instead 
of Metropolitan, in the acts of the synod 
of Macon, 581. 

Archbishops of Milan and Ravenna, dis- 
pute for precedence, 1027, 1047. 

Archdale, John, a quaker, elected for 
Wycombe, refuses to take the oaths, 1 698. 

Archelaus, a priest of Sicyon, B.C. 1128; 
doubtful. 

Archelaus, grandson of Orestes, forms a 
settlement in Asia Minor, B.C. 1088. 

Archelaus, Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
b.c. 883—823. 

A.hohelaus, the instructor of Socrates, B.C. 
450. 

Archelaus, k. of Macedon, B.C. 413— as- 
sassinated, 399. 

Archelaus. raises an army in Greece to 

support Mithridates, B.C. 87— defeated 

by Sylla, 86. 

Abchelaus, his son, marries Berenice, 

daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, reigns 



with her in Egypt, and is expelled by 
the consul, Gabinius, B.C. 56. 

Archelaus, son of the foregoing, is made 
k. of Cappadocia by M. Antony, B.C. 36 
— Conon dedicates his history to trim — 
— dethroned by Tiberius, and detained 
at Rome, a.d. 15 — d. there, 17. 

Archelaus, eldest son of Herod, receives 
half Judaea from Augustus, with the 
title of ethnarch, B.C. 3 — banished by 
him, a.d. 6. 

Archelaus, bp. of Mesopotamia, writes 
against Manicheism, 278. 

Arches, Athenian archon, b.c. 393 H. 

Archestratides, Athenian archon, B.C. 
577. 

Archianus, k. of Babylon, B.C. 709. 

Archias, Athenian archon, B.C. 419. 

Archias, Athenian archon, B.C. 346. 

Archias, a Corinthian, founds Syracuse, 
B.C. 735. 

Archias of Megara, founds Chalcedou, 
B.C. 674. 

Archias the poet, a native of Antioch, 
comes to Rome, B.C. 102. 

Archidamus, Proclidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
B.C. 648—598. 

Archidamus II., Proclidan k. of Lacedse- 
mon, B.C. 469 — invades Attica, 431— d. 
427. 

Archidamus III., gains the " tearless vic- 
tory" over the Peloponnesians, B.C. 367 
— invades Arcadia, 364— Proclidan k. of 
Lacedsemon, 361 — assists the Phocians in 
the Sacred War, 356— is slain in Italy, 
fighting as theally of the Tarentines,338. 

Archidamus IV., one of the Proclidse, is 
defeated by Demetrius Poliorcetes, B.C. 
296. 

Archidamus V., Proclidan k. of Lacedse- 
mon, and last of the line, B.C. 229— put U 
death by Cleomenes, 224. 

Archidemides, Athenian archon, b.c. 464. 

Archilochus, the poet, fl. and invents 
Iambics, B.C. 708. 

Archilochus, Olympic victor, b.c. 544. 

Archimedes, the geometrician b. B.C. 287 
— fl., 221— assists in defending Syracuse, 
214— killed, 212. 

Archinus, makes himself prominent at 
Athens, B.C. 402. 

Archipelago, an island thrown up in it 
by a submarine volcano near Thera, 
726— Mark Sanudo founds his duchy, 
1207. See Sanudo, Naxos, and Crispo. 
The Venetians and Pedro IV. of Aragon 
send a powerful army into, 1351 — the 
Turks are expelled, 1472— regain their 
dominion, 1479. 
Archipp.us, Athenian archon, b.c. 988 

(1041 H). 
Archippus, Athenian archon, B.c. 321 (318 
C). 



ARE 



48 



AEG 



A.rchipi>us, obtains the prize for comedy, 
b.c. 415. 

Architecture, flourishes in Greece, b.c. 
552 and 442— the pointed Gothic, intro- 
duced, a d. 1180. 

Archons, first appointed at Athens on the 
death of Codrus, hold their office for life, 
b.c. 1044 (1070 II.)— limited to ten years, 
752 — made annual, 683. 
\.rchytas of Tarentum, philosopher and 
mathematician, redeems Plato when sold 
as a slave by Dionysius, b.c. 360. 

Arcola, victory of Bonaparte over Al- 
vinzi at, Nov. 15, 16, 17, 1796. 

Arcot, taken by Mr. Clive, 1751 — the na- 
bob of, submits to Lally, Oct. 4, 1758 — 
taken by Col. Coote, Feb. 9, 1760— by 
Hyder Ali, Oct. 30, 1780— the nabob of, 
applies to the court of Chancery against 
the East India Company, July 27, 1791. 

Arctic Expeditions. See Franklin, Ross, 
Parry, Back, Lyon, and M'Clure, and 
North West Passage. 

Akctinus, poet, fl. at Miletus, B.C. 776. 

Ardaburius, consul of Rome, 427 — com- 
mands the Roman army in Persia, 420 — 
defeats the Persian gen. Narses, 421 — 
sent by Theodosius against John Primi- 
cerius, 424. 

Ardaburius (called by some Ardabures), 
son of Aspar, consul of Rome, 447 — 
killed with his father and brother by 
the emperor Leo I., 471. 

Ardea, a Latin town to which Camillus re- 
tires, when banished from Rome, B.C. 391. 

Arden, Pepper, appointed solicitor-gene- 
ral, July 10, 1782 — master of the Rolls, 
1788 — created a peer, and Chief Justice 
of the Common Pleas, 1801. See Al- 
vanley, Lord. 

Ardisheer. See Artaxerxes. 

Ardisheer II., or Artaxer, k. of Persia, 
379— d. 383. 

Ardouin, marquis of Ivrea, declared a 
public enemy and deprived of his states, 
999— obtains the throne of Italy, 1002— 
defeated by Henry II., emperor of Ger- 
many, 1004 — regains Pavia and other 
parts of Italy, 1008— d. 1015. 

Ardres, near Calais, where Henry VIII. 
meets Francis I. of France, in the Field 
of the Cloth of Gold, 1520. 

Ardshir, k. of Persia, 628— slain by Shak- 
riah, 629. 

Arduasdes III.,k. of Armenia, b.c. 10 a.d. 
13. 

Arduin, leader of the Normans, 1039 — esta- 
blishes his head quarters at Melfi, 1040. 

Ardulf, Aloulf, or Eadulf, abp. of 
York, 992-d. 1002. 

Ardys, k. of Lydia, B.C. 678-628. 

Akechis. See Arigisus. 

Arklate. See Arx.es. 



Areobinda, consul of Rome, 434 -another, 
506. See Areobindus. 

Areobindus, father of Dagalaiphus, called 
Areobinda, as consul, 434 — commands in 
the African expedition sent by Theodo- 
sius II., 441. 

Areobindus, son of Dagalaiphus, sent 
against the Persians, 503 — called Areo- 
binda, as consul, 506— engaged in the 
circus-factions at CP., 507. 

Areobindus, defeated and slain by Gon- 
tharis, in Africa, 545. 

Areopagus, an Athenian court of justice ; 
its power limited by Pericles, b.c. 461 — 
St. Paul appears before it, ad. 52. 

Arete, daughter of Aristippus of Cyrene, 
teaches the philosophy of Socrates in the 
Cyrenaic school, b.c. 365, 

Aretino, Guido, invents his musical scale, 
1022. 

Aretino, Leonardo Bruno, the future his- 
torian of Florence, is epistolary secretary 
to pope John XXIII., 1413— d. 1444. 

Areus I., Agidan k. of Lacedaemon, b.c. 
309 — foils the attempt of his uncle, Cle- 
onymus, to supplant him, 272— slain at 
Corinth, 265. 

Areus II., posthumous son of Acrotatus, 
Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 264 — d. 
256. 

Arfberg, Henry Dusner Von, grand master 
of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, 1345. 

Arg^eus, the mountain on which the Pauli- 
cians defend themselves, and fortify 
Tephrike, 845. 

Arg^eus, k. of Macedon, B.C. 684-646, ace. 
Eusebius; uncertain, C. 

Arg^eus, the first opponent of Philip II. 
of Macedon, defeated by him at Me- 
thone, b.c. 359. 

Argaum, battle of ; Scindiah and the rajah 
of Berar defeated by Sir Arthur Wel- 
lesley, Nov., 1803. 

Argentaria (Colmar), battle of; Gratian 
defeats the Allemanni, 378. 

Argives, at war with the Lacedaemonians, 
b.c. 718— defeat them at Hysiae, 669 — 
destroy Mycenae, 468 — attack Epidaurus, 
419. 

Argolis, invaded by Agesipolis, k. of La- 
cedaemon, b.c. 390. See Argives and 
Argos. 

" Argonautica." See Valerius Flaccus. 

Argonauts, their expedition to Colchis, 
B.C. 1263 (1225 C.) 

Argos, kingdom of, founded by the Pe- 
lasgi, time uncertain — its first known 
ruler, Inachus, is said to have lived 
B.o. 1856 (1803 C.) — division of, 1344 
(1313 C.)— Themistocles banished from 
Athens, retires to Argos, 471 — the Tem- 
ple of Juno burnt, 423 — an alliance with 
Athens made by Alcibiades, 420 — diu- 



ARI 



49 



ARt 



solved, 418— distracted by factions, 417— 
joins with Athens and other States, de- 
feats the Lacedaemonians at Haliartus, 
895— stormed by Pyrrhus, 272— set free 
by Flaminius, to rejoin the Achaean 
league, 195. 

Abgcelles, the Spanish patriot, condemn- 
ed by Ferdinand VII. to serve as a 
private soldier, May 23, 1815. 

Argus, k. of Argos, b.c. 1712 (1658 C.) 

Argyle, Archibald, marquis of, beheaded, 
May 28, 1661. 

Argyle, Archibald, earl of, convicted of 
high treason in Scotland, escapes from 
prison, 1681— rebels, is defeated, and be- 
headed at Edinburgh, June 30, 1685. 

Argyle, John, duke of, b. 1678 — sent as 
ambassador to Charles III., and com- 
mander of the British forces in Spain — 
returns to England, 1711 — fights the 
battle of Dumblaine, or Sheriffmuir, 
Nov. 13— recovers Perth and Dundee, 
30, 1715— deprived of his places and pen- 
sion, 1716— d. 1743. 

Argyle, Archibald Campbell, duke of, b. 
1682-d!. 1761. 

Argyle, John Campbell, duke of, d. 1770. 

Argyle, John Campbell, duke of, d. 1847. 

Argyrus, son of Melo, ordered to oppose 
the Normans in Italy by Constantine 
XII., 1051. 

Argyrus. See Romanus III. 

Ariadne, wife of the emperor Zeno, ac- 
companies him in his flight to Isauria, 
475— marries the silentiary Anastasius, 
and makes him emperor, 491— d. 515. 

Arian creed, assented to by the synod of 
Antioch, 341— subscribed by Hosius, bp. 
of Cordova, 357. 

Arianism prevails in the East, 335— con- 
formed to by Liberius, bp. of Rome, who 
is restored to his see, 358— taught to the 
Goths by Ulphilas, 373— supported in 
Africa by the edict of Hunneric, 484— 
renounced by the Suevi in Spain, 562 — 
by Hermenegild, son of Leovigild, 582 
—by the Lombards, 602. See Asians 
and Arius. 

Ariano, given to Francesco Sforza by Jo- 
anna II., qneen of Naples, 1416. 

Arians, condemned for heresy by the coun- 
cil of Alexandria, 321 — Eustathius, bp. 
of Beroea, writes against them, 324— con- 
demned by the council of Nice— the 
writings of Arius publicly burnt, and all 
in whose possession they are found capi- 
tally punished, 325— the severe laws 
against them are relaxed, and the exiles 
recalled ; they hold a synod at Antioch, 
when Eustathius is deposed, and Pauli- 
nusll.madebp.,328 — hold a council at Cte- 
sarea, and vote the deposition of Athana- 
sius, which he disregards, 334 — Asteriua 



writes in favour of the Arians, 335— th« 
emperor Constantius II., and the syno<J 
of Antioch, support them, 341— Julius, 
bp. of Rome, addresses an epistle to 
them, 342— publish a confession of their 
faith at Antioch, 345— the deposition of 
the Arian bps. voted in the council of 
Sardica ; they secede to Phijippopolis, 
and annul the acts of their opponents, 
347— Antony the monk is called to Alex- 
andria to assist in converting them, 
352 — favoured by Valens, 367 — opposed 
by Theodosius and the council of Anti- 
och, 380— Ambrose, bp. of Milan, refuses 
to allow one Arian church at Milan, 385 
— violent proceedings of the Arians of 
CP. against Nectarius, 388— Arian bps. 
appointed by Genseric in Africa, 437— 
exiles from Carthage, being Arians, are 
refused hospitality at Rome by the bp., 
Leo I., 440— Justin I., emperor of the 
East, issues edicts against the Arians, 
623 — Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, sends 
ambassadors to intercede for them, 524 — 
Vigilius urges Justinian to rescue Italy 
from the dominion of the Arians, 550. 
See Arianism. 

Ariarathes I., loses his kingdom of Cap- 
padocia, and his life in battle, against 
Perdiccas, B.C. 322. 

Ariarathes II., recovers Cappadocia, b.c. 
315. 

Ariarathes III, d. b.c. 220. 

Ariarathes IV., marries Antiochis, 
daughter of Antiochus the Great, b.c 
192— joins him in his war against the 
Romans — sues for peace, 188 — ally of 
Eumenes Il.of Pergamus, against Pbar- 
naces I. of Pontus, 183 -sends an em- 
bassy to Rome, 181— d. 162. 

Ariarathes V. succeeds, b.c. 162— sends a 
golden crown to Rome, 160 — expelled by 
Demetrius Soter, 158— -restored by the 
Romans, 157— ally of Crassus against 
Aristonicus, falls in the war, 130. 

Ariarathes VI. succeeds, b.c. 130 — mur- 
dered by Mithridates, 93. 

Ariarathes VII., son of Ariobarzanes II., 
k. b.c. 42— deposed and put to death by 
M.Antony, 36. 

Abibebt I., k. of the Lombards, 653 — 
finishes and endows the church of S. Sal- 
vatore at Pavia, 660— d. 661. 

Aribert II., k. of Lombardy, 701 — defeats 
Ansprando, and puts Liutbert to death, 
702 — drives Ansprando from the lake of 
Como, to which he had fled, 703— con- 
quered bv Ansprando, and drowned in 
his flight) 712. 

Aribert, abp. of Milan, by his tyranny 
causes discord and contusion in Northern 
Italy, 1035— being condemned by Conrad 
to repair the wrong he had done, he 



ARI 



50 



ARI 



resists, 1037 — reconciled to the emperor 
Henry III., 1040 — expelled from Milan 
by the populace, 1041 — d. 1045. 

Ap.id.kus, or Philip III., half-brother of 
Alexander, succeeds him as k. of Mace- 
don, b.o. 323— murdered by Olympias, 
317. 

Arigisus, or Arechib, duke of Beneven- 
turn, d. 641. 

Arigisus, duke of Beneventum, 774 — pa- 
tronizes Paul Warnefrid, 782 — attacks 
Amalfi,and is repelled, 786 — does homage 
to Charlemagne, and gives his son as a 
hostage — d. soon after, 787. 

Arigna Company, investigated by a par- 
liamentary committee, Dec. 5, 1826. 

Ariminum, a colony of Rome, e.g. 268 — 
the Via ^Emilia constructed from it to 
Placentia, 182 — occupied by Caesar, 49 
— synod of, a.d. 359 — unsuccessfully at- 
tacked by Vitiges, 538— submits to To- 
; tila, 549. See Rimini. 

Arimnestus, Athenian archon, B.C. 416. 

Arinth^eus is sent by Valens to Armenia 
against the Persians, 370— consul of 
Rome, 372. 

Ariobarzanes I., appointed by the Ro- 

• mans k. of Cappadocia, b.c. 93 — expelled 

by Tigranes — restored by the Romans, 

90— resigns his kingdom to his son, 63 — 

killed by Antony, 42. 

Ariobarzanes II., k. of Cappadocia, B.C. 63. 

Ariobarzanes I., k. of Pontus, named by 
Xenophon and Aristotle; his time un- 
certain. 

Ariobarzanes II., k. of Pontus, begins to 
reign, b.c. 363— joins in the rebellion of 
the Persian satraps against Artaxerxes 
Mnemon, 362 — made a citizen of Athens, 
352— d. 337. 

Akiobarzanes III., k. of Pontus, succeeds 
his father Mithridates III., B.C. 266— 
d. 240. 

Arion, the lyric poet, patronized by Pe- 
riander of Corinth, b.c. 625 — escapes 
from pirates, 610. 

Ariosto, b. 1474— tf. 1533. 

Aripiiron, Athenian archon, B.C. 821. 

Arista, Sancho, founds an independent 
State in Navarre, 858. 

Arist^netus, consul of Rome, 404. 

Aristagoras, sent by Darius Hystaspes 
to restore the Naxian exiles, fails, and 
persuades the Ionian cities to revolt, 501 
— can obtain no assistance from Sparta, 
but is supported by Athens and Eretria, 
500 — defeated in Caria, takes refuge in 
Thrace, where he is slain, 497. 

Aristarchus, writes tragedies, b.c. 454. 

Aristarchus, the critic, educates the son 
of Ptolemy Philometor, b.o. 156- 

Aristides, Athenian archon, B.C. 489— ba- 
uished from Athens, 483 — recalled, and 



commands in the battle of Platsea, 479 
— chief command of the Greek army 
transferred to him, 477 — d. 468. 

Aristides, the Christian philosopher, pre- 
sents to Hadrian an " Apology for Chris- 
tianity," 125. 

Aristides, the heathen philosopher, b. 129 
— visits Rome, 161 — presented to M. Au- 
relius, who attends his lectures, 176 — 
begs Aurelius to aid the rebuilding of 
Smyrna, Rhodes, and other cities that 
had suffered from earthquakes, 178. 

Aristion, Athenian archon, b.c. 421. 

Aristippus, of Cyrene, and his daughter, 
Arete, give the form of the Cyrenaic 
school to the philosophy of Socrates, 
b.c. 365. 

Aristo, of Ceos, succeeds Lyco in the 
Lyceum, B.C. 226. 

Aristobulus, one of Alexander's generals, 
writes a history of the campaign, about 
B.C. 320 — the work is lost, but was one 
of Arrian's principal authorities. 

Aristobulus I., son of John Hyrcanus, 
takes the title of king of the Jews, B.C. 
107— d. 105. 

Aristobulus II., usurps the throne of Ju- 
daea, to the prejudice of his brother, 
Hyrcanus, B.C. 70 — at Avar with him, 
65 — deposed by Pompey, 63. 

Aristobulus, consul of Rome, 285. 

Aristocles, Athenian archon, B.C. 605. 

Aristocles, the sophist, teaches at Per- 
gamus, 144. 

Aristocrates, Athenian archon, B.C. 399. 

Aristodemus, son of Aristomachus,returns 
with the other Heraclidae into the Pe- 
loponnesus, conquers Sparta, and founds 
for his two sons the joint sovereignty, 
B.C. 1103. 

Aristodemus, k. of Corinth, B.C. 834. 

Aristodemus, Athenian archon, B.C. 352. 

Aristodemus, a Lacedaemonian general, 
defeats the allies near Corinth, B.C. 394. 

Aristodemus, of Megalopolis, makes war 
on Lacedaamon, B.C. 264. 

Aristodemus, of Nysa, teaches at Rome, 
and is a preceptor of Strabo, B.C. 60-50. 

Aristogiton assassinates Hipparchus, 
B.C. 514. 

Aristolochus, Olympic victor, B.C. 344. 

Aristomenes, Athenian archon, b.c. 570. 

Ariston, Proclidan k. of Lacedaemon, b.c. 
560-510. 

Ariston, Athenian archon, b.c. 454. 

Ariston, praetor of the ^Etolians, b.c. 221. 

Aristonicus, claims the kingdom of Per- 
gamus, when the consul Crassus is sent 
against him, B.C. 131 — defeats and kills 
Crassus, 130 — conquered by Perpenna, 
and put to death, 129. 

Ariston ymus, librarian at Alexandria, B.o. 
183. 



ARL 



51 



AHM 



Aristophanes, Athenian archon, b.c. 331. 

Aristophanes, exhibits his first play, 
" Daetales," and is awarded the second 
prize, b.c. 427 — satirizes Socrates in 
his "Clouds," 423 — brings out every 
year one or more of his comedies, 421 — 
"Batrachoi" appears, 405 — "Plutus," 
his last play, 388— d. about this time. 

Aristophanes, of Byzantium, the gram- 
marian, fl., b.c. 200. 

Aristophon, Athenian archon, B.C. 330. 

ARrsTOPHON, orator, fl. b.c. 372. 

Aristotle, the philosopher, 6. B.C. 384— 
comes to Athens, 367 — retires from 
Athens to Atarnse, 347 — becomes the pre- 
ceptor of Alexander, 342 — lectures at the 
Lyceum, 334 — Babylonian astronomical 
observations sent to him, about 330 — 
retires to Chalcis, and dies there, 322. 

Aristotle's works, copied by Tyrannio, 
for Andronicus of Rhodes, b.c. 68 — com- 
mentaries on, written by Alexander of 
Aphrodisius, 200 — Boethius writes com- 
mentaries on, 510 — Aristotle's works 
ordered to be burnt— the reading of them 
and all future translations forbidden by 
the Council of Paris, 1210 — translated 
by Michael Scott, 1249. 

Arius, k. of Assyria, b.c. 1927 (2050 C.) 

Arius, preaches his doctrines, which are 
supported by most of the Asiatic bps., 
especially Eusebius of Cassarea, and Eu- 
sebius of Nicomedia, 316-318 — condemn- 
ed for heresy, and ejected from the 
church by the Council of Alexandria, 321 
— banished by the Council of Nice to 
Illyricum, 325 — readmitted into the 
church by the synod of CP. — dies soon 
after, 336. See Arians. 

Arius Antoninus, death of, 187. 

Ariwald, k. of Lombardy, 625— d. 636. 

Arkansas, admitted into the American 
Union, 1836. 

Arklow, battle or skirmish of; a body of 
Irish insurgents repulsed by a detach- 
ment of gen. Lake's army, June 9, 10, 
1798. 

Arkwright, Richard, obtains a patent for 
his spinning frame, 1769 — his second pa- 
tent, 1771— d. 1792. 

Arlande, D', ascends, with Pilatre de Ro- 
sier, at Paris, in Mongolfier's firet fire- 
balloon, Nov. 2, 1783. 

Arles, or Arelate, Constantine and Maxi- 
mian meet at, 307 — council of, against 
the Donatists, 314 — another, at which the 
western bps. are prevailed upon to con- 
demn Athanasius, 353 — besieged by 
Theodoric I., k. of the Visigoths, and re- 
lieved by Aetius, 426 — a German inva- 
sion repulsed by him, 430— taken by 
Euric, 470 — Theodoric, or Thierry I., k. 
of the Pranks, remits a year's taxes to 



the citizens, 511 — Augustin ordained 
there bp. of the English, 597 — Eudes is 
defeated by the Saracens at, 731 — council 
of, called by Charlemagne, 813— plunder- 
ed by the Saracens, 850— Boso assumes 
the title of k. of, 879 — his son, Louis, 
succeeds him in the government of, 888 
— he retires there from Italy, 905. 

Arles, kingdom of. See Burgundy, Lower. 

Arleux, Marlborough drives the French 
from the lines of, Aug. 5, 1711. 

Arlington, Lord, one of the " Cabal," 1670 
—examined before the bar of the Com- 
mons, Jan. 14, 1674. 

Arlot, daughter of a townsman of Falaise, 
mother of William (afterwards k. of Eng- 
land), son of Robert, duke of Normandy, 
1027. 

Armada, the Spanish, prepared, 1587— de- 
stroyed, 1588. 

Armagh, first bishopric in Ireland, founded 
by Patricius (St. Patrick) about 440 — 
battle of. See Dundalk. 

Armagnac, the count d', gives his daughter 
in marriage to the duke of Orleans, 1410 
— he is murdered in his prison, 1418. 

Armagnac, the count d', assassinated, 1473. 

Armagnacs, the faction of the duke of 
Orleans, court the alliance of England 
against the Burgundians, 1410 — the 
queen, Isabella of Bavaria, quarrels with 
them, 1417. 

Armais, queen of Egypt, b.g. 1490. See 
Aahmes. 

Armanites, k. of Assyria, B.C. 1827 (1950 
C.) 

Armatus, consul of Rome, 476. 

Armed neutrality, the coalition so called, 
formed, 1780 — joined by the emperor 
Joseph, and Frederic II. of Prussia, 1781 
— revived by the northern powers, 1800 — 
joined by Prussia, 1801 — crushed by the 
battle of Copenhagen, and the death of 
the emperor Paul of Russia, Apr. 2. 

Armenia, conquered by Divanubar, k. of 
Assyria, B.C. 900 La. — Tigranes L, king, 
96 — drives Ariobarzanes from Cappado- 
cirr, 90- invited to be k. of Syria/ 83— 
affords a refuge to Mithridates, 71 — he 
declares himself an enemy of Rome, 70 — 
driven from Syria by Lucullus, 69- — 
submits to Pompey, 66— dies, and ifi suc- 
ceeded by Artavasdes, 56 — Armenia jn- 
vaded by Antony, who sends ArtavaSfleB 
a prisoner to Egypt, 34 — conquered by 
the Parthians, who raise Artaxidfc & 
the throne, 33 — recovered by Tiberius, 
who makes Tigranes II. k., 20 — the <$|- 
signs of the Parthian k., Phraates, frw»- 
trated by Caius, grandson of Augustus* I 
— subject to Parthia, a.d. 15 — reconquer- 
ed by Germanicus, and remains a Rcmii* 
province, 18— Caligula makes Cotyskib| 
B 2 



ABM 



52 



am* 



Armenia — continued. 
the Lesser Armenia, 38 — Domitius Cor- 
bulo takes the command, 54 — drives out 
Vologases, and gives Tiridates royal au- 
thority, 58— who goes to Rome, and is 
crowned there by Nero, 66 — the Parthi- 
ans, who had made themselves masters 
of Armenia, are driven out by Trajan, 
with Parthamasiris, whom they had set 
up as k., 115 — Hadrian relinquishes the 
conquest, 117 — a k. appointed by Hadri- 
an, 140— the Parthians again expelled by 
. Statius Priscus and Avidius Cassius, 163 
— Sept. Severus forms part of Armenia 
into a kingdom, which he gives to Vola- 
gases, son of Sanatruces, 199— added to 
the Persian empire by Artaxerxes, 227 
— Tiridates the younger supported by 
Diocletian to obtain the throne, 286 — 
expelled by Narses, 294— restored by Ga- 
lerius, and his kingdom enlarged, 298— 
on his death his country becomes tribu- 
tary to Persia,342 — abandoned by Jovian 
in the treaty of Dura, 363 — invaded by 
Sapor II., 365— Arinthseus sent by Valens 
to oppose the Persians, 370— murder of 
Para, by order of Valens, 374 — treaty be- 
tween Theodosius and Sapor III., leaves 
Armenia neutral, 384 — divided by treaty 
between Rome and Persia, 443 — plun- 
dered by the Huns, 532— by the Tzani, 
558— seeks the protection of Justin II., 
571 — occupied by the Persians, 576 — 
recovered by Maurice, 577-582 — by 
Chosroes, 604 — by Heraclius, 623— the 
Mardaites removed into Armenia by 
Justinian II., 687 — conquered by the 
i Mohammedans, 693 — invaded by the 
Turks, 764— recovered by the Greeks 
from the Saracens, 956 — -John Zimisces 
brings a large colony of Paulicians from 
Armenia into Thrace, 970— conquered by 
the emperor Constantine XII., 1045 — 
by Alp Arslan, 1065 — by the Mongol 
Batou, 1235— by Timour, 1383— by the 
Ottomans, 1516 — by the Persians, 
1534. 

Armenian history. See Moses, of Cho- 

. rene. 

Armenians, in alliance with the Parthi- 
ans, defeat Crassus, B.C. 53— and Antony 
in Media, 36. 

Arminian doctrines, favoured by the 

.. church of England, and censured by 
.'Cfomwell and the Commons, 1629. 

Arminians. See Remonstrants. 

Ahminius (Hermann), a leader of the Ger- 

^mans, defeats Varus, 9 — his progress 

'checked by Nonnius Asprenas, 10— by 

Tiberius and Germanicus, 11 — overcome 

by Germanicus, 15 — d. 17. 

Abminius, pi'ofessor of divinity at Leyden, 

;., h. 1560— dissents from the doctrines of 



Calvin and is opposed by Gomarus, 1004 
— d. 1609. See Remonstrants. 

Armorica, the Veneti and other tribes in, 
conquered by Caesar, b.c. 56 — its inde- 
pendence is acknowledged by Honorius, 
a.d. 409 — many native Gauls retire, there 
from the Franks, and preserve the Celtic 
tongue, 584. See Bretons and Bre- 
tagnk. 

Armstrong, Dr., d. 1770. 

Army of the Long Parliament, collected 
at Northampton by the earl of Essex, 
Sep. 2, 1642 — disbanded by a vote <>f 
parliament, April 17, 1647 — refuse to lay 
down their arms ; conduct the king to 
the camp and demand compensation for 
their services, June 5; occupy London, 
Aug. 7; demand that the king be brought 
to justice, Nov. 30, 1648 — after Crom- 
well's death, commanded by Lambert, 
depose the Rump parliament, and ap- 
point a military Committee of Safety, 
Oct 26, 1659— desert him and join Fair- 
fax and Monk, with whom they march 
into London, Feb. 4, 1660. 

Army of the Faith, organized by the 
priests in Spain, 1821. 

Army of Reserve, proposed to parliament, 
June 18, 1803. 

Arnaud, St., General, b. 1801 — command- 
ing in Algeria, subdues the Kabyles and 
the Beni Aissa, 1851 — made minister of 
War. Oct. 27 ; leaves Paris to command 
the French army in the East, April, 15, 
1854 — resigns his command from ill 
health, and d. Sep. 29. 

Arnaui.d, the Abbess, refounds the con- 
vent of Port Royal, 1626. 

Arnauld, Antony, expelled from the Sor- 
bonne, 1656. 

Arne, Dr. d. 1778. 

Arno, Hannibal passes through the 
marshes of the, b.c. 217. 

Arnobius, teaches rhetoric at Sicca, 284 — 
writes " Adversus Gent.es," 296. 

Arnold, General, burns New London, in 
Connecticut, Sep. 8, 1781. 

Arnold, Mr., precipitated into the Thames 
in a balloon, 1785. 

Arnold, Samuel, Mus.'D., d. 1802. 

Arnold, Thomas, (afterwards) master of 
Rugby school, b. 1795-d. 1842. 

Arnold, of Brescia, denounces at Rome the 
corruptions of the church, 1140— endea-. 
von rs to restore the senate and ancient 
form of government, 1143 — given up to 
pope Adrian IV., and burnt, 1155. 

Arnold von Melchtiial, of Unterwalden, 
one of the three founders of Swiss inde- 
pendence, 1308. 

Arnold von Winkelried, falls in the 
battle of Sempach, 1386. 

Arnulf, natural son of Carloman of Ba- 



ARE 



53 



ART 



Abnulf — continued. 
varia, inherits Carinthia, 880 — elected 
k.of Germany, 887 — gives Bohemia to 
his natural son Zwentibold, duke of Mo- 
ravia ; Ermengarda obtains his protec- 
tion for her son Louis,890 — he defeats the 
Normans near Louvaine, 881 — employs 
Hungarian mercenaries to suppress the 
violence of Zwentibold ; Berenger ap- 
plies to him for assistance, 893 — success- 
ful campaign in Northern Italy, 894 — 
extends his conquests to Lucca ; gives 
Lotharingen to Zwentibold, 895 — takes 
possession of Rome, and is crowned 
Emperor of the West ; besieges Spoleto ; 
Berenger, and Adalbert II., duke of Tus- 
cany, conspire against him, and he re- 
tires into Bavaria, 896— d. 899. 

Arnulf, duke of Bavaria, is invited into 
Italy, and retires, defeated, 934. 

Arnulf I., count of Flanders, 918-965, takes 
Montreuil, 937. 

Arnulf II., count of Flanders, 965-989. 

Arnulf III., count of Flanders, 1070, 1071. 

Arnulf, chaplain of Robert, duke of Nor- 
mandy, elected first patriarch of Jeru- 
salem by the crusaders ; soon displaced 
by Daimbert, 1099. 

Arnulf, archbp. of Rheims, deposed, 991. 

Arpad, leader of the Magyars, joins the 
Ungri, and settles in Hungary, 889; his 
line becomes extinct, 1301. 

A rphaxad or Phraortes, k. of Media, b.c. 
656. 

Arpinum, birth-place of Cicero, B.C. 106. 

Arqua. near Padua, Petrarch d. at, July 
13, 1374. 

Arques, near Dieppe, battle of; Henry IV., 
k. of France, defeats the duke de May- 
enne, Sep. 21, 1589. 

A bran, Charles, earl of, brother of the duke 
of Ormond, elected chancellor of Oxford 
against the prince of Wales, Sep. 9. 
1715 — chosen high steward of West- 
minster by the dean and chapter, Feb. 
28, 1716. 

Abbas, treaty of, between the royal party 
in France and the duke of Burgundy, 
1414 — congress of, 1433 — treaty of, con- 
cluded, Sep. 22, 1435 — Alexander Far- 
nese, duke of Parma, d. there, Dec. 2, 
1592— taken by the French, 1640. 

Aebest of the Russian ambassador in 
London for debt, July '27, 1708— apology 
made for it to the czar Peter, Feb. 16, 
1710. 

Arrkstb, numerous, in France, on a charge 
of conspiracy. Sep. 3, 1851. 

Arretinum, battle of, in which the consul 
Metellus is defeated and slain by the 
Senones, b.c. 284. 

Abeia, wife of Carina Paetus, death of, 42. 

Abbian, studies under Epictetus at Nico- 



polis, 103 — governor of Cappadocia, 136 
— patronized by Antoninus Pius, 148. 

Abrianus, consul of Rome, 243. 

Arrius, Qu., praetor of Rome, defeated by 
Spartacus, B.C. 72. 

Abruntius, L., consul of Rome, 6. 

Arsaces, revolts against Antiochus Theus, 
b.c 254 — founds the dynasty of the Arsa- 
cida? in Parthia, 250. See Parthia. 

Arsacius. See Constantinople, bps. of. 

Arsenite Schism, which divides the Greek, 
church nearly 50 years, begins, 1267. 

Arsenius I., Greek patriarch, 1255 — the 
guardian of John Lascaris, emperor of 
Nicaea, 1258— excommunicates the em- 
peror Michael VIII. 1262. 

Arses, k. of Persia, b.c. 338— killed by 
Bagoas, 336. 

Arsinoe, sister of Cleopatra, murdered, 
B.C. 41. 

Arsouf, battle of, Saladin is defeated, 1191. 

Art, Ancient. See Winckelmann. 

Art, literature, and philosophy, Greek, 
Athens the principal seat of, B.C. 448 

Art de verifier les Dates apres Jesus 
Christ, the first volume, published by 
the Benedictine, Francis Clement, 1783 

Art of poetry. See Boileau. 

Arta, Mavrocordato defeated at, 1822 — its 
gulf bounds the new kingdom of Greece, 
1832. See Actidm and Ambracia. 

Artabanus, assassinates Xerxes and is 
killed after an usurpation of 7 months, 
b.c. 465. 

Abtabanus. See Parthia. 

Aetabazus, rebels in Persia against Ochus, 
b. c. 355 — assisted by 5,000 Thebans, 
gaLis two great victories, 354: — submits 
to Ochus, 349. 

Abtaphernes, left by Darius Hystaspes 
to govern Sardis, B.C. 505 — invades 
Greece, and is defeated by Miltiades at 
Marathon, 490. 

Artasires, kills Gontharis, a Moorish 
chief, at a banquet, 545. 

Artavasdes, k.of Armenia, B.C. 56 — in al- 
liance with the Parthians, against Cras- 
sus, 53- assists Pompey against Caesar 
in Greece, 49 — defeats Antony, 36 — taken 
prisoner by him and sent in chains to 
Egypt, 34— led in chains of gold at the 
triumph of Antony in Egypt, 32. See 
Armenia and Armenians. 

Artavasdus, rebels against Constantine V., 
741— finally defeated, 743. 

Artaxer or Ardisheer II., k. of Persia, 
379- d. 383. 

Arta xerxes Longimanus kills Artabanus, 
the assassin of Xerxes, and obtains the 
throne of Persia, B.c 465 — supposed to 
be the Ahasuerus who, at the request 
of his queen, Esther, spared the Jews, 
462 — Inarus revolts in Egypt, 460— Ezra 



ART 



54 



ARZ 



permitted to return to Jerusalem. 458 — 
the Egyptian rebellion quelled, 455— the 
Persian fleet defeated by the Greeks at 
Salamis in Cyprus, peace concluded, 449 
— Artaxerxes d. 425. 

Artaxerxes Mnemon, k. of Persia, B.C. 
405— defeats the rebellion of Cyrus, his 
brother, at Cunaxa, 401-continues the 
war against Greece, 399— defeated by 
Agesilaus near Sardis, 395 — obtains 
absolute dominion over the Ionian cities 
by the treaty with Antalcidas, 387— the 
historian Ctesias leaves his court, 384— 
Artaxerxes d. 360. 

Artaxerxes (Ardisheer), begins the Per- 
sian revolt against the Parthians, 224— 
founds the new Persian kingdom, 226 - 
extends his dominion over Media, 
Armenia, &c, 227 — threatens Mesopo- 
tamia and Syria, and claims all the 
former territories of Persia, as far as the 
Hellespont and iEgean sea, 230 — war 
with Alex. Severus, 232-d. 241. 

Artaxias, k. of Armenia, B.C. 33-30. See 
Armenia. 

Arte Amandi, de. See Ovid. 

Artemidokt/s, of Daldis, in Lydia, writes 
on dreams and auguries, 158. 

Artemiooriis, the Ephesian geographer, 
fl. B.C. 103. 

Artemisia, erects the splendid tomb at 
Halicarnassus to the memory of her 
brother and husband Mausolns, k. of 
Caria, and d. 2 years after, B.C. 352. 

Artemisium, sea fight at, between the 
Greeks and Persians, B.C. 480. 

Artemius, secretary of the emperor Phi- 
lippicus Bardanes, succeeds hira on the 
throne, 713. See Anastasius II., empe- 
ror of the Eas*. 

Artemon, denies the doctrine of the 
Trinity, 201. 

Artevelde, James Van, a brewer of Ghent, 
drives Louis I., count of Flanders, into 
France, and rules that province, 1336— 
supports Edward III. of England, 1337 
—slain in a popular tumult, 1345. 

Arthur, son of Geoffrey, duke of Britanny, 
b. 1185 — excluded from tlie English 
throne by John, but acknowledged in 
Maine, Poitou, and Touraine, 1199— his 
cause abandoned by Philip Augustus, 
1200 -death of his mother, Constance, 
1201 — aiade prisoner by John, and 
murdered, 1202. See Bretagne. 

Arthur, prince of Wales, son of Henry 
VII., b. Sep. 20, 1486— marries Katharine 
of Arragon, Nov. 14, 1501— d, April 2, 
1502. 

Arthur Patrick William Albert, prince, 
third son of Queen Victoria, b. May 1, 
1850. 

Arthur, Sir George, d. 1855. 



Artichokes, introduced into England, from 
Holland, 1602. 

Article*, of peace, the proposed bases of 
the Treaty of Utrecht, are laid before 
parliament by the queen, June 6, 1712. 

Articles of Perth, in favour of religious 
ceremonies, reluctantly agreed to by the 
General Assembly of Scotland, 1618. 

Articles, Law of the Six, passed, 1537 — 
repealed, 1547. 

Articles, Thirty Nine, adopted as the 
rule of the church of England, 1571— 
petition of some clergy and others 
against them, 1712. 

Artillery. See Bombs and Cannon. 

Artois, Robert, count of, regent of Naples, 
fails in his attempt to recover Sicily, 
1287— defeats Guy, count of Flanders, and 
takes Fumes, 1297 — defeated by the 
Flemings at Courtray, and falls, July 11, 
1302. 

Artois, Robert, III., count of, brother-in- 
law of Philip VI., banished from France, 
1330 — received in England by Edward 
III., urges him to claim the crown of 
France, 1334— repulsed with a Flemish 
army at St. Omer, 1340— joins the En- 
glish in Britanny, and is killed atVannes, 
1342. 

Artois, laid under contribution by the 
duke of Marlborough, 1708. 

Artois, Charles, count of, afterwards 
Cliarles X. of France, b. Oct. 9, 1757— 
flies from Paris, July. 1789— becomes k. 
1824. See Charles X., k. of France. 

Arunpel, the earl of, beheaded, 1397. 

Arundel, the earl of, commands an aux- 
iliary force sent by Henry IV. to support 
John, duke of Burgundy, 1411. 

Arundel, the earl of, committed to the 
tower, 1626. 

Arundel Castle, recovered from Lord 
Hopton by Sir William Waller, 1644 — 
queen Victoria visits the duke of Nor- 
folk, Dec. 1, 1846. 

Arundelian Marbles, first date on the, 
B.C. 1582. 

Aruntius, L., consul of Rome, B.C. 22. 

Aruspices, ordered by the emperor Con- 
stantine to be consulted in certain cases, 
in an edict of March 8, 321. 

Arvandus, prefect of Gaul, is banished 
for extortion and treachery, 469. 

Arverni, the, defeated by the Romans on 
the lsaras, B.c 121 — their king,Bituitus, 
going to Rome to make peace, is kept a 
prisoner for the rest of his life ; they 
endeavour to drive Csesar out of Gaul, 
52. 

Arvina, P. Cornelius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
306, 288. 

Arzilla, conquered by Alfonso V., king of 
Portugal, 1471. 



ASH 



55 



ASI 



Asa, k. of Judah, B.C. 956-915 — leagues 
with Benhadad, k. of Syria, B.C. 940. 

Abaha, Saracen governor of Egypt, erects 
a new Nilometer, 716. 

Asan, k. of Bulgaria, defeats, makes 
prisoner, and blinds, Theodore Angelus, 
emperor of Thessalonica, 1230— expels 
Manuel, releases Theodore, marries his 
daughter, and places her brother John 
on the throne, 1232— leagues with John 
Vataces, 1234— withdraws from Romania 
to protect Bulgaria against the Mongols, 
1236 — changes his policy, and supports 
the falling empire of the Latins in Ro- 
mania, 1237— d. 1241. 

Asander, k. of Bosporus, kills Pharnaces 
II., of Pontus, after his defeat by Caesar, 
B.C. 47. See Bosporus. 

Asardinus, k. of Babylon, B.C. 680. 

A scalon, battle of; the Fatimite army from 
Egypt is defeated by the Crusaders, 
Aug. 12, 1099 — unsuccessful siege of, by 
the Christians, 1148 — taken by Baldwin 
III., k. of Jerusalem, 1153 — surrenders 
to the Christians, 1191. 

Ascatades, k . of A ssyria, B.C. 1520 (1490 C.) 

Aschaffenburg, the town where George 
II. takes the command of the combined 
army, June 9, 1743. 

Ascham, Koger, tutor of Elizabeth, 1545 — 
of lady Jane Grey, 1551— d. 1568. 

Asclepiades, the elder, of Mylea, in Bi- 
thynia, fl. B.C. 196. 

Asclepiades. See Antioch, bishops of. 

Asclepiodotus, consul of Rome, 292 — as 
lieutenant of Constantius, lie defeats and 
kills Allectus, and regains Britain, 296. 

Abclepiodotus, consul of Rome, 423. 

Ascoli, the ancient Asculum, battle of; 
the count of Andria, general of the em- 
peror Henry VI., defeated by Taucred, 
and slain, 1190. 

Ascoli, Cecco d', burnt at Florence for 
heresies discovered in his poetry, 1327. 

Asculum, a town of Picenum, battles of ; 
defeat of the Romans by Pyrrhus, B.C. 
279— by the Picentines, 90— taken by 
Totila, a.d. 545. See Ascoli. 

Asellio, Sempronius, the historian, serves 
under Scipio in the Numantine war, B.C. 
134. 

Ashantees, attack the British colonies on 
the gold coast, 1824: — defeated by Col. 
Purdon, Aug. 7, 1826. 

Ashburton, lord (Alexander Baring), sent 
on a special mission to the United States, 
Dec. 31, 1841 — concludes a treaty at 
Washington, Aug. 9, 1842— d. 1848. See 
Baring, Alexander. 

Ashley, lord, one of " the Cabal," and cre- 
ated earl of Shaftesbury, 1670. See 
Shaftesbury, earl of. 

Ashley, lord (now earl of Shaftesbury), 



procures the passing of an act to prohibit 
the employment of females in mines and 
collieries (4 and 5 Victoria, c. 99), 1842 
— tells the electors of Dorsetshire that 
"the destiny of the corn laws is fixed," 
Oct. 10, 1845 — succeeds his father as earl 
of Shaftesbury, 1851. 

Ashmole, Elias,the antiquary, and founder 
of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, d. 
1692. 

Ashurakhbal, or Sardanapalus I., k. of 
Nineveh or Assyria, leads an expedition 
to Carchemish, to the country of the Kha- 
bour and Euphrates, and to Syria, b.c. 
930 (La.). 

Ashurakhbal, or Sardanapalus III., son of 

. Ezarhaddon, k. of Nineveh or Assyria, 
B.C. 663 (La.). 

Ashurkish, k. of Nineveh or Assyria, B.C. 
782 (La.) 

Asia, the first seat of civilization and 
empire. See Assyria, Babylon, Media, 
Nineveh, Pale6tjne, Persia, Ph<enicia, 
and Asia Minor. First Asiatic invasion 
of Europe by Darius, B.C. 507 — first war- 
like enterprise of Greeks in Asia to 
assist the Ionian cities, 500 — the Athe- 
nians enter Lydia, 409 — an auxiliary 
force sent by them to Cyrus the younger, 
401 — hostilities against Persia com- 
menced in Asia by the Lacedaemonian 
generals Thimbron and Dercyllidas. 399 
— after a truce, the war renewed, 398 — 
Agesilaus II. takes the command, 396 — 
rebellion of the Asiatic satraps against 
Artaxerxes Mnemon, 362 — entrance of 
Alexander into Asia, 334 — Antigonus 
establishes his kingdom, 318 — contest 
between him and Eumenes, 316 — in 
which he finally prevails, 315 — Seleucus 
Nicator founds his kingdom of Syria, 
312. See Syria. A temporary peace 
concluded among the competitors for 
power, 311 — Asia invaded by Lysima- 
chus from Thrace and by Ptolemy from 
Egypt, 302 — Antigonus totally defeated 
and slain at Ipsus ; the allied kings 
divide his dominions ; his son Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes escapes and retains 
Cilicia, 301 — is defeated by Seleucus and 
made prisoner; his kingdom merges in 
that of Syria, 286— The Parthian and 
Bactrian kingdoms founded, 250. See 
Parthia and Bactria. The Roman 
arms first carried into Asia by L. Scipio, 
190 — overthrow ol the Parthian king- 
dom, and restoration of the Persian, a.d. 
226. See Persia. Violent earthquakes 
in many parts of Asia, — B.C. 227, A.D. 63, 
105, 124, 152, 178, 358, 525 and 526— 
the Turks begin their conquests, 545 — 
Empire of Mahmoud the Ghiznivide, 
999. See Ghizni. Of Togrul Beg, 1038, 



ASI 



56 



ASS 



A Si A — eon tin ued. 
See Seljukians. After the capture of 
Constantinople by the Latins, many 
Greeks retire into Asia and found the 
empires of Nicaea and Trebizond, 1204. 
See Eastern Empire and Trebizond. 
Conquests of Dschingis khan, 1206. See 
Mongols, and Dschingis khan. The 
Asiatic provinces of the Latin empire 
lost by Baldwin II., 1240— Timour' s first 
campaign, 1357. See Mongols, Tartars, 
and Timour. Restoration of Persia by 
Ismail L, founder of the Sofi dynasty, 
1501. See Persia. 

Asia Minor, See Troy. First settlement 
of the Ionians, 1043. See Ionia and 
Ionian Cities, Cyme, Smyrna, Miletus, 
Abydos, Astacus, Cyzicus, Chalcedos, 
Ephesus, Caria, and Lydia. First 
entrance of the Cimmerians, driven there 
by the Massagetse, 635 -they settle in 
Galatia, 617. See Galatia and Galata. 
Conquest of Lydia by Cyrus, 546 — first 
attack on the Ionian cities, 644 — Asia 
Minor contended for by Antigonus and 
his rivals, 321— becomes the seat of his 
kingdom, 318 — Philetterus, lieutenant of 
Lysimachus, founds the independent 
kingdom of Pergamus in Bithynia, 283. 
See Pergamus. Nicomedes founds the 
independent kingdom of Bithynia, 278 
See Bithynia. Conquests of Manlius 
in Asia Minor, 189 — the dominion of the 
Romans established by the treaty of 
peace with Antiochus, 188 — totally sub- 
ject to them by the seizure of Cappa- 
docia, a.d. 15 — visited by Hadrian, 130 
— possessed by the Persians, 609— re- 
covered by Heraclius, 628 — predatory 
invasion of Haroun al Raschid, 781 — re- 
peated, 803— overrun by the Paulicians, 
868— they are expelled by the emperor 
Basil, 870 — he recovers many provinces 
from the Saracens, 874 — conquered by 
Soliman, who founds the Seljukian king- 
dom of Roum at Iconium, 1074 — Kil- 
idsch Arslan massacres a great number 
of the crusaders in Asia Minor, 1096 and 
1101 — campaign and death of the em- 
peror Frederic Barbarossa, 1190 — 
foundation cf the Ottoman power by 
Orthogrul, 1231. See Ottomans. In- 
vaded by Timour, 1402 — reunited to 
Komania by Mahomet I. and forms the 
Ottoman or Turkish empire, 1413. 

Asiaticus. See Scipio, L. Cornelius. 

Asiatious, L. Corn. Scipio, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 83. 

Asiaticus, P. Corn. Scipio, consul of Rome 
II., 125. 

Asiaticus, Valerius, consul of Rome II., 
46— put to death through the arts of 
Messalina, 47. 



Asina, Ca. Corn., consul of Rome, B.C. 260— 
254. 

Asina, P. Corn. Scipio, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 221. 

Asinius, Pollio, b. B.C. 76 — governor of 
Spain, 45— consul of Rome, 40— d. A.n. 4. 

Asinius, Gallus, son of Asinius Pollio, im- 
prisoned by Tiberius, 30 — d. in exile, 33. 

Asinius. See Quadeatus. 

Askew, Anne, and other Protestants, per- 
secuted by Henry VIII., 1546. 

Aslett, a bank clerk, embezzles exchequer 
bills, April 28, 1803— condemned, and re- 
prieved, 1804. 

Asof, taken from the Turks, by the Cos- 
sacks of the Don, 1637 — recovered by the 
Turks, 1642— attacked by Peter the Great 
of Russia, 1695— taken by them, 1696— 
restored to the Turks, 1711— taken by 
the Russians, 1736 — again, 1771 — the 
Allies enter the sea of, May 24, 1855. 
See M.eotis, Palus. 

Asomaton, near C.P., fort built there by 
Mahomet II., 1452. 

Asordanes, k. of Babylon, B.C. 699. 

Asordanus, or Nergilus, k. of Nineveh or 
Assyria, B.C. 691. 

Aspar, son of Ardaburius, consul of Rome, 
434 — sent by Theodosius II. against John 
Primicerius, 424 — takes Ravenna, makes 
John prisoner, and beheads him, 4*25 — 
reinforces Bonifacius in Africa, 431 — 
checks an invasion of the Persians, 441 
— assists the elevation of Leo I. to the 
throne of the East, 457 — accused of hav- 
ing caused the failure of the African 
expedition by his treacherous advice, 
468— he and his sons are put to death by 
Leo I., 471. 

Asparagus introduced from Asia into 
England, 1602. 

Aspasia, mistress of Pericles, accused of 
impiety, B.C. 432. 

Aspasius, of Ravenna, secretary to Alex- 
ander Severus, 231. 

Aspendus, a town of Pamphylia, where 
Thrasybulus is killed, bc. 390— Antio- 
chus Grypus retires there, 113. 

Aspern and Essling, battles of, May 21- 
22, 1809. 

Asporacius, consul of Rome, 452. 

Asprenas, L. Nonnius, consul of Rome, 94 

Asprenas, Nonnius, checks the progress of 
Arminins. 10. 

Asprenas, P. Nonnius, consul of Rome, 38. 

Aspiios, the Catalans defeat Andronicus 
at, 1307. 

Assam, ceded to Great Britain by the 
treaty of Yandabu, 1826— Tea Company 
established, 1839. 

Assan Ben Ahi Giafar, the Arabian 
poet, d. 794. 

Assassins, a band of Carmathians collected 



ASS 



57 



AST 



by Hassan. Snbah of Nishapur in Cho 
rasan, 1090 — extirpated in Persia by 
Hulagou, 1256. 

Assaye, victory of, gained by Sir Arthur 
Wellesley, Sept. 23, 1803. 

Assembly, House of. See Canada. 

Assens. battle of; the revolted Danes de- 
feated by Christian III., 1535. 

Asser, bp. of Sherburn, the friend and 
biographer of Alfred, d. 910. 

Assessed Taxes trebled, Jan. 4, 1798. 

Absiento Contract, for supplying the 
Spanish colonies with slaves, an article 
in the treaty of Utrecht, 1713 — expires, 
1743 — disputes concerning it, arranged by 
the treaty of commerce with Spain, 1750. 

Assignais issued, in France, Dec. 17, 1789 
— superseded by mandats territoriaux, 
March 18,1796. 

Assise of Jerusalem, framed by Godfrey 
de Bouillon, for the government of his 
kingdom. 1099. 

Assisi, Francis of, or John Bernadoni, 
founds the Order of Franciscans, 1207 — 
d. 1226. 

Association, National, formed by Leices- 
ter to protect the life or avenge the 
death of Elizabeth, 1584. 

Association, Loyal, formed, Nov. 29, 1792 
— meeting in Merchant Tailors' Hall, 
expressive of attachment to the British 
constitution, Dec. 1 — the original decla- 
ration deposited among the records in 
the Tower. 

Association. See British, Catholic, 
and Catholic Defence. 

Assyria, early astronomical observations, 
2234 (2230 H., 2233 C )— conquest of Ba- 
bylon, 2059 (2233 C.)— separation of Ba- 
bylon, 747— revolt of the Medes, 711 C. 
— invasion of, by Alexander, 331 — by 
Trajan, ad. 116 — hy Julian, 363— the 
emperor Maurice gains victories in, 580— 
Heraclius, and his Turkish allies, pene- 
trate into, 627 — conquered by the Sara- 
cens, 637. See Nineveh. 

Assyria, monarchs of, according to the 
2nd Book of Kings, Herodotus, Ctesias, 
Diodorus Siculus, Eusebius, and Layard : 

Nimrod, or Belus, B.C. 2245 (H. 2554, 

C. 2235 ) 
Ninus, 2069 (C. 2182.) 
Semiramis, 2007 (C. 2130.) 
Ninyas, 1965 (C. 2088.) 
Arius, 1927 (C. 2050.) 
Chedorlaomer, 1912 (H. 2070.) 
Araleus, 1897 (C. 2020.) 
Xerxes or Baleus, 1857 (C. 1980.) 
Armanites, 1827 (C. 1950.) 
Belochus, 1789 (C. 1912.) 
Baleus, 1754 (C. 1860.) 
AHades, 1702 (C. 1808 ) 



Assyria, monarchs of ': —cantiuued. 
Mamitus, 1670 (C. 1776.) 
Manchaleus, 1640 (C. 1610.) 
Spherus, 1610 (C 1580.) 
Mamilus, 1590 (C. 1560.) 
Sparetus, 1560 (C. 1530.) 
Ascatades, 1520 (C 1490.) 
Amyntas, 1480 (C. 1450.) 
Belochus. 1435 (C. 1405 ) 
Bellepares, 1410 (C. 1380.) 
Lamprides, 1380 (C. 1350.) 
Sosares, 1348 (C. 1316.) 
Lampares, 1328 (C. 1296 ) 
Panyas, 1298 (C. 1236.) 
Sosarmus, 1253 (C. 1229.) 

Derceto, 1250 La. 
Mithraus, 1234 (C. 1210.) 
Teutamus, 1207 (C. 1186.) 

Divanukha, or Divanurish, 1220 La. 
Teutajus, 1156 (C. 1154.) 
Thineas, 1135 (C. 1114.) 
Anakbarbeth-Hira, or Shimishbal 
Bithkira, 1180 La. 
Dercylus, 1084. 
Mardokempad. 
Mesessimordacus, La. 
Eupales, 1044. 
Laosthenes, 1006. 

Adrammelech I., 1000 La. 
Pyritiades, 961. 
Anaku Merodak. 
Shimish Bar, 960 La. 
Ophrataeus, 931. 

Ashurakbal,or Sardanapalus I. ,930 La. 
Ophratenes, or Ephecheres, 910. 
Mivanubar, 900 La. 
Shamas Adur, or Shamsiyav, 870 Lsu 
Acrazanes, 860. 

Adrammelech II ,840 La. 
Tonosomachus, or Sardanapalus, 818. 
Baldasi, 800 La. 
Ashurkish, 782 La. 
Pul, 777. 

Tiglath-Pileser, 747 (750 La.) 
Shalmanezer, 730. 
Sargon, 722 La. 
Sennacherib, 713 (703 La.)— d. 711 CI. 
Esarhaddon, 711, or Sardanapalus II., 

690 La. 
Asordanus, or Nergilus, 691. 
Adrameles, or Sammughes, 687. 
Axerdis, 670. 
Ashurakhbal, or Sardanapalus III., 
son of Esarhaddon, 663 La. 
Nabuchodonosor, or Sardanapalus, CI., 

650. 
Saracus, or Ninis II., or Sardanapalus, 
CI., 628 — builder of the S.E. edifice 
of Nimroud, La.— overthrown by Ne- 
buchadnezzar, 606. 
Astacus, a town of Bithynia, afterwards 
Nicomedia, built by some Megariaus, 
B.C. 712. 



AST 



58 



ATH 



Asterius, Athenian archon, B.C. 37.3. 

Asterius, bp. of Amasia. 40U. 

Asterius, of Cappadocia, w.ites in favour 
of Arianism, 335 

Asterius, drives the Vandals out of Gal- 
Hcia into the south of Spain, 420. 

Asterius, Turcius Rufus Apronianus, 
consul of Rome, 494. 

As ri, or Asta, besieged by Alaric, 403— 
excommunicated by pope Gregory X., 
for leaguing against Charles, k. of Na- 
ples, 1273— taken by John Palieologus, 
marquis of Montferrat, from Robert, k. of 
Naples ; the expelled Ghibelins restored, 
1339— taken from the Visconti by the 
marquis of Montferrat, 1356— obtained 
by John Galeazzo, count of Vertus, 
1378. 

AsTLEY,lord, attempting to join k. Charles 
I. at Oxford, is routed at Stow-on-the- 
Wold, Mar. 21. 1646. 

Astley's amphitheatre burnt, Sept. 17, 
1794— again, Sept. 2, 1803— again, June 
8, 1841. 

Astolfo, k. of Lombardy, 749 — makes 
himself master of the whole exarchate 
of Ravenna, and threatens Rome, 752— 
surrenders it to Pepin, 754 — breaks his 
engagements, and attacks Rome ; on the 
approach of Pepin, he withdraws his 
forces and is besieged in Pavia— is com- 
pelled to execute the former treaty, and 
give up Commachio, 755 — killed by a 
wild boar. 756. 

Astoroa. taken by Almansor, 983— re- 
covered by Alfonso V.. 1010— its Library 
purchased by the Faculty of Advocates 
at Edinburgh, 1826. 

Astracan, acquired and visited by Peter 
the Great, 1722. 

Astr^ea, the planet or asteroid, discovered 
by Hencke, Dec. 8, 1845. 

Astrolabe, one of La Perouse's ships, 
last heard of, 1788. See Perouse, La. 

Astrologers, Chaldaean, driven out of 
Italy, B.C. 139. 

Astronomical Canon. See Dionysii's. 

Astronomical observations, commence- 
ment of, at Babylon, B.C. 2234 (2230 H., 
2233 C.)— tables of Alfonso X., k. of Cas- 
tile, framed, 1253 — Rodolphine, com- 
menced byTycho Brahe, 1580— continued 
by Kepler, 1601. 

Astures, revolt, and are subdued by Au- 
gustus, B.C. 25. 

Asturias, the Gothic fugitives collect and 
defend themseves in the, 713— another 
band arrives f.:om Cantabria, 722. See 
Goths in Spain. 

Asturius, consul of Rome, 449. 

astyages, k. of Media, B.C. 594. 

Astydamas, writer of tragedies, fl. B.C. 398. 

Astydamas, the Younger, fl. b.c. 372. 



Astylus, Crotoniensis, Olympic victor, 
b.c 488. 

Astylus, Syracusiensis, Olympic victor, 
B.C. 484. 

Astyphilus, Athenian archon, B.C. 420. 

Asylum, Infant Orphan, at Wanstead, first 
stone laid by Prince Albert, 1841. 

Atacinus. See Varro. 

Ataide, Luis de, revives the waning power 
of Portugal in India, 1569. 

Atalanta, the planet, discovered by Mr. 
Goldsmidt at Paris, Oct. 5, 1855. 

Atarn^e, a city of iEolis, to which Aris- 
totle withdraws after the death of Plato, 
b.c. 347. 

Ataulphus. See Adolphus. 

Atella, taken by Hannibal, B.C. 216. See 
Aversa. 

Athalaric, son of Eutharic and Amala- 
sontha, 523— becomes king of Italy, 526 
— d. 534. 

Athali ah, queen of Judah, B.C. 884 — d. 877. 

" Athalir." See Racine. 

Athanagild, k. of the Visigoths; makes 
Toledo his capital, 554— d. 567. 

Athanaric succeeds Hermanric, the 
Gothic chieftain, and concludes peace 
with Valens, 369— resigns his command 
to Fritigern, 376 — visits Theodosius at 
CP., Jan. 11, 381— and dies there, Jan. 
25. 

Athanasian faith defended at the Coun- 
cil of Carthage by Eugenius and the 
other African bps., 484 — they are ba- 
nished to Sardinia by Thorismund, 497. 

Athanasius, instigates Alexander, bp. of 
Alexandria, to call a council against 
Arius, 321— distinguishes himself as se- 
cretary to Alexander, at the Council of 
Nice, by his vehement opposition to the 
Arians, 325 — elected bp. of Alexandria, 
326 — favours the monastic system, and 
patronizes Antony, 328 — disregards the 
vote of the Arian council of Csesarea for 
his deposition, 334 — the synods of Tyre 
and Jerusalem proceed violently against 
him — he has an interview with Constan- 
tine at CP.; the sentence of deposition is 
not enforced, but he is obliged to reside at 
Treves, 335— returns to Alexandria, 338 
— deposed by the synod of Antioch, and 
takes refuge at Rome, where he intro- 
duces the monastic system into western 
Europe, and recommends its adoption, 341 
— supported by a synod held at Rome,342 
— his restoration is voted by the general 
council held a Sardica, 347 — his cause 
is supported by Serapion, bp. of Thmuse, 
348 — Constans threatens to restore 
him by force — he is permitted by Con 
stantius to return, and received by the 
Alexandrians in triumph, 349 — calls the 
monk Antony to Alexandria to assist in 



ATH 



59 



ATH 



Atha if ASICS — continued. 
the conversion of Arians, 352 - condemn- 
ed by the western bps. at the Council of 
Aries, 353— deposed by the Council of 
Milan, 355 — being expelled by violence 
from Alexandria, retires among the 
monks of Thebais, 356 — restored on the 
death of George of Cappadocia, but his 
power exceeding that of the civil gover- 
nor, he is again banished, 362— returns 
to Alexandria, 363 - d. May 2, 373. 

Athanasius 11. See Alexandria, bi- 
shops of. 

Athanasiu3. See Constantinople, pa- 
triarchs of. 

Athelard, abp. of Canterbury, 790 — d. 803. 

Athelney, Alfred withdraws into the isle 
of. 878. 

Athelred, abp. of Canterbury, 870— d. 888. 

Athhlstan, k. of England, 924 — gives his 
sister in marriage to Sihtric, with a part 
of Northumberland, 925 — Sihtric dies, 
and his lands revert to Athelstan, whose 
supremacy is acknowledged by Constan- 
tine III., k. of Scotland, Howel of the 
West Welsh, and Owen of Monmouth 
— his sister, Eadhild, is married to Hugh 
the Great, count of Paiis, 926 —another 
sister, Eadgith, marries Otho, son of 
Henry the Fowler, 930— victorious in 
Scotland, 933 — assists in establishing 
Louis IV. in France, and Alan in Bri- 
tanny— totally defeats a confederation of 
the Scotch and Irish, with the Danes of 
Northumberland, at Brunanburh, 937 — 
d Oct. 22, 940. 

Athelstan, son of Ethelwulf, receives 
from his father the government of Kent, 
Essex, and Sussex, 836 — repulses the 
Danes at Sandwich, 851. 

Athelstan, sent on missions to Rome 
and India by Alfred, 883. 

Athenaeum, and other clubs in London, 
erect splendid buildings for the reception 
of their members, 1829. 

Athen.sus, Athenian archon, B.C. 536. 

Athen^eus, of Naucratis, author of . the 
Deipnosophistse, d. 194. 

Athenagoras, the Christian Platonist, 
addresses his " Apology'' to the empe- 
rors M. Aurelius aud L. Verus, 168. 

Athenais, daughter of the philosopher 
Leontius, married to Theodosius II. ; 
takes the name of Eudoxia at her bap- 
tism, 421. See Eudoxia. 

Athenodortts, a preceptor of Octavius, 
made gov. of Tarsus, B.C. 30 — teaches 
the Stoic philosophy there, a.d. 8. 

Athenodorus, a pupil of Origen at Cses- 
area, 232. 

Athenodorus, supports the rebellion of 
Longinus in Isauria, is captured and put 
to death, 497. 



Athens. See Attica. — Arrival of Ce* 
crops from Egypt, B.C. 1556 (1558 H., 1433 
CI.)— reign of Cranaus, 1506 (1508 If., 
1383 CI.)— of Amphictyon, 1497 (1499 11., 
doubted by CI.)— Panathensean, or Pan- 
hellenic games instituted, 1495 (1481 II.) 
—reign of Erichthonius, 1487 (1489 H.. 
doubted by Cl.)-of Pandion, 1437 (1439 
H., doubted by CI.)— of Erectheus, 1397 
(1399 H., 1383 CI.)— the Athenians in- 
structed in agriculture by Eumolpus, 
1383 (1384 H.)— he introduces the Eleusi- 
nian mysteries, 1356. 

Reign of Cecrops II., 1347 (1349 H., 
1343 CI.)— of Pandion II., 1307 (1309 H., 
1300 CI.)— of ^Egeus, 1283 (1284 H.)-of 
Theseus, 1235 (1236 H., 1^34 Cl.)-of 
Mnestheus, 1205 (1206 H., 1205 CI.)— of 
Deniophoon, 1182— of Oxyates, 1149 (1150 
H., 1148 CI.)— of Aphides, 1137 (1138 II., 
1134 CI.) -of Thymsetes, 1136 (1138 H., 
1133 Cl.)-of Codrus, 1065 (1092 H.)— on 
his death, archons appointed; Medon,hia 
son, the first, 1044 (1070 H.) See the list 
of archons in the Tables ; their name* 
may be found at their respective places 
in this Index. Their rule limited to ten 
years; Cherops, the first, 752 — to one 
year ; Creon, the first, 683. 

Solon gives his code of laws, 594— visit 
of Anacharsis, 592— comedy introduced, 
562 — usurpation of Pisistratus, 560 — 
flight of Solon, 559 — Pisistratus ba- 
nished, 554 — restored, 548 — again ba- 
nished, 547— regains his power, 537 — 
tragedy introduced by Thespis, 535— Pi- 
sistratus collects a public library, 531 — 
d. 527 — his son,Hipparchus,succeeds him 
— Anacreon and Simonides arrive, 525 — 
Chcerilus writes tragedies, 523 — Platsea 
under the protection of Athens, Hippar- 
chus assassinated, 519 — his brother Hip- 
pias succeeds. 514— expelled, with all the 
race of Pisistratidse, and Solon's form of 
government restored, 510. 

Distracted by factions, 508 — assists 
Aristagoras and the Ionian cities with a 
fleet, 500— withdraws, 499— Miltiades re- 
turns from the Chersonesus, 493 — war 
with ^Egina, 491— battle of Marathon, 
Sept. 28. 490. See Greece and Persia. — 
Death of Miltiades, 489— Aristides ba- 
nished, 483 — Athens taken by the Per- 
sians, and abandoned. 480 — retaken and 
despoiled by Mardonius ; Aristides, re- 
called from exile, gains the victory at 
Platsea, and the Persian fleet is defeated 
at Mycale by the archon Xanthippus, 
479 — Athens rebuilt and fortified ; the- 
atre of Bacchus built, 478— becomes su- 
preme in Greece, 477 — the power of the 
Athenians extended to Thrace byCimon, 
475 — banishment of Themistocles, 471. 



ATH 



60 



ATH 



Athens — continued. 

Pericles first takes part in public 
affairs, 469— death of Aristides, 468— 
Naxos subjugated, and the victories of 
the Eurymedon gained by Cimon, 466 — 
Athens adorned with public buildings by 
Cimot and Pericles,464 — Thasos reduced 
to subjection and cruelly treated, 463 — 
Oimon banished ; the power of the Areo- 
pagus reduced, and the common treasury 
brought from Delos by Pericles, 461— 
war with Corinth; the Athenians de- 
feated at Tanagra by the Lacedaemoni- 
ans, 457 — Cimon recalled ; victory over 
the Boeotians at (Enophyta; the long 
walls completed, 456— Tolmides sent to 
assist the Egyptians — JEgina taken, 
455 — Perdiccas of Macedon joins the 
Spartans against Athens; expedition of 
Pericles against Sicyon and Acarnania, 
454— a five years' truce among the Greek 
States settled by Cimon, 450— death of 
Cimon, 449. 

Athens the principal seat of Greek 
philosophy, literature, and art, 448 — 
— the Athenians break the truce, and are 
defeated at Coronea, 447. See Attica. 
— A truce concluded for thirty years, 
445 — the most flourishing period of 
Athens, under the management of Peri- 
cles, 444 — sends a colony under Lampon 
to build Thuriura, in Italy, 443 — the 
Parthenon. Propylsea. and Odeum, 
built by Pericles and Phidias, 442 — siege 
of Samos by Pericles ; performance of 
comedy prohibited, 440 — the statue of 
Minerva by Phidias placed in the Par- 
thenon, 438 — a colony under Agnon sent 
to Amphipolis ; the prohibition of come- 
dy repealed, 437 — the Poikile adorned 
with paintings, 436— the assistance ren- 
dered to Corcyra by Athens leads to the 
Peloponnesian war, 433 — sea- tights off 
Corcyra; Aspasia, Phidias, and Anaxa- 
goras, are accused of impiety ; the latter 
returns to Lampsacus, and Phidias to 
Elis, 432— the Athenians are accused of 
having broken the truce; the war be- 
gins. See Attica. 

Alliance with Sitalces, k. of Thrace, 
431 — plague at Athens ; the Athenians 
repulsed at Epidaurus, 430 — death of Pe- 
ricles; conquest of Potidaea; siege of 
Plataea, 429— siege of Mitylene, 428 — 
conquered, with all Lesbos ; an auxi- 
liary force sent to support Leontium 
against Syracuse ; a faction at Corcyra 
attempts to break the alliance with 
Athens, 427 — Nicias defeats the Lace- 
demonians at Tanagra ; victory of De- 
mosthenes at Olpae; pacific overtures 
of the Peloponnesians rejected. 426 — 
Pylos taken, 425 — the island of Cythera 



Athens — continued. 

taken ; Thucydides, defeated in Thrace, 
loses Amphipolis, 424 — he is banished ; 
truce for a year ; Alcibiades comes for- 
ward in public, 423. 

Hostilities renewed ; the Athenians, 
victorious in Thrace, offer peace, which 
the Peloponnesians refuse ; number of 
citizens in Athens, 20,000, 422 — peace of 
Nicias, 421 — Alcibiades negotiates an al- 
liance with Argos ; Amphipolis retained 
by the Lacedaemonians, 420— hostilities 
renewed ; the Peloponnesus invaded by 
Alcibiades, 419 — victory of the Lacedae- 
monians at Mantinea ; Argos withdraws 
from the alliance, 418—intellectual pur- 
suits not interrupted at Athens by the 
war, 417- the island of Melos conquered, 
416 — expedition to Sicily ; Alcibiades, 
recalled, takes refuge in Sparta, 415 — 
war in Sicily, 414 — Deceiea fortified by 
the Lacedaemonians; disastrous close of 
the Sicilian expedition, 413— desertion 
of the allies of Athens ; her reserve fund 
applied to the expenses of the war, 412. 

Government of the Four Hundred ; 
its framer, Antipho, put to death ; naval 
victory of Cynossema ; Alcibiades re- 
called ; return of Lysias from Thurium ; 
revolt of Eubcea, 411 — victory of Al- 
cibiades near Cyzicus ; proposals of 
peace by the Lacedaemonians, 410 — Ly- 
dia invaded ; Pylos lost, 409 — Selymbria 
and Byzantium taken by Alcibiades, 408 
— he is again banished, 407 — victory of 
Conon off the Arginussae ; offer of peace 
made by the Lacedaemonians again re- 
jected, 406 — battle of ^Egospotamus ; 
destruction of the Athenian fleet, 405— 
Athens taken by Lysander, and dis- 
mantled ; thirty governors appointed by 
him — Thrasybulus retires to Phyle, 404 
■ — he recovers the city, restores the go- 
vernment, and the exiles return, 403 — 
Andocides takes a leading part, 402. 

Expedition of Xenophon into Asia — 
Athens quietly repairs her losses, 401 — 
Socrates put to death, 399 — Plato with- 
draws, travels four years and returns, 
395 — victory of Conon near Cn dus, 394 — 
he harasses the coast of the Peloponnesus, 
rebuilds the long walls of Athens, and 
fortifies the Piraeus, 393 — defeat of Age- 
silaus by Iphicrates ; death of Conon, 
392 — Andocides banished, dies in exile, 
391 — ten ships sent to assist Evagoras in 
Cyprus, are captured by Teleutias ; 
Thrasybulus killed at Aspendus, 390 — 
Agyrrhius is sent to replace him ; 
Iphicrates commands in the Helles- 
pont, 389 — his fleet driven from Abydos 
by Antalcidas the Lacedaemouian : Cha- 
brias »»nt to Cyprus to support Eva- 



ATH 



til 



ATH 



A th ma — continued. 
goras, 388— Androtion takes a leading 
part at Athens, 385. 

The Athenians resolve to assist the 
Thehans, 379 — their hostility to Sparta 
inflamed by the attempt of Sphodrias 
on the Pirseus, 378— improve their ma- 
rine, 377 — defeat the Lacedaemonian 
fleet off Naxos, 376 — jealous of the 
Thehans, make peace with the Lace- 
daemonians, hut renew the war, and 
give the command of their fleet at 
Corcyra to Timotheus, 374— he defeats 
the Lacedaemonians, is accused of mis- 
conducting the war, acquitted, and re- 
tires into Asia, 373— the naval superi- 
ority of Athens maintained by Iphicrates, 
372 — alliance with the Lacedaemonians, 
369 — with Arcadia, 366 — unsuccessful 
expedition against Alexander of Pherse ; 
the trierarchs, who commanded it, are 
prosecuted, 362 — failure of Timotheus 
and Charidemus in their attempt to re- 
gain Amphipolis, 360 — peace with Philip 
of Macedon, 359. 

Expedition against Euboea under Ti- 
motheus, 358 — Social war between the 
Athenians and their former allies ; they 
recover Euboea and the Thracian Cher- 
sonesus ; Chabrias killed at Chios, 357 
— second campaign of the Social war ; 
Samos besieged ; Isocrates counsels 
peace, 356 — persuaded by Eubulus, they 
recognize the independence of the con- 
federated States, and terminate the So- 
cial war, 355 — Timotheus retires to 
Chalcis, and dies there, 354. 

A colony sent to Samos ; first Philippic 
of Demosthenes ; the progress of Philip 
arrested at Thermopylae. 352— victory of 
Phocion at Tamynae, 350 — the Olynthians 
solicit aid; Demosthenes pleads their 
Cause ; troops are sent to support them, 
349— fall of Olynthus and Euboea, 347— 
peace with Philip, 346 — second Philippic 
of Demosthenes, 344— the designs of Phi- 
lip counteracted in Acarnania, at Am- 
bracia, and in the Peloponnesus, 343 — 
Diopithes stationed on the Hellespont, 
. 342— third and fourth Philippics of De- 
mosthenes, 341 — he urges an application 
for aid from Persia, 340— the Athenians, 
united with the Thebans against Philip, 
are defeated at Chaeronea, 338 — Lysicles, 
the Athenian commander at Chaeronea, 
condemned to death ; a decree for bronze 
statues of jEschylus, Sophocles, and 
Euripides, and the public preservation of 
their works, 337. 

The orators of Athens are delivered to 
Alexander, and spared by him, 335 — 
>Eschines, defeated by Demosthenes, 
" De Corona," retires into Asia, 330— 



Athens — continued. 
Demades defends his twelve years' *d* 
ministration, 326 — Demetrius Phalereus 
begins to interfere in politics ; Har- 
palus brings his stolen treasure to 
Athens, 325— is accused of giving bribes; 
Demosthenes retires to Trcezen, 324 — 
comes back, and rouses the Athenians 
to regain their freedom ; they overpower 
Antipater, 323 — are defeated by him at 
Cranon ; admit a Macedonian garrison ; 
give up their orators ; Demosthenes 
poisons himself — 3000 citizens trans- 
planted to Thrace, 322. 

The attempts of Nicanor to obtain 
power are defeated by Polysperchon ; 
Demades put to death, 318- and Pho- 
cion, Hegemon, and Pythocles ; Deme- 
trius Phalereus establishes an oligarchy; 
census, 317. See Attica. — The philoso- 
phers, forbidden to lecture, leave Athens. 
316 —the decree repealed, and they re- 
turn, 315 — Demetrius Phalereus ex- 
pelled by Demetrius Poliorcetes, and the 
democracy restored ; Dinarchus banish- 
ed, 307 — Demochares banished, 302 — 
Lachares makes himself master of 
Athens; is driven out by Demetrius 
Poliorcetes, 299 — Dinarchus returns, 292 
— the Pythian games held at Athens, 
290— Gorgias, archon ; a statue raised to 
Demosthenes, 280 — Anaxicrates, archon, 
279 — Democles, archon ; the four schools 
of Athens are headed by Strato, Zeno, 
Epicurus, and Arcesilaus, 278 — Pytha- 
ratus, archon, 271. 

Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, 
268 — Diognetus, archon, 264 — Athens 
joins the Achaean league, 229 — attacked 
by Philip V., k. of Macedon, seeks aid 
from Rome, 201 — visited by Attalus L, 
k. of Pergamus, 200— declared free by 
the Romans, 188 — embassy of Carneades, 
Diogenes, and Critolaus, to Rome, to ob- 
tain remission of a fine, 155— Crassus, 
while Roman praetor, hears the philoso- 
phers of the New Academy and the Pe- 
ripatetics, 111 — Athens, having declared 
in favour of Mithridates, is besieged by 
Sylla,87— taken, 86— the library of Apel- 
licon removed to Rome, 84 — Cicero stu- 
dies at Athens, 79 — Theophimus, archon, 
62— Herocles, archon, 60— Cicero sends 
hisson to be educated there by Cratippus, 
44 — Horace taken from his studies at, to 
join the army of Brutus, 42 — Antony re- 
mains there with his bride, Octavia, 39. 

Dinophilus, archon, A.n. 49 — Paul de- 
fends himself before the Areopagus, 52 — 
Dionysodorus, archon, 53 — Conon, archon, 
56 — Thrasyllus, 61 — Demostratus, (\H 
— Hadrian," 112 — Macrinus, 116 — Ha- 
drian winters there, 122 — again, and 



ATH 



62 



ATT 



Athens — continued. 
adorns the city with the Olympeium, 
theatres, and other edifices, 125 — pre- 
sides there at public games, 126 — again 
winters there, patronizes the learned and 
enlarges the libraries, 129 — Hadrian 
again visits and dedicates the temple of 
Jupiter Olympius, and makes the gift 
of Cephalonia, 135 — Herodes Atticus 
constructs a stadium of white marble 
and other splendid buildings, 143 — Apu- 
leins studies there, 149 — M. Aurelius 
delivers popular lectures there, 176. 

Plundered by some Gothic tribes, who 
are expelled by Dexippus. 267 — Libani- 
us declines an invitation to Athens, 352 
— Julian visits, 354-355 — Gregory of 
Nazianzus, and Basil of Cassarea, study 
there, 355 — Julian addresses his letter 
to the citizens, 361 — taken by Alaric, k. 
of the Visigoths, 396 — Justinian's edict 
closes the schools of philosophy at 
Athens, 529. 

Visited by the emperor Basil II., 1019 
— plundered by Roger, k. of Sicily, 1146 
— made a Latin duchy by Otho de la 
Roche, 1204 — Walter de Brienne, duke, 
1308 — conquered by the Catalans, who 
make Roger Deslau duke. 1311 — Man- 
fred of Sicily invited, 1326 — taken by 
Nerio Acciaiuoli, gov. of Corinth, 1386 
— Phranza is sent by Constantine, despot 
of the Morea, to negotiate for its sur- 
render, 1435 — conquered by the sultan, 
Mahomet II., 1456 — taken by the Vene- 
tians, under Victor Capello, 1466 — re- 
stored to the Ottomans by the treaty of 
peace, 1479 — taken by the Venetians; 
during the siege, the Parthenon is in- 
jured by the explosion of a powder- 
magazine, 1687 — the Greeks fail in an 
attempt to relieve the Acropolis — 
besieged by the Turco-Egyptians, 1827 
— becomes the capital of the kingdom 
of Greece, 1833— blockaded by a British 

' fleet, 1850 — occupied by a French force, 
1854. 

Athens, New ; its aqueducts commenced 
by Hadrian; completed by Antoninus 
Pius, 140. 

Atherades, Olympic victor, B.C. 700. 

Athlone, gen. Ginkel created earl of, 
1691— destroys the French magazines at 
Givet, 1696. See Aughrim, battle of. 

Athol, the earl of, murders James I,, k. 
of Scotland, at Perth, Apr. 20, 1437. 

Athol, duke of, his sovereign rights in 
the isle of Man purchased by parliament, 
1765. 

Athos, Mount, disaster- of the Persian 
fleet when passing it, B.C. 491 — the 
foolish superstition of its monks ex- 
cites a controversy with Barlaam, 1341 



— Cantacuzene retires among them, 
1360. 

Athotks, invention of hieroglyphics by, 
b.c. 2112 (known in the time of Menes, 
Leps.) 

Athv, operations of the Irish peat company 
commenced at, Dec. 8, 1851. 

Atilianus, consul of Rome, 135. 

Atilius, praetor, Roman ambassador to 
Greece, B.C. 192. 

Atilius, L., one of the first military 
tribunes of Rome, B.C. 444. 

Atlantic, explored by the Almogavares, 
or Adventurers, who sail from Lisbon, 
1014. 

Atlas, the supposed era of, b.c. 1580 (1180 
C.) 

Atlas, Mount, Abderahman conceals him- 
self in its valleys, 750. 

Atmospheric Railway, between Kings- 
town and Dalkey (Ireland), opened, Mar. 
29, 1844. 

Atea, besieged by Sept. Severus, 199. 

Atratinus, A. Sempronius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 497, 491. 

Atratinus, C. Sempronius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 423. 

Atratinus, L. Sempronius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 444. 

Atratinus, A. Sempronius, military tri- 
bune of Rome, B.C. 425, 416. 

Atratinus, A. Sempronius, one of the 
first military tribunes of Rome, abdicates 
in three months, b.c. 444. 

Atratinus, A. Sempronius, consul of Rome, 
89. 

Atsiz, Malek Shah's lieutenant, conquers 
Syria from the Fatimites of Egypt, and 
takes Jerusalem, 1076. 

Attalus I., k. of Pergamus, attacked by 
the Galatians, whom he defeats, k.c. 241 

— assists Antiochus against Achseus, 215 
— the Romans send a fleet to assist him, 
208 — he defeats Philip V. of Macedon in 
a naval battle, 201 — visits Athens, 200 — 
d. 197. 

Attalus TI., k. of Pergamus, b.c. 159 — 
supported in war against Prusias by 
the Romans, 156— d. 138. 

Attalus III., k. of Pergamus, B.C. 138— 
d. 133, having bequeathed his kingdom 
and all his wealth to the Romans. 

Attalus, appointed emperor by Alaric on 
the condition of his sparing Rome, 409 — 
deposed by him, 410 — sent a prisoner to 
Ravenna, and afterwards banished to 
Lipari, 416. 

Attendolo. See Sforza. 

Atterbury, Francis, b. 1662 — made bp. 
of Rochester and dean of Westminster, 
July 3, 1713— committed to the Tower, 
Aug. 24, 1722— banished, May 27, 1723— 
d. 1732. 



ATJB 



63 



AUG 



Attica, kingdom of, founded by the Pe- 
lasgi, time uncertain ; first known king, 
Ogyges, b.c. 1796— flood in his time, 1764. 
See Athens.— Invaded by the Lacedae- 
monians, 445, 431, 430', 428, 427, 425, 413 
—total population, 527,000,. . 317. 

Atticus, T. Pomponius, b. B.C. 109 — goes 
to Athens, 87 — returns to Rome, 65 — 
Cicero sends him a history of his own 
consulate in Greek, 60— d. 32. 

Atticus, consul of Home, 397. 

Atticus. See Constantinople, bps. of. 

Atticus, A. Manlius Torquatus, consul of 
Rome, b.c. 244, 241. 

Atticus, C. Vettius, consul of Rome, 242. 

Atticus, M. Vestinus, consul of Rome, 65. 

Atticus. See Herodes. 

Attigni, in Ardennes, Diet of, 822. 

Attila, son of Mundzuk, succeeds with his 
brother Bleda, their uncle Rugilas, as 
joint kings of the Huns, and dictates 
terms of peace to the Eastern empire, 
433 — attacks the Burgundians, 435— in 
alliance with the Romans, defeated by 
the Visigoths at Toulouse, 439 — takes 
Singidunum and Naissus, 441 — murders 
Bleda, and reigns alone, 444 — makes a 
treaty of peace with Theodosius II., 447 
— receives ambassadors from him, 448 — 
a plot of the Romans to murder him is 
atoned for by a heavy tribute, 449 — de- 
mands the princess Honoria in marriage, 
and determines to support the claim 
made by a brother of Meroveus to the 
throne of the Franks, 450 — invades Gaul, 
commits great havoc, and besieges Or- 
leans ; defeated at the battle of Chalons 
(sur Marne) by Aetius, retires into Pan- 
nonia, 451 — having recruited his army, 
he advances into Italy, and destroys 
Aquileia ; Leo, bishop of Rome, and two 
other ambassadors, by paying a large 
sum of money, induce him to withdraw 
beyond the Danube, 452 — d. 453. 

Attius, or Accius, writes tragedies, B.C. 
140— his " Tereus " appears, 103. 

Attock, taken by the Affghans, Jan. 10 — 
evacuated by them, March 17, 1849. 

Attwood, Thomas, the banker, heads the 
Birmingham Political Union, Feb. 1, 1831 . 

Atyras, a river of Thrace, near which 
Belisarius repels the Bulgarians, 559. 

Aubeboche, battle of; Henry, earl of Der- 
by, defeats the Count de Lisle, and 
takes him prisoner, 1345. 

Aubigne, Francoise, &. 1635 — married to 
Scarron, 1651 — Louis XIV. gives the 
lands of Maintenon to her after her hus- 
band's death, 1674. See Maintenon, 
Madame de. 

Aubriot, provost of Paris, lays the first 
stoue of the Bastile, April 22, 1370. 

Aubusson, Sir Peter d' ; grand master of 



Rhodes, 1476— repels the assault of tha 
Turks, July 26, 1480 — is elected a car- 
dinal, 1489— d. June 30, 1503. 

Auca (Occa) on the Ebro ; the Saracens are 
defeated near, by Ramiro II. and Fer- 
dinand, count of Castile, 934. 

Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, takes Montevideo. 
Feb. 2, 1807 — captures Batavia and all 
the Dutch settlements in Java, Aug. 26, 
1811. 

Auckland, Lord, dinner of the E.I.C. 
directors to, on his appointment to be 
Governor-general, Sept. 5, 1835— returns 
to England, 1842— d. 1849. 

Aud^us, propagates the Anthroporaor- 
phite heresy, 341. 

Audefleda, sister of Clovis, married to 
Theodoric, Ostrogothic k. of Italy, 496. 

Audley, Lord, killed in the battle of Blore- 
lieath, Sept. 23, 1459. 

Audley, Lord, heads the Cornish insur- 
rection, marches into Kent, is defeated 
on Blackheath, June 22— and executed 
1497. 

Audley, Sir Thomas, appointed lord chan- 
cellor, 1532. 

Audubon, I. J., 6. 1775— d. 1851. 

Auerstadt, battle of, Oct. 14, 1806. See 
Jena. 

Auerswald, Majrr Von, murdered, Sept. 
18, 1848. 

AuGEREAu,Gen.,establishestheascendancy 
of the moderate party in France, 1797. 

Aughrim, or Athlone, battle of ; the Irish 
defeated by Gen. Ginkel ; the French 
gen., St. Ruth, slain, July 12, 1691. 

Augsburg, Diet of, 952— battle of; the 
Hungarians defeated by Otho I., 955 — 
taken by Guelf IV., duke of Bavaria, 1088 
— Diet of, 1275 — Protestant confession of, 
presented to the Diet, June 25, 1530 — de- 
cree of the Diet against it, Nov. 19 ; 
Diet, where an interim is prepared 
which satisfies neither Protestants nor 
Catholics, 1548 — Diet of, confirms the 
treaty of Nassau, Sept. 25, 1555 — league 
of, by which the principal continental 
states unite to resist France, 1686 — 
taken by the French, 1703 — recovered by 
Marlborough and prince Eugene, 1704 — 
taken by the French, Oct. 10, 1805. 

Augur, consul of Rome, 121. 

Augur, Cn. Corn. Lentulus, consul of 
Rome, b.c. 14. 

Augurinus, C. Minucius, consul of Rome, 
b c 458— besieged in his camp by the 
JEqu\, 458. 

Augurinus, M. Genucius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 445. 

Augurinus, M. Minucius, consul of Korae, 
b.c. 497, 491. 

Augurinus, P. Minucius, consul of Rome, 
b.c.492. 



AUG 



64 



AUM 



Augurinus, Q. Minucius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 457. 

Augurinus, Tib. Minucius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 305. 

Augurinus, L. Minucius, appointed prse- 
fectus annonse, B.C. 439. 

Augurinus, C. Serius. consul of Rome, 156. 

Augurinus, consul of Rome, 132. 

Augusta, title given to the mothers and 
wives of some of the emperors ; to Ma- 
maea, mother of Alex. Severus, 223 — to 
Helena, mother of Constantine, 317 — to 
Eudoxia, wife of Theodosius II., 423. 

Augusta of Saxe Gotha, marries Frederic, 
prince of Wales, April 27, 1736— d. Feb. 
8, 1772. 

Augusta, daughter of Frederic, prince of 
Wales, and afterwards duchess of Bruns- 
wick, b. Aug. 11, 1737— d. March 23, 1813. 

Augusta Sophia, daughter of George III., 
b. Nov. 8, 1768— d. 1840. 

Augusta, princess of Bavaria, marries 
Eugene Beauharnais, Jan. 14, 1806. 

Augusta, princess of Hesse Cassel, marries 
the duke of Cambridge, May 7, 1818. 

Augustan History, written by Trebellius 
Pollio and Flavius Vopiscus, 291 — by 
^Slius Spartianus, 297. 

Augustine, b. Nov. 13, 354 — visits Rome, 
383 — Milan, 385— writes "De Beata 
Vita," 386 — ordained bp. of Hippo Re- 
gius. 395 — begins to write " De Civitate 
Dei," 411 — writes against Pelagius, 415 
— names Eradius as his coadjutor and 
successor, 426 — completes " De Civitate 
Dei," 428— d. at Hippo Regius, Aug. 28, 
430. 

Augustine, sent to preach Christianity in 
Britain, well received by Ethelbert, k. of 
Kent, and a dwelling is assigned him in 
Canterbury, 596— goes to Aries, and is 
ordained bp. of the English, 597 — epistle 
of Gregory to, 601 — founds the cathedral 
and abbey of Canterbury, 602 — d. May 
26, 604. 

Augustine order of mendicant friars, es- 
tablished, 1256. 

Augustodunum. See Autun. 

Augustus. See Octavius. — He takes the 
title of Augustus in the fifth year of his 
reign, B.C. 27, in which year he visits 
Spain and Gaul, and projects only an 
incursion into Britain; checks a revolt 
of the Cantabri and Astures, returns to 
Rome, and again closes the temple of 
Janus, 25 — the tribunitian power voted 
to him for life ; refuses to give up Tiri- 
dates to the Parthians, 23 — the sixth 
book of the jEneid recited to him and his 
sister Octavia by Virgil, 22— regulates 
the police of Rome, and appoints Agrip- 
pa prefect, of the City, 21 — travels 
through Italy and Greece and winters at 



Augustus — continued. 
Samos, 21 — regulates all the dependent 
states of Greece and Asia, sends Tiberius 
into Armenia ; puts an end to the con- 
fusion there, and makes Tigranes king ; 
recovers the trophies and prisoners taken 
by the Parthians from Crassus and An- 
tony ; again winters at Samos, 20 — re- 
turns to Rome, Oct. 12, 19 — the empire 
again voted to him for five years, renew- 
able at its expiration, 18 — celebrates the 
secular games ; adopts the two sons of 
Agrippa ; orders the .dSneid to be pub- 
lished ; visits Greece, 17 — repairs the 
Roman road in Spain, and extends it to 
Cadiz, 14 — returns to Rome, 13— assumes 
the office of Pontifex Maximus, 12— com- 
pletes the theatre of Marcellus, 11 — 
again visits Gaul, 10— his imperial power 
again renewed for ten years, and the 
name of the month Sextilis changed to 
that of August in his honour, 8 — orders 
a general survey and reparation of the 
water courses, 5 — divides Judaea among 
the sons of Herod, 3— provides splendid 
games for the people, and a representation 
of a naval battle ; banishes his daughter 
Julia to the isle of Pandataria, 2 — sends 
his grandson Caius to frustrate the 
designs of Phraates in Armenia, 1 — ap- 
pointed for a fourth term of ten yearn, 
a.d. 3 — adopts Marcus and Tiberius, 4 — 
banishes Archelaiis, and makes Judaea a 
Roman province, 6 — banishes Ovid, 8— 
defeat of' Varus, 9 — a fifth ten years' term 
of imperial rule voted to him, 13— d. 
Aug. 9, 14. 

Augustus, the imperial title of all future 
sovereigns of Rome ; distinguished from 
that of Caesar by Vespasian to Titus, 71 
— by Hadrian to JElius Verus, 136 — by 
Antoninus Pius to M. Aurelius, 139 — by 
Diocletian to Constantius Chlorus and 
Galerius, 292 — and thenceforth perma- 
nently. 

Augustus, duke of Brunswick, 1633-1636. 

Augustus, elector of Saxony, 1553 — settles 
the differences among the princes of the 
family by the treaty of Naumburg, 1554 
— d. 1586. See Saxony, electors of, and 
kings of; and Poland, kings of. 

Augustus Frederic, hereditary prince of 
Hesse Homburg, marries the princes* 
Elizabeth, May 7, 1818. 

Augustus Frederic, sixth son of George 
III., b. Jan. 27, 1773. See Sussex, duke 
of. 

Aulic Council, the, established by the 
emperor Maximilian, 1501. 

Aulus. See Albi.nus. 

Aumale, count of, slain at Verneuil, Aug. 
16, 1424. 

Aumale, duke d', son of Louis Philippe* 



AUR 



65 



AUS 



attempt to assassinate, Sept. 13, 1841 — 
appointed governor of Algeria, 1847. 

Aubay, battle of, Bertrand du Guesclin de- 
feated and captured by the Breton forces 
under John Chandos, Sept. 29, 1364. 

Aubelian, b. 214 — lieutenant of the em- 
perors Valerian and Gallienus, repels 
the Goths, 257 — on the death of Clau- 
dius II., is acknowledged emperor, 270 
— makes peace with the Goths and re- 
linquishes Dacia to them, transferring 
that name to another province ; confirms 
the decree of the council of Antioch, and 
expels Paul of Samosata, 270 — drives 
the Marcomanni and Gutungi over the 
Danube, and grants peace to the "Vandals ; 
rebuilds the walls of Rome, 271— pro- 
ceeds to the East against Zenobia, en- 
counters some Goths in Thrace, and 
drives them out of the empire ; takes 
Tyana, Emesa, and Antioch, 272 — Pal- 
myra surrenders to him, he takes Ze- 
nobia pi'isoner, and puts Longinus to 
death; returns to Europe, 273 — defeats 
Tetricus at Chalons; having reunited 
all the broken-up parts of the empire, he 
celebrates a splendid triumph at Rome, 
and treats generously his captives Ze- 
nobia and Tetricus; dedicates a temple 
to the sun, improves the city, and re- 
gulates the general system of govern- 
ment, 274 — marches to attack Persia, and 
is assassinated by Mucapor, between 
Heraclea and Byzantium, March 20, 275. 

Aurelianus, consul of Rome, 400. 

Aurelius, M., b. 121 — educated by M. 
Fronto, Sextus of Chseronea, and all the 
most celebrated teachers in Rome, 133 — 
adopted by Antoninus with the title of 
Caesar, and married to his daughter 
Faustina, 139 — invested with the Tri- 
bunitian power, 147 — becomes joint em- 
peror with L. Verus, 161 — Hermogenes 
lectures before him, 163 — sends his 
daughter Lucilla to Ephesus, where she 
is married to Verus; corresponds with 
his former tutor Fronto, 164 — celebrates 
a triumph with Verus for the Parthian 
war, 166 — proceeds to Aquileia against 
the Marcomanni accompanied by Verus, 
167 — secures Italy against invasion; 
hears and acquits Herodes Atticus, 168— 
bj the death of Verus becomes sole em- 
peror; his over-indulgence blinds him to 
the vices of Faustina and Commodus, 
and he allows her to introduce a court 
exclusiveness, 169 — the war against the 
Marcomanni continued, he resides at 
Carnuntum ; appoints Alexander of Co- 
tyaeum his Greek secretary,170— receives 
Melito's apology for Christianity, 172 — 
makes a short visit to Rmue ; after his 
return to the army, the German tribes 



Aurelius — continued. 
are entirely defeated, which gives rise to 
the fable of the " Thundering Legion," 
174 — goes to the East, accompanied by 
the empress, who dies near Mount Tau- 
rus, where Faustinopolis is built, in 
honour of her, 175 — settles the affairs of 
the East at Smyrna, where the philo- 
sopher Aristides is presented to him, and 
he attends his lectures ; gives lectures 
himself at Athens, then returns to Rome 
and celebrates a triumph, 176 — allows the 
Christians to be persecuted in Gaul, 177 
— the aggressions of the Germans re- 
quire his presence ; he purposes to keep 
them in check by constituting two new 
provinces to the north of the Danube, 
178 — successful campaign against the 
Marcomanni, 179 — d. March 17, 180. 

Aurelius, Victor, fl. 358 — completes his 
" De Csesaribus," 360 — proconsul of Pan- 
nonia, and is honoured by Julian with a 
statue, 362. 

Aurelius assassinates Froila, and makes 
himself k. of the Goths in Spain, 768 — 
too weak to control the intestine divisions 
of his kingdom, obtains peace by paying 
a tribute to Abderahman, 769 — gives his 
sister Adosinda in marriage to Silo, and 
makes him heir to the throne, 771 — d. 774. 

AuREOLUS,defeats and slays Macrianus, and 
is proclaimed emperor by his army, 262 
— Gallienus treats with him, 263 — in- 
vades Italy and takes Milan, 267 — be-, 
sieged there by Gallienus, taken and put 
to death by Claudius, 268. 

Auricular Confession, enforced by the 
Fourth Lateran Council, 215. 

Auroka frigate lost on her passage to the 
East Indies, 1771. 

Auruncus, Post. Comin., consul of Rome, 
B.C. 501, 493 II. 

Aurungzkbe, dethrones his father Shah 
Jehan, and occupies the Mogul sove- 
reignty of India, 1658— d. 1707. 

Ausonius, D. Magnus, the poet, preceptor 
of Gratian, son of Valentinian, 370 — pre- 
fect in Gaul and consul, 379 — concludes 
his Fasti, 382 — friend of Paulinus, 393— 
d. 394. 

Austerlitz, battle of; total defeat of the 
combined Austrian and Russian army, 
by Napoleon I., Dec. 2, 1805. 

Austealia, first discovery of gold in, May 
14, 1851 — more extensive, Dec. 10. See 
New Holland, New South Wales, 
Van Dieman's Land, and Botany Bay. 

Austrasia, East France, or kingdom of 
Metz, on the death of Chlotair, is the por- 
tion of his son Sigebert I., 561— he is slain 
by his brother, Chilperic, and succeeded 
by his son, Childebert II., 575— on who«A 
death his son, Theodebert II., takes 



AUS 



66 



AUS 



A ubts abia — conti n ued. 
Austrasia, 596 — reunited with Burgundy 
to Neu stria by Chlotair II., 613 — again 
divided on the death of Dagobert I., and 
Austrasia is inherited by Sigebert II., 
638 — Grimoald, mayor of the palace, 
attempts to place his son on the throne, 
falls in the struggle, and Chlotair III. 
becomes sole king of France, 656 — years 
of confusion and intestine war follow ; 
Dagobert II., son of Sigebert II., is 
placed upon the throne of Austrasia, 674 
— murdered, and his dominions are ruled 
by Pepin of Heristal, and Martin, with 
the title of dukes, 680— Pepin gains the 
battle of Testry, and is master of France, 
allowing nominal kings in Neustria, 687 
— having founded the Carlovingian dy- 
nasty, he dies, 714 — his son, Charles 
Martel, retains the same ascendancy as 
duke of Austrasia, 715 — defeats the 
Neustrians at Amblef, 716 — at Vincy, 
717 — the Saracens near Tours, 732 — oc- 
cupies Aquitaine and Gascony, 735 — sole 
ruler of France, 737 — exacts tribute from 
the Saxons of the Lippe, 738 — unites with 
Liutprand of Lombardy to expel the 
Saracens, 739 — d. Oct. 22, 741 — his son 
Carloman takes Austrasia ; retires to 
Monte Casino, and gives up his terri- 
tories to his brother Pepin the Short, 
747. See Pepin, Charlemagne, East 
France, and Franconia. 

Austregildis, wife of Gontran, k. of Or- 
leans and Burgundy, d . ; her physicians, 
Nicolaus and Donatus, are put to death, 
580. 

Austria, the Noricum of the Romans, con- 
quered and made a province during the 
Pannonian wars of Augustus, between 
B.C. 8 and a.d. 9 — in the decline, and 
after the fall of the Western Empire, 
occupied successively by different tribes 
till the Avars or Huns obtain perma- 
nent possession, 568— taken from them 
by Charlemagne, peopled by him with a 
German colony, and called the Eastern 
March, or Oesterrtieh, whence its present 
name, 799 — in the division of his empire, 
attached to Bavaria, and held by the 
Guelph family. See Bavaria. 

Taken from Henry II. by the empress 
regent Theophania, and given to Leo- 
pold, count of Bamberg, with the title of 
margrave, 984 — reunited when the mar- 
grave Leopold III. receives Bavaria 
from the emperor Conrad III., 1138^he 
is succeeded by his brother, Henry IX., 
1142 — the emperor Fred. Barbarossa, in 
his pacification of Germany, erects Aus- 
tria into a separate duchy for Henry IX., 
who resigns the rest of Bavaria to Hen- 
ry the Lion, 1153. 



Austria — continued. 

Duke Frederic attempts to obtain the 
crown of Hungary, and is defeated by 
Bela IV., 1235 — defeated again, and 
slain, 1246 — Austria annexed to Bohemia 
by Ottocar II., 1253— resigned by him 
to the emperor Rudolf of Habsburg, 1276 
— he endeavours to recover it, 1277 — 
finally annexed to the House of Habs- 
burg, 1278 — Rudolf invests his son, Al- 
bert, with the duchy, 1282. See Gbb- 
many, and Switzerland. 

Acquisition of the Tyrol, 1363 — treaty 
of Union between Bohemia and Austria, 
1364 — invaded by the Hungarians, 1446 — 
created an archduchy by the empe- 
ror Frederic IV., 1453 — the Netherlands 
acquired by the marriage of Maximilian 
to Mary, heiress of the deceased duke of 
Burgundy, 1477 — the marriage of their 
son, Philip, to Joanna, daughter of Fer- 
dinand and Isabella, forms the connection 
with Spain, 1496 — treaty for the marri- 
ages designed to unite Hungary and 
Bohemia with Austria, 1506 — they are 
solemnized, 1521— the union effected, 
1526. 

On the death of Maximilian, his 
eldest grandson, Charles, k. of Spain, 
succeeds in the Netherlands, and the 
youngest, Ferdinand, in the States of 
Austria, 1519— the Thirty Years' War 
begins, 1618. See Germany and Aus- 
trians. — To check this growing power, 
a league is formed by Venice, Savoy, and 
the United Provinces, 1619 — alliance 
with Spain and Savoy to resistthe claims 
of France on Mantua, 1628— troops 6ent 
to occupy the Valteline, 1629 — incorpora- 
tion of the Tyrol, 1665— the archduke 
Charles claims the crown of Spain ; his 
brother, the emperor Leopold, in alliance 
with Great Britain and Holland, com- 
mences the Spanish succession war, 1701. 
See Germany, and Austrians. 

Charles succeeds his brother, Joseph 
I. ; is elected emperor of Germany, and 
relinquishes Spain, 1711 — by the treaty 
of Rastadt, the Netherlands are re-an- 
nexed to Austria, and Naples, Sardinia, 
and Milan acquired, 1714 — Barrier treaty 
with the United Provinces, 1715 — 
Charles obtains the assent of his heredi- 
tary States to his Pragmatic Sanction, 
which secures the succession of his 
daughter, Maria Theresa, 1723 — it is ac- 
knowledged by Spain, 1725 — guaranteed 
by Great Britain, 1731 — Maria Theresa 
marries Francis Stephen, duke of Lor- 
raine, afterwards grand duke of Tuscany, 
1736— succeeds her father, 1740— is at- 
tacked by Prussia, France, Bavaria, and 
Saxony ; appeals to the loyalty of oei 



AUS 



AUT 



A ustma — con tinued. 
subjects ; enthusiasm in her cause ; 
George II. of Great Britain, and Charles 
Emanuel, of Sardinia, are the only sove- 
reigns who respect their obligations as 
guarantees of the Pragmatic Sanction, 
1741. See Germany, and Austrians. 

Secret alliance with Russia, 1753 — 
alliance with France, and Seven Years' 
War, 1756. See Germany, and Austri- 
ans. — Maria Theresa joins the combi- 
nation against Poland, and marches an 
army into the country, 1771 — receives 
her share of the first partition, 1772 — 
d. 1780— her son, Joseph II., attempts 
great reforms, 1781 — is opposed by his 
nobles and the pope, 1782 —Francis II. 
shares in the second partition of Po- 
land, 1793. For the coalitions against 
France, in 1792, 1799, 1805, 1809, and 
1813, see Germany; Austria, Charles, 
Archduke of, and Austrians. 

Francis II. relinquishes and abo- 
lishes the title of emperor of Germany, 
and takes that of Francis I. as heredi- 
tary emperor of Austria, 1804 — joins the 
"Holy Alliance," 1815— sends an army, 
and crushes the revolution in Naples ; 
imprisons Alexander Ipsilanti on his 
flight from Greece, 1821 — recalls his am- 
bassador from Madrid; Great Britain 
agrees to accept from him £2,500,000 in 
full payment of loans of £30,000,000, 
1823 — he releases Ipsilanti, 1828 — d. 
1835. 

His son and successor, Ferdinand, 
confides in his minister, Metternich ; 
Cracow annexed to Austria, 1846 — the 
Italian provinces demand reforms ; Met- 
ternich declares against them ; general 
insurrection ; he resigns and takes 
flight; the emperor Ferdinand leaves Vi- 
enna, and gives up his crown to his 
brother, Francis Joseph, 1848. 

Assisted by Russia to put down the 
revolt in Hungary ; defeat of Charles 
Albert by Radetzky ; the grand duke of 
Tuscany restored by Austrian troops, 
1849 — Austria requires Turkey to give 
up Kossuth and other fugitives, Aug. 
23 — meeting of the emperors of Aus- 
tria and Russia at Warsaw ; the com- 
motions in Hesse Cassel repressed by 
an Austrian army; threatened collision 
with Prussia; the emperor Francis Jo- 
seph proposes a mutual disarming, 1850 
— unites with Prussia to restore the 
authority of the king of Denmark in 
Holstein and Schleswig, 1851 — visits 
Berlin, 1852 — wounded by an assassin ; 
meets the emperor Nicholas at Olmutz, 
1853 — enters into a treaty of alliance 
with Great Britain and France ; occupies 



i Austria — continued. 

the principalities, 1854— proposes four 
conditions of peace, and sends count 
Alexander Esterhazy to Petersburg 
to urge their acceptance, 1855 — joins in 
the negotiations in Paris, and concurs in 
the treaty of peace ; resists the inter- 
ference of the pope with heretical books, 
1856. 

Austria, Charles, archduke of, o. 1771 — 
takes the command of the Austrian army 
in Suabia; falls back on the Danube, 
July 1796 — is defeated by Moreau at Ne- 
resheim, Aug. 10 ; defeats Bernadotte at 
Neumarck, Aug. 23, and Jourdan at 
Wtirzburg, Sep. 3 ; lays siege to Kehl, 
Oct. 26 — captures it, Jan. 9, 1797 — takes 
the command in Italy; is defeated by 
Bonaparte on the Tagliamento, March 
16— crosses the Lech, March 4, 1799 — 
defeats Jourdan at Stockach, March 22 ; 
and drives him back to the Rhine ; re- 
signs the command of the Austrian army 
April, 1800 — passes the Inn, April 9, 
1809— d. 1847. 

Austria, archduke John, defeated by Mo- 
reau on the Traun, Dec. 3, 1800— elected 
regent of Germany, 1848— resigns. 1849. 

Austrians, defeated at Breitenfeld by Tors- 
tenson, 1642— at Villa Viciosa, by the 
Duke de Vendome, Dec. 20, 1710— recover 
Messina, and all Sicily, 1719— defeated 
by count Montemar at Bitonto, May 27, 
1734— by the k. of Prussia at Molwitz, 
1741 — and in Saxony, 1745 — in con- 
junction with the k. of Sardinia, drive 
the French out of Italy, 1746— besiege 
Genoa, March 31; raise the siege, June 
10, 1747 — invade Prussia; advance to 
Berlin, Oct. 17 ; retire before the prince 
of Anhalt Dessau; take Schweidnitz, 
Nov. 12 ; defeat the prince of Bevern, 22 ; 
take Breslau, 25 ; are defeated by Fre- 
deric the Great at Lissa, Dec. 5, 1757 — 
lose Schweidnitz ; defeat Frederic at 
Hochkirch, 1758 — take Leipsic and Dres- 
den, 1759 — in concert with the Russians, 
take Berlin, Oct. 9, 1760 — reduce 
Schweidnitz, 1761 — sanguinary cam- 
paigns in Italy, Germany, and Switzer- 
land, 1796, 1799— defeated at Marengo, 
June 14, 1800— at Austerlitz, Dec. 2, 
1805 — peace concluded at Presburg, 
Dec. 20 — battles of Aspern and Essling, 
May 22, 1809— and of Wagram, July 5, 
of Leipzic, Oct. 16-19, 1813 — repulsed 
at Goito, May 30, 1848 — reoccupy Milan, 
Aug. 6 — invest Comorn, Jan. 3, 1849. 

Autharis, k. of Lombardy, 574 — recog- 
nized by the turbulent dukes, 584: — d. 
591. 

Auto da fe at Lisbon, where Malagrida 
and fifty others are burnt, Sep. 29> 1761. 
v 2 



AYE 



68 



ATO 



Automenes, last k. of Corinth, B.C. 746. 

Autosthenes, Athenian archon, B.C. 
668. 

Autronius, P., elected consul of Rome, hut 
set aside and punished for bribery, B.C. 
65. 

Autun, the ancient Augustodunum, En- 
menius, professor of rhetoric there, en- 
deavours to restore its schools, 299 — 
addresses his Orat. Panegyric, to Con- 
stantine there, 310— obtains from him a 
remission of taxation for Autun, 311 — 
Magnentius revolts, 350— reduced by the 
Saracens, 725 — Ermengarda, queen of 
Provence, after surrendering Vieune, 
returns to Autun, 882 — council of, ex- 
communicates Philip of France, 1094. 

Auvergne, invaded by Euric, k. of the 
Visigoths, 470— ceded to him by Ecdi- 
cius, 474. 

Auximum (now Osimo), surrendered to 
Belisarius, 539. 

Ava, a British embassy received at, Sept. 
17, 1855. 

Avars, send an embassy to Justinian, 557 
—to Justin II., 565— succeed the Longo- 
bardi and Gepidse in Pannonia, 568— in- 
vade Thrace, but are repulsed by Tibe- 
rius, 570— defeat him on the Danube, 574 
— under their khan Baian, they harass 
Thrace and threaten the empire, 587 — 
Maurice marches against them, 592 — 
Priscus drives them across the Danube 
and compels them to make peace, 593 — 
Peter, brother of Maurice, breaks the 
peace, and they defeat him, 594 — are de- 
feated by Priscus, and remain inactive 
.some months, 595 — repulsed by him at 
Tomi, 598— defeat Comentiolus ; 12,000 
prisoners massacred. 599 — they are again 
defeated by Priscus,600— occupy Thrace, 
609— treacherously attack Heraclius, 619 
— make peace with him, 620 — break 
through the long wall, advance to the 
gates of CP., and after many unsuccess- 
ful attacks, retire ; from this time their 
power declines, 626 — Bertaridus, the 
Lombard, expelled by Grimoald, seeks 
their protection, 662— Grimoald employs 
them in his service, and is obliged to 
expel them from his kingdom, 666 — 
called by some historians, Huns ; they 
invade Bavaria and Friuli, and are re- 
pulsed, 788— campaign of Charlemagne 
against them ; are defeated by the duke 
of Friuli, 791— finally subdued by Char- 
lemagne, and their accumulated spoils 
seized by him, 799. 

Avkin, near Luxemburg, prince Thomas 
of Savoy defeated there by the marshals 
de Chatillon and de Bresse, 1635. 

Aventinensis, Cu. Genucius, consul of 
Jtiome, B.C. 363. 



A ventinensis,L. Genucius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 362. 

Aventinensis, L. Genucius, consul of 
Rome, B.C. 303. 

Aventinus, L. Genucius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 365. 

Avernus, Lake, destroyed by a volcanic 
eruption, B.C. 1538. 

Averroes, the Arabian physician, fl. at 
Morocco, 1199. 

Aversa (the ancient Atella), granted to 
the Normans, 1029 — Conrad II. confirms 
them in their fortress, 1038 — Andrew of 
Hungary, husband of queen Joanna, 
murdered there, Sept. 18, 1345 — taken by 
Alfonso V. of Aragon, 1440. 

Avicenna, Med. Arab, fi. 1003— d. 1037. 

Avirnus, Faustus, junior, consul of Rome, 
502. 

Avienus, Gennadius, consul of Rome, 450. 

Avienus, Rufus Magnus Faustus, consul 
of Rome, 501. 

Avignon, possessed by Okbah, who is ex- 
pelled by Charles Martel, 737 — removal 
of the papal see to, 1309 — confirmed, 
1316 — visit of Robert of Naples to pope 
John XXII., 1319 — sold by Joanna, queen 
of Naples, to pope Clement VI., 1348 — 
Clement VII. resides at, and begins the 
schism of the West, 1378 — taken posses- 
sion of by Louis XIV., 1663 — restored by 
him to the pope, 1690 — seized by Louis 
XV., 1768— restored to Clement XIV., 
1769— annexed to France, by the National 
Assembly, Sept. 23, 1791 — many royalists 
massacred there — ceded to France by the 
pope in the treaty of Tolentino, Feb. 19, 
1797. 

Aviola, Acilius, consul of Rome, 122. 

A viola, M. Acilius, consul of Rome, 54. 

Aviola, consul of Rome, 239. 

Avisa, daughter of the earl of Gloucester, 
divorced by king John, 1200. 

Avitus, consul of Rome, 144. 

Avitus, consul of Rome, 209. 

Avitus, proclaimed emperor of the West, 
455 — sends count Fronto to negotiate 
with the Spanish Suevi ; abdicates, and 
dies soon after, 456. 

Avitus, bp. of Vienne, noted for his elo- 
quent homilies, letters, and poems, 496. 

Axerdis, k. of Nineveh and Assyria, B.C. 
670. 

Aybar, battle of; victory of Muhamad 
over Garcias, k. of Navarre, 882. 

Ayesha, daughter of Abu Beker, marries 
Mohammed, 619 — supports Moawiyah 
against Ali ; made prisoner and sent to 
Medina, 656— d. 677. 

Aylesford, battle of, between the Britons 
and Saxons, 455. 

Aylmer, Lord, gov. of Canada, d. 1834. 

A youb, a Saracen commander in Spain, 717. 



BAB 



69 



BAC 



Ayoubites, defeated near Gaza, by the 
Carismians, 1243. 

Ayr, commemoration of the poet Burns 
at, Aug. 6, 1844. 

Aye steamer runs down the Comet steamer, 
in the Clyde, Oct 21, 1825. 

Ayub. See Abu Ayub. 

Azahra, the magnificent palace of Abder- 
ahman III., at Cordova, built, 936. 

Azake, or public hospital, erected at Gra- 
nada by Muhamad V., 1376. 

Azariah, Jewish high-priest, B.C. 959. 

Aznar, son of Eudes, drives out the Sara- 
cens, and erects an independent power 
in Aragon, 737. 

Azof. See Asof. 

Azores, the, discovered by the Portuguese, 
1432— colonized by them, 1450 — expedi- 
tion of Antonio of Portugal against, 1582 
— the authority of queen Maria esta- 
blished there, 1830. 

Azzo, marquis of Este, leads the Guelph 
faction in Ferrara, 1196 — expelled by Sa- 
linguerra, leader of the Ghibelines, 1209 
— he recovers his power in Ferrara, 1211 
— d. 1212. 

Azzo VII., marquis of Este, 1215-1221— 
expelled from Ferrara by Salinguerra, 
1222 — the emperor Frederic concerts 
measures against bim, 1232 — defeated at 
Padua, 1238 — takes Ferrara, 1240 — re- 
covers the Este territories, and takes the 
city of Padua, 1256— d. 1264. 

Azzo VIII., marquis of Este; his sister, 
Beatrice, married to Galeazzo, son of 
Matteo Visconte, 1300 — marries Bea- 
trice, daughter of Charles II. of Naples, 
1305 — loses his ascendancy in Modena 
and Reggio, 1306— d. 1308. 

Azzo, duke of Spoleto, 651. 

Azzo, son of Galeazzo Visconte, defeats 
the Florentines and their allies at Cappi- 
ano, 1325 — he succeeds his father, 1328 
— he and his brothers repulse the papal 
legate from Ferrara, 1333 — he obtains 
possession of Como and Crema, 1335 — 
takes Brescia, 1337— d. 1339. 



£ 



Baasha, k. of Israel, b.c, 953. 

Babbage invents his calculating machine, 
1822. 

Baber, a descendant of Timour, reigning 
in Cabul, takes Lahore, 1524 — Bengal, 
1529. 

Babeuf, forms a conspiracy against the 
French Directory. May 10, 1796 — exe- 
cuted, May 25, 1797. 

Babington, Antony, plots to assassinate 



qu. Elizabeth, and release Mary, qu. of 
Scots ; detected and punished, 1586. 

Babington, Dr., b. 1757— d. 1833. 

Babylas. See Antioch, bishops of. 

Babylon, conquest of (bv what people 
uncertain), B.C. 2059 (2233 C.)— date of 
earliest astronomical observations at, 
2234 (2230 H., 2233 C.)— of the first re- 
corded eclipse of the moon, observed at, 
Mar. 19, 721— subdued by Cyrus, 538— 
revolts ; taken after a siege of twenty 
months, by Darius, 518 — by Alexander, 
331 — Harpalus flees from, with great 
treasure, to Athens, 325 — Alexander re- 
turns to, 324: — Seleucus, gov. of, 321 — 
expelled by Antigonus, 315 — restored, 
312. 

Babylonian empire commences, under 
Nabonassar, B.C. 747 — followed by — 
Nadius, 733. 

Chinzirus, and Porus, 731. 
Jugseus, 726. 
Mardocempadus, or Merodach Baladan, 

721. 
"War with Assyria, 713. 
Archianus, 709. 
Anarchy, 704. 

Hagisa. Baldanes. Belibus, 702. 
Asordanes, or Apronadius 699 
Regibalus, 693. 
Mesesimordachus, 692. 
Anarchy, 688. 
Asaridinus, 680. 
Saosduchinus, 667. 
Chinaladanus, 647. 
Nabopalassar, 625. 
Nebuchadnezzar, 606. 
Capture of Nineveh. See Assyria. 

. Conquest of Judah, 605— of Tyre,572. 
Evilmerodach, or Elvarodam, 563. 
Neriglissar, 559. 
Laborosoarchod, 556. 
Belshazzar, or Nabonadius, 555. 
Overthrown by Cyrus, 538. 

Baccancelde (Beckenham) ; Wictred 
holds a council at, 694. 

Bacchanalian orgies interdicted at Rome, 
and in all Italy, by the senate, B.C. 186. 

Bacchis, k. of Corinth, B.C. 925. 

Bacchus, the theatre of, at Athens, the 
first of stone in Greece, built, B.C. 478. 

Bacchylides, lyric poet, fl. b.c. 450. 

Bacchylus, bp. of Corinth, 196. 

Bacciocchi, husband of Napoleon's sister, 
Elise, is made prince of Lucca and Tus- 
cany, June 23, 1805. 

Back, capt., returns from his arctic expe- 
dition, Sept. 9, 1835. 

Bacon, Francis (afterwards lord), b. 1561 
— first distinguishes himself by his con- 
duct in the trial of the earl of Essex, 
1600 — defends monopolies in the House 
of Commons, 1601 — debates with Sir Ed- 



BAD 



70 



BAH 



■ ward Coke on the Union of England and 
Scotland, 1607 — created viscount St. Al- 
ban's, and appointed lord chancellor, 1617 
— confesses his acceptance of presents or 
bribes, is deprived of his office, fined, 
and imprisoned ; James I. restores him 
to liberty, remits his fine, and allows 
him a pension, 1621 — he writes his 
" Novum Organum," and " De Augmen- 
ts Scientiarum," 1624 — d while on a 
visit to the earl of Arundel at High- 
gate, Apr. 9, 1626. 

Bacon, Sir Nicholas, appointed lord keep- 
er, 1558— d. 1579. 

Bacon, Roger, b. 1214 — proposes to pope 
Clement IV. a reformation of the ca- 
lendar, 1267 — is forbidden to teach at Ox- 
ford, and confined to his monastery, 1269 
— d. 1292. 

Bacon, John, b. 1740 — his group repre- 
senting the Thames and its attributes 
placed in the quadrangle of Somerset 
House, Apr. 13, 1789— d. 1799. 

Bactea, now Balkh, taken by Alexander, 
B.C. 330. 

Bactkia, or Bactetana ; Alexander passes 
the winter in, B.C. 329 — revolts against 
Antiochus, 254 — Theodotus founds the 
kingdom of, 250 — treaty of alliance with 
Parthia, 243— Theodotus II., d. 221— and 
is succeeded by Euthydemus, who is at- 
tacked by Antiochus Magnus, 212 — his 
son, Demetrius, k., 200 — Menander fol- 
lows ; his time not accurately known ; 
Eucratides 1. conquers part of India ; is 
assassinated by his son, Eucratides II., 
who allies himself with Demetrius Ni- 
cator against Mithridates I. of Parthia, 
140 — is defeated, and loses a large por- 
tion of his territories, 138 — is expelled 
from the rest by the wild Tartars, and 
the kingdom of Bactria ends, 127. 

Badajos, Ordonio II. pursues the Sara- 
cens to, and compels tliem to make 
peace, 918 — Kamiro II. and Aben Isaac 
Ben Omeya advance to, 935 — conquered 
by Yussef, 1093 — taken by the Moors, 
1161 — recovered by Alfonso, k. of Por- 
tugal, 1168— taken by Alfonso IX., 1229 
— besieged by the Portuguese, but with- 
out success, 1705 — treaty of, between the 
prince regent of Portugal, and Prance 
and Spain, Sept. 29, 1801 — taken by 
Soult, Mar. 11, 1811— by Wellington, 
Apr. 6, 1812. 

Baddesdown Hill. See Badon, Mount. 

Baden, erected into a margraviate, by 
count Bernhard, 1430 — the margrave 
joins the Protestant League, 1608— com- 
mands their army, and is defeated by 
Wallenstein, 1627 — treaty of, between 
the German empire, France, and Spain, 
signed Sept. 5, 1714 — the margrave 



makes peace with the French republic, 
1796 — takes the title of elector, after- 
wards exchanged for that of grand duke, 
1803 — gives his people a representative 
government, 1818 — joins the commercial 
union (Zollverein), and completes the 
frontier, 1835 — driven from Carlsruhe 
by his subjects, May 14, 1849 — restored, 
June 23 — the grand duke Chas. Leopold 
Frederic, d. Apr. 24, 1852 — his eldest son, 
Louis, relinquishes the succession to his 
brother, Frederic William, May 4. 

Baden, prince Louis of, takes Landau, 
1702 — with Marlborough, forces the Ba- 
varian lines at Schellenberg, and takes 
Donawert, July 2, 1704 — and recovers 
Landau ; drives Villars back over the 
Rhine, and takes Hagenau, 1705. 

Baden, Dr. Richard, founds Clare Hall, 
Cambridge, 1326. 

Badon, Mount, called by Bede Baddes- 
down Hill, and a victory said to have 
been gained there by the Britons over 
the Saxons in 493 — by others in 511 and 
520. 

Radonicus See Gildas. 

Badvila. See Totila. 

Baffin explores the Bay to which his 
name has been given, 1616. 

Bagadius claims the bpric. of Bostra, 394. 

Bagaud^e of Gaul are repressed by Maxi- 
mian, 285. 

Bagdad, built by Almansor, 758 — the ca- 
liphs of, sink into insignificance, 936 — 
Togrul Beg drives the Bowides from, 
1055 — stormed by Hulagou, and its ca- 
liph put to death, 1258— taken by Ti- 
monr, 1401 — first hostilities between the 
pasha of, and the Wahabys, 1797. 

Bagnal, Sir Edward, defeated by Tyrone 
on the Blackwater, 1598. 

Bagnalo, treaty of, between the Italian 
States and Venice, Aug. 7, 1484. 

Bagoas, minister in Persia, places Arses, 
the youngest son of Ochus, on the throne 
after his father's assassination, b.c 338 
— kills Arses, places Darius Codomanas 
on the throne, and is put to death for 
his crimes, 336. 

Bagot, Sir Charles, governor-general of 
Canada, unites the most popular leaders 
of all parties in official situations, 1842. 

Bagot, Dr., bp. of Bath and Wells, b. 1783 
— d. 1854. 

Bagsac, a Danish k., defeated by Alfred, 
and slain, 871. 

Bahama Islands, the first discovery of 
Columbus, 1492 — English settlements in 
1629 — taken by the Spaniaids, 17S2— 
restored, 1783. 

Bahar, ceded to the East India Co.. by the 
treaty of Allahabad, Aug. 12, 1765. 

BAHAEAM,or Varanes. See Peesia, kings of. 



BAL 



71 



BAL 



Baheam, the Persian gen., repels the 
Turks, 586 — at the head of a Persian 
army, receives a total defeat from the 
Roman gen.Comentiolus; is reproved and 
insulted by Hormisdas, and revolts, 589 
— usurps the regal power for a time, 590 
— retires among the Turks, and d. 591. 

Baian, khan of the Avars, harasses 
Thrace, and threatens the empire, 587 — 
compelled to make peace by Priscus, 
693— conference with Priscus, after which 
hostilities are resumed, 595 — attacks 
Tomi, which is defended by Priscus, 598 
— holds a conference with Heraclius, 619 
— fails in his attacks on CP., 626. 

Baillie, Joanna, b. 1763— d. 1851. 

Bailly, president of the National Assem- 
bly, urges it not to separate at the 
command of the king, June 20, 1789 — 
mayor of Paris, July 16 — assists La 
Fayette to disperse a tumultuous assem- 
blage calling for the deposition of the 
king, July 17, 1791— executed, Nov. 11, 
1793. 

Baines, E., 5. 1774— d. 1848. 

Baied, Sir David, captures the Cape of 
Good Hope, Jan. 8, 1806— d. 1829. 

Bajazet 1. (Ilderim), sultan of the Otto- 
mans, 1389 — compels the emperor John 
V. to destroy his new fortifications, and 
his son, Manuel, to attend him at the 
Biege of Philadelphia, 1390 — defeats Si- 
gismund, k. of Hungary, with a con- 
federate army of French princes and 
nobles, and the knights of Rhodes, at 
the battle of Nicopolis, Sept. 28. 1396— 
his designs against CP. are interrupted 
by the appi'oach of Timour, 1400 — to- 
tally defeated, and made prisoner at the 
battle of Angora, July '28, 1402— d. in 
captivity. 

Bajazet II., sultan of Turkey, succeeds 
to the throne after a contest with his 
brother, Dschem, 1481 — makes war on 
Kaitbai, sultan of Egypt, 1490 — resigns 
the throne to his son, Selim, 1511 — 
put to death, 1512. 

Bakee, Sir Richard, the chronicler, 5. 1568 
— d. 1645. 

Baker, Sir Robert, censured for having 
allowed queen Caroline's funeral to pass 
through the city, resigns his office of 
magistrate, 1821. 

Bakewell, Robert, 5. 1726— d. 1795. 

Bala, Alexander, rebels in Syria, b.c. 153 
— establishes himself at Ptolemais, is 
recognized by Rome, and supported by 
Jonathan Maccabseus, 152. See Alex- 
ander Bala. 

Balaam, the prophet, lived b.c. 1480. 

Balaguier, taken by the count D'Har- 
court, 1645. 

Balak, k. of Moab, b.c. 1480. 



Balakiava, capture of, Sept 26, 1854— 
battle of, Oct. 25. 

Balbec, the ancient Heliopolis in Syria ; 
temple of the Sun built by Sept. Severus, 
200— held by Odenathus and Zenobia, 
262-72— taken by the Saracens, 637— 
destroyed by the Carmathians, 900. 

Balbinus, D. Ccelius, consul of Rome, II. 
213 — elected emperor by the senate, is 
murdered by the praetorians, 238. 

Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, reaches the 
American coast of the Pacific Ocean, 
1513. 

Balbus, M. Acilius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
160. 

Balbus, M. Acilius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
114. 

Balbus, D. Lselius, consul of Rome, b.c. 6. 

Balbus, L. Norbanus, consul of Rome, 19. 

Balbus, Qu. Julius, consul of Rome, 129. 

Baldasi, k. of Nineveh or Assyria, B.C. 
800 La. 

Baldimeb. See Bulgaeians. 

Baldeed, k. of Kent, 805 — conquered and 
expelled by Egbert, 823. 

Baldulf, bp. of Witherne, 791. 

Baldwin 1., emperor of the East, 1204 — 
defeated and made prisoner at Adriano- 
ple by the Bulgarians and revolted 
Greeks; he dies in captivity, 1205. See 
Baldwin IX., count of Flanders. 

Baldwin II., brother of Robert de Courte- 
nay, succeeds him as emperor of the 
East, with John de Brienne as acting 
colleague, 1228 — takes the government 
into his own hands, and visits Flandms 
to implore assistance from Western 
Europe, 1237 — returns to Constantinople 
with a large army, raised by the sale of 
the holy crown of thorns,and other relics, 
to the k. of France, 1239 — campaign 
against Vataces ; loses almost all his pos- 
sessions in Asia; his Latin auxiliaries, 
receiving no pay, abandon him, 1240 — 
again visits the West to beg support, 

1244 — pleads before the Thirteenth 
General Council at Lyons for assistance, 

1245 — truce with Michael Palseologus, 
1260— expelled from Constantinople, 1261 
— cedes the suzerainty of Achaia to 
Charles of Anjou, 1267— d. 1272. 

Baldwin, count of Hainault, brother of 
Godfrey de Bouillon, joins the first cru- 
sade, 1096 — quarrels with Tancred, se- 
parates from the army, and obtains for 
himself the principality of Edessa, 1097 
— on the death of Godfrey, succeeds him 
as Baldwin I., k. of Jerusalem, 1100— 
defeats the Turks, and takes Ptolemais, 
1104— assisted by a Venetian fleet, takes 
Tripoli, 1109 — marries Adelaide, widow 
of Poger, count of Sicily, 1113— <i. at 
Rhinoscorura 'El Arisch), 1118, 



BAL 



72 



BAL 



Baldwin II. (de Bourg), count of Edessa, 
o, ected k. of Jerusalem, 1118 — defeats 
the Turks at Antiocb, 1119 — taken pri- 
soner by the Saracens, 1122 — ransomed, 
attacks Aleppo, and is defeated by Gen- 
gbi, Atabek of Mosul, 1127— defeated 
near Damascus, he d. 1131, 

Baldwin III., succeeds his father, Fulk, 
k. of Jerusalem, his mother, Melusina, 
regent, 1142 — takes Ascalon, 1153 — 
d. 1162. 

Baldwin IV., son of Amaury, k. of Jeru- 
salem, with Raymond III., count of Tri- 
poli, his guardian, 1173 — repulses Sa- 
ladin, 1179 — disabled by leprosy, resigns 
his crown to his nephew, Baldwin V., 
1183. 

Baldwin V., k. of Jerusalem, under the 
regency of Raymond, 1183 — d. 1186. 

Baldwin, carries off Judith, daughter of 
Charles the Bald, is pardoned, and cre- 
ated count of Flanders, 862. 

Baldwin II., count of Flanders, 879 — 
marries Elfrith, daughter of Alfred, 891 
—d. 918. 

Baldwin III., count of Flanders, conjointly 
with Arnulf, 918-965. 

Baldwin IV., count of Flanders, 989 — 
seizes Valenciennes, 1006— resisted by 
Henry II., emperor of Germany, 1007 — 
d. 1036. 

Baldwin V., count of Flanders, 1036 — 
hospitably receives Emma, widow of 
Canute, at Bruges, 1037 — also Sweyn 
Estritson, son of Ulf Jarl, and Canute's 
sister, Estritha, 1045 — rebels, is defeat- 
ed, and submits to the emperor Henry 
III., 1049 — his daughter, Matilda, mar- 
ries William, duke of Normandy, after- 
wards k. of England, 1052 — he does 
homage to the emperor Henry IV., 1057 
— regent for Philip I. of France, 1060 — 
Tostig, earl of Northumberland, takes 
refuge at his court, 1065— d. 1067. 

Baldwin VI., the Good, count of Flanders, 
1067— d. 1070. 

Baldwin VII., count of Flanders, 1111 — 
mortally wounded at the battle of Bren- 
neville, 1119. 

Baldwin VIII., count of Flanders, 1191- 
1194. 

Baldwin IX., count of Flanders, 1194 — 
joins the fourth crusade, 1201 — emperor 
of the East, 1204. See Baldwin I., em- 
peror of the East. 

Baldwin de Redvers, holds out in Exeter 
against k. Stephen, and is brought to 
terms, 1136. 

Baldwin, tried for printing Junius's Let- 
ters, and acquitted, July 13, 1770. 

Balearic Islands, conquered by Qu. Cae- 
cilius Metellus, consul of Rome, B.C. 123 
"-occupied by the Vandals, a.d. 426 — 



under the protection of Charlemagne, 
799 — submit to the Almoravides, 1095— 
taken by the Pisans, 1114 — by James I., 
k. of Aragon, 1232— given to James, 
brother of Pedro III., 1276— taken from 
him by his nephew, Alfonso III., 1286. 
See Majorca, and Minorca. 

Baleg, a Saracen commander in Spain, 742. 

Baleus, or Xerxes, k. of Assyria, B.c. 
1857 (1980 C). 

Baleus, k. of Assyria, b.c. 1754 (1860 C). 

Balfour, and other Covenanters, murder 
Sharpe, abp. of St. Andrew's, May 1, 
1679. 

Balista takes the imperial title at Edes- 
sa, but is overcome by Odenathus, 262. 

Balkan, the, crossed by the Russians, 1829. 
See Kunobitza. 

Balkh, occupied by Houssein, brother-in- 
law of Timour, 1366 — taken by Timour, 
1367 — the seat of his first sovereignty, 
1368. See Bactra. 

Ballantyne, John, Sir Walter Scott's 
printer and publisher, o. 1776 — d. 1821. 

Balliol, John, a descendant of David, 
earl of Huntingdon, brother of William 
the Lion, claims the crown of Scotland, 
1290— refers to Edward I. of England, 
1291 — the crown is awarded to him ; he 
does homage to Edward, at Newcastle, 
1292 — he hesitates to obey a summons 
from Edward to appear in London, 1293 
— renounces his feudal subjection to 
England,, and leagues with the k. of 
France, 1295 — made prisoner at the bat- 
tle of Dunbar, Apr. 27, and resigns his 
crown, 1296 — retires to France, and d. 
there in a private station. 

Balliol, Edward, son of John, claims the 
crown of Scotland, collects an English 
army, and lands on thecoastof Fife; is 
crowned at Scone, Sep. 27 ; is soon after 
defeated at Annan by Sir Archibald 
Douglas ; is driven into England, 1332 — 
restored and does homage to Edward 
III., 1333 — he holds a parliament at 
Edinburgh, Feb. 19 — excites the hatred 
of the Scotch ; takes refuge at Carlisle, 
Dec. 24, 1334— is again conducted into 
Scotland by Edward III., 1335— resigns 
his claim on Scotland to Edward for a 
pension, 1355. 

Balliol College, Oxford, founded, 1263. 

Balloon, invented by Mongolfier; first 
ascent, 1783. See Pilatre de Rosier, 
Lunardi, Bl an chard, Money, Gar- 
nerin, Nassau. 

Balloon Telegraph. See Fleurus 
battle of. 

Ballot, motion for the, by Mr. Grote, re- 
jected, March 7, 1837. 

Bally nahinch, the Irish rebels defeated 
at, by gen. Nugent, June 12, 1798, 






BAN 



73 



BAN 



Balmerino, Lord, beheaded, Aug. 18, 1746. 

Balmoral Palace, Queen Victoria founds 
a new tower at, Sep. 29, 1853 — arrives 
there, Sept. 6, 1855 — receives there by 
electric telegraph the news of the fall of 
Sebastopol, Sept. 10. 

BALSHAM,Hugo de, bp. of Ely, founds Peter- 
house college, Cambridge, 1284. 

Balti, the royal Visigothic race. See 
Bauto. 

Baltic, Waldemar II., king of Denmark, 
conquers nearly all the southern coast, 
1218 — Hanse Towns of, support the duke 
of Holstein, against Erik, 1426 — Wal- 
lenstein conquers the German coast, and 
is appointed admiral of the Baltic, 1628 
— an English merchant fleet returning 
from, captured by the French, Aug. 1705 
— a fleet under Sir John Norris, sent, 
1715— under Sir George Byng, 1717 — 
another under Sir CharlesWager, 1726 — 
ships from, perform quarantine to guard 
against the cholera, June 10, 1831. 

Baltic fleet, the British, sails from Spit- 
head, under Sir Charles Napier, March 
7, 1854 — another division follows under 
Admiral Corry, March 16— blockades the 
gulf of Finland, April 12 — bombai-ds and 
captures Bomarsund, June 21, and Aug. 
16 — leaves the Baltic for the winter, Dec. 
7 — sails again, under admiral Dundas. 
April 4, 1855 — bombards Sweaborg, Aug! 
9. 

Baltic fleet, the Russian, collected at 
Cronstadt, June 12, 1853 — not one of their 
ships to be seen in the open sea, 1854. 

Baltimore, Lord, settles a colony of En- 
glish Catholics in Maryland, 1632. 

Baltimore, in Maryland, unsuccessfully 
attacked by general Ross, Sept. 13, 1814. 

Balzac, one of the founders of the Acade- 
mie Francaise, 1635. 

Balzac, M. de, death of, 1850. 

Bamberg, Berenger and his queen impri- 
soned at, 964— he dies there, 966— the 
design of Henry II. of Germany to erect 
a bishopric there, is opposed by the 
bishop of Wurtzburg, 1006— it is founded, 
1007— dedication of the church, 1011— 
Melo retires there, from Italy, and dies, 
1020— Conrad III. dies there, Feb. 15, 
1152 — Philip, emperor of Germany, assas- 
sinated at, 1208— secularized and given 
to Bavaria, 1803. 

Bamborough, built by Ida, 547— Penda, 
k. of Mercia, endeavours to burn it, but 
fails, 651 — taken by the Danes, 993 — 
queen Margaret and her French auxili- 
aries escape shipwreck at, 1463. 

Banbury, or Beranbyrig, victory of Cynric 
and Ceawlin at, 556 — Herbert, the newly 
created earl of Pembroke, is defeated 
near, July 26, 1469. 



Banchor, in Ireland, plundered by the 
Danes, 812. 

Bancroft, George, American historian, 
6.1800. 

Bancroft, Richard, abp. of Canterbury, 
1604 — treats the Puritans very harshly, 
d. 1610. 

Bancroft's Hospital, founded by the 
Drapers' Company, 1735. 

Banda Oriental, the, forms the republic of 
Uraguay, 1828. 

Bangor, bp. of. See Hoadley. 

Banim, John, b. 1800— d. 1842. 

Bank of England, originated by Act of Par- 
liament, April 25, 1694 — foundation laid 
of a new edifice for the, in Threadneedle 
Street, Aug. 3, 1732 — opened, June 5, 
1734 — issues £15 and £10 notes,March 31, 
1759— its charter renewed, June 1, 1781 
— restricted from cash payments by an 
order in council, Feb. 26, 1797 — the Bank 
Restriction Act passed, and one pound 
notes issued, March; silver tokens 
issued, Jan. 1, 1798 — the Restriction Act 
renewed, April 9, 1802 — depreciation of 
bank notes, 1810 — discussions on re-; 
suming cash payments, 1811 — Lord Stan- 
hope's act passed, July 2 ; Peel's act for 
the resumption of cash payments passed, 
1819 — the bank anticipates the period 
fixed by parliament, and commences pay- 
ment in specie,1821 — lowers the rate of 
discount to 4 per cent., June 20, 1822 — 
Peel's act comes into operation, May 2, 
1823 — issues £1 and £2 notes, to relieve 
commercial distress, Dec. 16, 1852. 

Bank discount. See DiscouNT. 

Bank, dividend, the half yeai'ly, reduced 
from five to four per cent., March 30, 
1823. 

Bank of England notes, first forgery of, 
by Richard Vaughan, March, 27, i758; 
numerous; thirty-eight prosecutions for 
this crime at Old Bailey sessions, Sept. 
11, 1818 — two juries refuse to convict, 
Dec. 5 — thirty-five bills found, Apr. 11, 
1821. 

Bank of Amsterdam founded, 1607. 

Bank of Hamburg, 1619. 

Bank of Ireland, 1783 — removed to Parlia- 
ment House, on College Green, 1808. 

Bank of Scotland founded, 1695. 

Bank of Venice established, 1157. 

Bankes, Hen., 6. 1757 — supports the pacific 
amendment to the address moved by 
Wilberforce, Dec. 30, 1794- d. 1834. 

Banking and commercial embarrassments 
in America, 1836. 

Banks, city and country, failure of many, 
Dec. 1825. 

Banks, in the United States, suspend pay- 
ment in specie, 1839 — are opposed by the, 
president Van Buren, 1840. 



BAB 



74 



BAR 



Bakes, Branch, of the Bank of England, 
established, 1823. 

Banks, Joint Stock, Act for the regulation 
of them, passed, 1826. 

Banks, Savings'. See Savings' Banks, 
and Wakefield, Priscilla. 

Banks, Joseph, b. 1743 — accompanies Cook 
on his first voyage of discovery, 1768 — 
plants brought by him from the South 
Sea Islands, placed in Kew gardens, Aug. 
1, 1771 — is made a baronet, and presi- 
dent of the Royal Society, 1778— d. 1820. 

Bannister, C, the actor, b. 1741 — d. 1804. 

Bannister, John, b. 1760— d. 1836. 

Banner, a Swedish general, gains the 
battle of Wittstock, 1636 — is driven back 
into Pomerania by Gallas, 1638 — defeats 
Gallas and approaches Vienna, 1639 — de- 
feats De Werth, and nearly surprises 
the emperor and the Diet at Batisbon, 
1640— d. 1641. 

Bannockburn, battles of; Edward II. de- 
feated by Robert Bruce, June 25, 1314 — 
James III. defeated by his barons, 
1488. 

Banquet of Sir John Pikard, to Edward 
III., the Black prince, and three foreign 
kings, 1363— of Sir Thomas Gresham, to 
Qu. Elizabeth, on opening the Royal Ex- 
change, 1570 — civic, to the prince regent, 
the emperor of Russia, the king of Prus- 
sia, and other distinguished foreigners, 
June 18, 1314 — in Westminster Hall, at 
the coronation, discontinued, 1831 — of the 
Goldsmiths' company, to lord Gough, on 
his return from India, April 24, 1850 — to 
queen "Victoria and prince Albert, to 
celebrate the Exhibition, July 9, 1851. 

Banqueting House, Whitehall, built by 
James I., 16J7, 

Bantry, the earl of, b. 1767— d. 1851. 

Bantry Bay, seven French ships arrive 
in, Dec. 26, 1796— return to Brest. 

Baph^on, near Nicomedia, Othman defeats 
the emperor Andronicus at, 1301. 

Baptismal regeneration, disputes on, 1849 
— meeting of clergy to uphold the doc- 
trine, March 18, 1850. 

Bar, the count of, goes to the crusade witli 
Theobald,k.of Navarre, 1239— the duchy 
of, given with that of Lorraine to Stan- 
islas Leczinsky for his life, 1735 — at his 
death annexed to France, 1766. 

Bar, Confederation of, in Poland, 1768 — 
supplied with money by France; attempt 
to seize the person of the king, 1771 — 
dispersed by Austria, Prussia, and Rus- 
sia, 1772, 
Bar le Due, seized by Eudes, count of 

Champagne, 1037. 
Bar sur Aube, occupied by the allied 

army, Jan. 24, 1814. 
Baraguay d'Hillieks, appointed to the 



command of the army of Paris, Jan. 9, 
1851. 

Barak and Deborah deliver the Israelites, 
B.C. 1285(1398 11.; 1391 C.) 

Baratier, Philip, b. 1720— d. 1740. 

Barbadoes, the island of, occupied by En- 
glish settlers, 1625 — insurrection of tha 
negroes in, Nov. 11, 1692. 

Barbarigo, Agostino, doge of Venice, 1486 
-1501. 

Barbartgo, Marco, doge of Venice, 1485. 

Barbarossa. See Frederic I., emperor 
of the West. 

Barbarossa, Hayraddin, founds the pirat- 
ical states of Barbary, 1518 — defeats the 
Venetian fleet at Prevesa, 1538 — assists 
the French at the siege of Nice, 154&— 
d. 1546. 

Barbarus, consul of Rome, 157. 

Barbary, piratical States of, founded by 
Horuc and Hayraddin Barbarossa, 1518. 
See Berbers. 

Barbatio, master of the horse under 
Julian in Gaul, 357. 

Barbatus, L. Horat., military tribune of 
Rome, b.c. 424. 

Barbatus, T. Horatius, consul of Rome, 
449. 

Barbatus, T. Quintius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 471, 468, 465, 446, 443, 439. 

Barbauld, Mrs. Leetitia, b. Aikin, 1743 — d. 
1825. 

Barbes, a leader of the Parisian commu- 
nists, arrested, May 15, 1848 — condemned 
by the tribunal of Bourges to transport- 
ation for life, April 2, 1849. 

Barbolano, Pietro, doge of Venice, 1026— 
deposed, 1031. 

Barbula, L. iEmilius, consul of Rome, in- 
vades Tarentum, B.C. 281. 

Barbula, M. iEniilius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 230. 

Barbula, Q. iErnilius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 317.311. 

Barcelona, City of, taken by the Saracens, 
712— by Charlemagne, 778 — retaken by 
the generals of Hixem, 791 — by the 
Franks,797 — surrenders to Louis of Aqui- 
taine, 801— taken by Abderahmanll.,822 
— by Ahnansor, 984 — its cathedral built. 
1299— Peter IV., k. of Aragon, dies there, 
Jan. 5, 1387 — and John of Anjou, Dec. 
16, 1470— also John II., king of Aragon 
and Navarre, Jan. 19, 1479 — Ferdinand 
and Isabella receive Columbus there, 
April 15, 1493 — Loyola studies there, 
1524 — treaty of, concluded, June 29, 
1529 — taken by Don John of Austria, 
Oct. 13, 1652 — bombarded by the French 
fleet, 1691 — invested by French sea and 
land forces, is saved by the English fleet 
under Russell, 1694 — taken by the duk« 
of VendGme, and restored to Spain *»v 



BAB 



75 



BAB 



Barcelona — continued. 
the treaty of Ryswick, 1697 — attacked 
without success by Sir George Rooke, 
May 18, 1704— besieged by the earl of 
Peterborough, Aug. 22 ; surrenders Oct. 
4, 1705 — hard pressed by the French and 
Spaniards, Sir John Leake and the earl 
of Peterborough compel them to raise 
the siege, May 11, 1706 — Charles of Aus- 
triaembarks there for Germany, Sept. 27, 
1711— resists PhilipV., 1713 — surrenders 
to the duke of Berwick, Sept. 12, 1714— 
death of Mina, and massacre of Carlist 
prisoners at, 1836 — revolts, Nov. 13 ; and 
is bombarded by Espartero, Dec. 3, 1842. 

Barcelona, county or marquisate of, made 
independent by Bernard, duke of Lan- 
guedoc, 834; united to Aragon by the 
marriage of count Raymond to Petro- 
nilla, 1137. See Aragon. 

Barchochebas, the leader of the Jews, 
maintains a fierce conflict with Ticinius 
Kufus, the governor of Judea, 132 — per- 
secutes the Christians who refuse to join 
him, 134 — Julius Severus is called from 
Britain to take the command against 
him ; the rebellion suppressed, 135. 

Barclay, Capt., performs his pedestrian 
feat, 1809. 

Barclay, Robert, o. 1648— publishes his 
Apology for Quakerism, 1676 — d. 1690. 

Barclay, Sir George, engages in a plot 
against k. William III., 1695. 

Barclay's brewery, general Haynau as- 
saulted at, Sept. 4, 1850. 

Bardanes, proclaimed emperor by the 
people of Cherson, under the name of 
Philippicus, 711 — occasions great dis- 
content by endeavouring to annul the 
acts of the sixth general council, 712 — 
assassinated, 713. 

Bardas, Phocas, revolts against John 
Zimisces, 970 — is called from Chios to 
support Basil II. against Bai'das Scleras, 
978 — revolts again, 987 — defeat and 
death, 9S9. 

Bardas, Scleras, defeats the Bulgarians, 
971 — revolts and takes Nice, 978— defeat 
and flight of, 980— submits, 989— d. soon 
after. 

Bardas, uncle of Michael III., appointed 
Caesar ; procures the patriarchate of Con- 
stantinople for Photius, 857 — assassi- 
nated by Basil the Macedonian, 866. 

Bardney, in Lindsey, destroyed by the 
Danes, 869. 

Bardolf, Lord, defeated and slain at Bram- 
ham by Sir Thomas Rokesby, 1407. 

Barer-ones' parliament, assembled by 
Cromwell, July 4 ; resign their authority, 
Dec. VI, 1653. 

Baf.ee Doab, general Wheeler defeats 
Ram Singh at, Jan. 16, 1849. 



Barenwald, treaty of, between France, 
Sweden, Holland, and the German Pro- 
testants, against the emperor and Spain, 
1631. 

Barfleur, Wm., duke of Normandy, em- 
barks at, to invade England, 1066 — 
prince William, son of Henrv I., drowned 
at, Nov. 26, 1120— taken by Edward III., 
1346. 

Bari, the Saracens establish themselves 
at, 842 — besieged without success by 
Louis, king of Italy, 852 — by the Bene- 
ventines, 856 — the Saracens of, ravage 
southern Italy, 865 — Louis II. begins 
the siege of, 868— the emperor Basil I. 
sends a fleet to assist him, 869 — the Sa- 
racens try to relieve it, but are repulsed, 
870 — the town is captured, 871 — the. 
troops of Basil being called to defend 
the citizens against the Saracens, re- 
tain possession of the place, and found 
a new province of the eastern empire, 
876 — besieged by the Saracens and re- 
lieved by the Venetians, 1002 — Melo 
revolts there, against the Greek catapan 
Basilius, 1011 — Reyca continues the re- 
volt, 1029 — besieged by Robert Guis- 
card, 1067 — attempt to assassinate him 
in his tent before, 1069 — the place sur- 
renders to him, 1071 — Urban II. holds a 
council there, to condemn the doctrines 
of the Greek church, 1098 — taken by 
Michael Palseologus, 1155 — recovered by 
William 1., k. of Sicily, 1156. 

Baring, Alexander, I. 1775— heads a pub- 
lic meeting oi London merchants, to peti- 
tion for Free Trade, May 8, 1820. See 
Ashburton, Lord. 

Baring, Francis, an eminent merchant, 
commits suicide, 1810. 

Baring, Henry, d. 1848. 

Baring, Sir Thomas, b. 1773— d. 1848. 

Barkan, the Turks are defeated at, 1683. 

Barkiarok, Malek Shah's son, recovers 
Syria from his uncle Thuthusch, prince 
of Damascus, 1095. 

Barkstead, Barstead or Berkstead, one of 
the judges of Charles I., seized at Delft 
in Holland, and brought to England, 
April 16 ; executed, April 19, 1662. 

Barlaam, a Calabvian monk, secret mis- 
sion of, from CP. to Avignon ; he teaches 
Petrarch Greek, and brings into the 
West the literature of Greece, 1339 — 
controversy with the monks of Mount 
Athos, 1341 — Petrarch obtains for him 
the bishopric of Gerace, 1345. 

Barlow, Sir George, administers the go- 
vernment of India, 1805 — succeeded by 
Lord Minto, 1807. 

Barmecides, the, murdered by Haroun al 
Raschid, 802. 

Barnabas, sent from Jerusalem to inquire 



BAB 



76 



BAS 



B AENABAS — continued. 
into the proceedings at Antioch ; goes to 
Tarsus for Saul ; after a year's confer- 
ence, the name of Christians is adopted 
by the believers; Barnabas, accompanied 
by Saul, takes a donation from Antioch 
for the poorer brethren at Jerusalem, 37 
— they return to Antioch, and after 
another consultation with the church 
there, go forth to preach the gospel to 
the Gentiles, 38. 

Barnard, Sir John, b. 1685— lord mayor of 
London, 1737— d. 1764. 

Barnardiston, Sir Samuel, fined £10,000 
for a misdemeanour, Feb. 14, 1684. 

Barnes, Thomas, editor of the Times, b. 
1785— d. 1841. 

Barnet, battle of ; the earl of Warwick 
defeated by Edward IV. and killed, 
Easter day, April 14, 1471. 

Barometers, invented by Torricelli, about 
1649. 

Baronets, order of, created, 1611. 

Baronius, Cardinal, b. 1538— publishes his 
"Annales Ecclesiastici," 1588— writes in 
defence of the measures of pope Paul V. 
against the Venetians, 1606— d. 1607. 

Barons ov England, desert King John 
in his contest with the pope, 1213 — 
meet at Bury St. Edmund's, and de- 
mand a charter of their liberties, 1214 — 
force him to sign Magna Charta, 1215 — 
send deputies to protest, at the council 
of Lyons, against the papal extortions in 
England, and renounce k. John's act of 
submission to the pope, 1245— appoint a 
council of twenty -four to over-rule 
Henry III., 1258-A-efer their disputes 
with him to Louis IX. of Frauce, 1263 — 
defeat him at Lewes, 1264 — are defeated 
by prince Edward at Evesham, 1265 — 
make submission in the isle of Ely, 1268 
— obtain from parliament an act of at- 
tainder against the Despensers, and 
banish them, 1321 — Edward II. defeats 
them at Boroughbridge, 1322. 

Barons of Germany, from their fortified 
castles, begin to attack their neighbours, 
939. 

Barossa, battle of; marshal Victor, duke 
of Belluno, defeated by Sir Thomas 
Graham, March 5, 1811. 

Barras, b. 1755 — appointed one of the 
Directory, 1790— d. 1829. 

Barre, colonel, death of, 1802. 

Barrere, a member of the Committee of 
the Constitution, Sept. 29, 1792. 

Barrett, Dr., vice-provost of T.C., Dub- 
lin, b. 1752— d. 1821. 

Barricades, day of the, in Paris, during 
the civil war of the Fronde, Aug. 26, 
1648— three days' war of the, July 27- 
29, 1830— again attempted, June 23, 1848. 



raised by the insurgents in Madrid, 
1854. 

Barrie, Capt., destroys a French squadron 
in Lazone Bay, May 1, 1811. 

Barrier Treaty, the, between the United 
Provinces and Austria, under the medi- 
ation of Great Britain, signed at Ant- 
werp, Nov. 5, 1715. 

Barrington, Dr. Shute, bp. of Durham, 
b. 1734— d. 1826. 

Barrot, Odillon, b. 1790 — accuses the Gui- 
zot government of selling offices, Jan. 
22, 1848 — impeaches the ministers, Feb. 
22 — attempts in vain to form an admi- 
nistration, 23 — becomes president of the 
council to Louis Napoleon, Dec. 20. 

Barrow, Isaac, b. 1630— d. 1677. 

Barrow, Sir John, b. 1763— d. 1848. 

Barrow's Straits, discovered by captain 
Parry, 1819. 

Bart, Jean, the French adm., d. 1702. 

Barth, Dr., reaches Timbuctoo, Sept. 7, 
1853 — arrives at Marseilles from Africa, 
Sept. 8, 1855. 

Barthelemy, Abbe, b. 1716 — publishes his 
Travels of Anacharsis, 1788— d. 1795. 

Barthelemy, takes the place of Letour- 
nier as director, 1797. 

Bartholdy, Dr. Felix Mendelssohn, b. 1809 
—d. 1847. 

Bartholomew Fair, prohibited, on ac- 
count of the plague in London, Aug. 7, 
1665. 

Bartholomew, St., monastery of, in Lon- 
don, converted into a hospital, 1539 — 
incorporated by Henry VIII., 1546. 

Bartholomew's Day, massacre of the Pro- 
testants in France on, Aug. 24, 1572 — 
expulsion of the English nonconformist 
divines on, Aug. 24, 1662. 

Bartlett, W. H., b. 1805— d. 1854. 

Barton, Bernard, d. 1849. 

Barton, Dr., sets up the first Insurance 
Office against Fire, 1667. 

Barton, Elizabeth, the maid of Kent, ex- 
ecuted, with the accomplices of her im- 
posture, April 20, 1534. 

Barus, T. Vibius, consul of Rome, 160. 

Base coin in Rome ; the issuers punished 
by Aurelian, 274 — issued in England; 
the mint-men punished by Henry I , 
1125 — circulated by the emperor Manu- 
el Comnenus, to defraud the Crusaders, 
1147. 

Basientello, battle of; total defeat of the 
emperor Otho II. by the Greeks and Sa- 
racens, July 13, 982. 

Basil I., the Macedonian, assassinates 
Bardas, and receives from Michael III. 
the title of Csesar, 866 — assassinates 
Michael, and ascends the throne, 867 — 
deposes Photius, and restores Ignatiui 
to the patriarchate, 867 — defends Raga 



BAS 



77 



BAS 



Basil I. — continued. 
«a and Dalmatia against the Saracens, 
868 — sends a fleet to assist in the siege 
of Bari, and offers terms to the Paulici- 
ans, which they reject, 869 — drives them 
out of Asia Minor, and besieges Tephrice, 
870 — disciplines the army, improves the 
finances, and reforms the empire, 872 — 
diverts Louis of Germany from reveng- 
ing the insult of Adelgiso, 873 — recovers 
many provinces of Asia Minor from the 
Saracens, 874 — retains Bari. and founds 
a Greek province in Italy ; defeats the 
Saracens in Cappadocia and Syria, 876 
— revises the laws of Justinian, and puts 
them into the Greek form of the Basili- 
ka ; restores Photius, 877 — death of his 
eldest son, Constantine VIII., 879 — d. 
Mar. 1,886. 

Basil II., son of Romanus II. and Theo- 
phano, is taken as colleague by John 
Zimisces, 969 — becomes actual emperor, 
with his brother, 976 — defeats the Bul- 
garians, 988 — defeats the Saracens in 
Syria, 996 — conquers Bulgaria, 1000 — 
renews the war; gains more victories, 
and treats his prisoners barbarously, 
1014-1016— finally subdues the Bulgari- 
ans, 1018— d. 1025. See Bardas, Pho- 
cas, and Sclerus. 

Basil, emperor of Trebizond, 1332— d. 1340. 

Basil I., patriarch of CP.. 970. 

Basil II., patriarch of CP., 1183. 

Basilica of the Lateran, restored by pope 
SergiuS III., 907. 

Basilicon Doron, a work published by 
James VI. of Scotland ; republished on 
his accession to the English throne, 1603. 

Basilitdes. See Iwak IV., czar of Russia. 

Basilides, teaches bis form of Gnosticism 
at Alexandria, 134. 

Basilika. See Basil, the Macedonian. 

Basilic- Bugiano, or Basilius Bojanus, 
Greek catapan, resists the revolt of 
Melo, at Bari, 1011 — proceeds with a 
large force against him and the Nor- 
mans in Apulia, 1018 — defeats them at 
Cannae, 1019— takes the fort of Garigli- 
ano, 1021. 

Basiliscus, consul of Rome, 465 — com- 
mands the expedition against Genseric, 
which fails through his misconduct, 468 
— incited to rebel by Verina, widow of 
Leo I., and usurps the throne, 475 — con- 
sul II., 476 — deposed, banished to Cap- 
padocia, and d. there, 477. 

Basilius, bp. of Ancyra, 336. 

Basilius, bp. of Antioch, 456. 

Basilius, studies at Athens, 355— bp. of 
Csesarea, 370 — gives to his friend, Gre- 
gory of Nazianzus, the see of Sasima, 
371 — replies to Eunomius, 372 — recom- 
mends Amphilochius as bp. of Iconium, 
373— d. 380. 



Basilius of Cilicia, writes his Hist. Ecc^ 
520. 

Basilius. See Basilic- Bugiano. 

Basilius, Fl. Csecina, consul of Rome, 463. 

Basilius, consul of Rome, 480. 

Basilius, the last consul appointed by Jus- 
tinian I. ; a series of years follows, dated 
from his consulship, 541. 

Baskerville, John, of Birmingham, prin- 
ter, b. 1706— d. 1775. 

Baskerville, Sir Thomas, sent by Qu. Eli- 
zabeth with an army to assist Henry 
IV., 1596. 

Basle, joins the Union of the cities of the 
Rhine, 1250 — opening of the Eighteenth 
General Council at, under the presidency 
of Julius Cesarino, July 23, 1431 — its first 
session, Dec. 14 — declares itself superior 
to the pope, and takes into consideration 
various reforms, 1431 — Eugenius IV. 
commands them to assemble at Bologna ; 
they disobey, and continue their sittings 
at Basle, 1432 — make concessions to the 
Hussites, 1433 — limit and define the 
papal authority, 1434 — abolish annats, 
1435 — summon the pope to appear 
and answer the charges against him ; 
he answers by a Bull, dissolving the 
council, 1437 — they continue sitting, de- 
clare Eugenius contumacious, and decree 
a suspension of his authority, 1438 — de- 
pose the pope, and renew the schism of 
the church, by electing Amadeus of Sa- 
voy pope, as Felix V., 1439 — close of the 
council, 1443 — university of, founded, 
1460 — treaty of, between the emperor 
Maximilian and the Swiss, 1499 — joins 
the Swiss confederacy, 1501 — reforma- 
tion at, completed by G£colampadius,1529 
— treaty of, between the king of Prussia 
and the French republic, Apr. 5 — and 
with Spain, July 22, 1795— democratic 
agitation in, 1830. 

Basnage, Samuel, d. 1691. 

Basque Provinces, in Spain, reduced by 
Rechesuinthus, k. of the Visigoths, 667- 

Basque Roads, a French fleet destroyed 
in, by Sir Edw. Hawke, 1758 ; and an- 
other by lords Gambier and Cochrane, 
Apr. 12, 1809. 

BASs-ffius, praetorian prefect, 168. 

Bassein, treaty of, with the Peishwa, Dec. 
31, 1802 — taken by the British, May 
19, 1852. 

Bassianus, the original name of Caracalla, 
196— and of Elagabalus, 218. 

Bassignano, battle of ; a papal and Nea- 
politan army defeated, by Marco Vis- 
conte, 1322. 

Bassorah, founded, 636 — Moawiyah faila 
in his attempt to take, 659. 

Bassus, consul of Rome, 211. 

Bassus, consul of Rome, 258, 259. 

Bassus, consul of Rome, 83L. 



BAT 



78 



BAT 



Bassus, consul of Rome, 408. 

Bassus, consul of Rome, 431. 

Bassus, C. Lecanius, consul of Rome, 64. 

Bassus, L. Flavius Silva Nonius, consul 
of Rome, 81. 

Bassus, M. Ceionius Virius, consul of 
Rome, 271, 289. 

Bassus, Sept., consul of Rome, 317. 

Bassus, Caecilius, revolts in Syria, B.C. 46 
— finally overcome by Cassius, 45. 

B a staenje, a Barbarian tribe, conquered by 
Galerius, and transported to some of 
the depopulated districts of the empire, 
295. 

Bastia, attacked by adm. Rowley, who 
compels the Genoese gov. to give it up 
to the revolted Corsicans, 1745— connect- 
ed with France by a submarine electric 
telegraph, Nov 12, 1854. 

Bastile, the first stone of the, laid by Au- 
briot, provost of Paris, Apr. 22, 1370— at- 
tacked and destroyed, July 14, 1789— its 
destruction commemorated in England by 
a large assemblage, at which lord Stan- 
hope presides, July 14, 1790 — at Bir- 
mingham, which gives rise to riots, J uly 
14, 1791. 

Bastwick, imprisoned by the Star-cham- 
ber, 1637. 

Batagaba, battle of ; the Bulgarians de- 
feat Constantine V., 750. 

Batalha, convent of, built by the Portu- 
guese, to commemorate their victory over 
the Castilians at Aljubarrotte, May 29, 
1385. 

Batavi, the island of the, reached by Dru- 
sus, B.C. 12 — they revolt under Civilis, 
a.d. 69 — are defeated bv Cerialis, but 
acknowledged as allies, not subjects, of 
Rome, 70. 

Batavia, built by the Dutch on the island 
of Java, 1610 — it surrenders to Sir Sa- 
muel Auchmuty, Aug. 26, 1811. 

Batavian republic established, May 16, 
1795 — remodels its constitution, 1801 — 
embargo on its ships in England, follow- 
ed by war, 1803 — receives another con- 
stitution, with Schimmelpenninck as 
pensionary, 1805 — erected into a king- 
dom, 1806. See Holland. 

Bateman, William, bp. of Norwich, founds 
Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 1351. 

Bath> taken by Ceawlin, k. of Wessex, 577 
— the abbey of, built by Offa, k. of Mercia, 
783 — Edgar anointed at, by Dunstan and 
Oswald. 972. 

Bath, William Pulteney, created earl of, 
loses his influence, 1742— d. 1764. See 
Pulteney, William. 

Bath, the Order of Knights of the, origi- 
nally instituted by Henry IV., 1|399 — re- 
vived by George I., 1725 — new-modelled 
and extended by George IV., 1815— the 



grand cross of the, bestowed on Omar 
Pasha, Aug. 11, 1855. 

Bathobi, Sigismund, succeeds in Transyl- 
vania, 1586 — gives it up to the emperor 
Rudolf II., 1597. 

Bathobi, Stephen, succeeds John Sigis- 
mund in Transylvania, 1571 — elected k. 
of Poland, 1575 — marries Anne, sister of 
the late k. Sigismund Augustus, 1576 — 
enters into alliance with Sweden against 
Russia, 1578 — drives the Russians out of 
Livonia, Esthonia, and Ingria, 1579 — 
Iwan IV. requests the pope to mediate, 
1581 — truce concluded; Stephen retains 
his conquests, 1582 — d. 1586. 

Baths of Titus erected, 80 — of Nero, re- 
paired and called Alexander's, 226 — of 
Diocletian, are converted by pope Gre- 
gory XIII. into a granary, 1580. 

Bathuest, in Australia, first discovery of 
gold near, May 14, 1851. 

Bathuest, Allen, lord, b. 1684— d. 1775. 

Bathuest, Henry, made baron Apsley and 
lord chancellor, Jan. 1771 — succeeds 
afterwards as earl Bathurst — d. 1794. 

Bathuest, Henry, earl, b, 1762— d. 1834. 

Bathuest, Dr. Henry, appointed bp. of 
Norwich, March 9, 1805 — supports the 
Bills for the removal of Catholic dis- 
abilities, 1821 — one of the two bps. who 
vote for the Reform Bill, 1831— d. 1837. 

Bathyany, Count, an insurgent in Hun- 
gary, captured by Haynau, June, 1849 
—shot, Oct. 6. 

Bathyany, Count Casimir, a Hungarian 
exile, b. 1S09— d. 1854. 

Batou, grandson of Dschingis-khan, estab- 
lishes the Golden Horde in Kapzak, 
1235 — invades Russia, 1236 — conquers 
Kiow, drives Wladimir from the throne, 
and sets up Iaroslav as a vassal of the 
Golden Horde, 1238— ravages Hungary, 
Poland, and Silesia, 1241 — repulsed at 
Olm utz, 1242 — returns to Kapzak, 1243. 

" Bateachoi." See Abistophanes. 

Batteeies, Floating. See Gibbaltab. 

Battle Abbey, founded by William I., 
1067. 

Battles ; the date of every important 
battle, with its result, the parties en- 
gaged in it, and all other material cir- 
cumstances, may be found in this Index, 
by referring to the name of the place 
where it was fought, of the sovereign in 
whose reign it took place, or of the 
general who commanded. 

Batto, continues the revolt in Apulia after 
the defeat ofMelo, 1019 — taken prisoner 
in the fort of Garigliano, and killed by 
the Greek catapan,Basilio Bugiano, 1021. 

Battus, arrives in Africa, B.C. 640 — 
second settlement on the island of Pl»- 
tea, 637— founds Cyrene, 631. 



BAY 



7l) 



BAT 



Battus IT., the Fortunate, king of Cyrene, 
b.c. 575. 

Baudin, Admiral, takes S. Juan de Ulloa, 
and Vera Cruz, from the Mexicans, 1838. 

Bauge, in Anjou, battle of. the duke of 
Clarence defeated and slain, 1421. See 
Heney V., k. of England. 

Bauto, a descendant of the royal Visi- 
gothic Balji, consul of Rome, 385 — his 
daughter Eudocia married to Arcadius, 
395. 

Bautzen, battle of, May 19, 1813. See 
Napoleon I. 

Bavaria, Christianity preached in, by 
Emmeran, 651 — becomes an independent 
state, 674— Ansprando and his son Liut- 
prand take refuge in, when driven out of 
Lombard y, 703 — subdued by Charles 
Martel, 725 — invaded by the Avars, who 
destroy Lorch, 737 — reduced by Pepin, 
750 — Thassilon, its duke, does homage 
to Charlemagne, 781— freed from an in- 
vasion of the Avars by Charlemagne and 
added to his empire, 788. 

Given by Louis I. le Deoonnaire to his 
son Lothaire, with the title of king, 
815 — transferred to his youngest son 
Louis, 821 — Louis rebels and is desert- 
ed by his army, 839 — in the division of 
the empire on his father's death, he 
makes Bavaria part of his kingdom 
of Germany, 840 — allotted to Carloman, 
s;on of Louis, 876 — on his death seized 
by Louis of Saxony, 880 — occupied by 
Charles the Fat, 882. See Arnulf, na- 
tural son of Carloman. 

Invasion of the Hungarians; Arnulf 
elected duke to oppose them, 907 — 
Henry I. duke, 942 — Henry IT., 958— 
leagues with the Bohemians and Poles 
against the emperor Otho II., 975 — de- 
feated and takes refuge in Bohemia, 
976 — recovers his states and claims the 
wardship of Otho III., 984— d. 995— 
Henry IIT. succeeds, elected k. of Ger- 
many, 1002. See Henry II. of Germany. 
Bavaria transferred by him to Henry 
IV.,brother of his queen, Cunegonda, 1004 
—resumed, 1008— Henry V. duke, 1025 
—Conrad I., 1047— Henry VI., 1052— 
Conrad II., 1054— given by the emperor 
Henry III. to his empress Agnes, 1056 
— by her to Otho of Nordheim, 106i— by 
the emperor Henry IV. to Guelph IV., 
count of Carinthia, and Guelph I. of 
Bavaria 1071. See Albert Azzo, Cu- 
negonda, and Guelph IV. — he joins the 
crusaders and dies in Cyprus, 1101. 

Guelph II. succeeds ; Henry VII. 
(Guelph) duke, 1120— Henry VIII., the 
Proud (Guelph), 1126 — invested with the 
duchy of Saxony by the emperor Lo- 
thaire II., 1126— with Tuscany and its 



Bavaria — ccntinued. 
dependencies, 1133 — he opposes the 
emperor Conrad III., and is deprived of 
his German states, 1138— d, 1139— his 
son Henry, the Lion, preserves Saxony ; 
after a long struggle, Bavaria is given 
to Henry IX. of Austria, 1142— restored 
to Henry X., the Lion, 1153— a league of 
the princes of North Germany against 
him, repressed by the emperor, 1166 — 
he withdraws from the imperial army in 
Lombardy, 1166— is ejected from all his 
states except Brunswick and Lunenburg, 
by the diet of Wurzburg; Bavaria 
given to Otho I. of Wittelsbach, 1180 
— who is succeeded by Louis I., 1183 — 
Henry, the Lion, d. at Brunswick, 1195. 

The Palatinate of the Rhine united to 
Bavaria; Otho II. duke, 1231— he sup- 
ports the emperor, Frederic II., against 
pope Innocent IV., 1246 — his son, 
Louis II., duke of Bavaria and elector 
Palatine, 1253— joins Ottocar II. of Bo- 
hemia in opposing the election of Rudolf 
of Habsburg, 1273— changes sides, 1275 
— the Palatinate separated ; Louis III. 
duke of Bavaria, 1294— elected k. of Ger- 
many, 1314. See Louis IV. of Germany. 

Treaty of Pavia settles the Bavarian 
succession, 1329 — Stephen, duke .of 
Bavaria, 1347 — war of six years with 
Austria for the Tyrol, without gaining 
it, 1363-69— John I. duke, 1375— Ernest, 
1397— Albert I., 1438 — John II. and 
Sigismund, 1460 — Albert II., 1465 — 
William 1., 1508 — Albert III., 1550— 
William II., 1579— Maximilian, 1596— 
head of the Catholic League of Wurz- 
burg, 1609 — overthrows the Bohemian 
Protestants in the battle of Prague, 
Nov. 9, N.s. ; his general, Tilly, defeated 
at Wiesloch by Count Mansfeld, de- 
vastates the Palatinate of the Rhine, 
with horrid barbarity, 1622— the Pala- 
tinate annexed to Bavaria, 1623 — Gus- 
tavus Adolphus defeats Tilly at Breit- 
enfeld, Sept 7, n.s. ; and penetrates to 
Bavaria, 1631— Turenne and Wrangel 
compel Maximilian to a treaty of neu- 
trality, 1646 — the Palatinate of the 
Rhine restored, and Bavaria made the 
eighth electorate, by the peace of West- 
phalia, 1648- -Maximilian d. 1651. 

Ferdinand Maria succeeds ; disputes 
with the elector Palatine the vicariate of 
the empire, 1657 — Maximilian Emanuel 
elector, 1679— serves against the Turks 
in Hungary and takes Belgrade, 1688— 
joins the league of Augsburg against 
Louis XIV., 1689— commands the allied 
army in Flanders during the absence of 
William III.; and relieves Charleroi, 
1692- his army unites with the French 



BAV 



80 



BAT 



Bavaria — continued. 
in the war against the emperor, Leopold 
I., and defeats the imperialists in the 
first battle of Hochstadt, Sep. 20, 1703— 
is driven from the lines of Schellenberg 
by Marlborough, July 2, 1704 — and 
totally annihilated by him in the second 
battle of Hochstadt (See Blenheim); 
after which the elector takes flight into 
the Spanish Netherlands, of which he is 
made governor ; the electress surrenders 
Bavaria to the emperor, and retires to 
Venice ; the elector put to the han of the 
empire, 1706— attacks Brussels and re- 
treats precipitately, 1708— relieved from 
the ban, 1712— his states restored to him 
by the treaty of Baden, 1714— d. 1726. 

Charles Albert succeeds, resists the 
Pragmatic Sanction, and claims the 
hereditary states of Austria, 1740 — joins 
France in the war against Maria There- 
sa ; invades Bohemia, and is crowned king 
at Prague, 1741 — elected emperor at 
Frankfort, Jan. 24, 1742 See Charles 
VII. of Germany. The Austrians expel 
him from Bohemia, take MUnich, and 
conquer Bavaria, 1742 — Charles Albert 
solicits peace ; Maria Theresa rejects the 
preliminaries ; he recovers Bavaria, 1744 
— d. 1745. 

His son Maximilian Joseph makes 
peace with Maria Theresa, and secures 
his states by voting for her husband 
Francis as emperor ; d. 1778 — the elector 
Palatine, Charles Theodore, inherits Ba- 
varia ; the two states are again united ; 
the emperor Joseph II. claims and 
seizes a portion of them ; the k. of 
Prussia resists ; impending war averted 
by the peace of Teschen, May, 13, 1779 
— the project of Joseph to obtain Bavaria 
in exchange for Belgium, thwarted by 
Prussia and other states, 1785 — Bavaria 
joins the coalition against France, 1793 
— invaded by Morean, and saved by the 
archduke Charles of Austria, 1796 — 
Charles Theodore d. 1799. 

Maximilian Joseph II. succeeds ; Mo- 
reau conquers Bavaria, and takes Mu- 
nich, July 2, 1800 — restored by the 
treaty of Luneville, 1801 — receives 
WUrtzburg, Bamberg, and Augsburg, 
in compensation for territories lost on 
the left bank of the Rhine, 1803 — in 
alliance with France, occupied by the 
Austrians under gen. Mack ; recovered 
by Napoleon ; the elector takes the 
title of king, and the Tyrol is an- 
nexed to his dominions, 1805— gives the 
princess Augusta in marriage to Eugene 
Beauharnais, 1806 — attends the congress 
of Erfurt, 1808 — in alliance with France 
•gainst Austria, 1809— gives up South 



Bavaria — continued. 
Tyrol to the kingdom of Italy, and re 
ceives in exchange Bayreuth, Salzburg. 
Ratisbon, and other lands, 1810 — joins 
the allies, and sends an army under gen. 
Wrede to intercept Napoleon in his re- 
treat at Hanau, 1813 — assists in the in- 
vasion of France, and concurs in the 
treaties of Paris and Vienna, 1814 — 
abolishes serfdom and introduces a re- 
presentative government in his states, 
1818— d. 1825. 

His son Louis Charles Augustus suc- 
ceeds ; founds the university of Mu- 
nich, 1826 — allows many of his officers 
to assist the Greeks, 1827 — joins the 
Zollverein, 1829 — his son Otho ap- 
pointed k. of Greece ; anniversary of 
the Bavarian constitution, celebrated 
at Hambach, May 27, 1832— the king 
erects the temple of Walhalla near Ra- 
tisbon, to commemorate the great men of 
Germany, 1842 — dismisses Lola Montes, 
and resigns his crown to his son, Maxi- 
milian Joseph II. (as king), Mar. 20, 
1848 — dissents from the election of the k. 
of Prussia as emperor of Germany, 1844 
— sends troops in conjunction with Aus- 
tria to put down the commotions in Hesse 
Cassel, 1850 — withdraws them, 1851. 

Bavius, the poet, d. b.c. 35. 

Baxter, Richard, b. 1615— d. 1691. 

Bayard, the Chevalier, distinguishes him- 
self in Flanders, and saves Mezieres, 
1521 — serves under Bonnivet in Italy, 
1523 — killed in the retreat of the French 
army, 1524. 

Bayazid, in Asia, the Russians defeat the 
Turks at, July 30, 1854. 

Bayeux, in Normandy, taken by Henry I. 
of England, 1105— Odo, bp. of. See Oix>. 

Bayeux, tapestry of, the work of Matil- 
da, qu. of William I., preserved in the 
abbey there, and first mentioned, 1476. 

Bayle, Peter, b. 1647 — begins his journal, 
" Nouvelles de la Republique des Let- 
tres," 1684 — his Dictionary first pub- 
lished at Rotterdam, 1697— d. 1706. 

Baylen, battle of; surrender of Dupont 
and his army, to the Spanish gen., Cas- 
tahos, July 28, 1808. 

Baylen, Castaiios, duke of, d. 1852. 

Bayonets, first made at Bayonne, about 
1690— supersede pike3, and are in ge- 
neral use in the French army, 1703. 

Bayonne, conference at, between Katharine 
de' Medici and the duke of Alva, to plot 
the destruction of protestantism, 1565 — 
the royal family of Spain meet Napoleon, 
and resign the kingdom to his brother 
Joseph, 1808 — Soult driven back to, rrom 
the Pyrenees, 1813 — sally of the French 
from, April 14, 1814. 



BEA 



81 



BEA 



Bayreuth. See Anspach. — Annexed to 
Bavaria, 1810. 

Baza, taken from the Moors by Ferdinand 
of Spain, 1489. 

Bazaar. See Anti-Corn-Law League. 

Beadan-head, battle of; Escwin, k. of Wes- 
sex, defeats Wulf here, k. of Mercia, 675. 

Bean, , presents a pistol at Queen Vic- 
toria, July 3, 1842 — on which an Act is 
passed for the better protection of her 
majesty's person. 

Beandune, battle of; the Cymri are de- 
feated by Cynegils, k. of Wessex, and 
his son, Curchelm, 614. 

Beaton, cardinal, archbp. of St. Andrews, 
causes theexecution of Patrick Hamilton, 
as a heretic, 1528-regent of Scotland, 1542 
— opposes the marriage-treaty with Eng- 
land, 1543 — is assassinated, May 28, 1546. 

Beaton's Mill, James III., k. of Scotland, 
is murdered in, June 11, 1488. 

Beatrice, dau. of Frederic, duke of Upper 
Lorraine, married to Boniface II., duke of 
Tuscany, 1036 — he d. 1052— marriage of 
his widow to Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, 
1054— guardian of her daughter Matilda ; 
Henry III. of Germany claims Tuscany, 
and detains her in captivity, 1055 — re- 
stored to her husband, 1057-governs Tus- 
cany in the name of her dau. Matilda, 
after Godfrey's death, 1070— d. 1076. 

Beatrice, daughter of Aldrovandino, late 
marquis of Este, married to Andrew II., 
k. of Hungary, 1234 — imprisoned by her 
son-in-law, Bela IV., she escapes to her 
family in Italy, where she gives birth to 
a son named Stephen, 1235. 

Beatrice, dau. of Charles II. of Naples, 
married to Azzo VIII., marq. of Este, 1305. 

Beatrice, dau. of Rinaldo, count of Bur- 
gundy, married to Frederic I., emperor of 
Germany, 1156. 

Beatrice, dau. of Philip of Swabia,late em- 
peror of Germanv, married to Otho IV., 
1209. 

Beatrice, dau. of Ferdinand, k. of Portu- 
gal, married to John I., k. of Castile, 
1383. 

Beatrice, sister of Azzo VIII., marquis of 
Este, married to Galeazzo, son of Matteo, 
Visconte, 1300— d. 1335. 

Beatrice, duchess of Milan, beheaded for 
alleged infidelity, 1418. 

Beatrice of Ferrara marr. Ludovico Sforza, 
1490-her rivalry with Isabella, her sister- 
in-law, leads to discord in Milan, 1491. 

Beatrice of Naples marries Matthias Cor- 
vinus, k. of Hungary, 1476. 

Beatrice of Modena. See Mary Beatrice. 

Beattie, James, b. 1735— d. 1803. 

Beaucaire. See Alfonso X., k. of Castile. 

Beaucamp, Richd., earl of Warwick, ap- 
pointed by Hen. V. guardian of his son, 



1422— compelled to abandon the siege of 
Montargis by the bastard of Orleans, 1426 
—succeeds the duke of York as regeut 
of France, and d. soon after, 1440. 

Beauchamp, William Seymour, lord, mar 
ries lady Arabella Stuart, for which they 
are committed to the Tower, 1611. See 
Hertford, marquis of. 

Beauchamp of Holt, lord, unjustly executed 
for treason, 1388. 

Beaufort, John, son of John of Gaunt and 
Katharine Swinford, legitimized by the 
king and the pope, 1396 -his son, John, 
first duke of Somerset, leaves only a dau., 
Margaret, who marries Edmund, earl of 
Richmond, eldest son of Owen Tudor and 
qu. Katharine, 1455. See Henry VII., 
k. of England. 

Beaufort, Edmund, duke of Somerset, 
younger brother of John, inherits his 
title, and is governor of Normandy, 1447 
— surrenders Rouen, and retreats tollar- 
fleur, Nov. 4, 1449— succeeds William de 
la Pole, earl of Suffolk, as adviser of 
queen Margaret, and is very unpopular, 
1450— the parliament petitions for his 
removal, 1451— committed to the Tower, 
1454 — released, and slain at the battle of 
St. Alban's, May 23, 1455. 

Beaufort, Henry, bishop of Winchester, 
son of John of Gaunt, quarrels with 
Humphrey, duke of Gloucester : recon- 
ciled by John, duke of Bedford, 1425— 
made a cardinal, 1426 — intrigues against 
the duke of Gloucester, 1442 — prevails 
over him in the English councils; and 
promotes the marriage of Henry VI. to 
Margaret of Anjou, 1444 — d. 1447. 

Beaufort, the duke de, a French admiral, 
gains a victory over the Algerines, 1665 
—unable to join the Dutch, shelters his 
fleet in Brest, 1666. 

Beaufort, the duke of, b. 1791 — d. 1853. 

Beaufort, Fort, repulse of the Caffres at, 
Jan. 7, 1851. 

Beaufoy's motion for the relief of dissent- 
ers negatived by a majority of 78, Mar. 
28, 1787 — his second motion negatived by 
a majority of 20, May 8, 1789. 

Beaugency, synod of, divorces Louis VII. 
from Eleanor of Guienne, 1152. 

Beauhaenais, Eugene, b. 1781— made vice- 
roy of Italy, 1805 — marries the princess 
Augusta of Bavaria, Jan. 14, 1806— com- 
mands the army of Italy and takes 
Trieste. May 18, 1809— defeats Jellach- 
ich, May 25 —joins the grand army, 
May 27 — receives from Murat the com- 
mand of the French troops in Prussia, 
Jan. 16, 1813 — and conducts them tc 
Berlin, Feb. 21— d. 1824. 

Beauharuais, Hortense de, married to 
Louis Bonaparte, Jan. 9, 1802. 



BED 



82 



BED 



Beaujeu, Pierre, Sire de, brother of John, 
duke of Bourbon, and husband of Anne, 
daughter of Louis XI., 1483. See Anne. 
Inherits the title of duke of Bourbon, 
1488 ; leaves no male posterity. See 
Bourbon. 

Beaulieu, a sanctuary in the New Forest, 
where Perkin Warbeck takes refuge, 
Sept. 21, 1497. 

Beaulieu, or Loches, a fifth treaty signed 
at, gives the Huguenots religious liberty, 
1576. 

Beaumarchais, b. 1732— his edition of the 
works of Voltaire suppressed in France, 
1783— d. 1799. 

Beaumont, lord, falls in battle, at North- 
ampton, July 10, 1460. 

Beaumont, lord, b. 1805 — d. 1854. 

Beaumont, Francis, b. 1555 — a popular 
dramatist conjointly with Fletcher, 1614 
— d. 1615. 

Beaumont, Sir George, gives his pictures 
to the National Gallery, 1824. 

Beausobre, b. 1659— d. 1738. 

Beauvais, Vincent de, the compiler of the 
Speculum Majus, the first attempted En- 
cyclopaedia, d. 1264. 

Beccaria, marquis, 6. 1735 — publishes his 
Treatise on Crimes and Punishments, 
1764— d. 1793. 

Beche, Sir Henry de la, b. 1796— d. 1855. 

Beckenham. See Baccancelde. 

Becket, Thomas a, chancellor to Hemy 
II., 1155 — archbp.of Canterbury; resigns 
the chancellorship and opposes the king's 
ecclesiastical reforms, 1162 — gives a pro- 
mise of submitting to the ancient laws 
of the realm, 1163 — refuses to observe 
the Constitutions of Clarendon, and flies 
to France, 1164 — excommunicates Henry 
II. and all who conform to the Constitu- 
tions, 1165 — enters into a compromise 
with the king ; returns to his see ; is as- 
sassinated, Dec. 29, 1170 — two cardinals 
sent by the pope to investigate the cir- 
cumstances of his death, 1171 — Henry 
involved in much trouble in consequence, 
receives absolution, 1173 — does penance 
at his tomb, 1174. 

Beckford, Wm., b. 1705 — his mansion at 
Fonthill destroyed by fire, Feb. 12, 1755 
— elected lord mayor of London, 1762 — 
again, 1769 — his reply to the king's an- 
swer to the address of the London corpo- 
ration, May 23, 1770— d. 1770— his statue 
placed in Guildhall, June 11, 1772. 

BECKFORD,Wm., author of Vathek,&. 1760 — 
sells Fonthill, 1822— d. 1844. 

Beckwtth, General, captures Guadaloupe, 
Feb. 5, 1810. 

Beddoks, Dr., b. 1760— d. 1808. 

Bf.de, b. at Wearmouth, 673— educated by 
Benedict Biscop, 680— also by Ceolfrid, 



abbot of Wearmouth, 689 — ordained a 
deacon, by John bp. of York, 692— priest, 
703— ends his Hist. Ecc., 731— d. in the 
monastery of Jarrow, May 26, 735. 

Bedeau, general, banished from France, 
Jan. 10, 1852. 

Beder, battle of, Mohammed overcomes 
the Koreish, 623. 

Bedericsworth (St. Edmund's Bury), the 
abbey of, rebuilt and endowed by Canute, 
1029. See Burv St. Edmund's. 

Bedford taken from the Five-burghers 
by Edward the Elder, 919. 

Bedford, John, duke of, brother of Henry 
V., repels an attempt of the French to 
recover Harfleur, 1416 — arrests Queen 
Joanna of England, 1419 — regent of 
France, 1422 — maiTies Anne, sister of 
Philip, duke of Burgundy, 1423 — me- 
diates between the dukes of Gloucester 
and Burgundy, 1424 — composes differ- 
ences between the former and Beaufort, 
bp. of Winchester, 1425 — forces the duke 
of Britanny to break off his alliance with 
Charles VII., 1426 — marries Jacqueline 
of Luxemburg, 1432— d. 1435. 

Bedford, earl of; title given to lord Russel, 
1549. See Eussel, lord. Negotiates the 
peace with France, 1550 — suppresses Sir 
Peter Carew's insurrection, 1554 — one of 
Queen Elizabeth's council of state, 1558 
— sent by her to attend at the baptism 
of prince James of Scotland, 1566. 

Bedford, Russel, earl of, sides with the 
parliament, and at the head of a detach- 
ment of their army drives the marquis 
of Hertford from Somersetshire into 
Wales, 1642 — abandons their cause and 
joins Charles I. at Oxford, 1643 — fails to 
obtain from Charles II. a mitigation of 
the sentence against his son, lord Wm. 
Russel, 1683 — made one of the privy 
council by William III., 1689 — created 
duke of Bedford, 1693. 

Bedford, John, duke of, b. 1710 — censures 
the sacrifice of British to Hanoverian 
interests, 1742 — opposes the employment 
of Hanoverian troops in British pay, 1743 
— first lord of the admiralty in the 
" Broad Bottom " ministry, 1744 — secre- 
tary of state, 1747 — lord lieutenant of 
Ireland,1759 — signs the preliminaries of 
peace at Fontainebleau, Nov. 8, 1762 
— president of the council and head of 
the ministry, Sept. 9, 1763— d. 1771. 

Bedford, Francis, duke of, b. 1765 — d. Mar. 
2, 1802 — Fox's oration in praise of him, 
Mar. 16 — his statue erected in Russell 
Square, 1S09. 

Bedford, John, duke of, lord lieutenant of 
Ireland.1806 — fights aduel with the duke 
of Buckingham, 1822. 

Bedford, Georgiana, dow.-duch. of, d. 1858. 



BEL 



83 



BEL 



Bedmar, Spanish ambassador at Venice, 
encourages a conspiracy there, and dis- 
turbs all Italy, 1618. 

Bbecher, Mr. (now Sir W. W.) marries 
Miss O'Neil, the actress, 1819. 

Beechy, Sir William, b. 1753— d. 1839. 

Beethoven, b. 1770— d. 1827 — a statue of, 
erected, and festival in his honour, at 
Frankfort, 1845. 

Beet-root, sugar extracted from, by the 
Prussian chemist Achard, 1799. 

Beffart, Karl, of Treves, grand-master of 
the Teutonic knights in Prussia, 1312. 

Beggars' Opera. See Gay. 

Beghards and Beguines, religious sects in 
Flanders, condemned by the fifteenth 
general coimcil held at Vienne in Dau- 
phiny, 1311 — persecuted by the Inqui- 
sition, 1341. 

Begum Charge. See Oude, Begums of ; 
Adam, Mr. ; Hastings, Warren ; and 
Sheridan, E. B. 

Behring discovers the Straits to which his 
name is given, 1728. 

Beira, taken by the Moors, 1161. 

Beja, (Pax-Julia) besieged by Froila, k. of 
the Goths, 761 — taken by the Moors, 1161 
—by Sancho I. k. of Portugal, 1189. 

Bela I., kills his brother Andrew in battle 
and obtains the throne of Hungary, 1060 
—d. 1063. 

Bela II., k. of Hungary, 1131-1141. 

Bela III., k. of Hungary, 1173 — takes 
Zara, and recovers all Dalmatia and 
Croatia, 1181— d. 1196. 

Bela IV., rebels against his father An- 
drew II., 1220— submits to him, 1222— 
succeeds him as k. of Hungary, 1235 — 
defeats the duke of Austria, to whom 
some nobles had offered the crown, and 
imprisons his mother-in-law, Beatrice, 
1235 — permits the Cuman fugitives to 
settle in Hungary, 1239 — the Mongolians 
of the Golden Horde invade his do- 
minions, and oblige him to retire into 
Dalmatia, 1241 — recovers his kingdom, 
1245— defeats the Mongols, 1260— d. 1270. 

Belcher, Sir Edward, sails in search of 
Sir John Franklin, April 21, 1852. 

Belfast, Queen's College, endowed by Act 
of parliament 8 and 9 Victoria, c. 56, 
1845— opened 1849. 

Belfast and Dublin junction railway 
opened, June 1852. 

Belg.e, the, resist Caesar, B.C. 57. 

Belgian Railway, commencement of the, 
1S34. 

Helgians, the, revolt against the measures 
of the emperor Joseph, 1719 — declare 
themselves independent, 1790 — their 
privileges are restored by his successor 
Leopold, and they submit, Dec. 3, 1790. 

Belgium, occupied by the Danes* SS0. See 



B elgium — continued. 
Netherlands, Spanish and Austrian. 
Conquered by Dumourier, who enters 
Brussels, Nov. 13, 1792 — abandoned by 
him after his defeat at Neerwinden, Mar. 
18, 1793— jnvaded by Pichegru, Apr. 26 ; 
and conquered by him, Nov. 30, 1794 — 
united to France and divided into nine 
departments, 1795 — recovered by the 
allies, and combined with Holland to 
form the kingdom of the Netherlands, 
1814 — scene of Wellington's short cam- 
paign and Napoleon's final overthrow at 
Waterloo, 1815— general revolt of, Sept. 
1830 — declared independent by the gua- 
rantee states, Nov. 2 — Leopold of Saxe- 
Coburg chosen king, July 21, 1831 — sur- 
render of Antwerp, Dec. 23, 1832— pre- 
liminaries of peace with Holland, June 
5, 1833 — fresh discussions arise respect- 
ing Luxemburg and Maestricht ; visit 
of Queen Victoria, 1843 — treaty of com- 
merce with England, Sept. 2, 1844: — ir- 
ruption of French revolutionists into, 
repulsed, Mar. 29, 1848— death of Louisa, 
queen of Belgium, Sept. 11, 1850 — visit 
of Queen Victoria, Aug. 1852. 

Belgrade, (see Singidunum,) taken by the 
Huns, 441 — by Solomon, k. of Hungary, 
from the Greeks, 1064 — by Stephen Du- 
shan, k. of Servia, 1345 — given up to Sig- 
ismund k. of Hungary, by the Servians, 
1433 — Amurath II. attempts to take it 
butfails, 1439 — besieged by Mahomet II., 
who is repulsed by John Huniades, 1456 
—taken by Soliman II., 1521 — by the 
elector of Bavaria (Maximilian Einan- 
uel),1688— by the Turks, 1690— by Prince 
Eugene, Aug. 22, 1717— treaty of peace 
between Turkey, Austria, and Russia is 
concluded at, Sept. 22, 1739— taken by 
Laudohn, Oct. 6, 1789. 

Belibus, k. of Babylon, B.C. 702. 

Belisarius first employed, 524 — conducts 
the war in Armenia, 526— ordered to 
construct a strong fortress at Mindona, 
528 — defeats the Persians at Dara, 530 
— is defeated by the Saracens and Per- 
sians, but maintains his ground ; takes 
the command of the expedition preparing 
against Gelimer, 531 — quells the violent 
Nike contest of the circus-factions, 532 — 
lands in Africa and achieves his first 
victories, 533 — returns to Constantinople 
and triumphs, 534 — occupies Sicily, 535 
quells a mutiny in Africa, returns to 
Sicily, takes Naples, and enters Rome, 
536— is besieged in Rome by Vitiges, 
537 — forces him to retire, and takes Clu- 
sium and Urbino, 538— Fsesulse and Aux- 
imum surrender to him ; he prepares 
to besiege Ravenna, 539 — takes Ravenna 
and is recalled from Italy, 540— eon* 



BEL 



84 



BEN 



Bslisarius — continued. 
mands against the Persians, 541 — com- 
pels them to abandon their conquests 
and recross the Euphrates, 542 — recalled 
from the East, 543— sent again to Italy, 
but -without supplies and with very in- 
adequate forces, 544 — while he is wait- 
ing for reinforcements, Totila lays siege 
to Rome, 545 — joined by fresh troops, 
but too late to save Rome, 546 — re- 
takes the city and repairs its walls, 547 
— takes Crotona and Tarentum, after 
which he is recalled to Constantinople, 
548 — drives the Bulgarians out of 
Thrace ; his last achievement, 559 — 
falsely accused of having been concerned 
in the conspiracy against Justinian, 562 
— acquitted of the charge and restored 
to his honours, 563— d. Mar. 13, 565. 

Bell, Andrew, b. 1752 — introduces his 
system of education, 179S— d. 1832. 

Bell, Sir Charles, b. 1778— d. 1842. 

Bell, T. S., Mr. Layard's coadjutor at 
Nineveh, d. 1851. 

Bell Rock, at the mouth of the river Tay, 
in Scotland ; a light-house erected on it, 
1806. 

Bellarmine, Cardinal, b. 1542— writes in 
defence of the measures of Pope Paul V., 
against the Venetians, 1606 — maintains 
a controversy on the oath of allegiance 
with James I., 1607— <2 1621. 

Bellasis, the governor of York, taken by 
lord and Sir Thomas Fairfax, at Selby, 
April 11, 1644. 

Belleisle, admiral Hawke defeats the 
French fleet off, Oct. 14, 1747— taken by 
commodore Keppel, June 7, 1761. 

Belleisle, afterwards marshal, b. 1683 — 
brought a pi'isoner to Windsor castle, 
Feb . 19, 1745 — exchanged, Aug. 12 — d. 
1761. 

Belleisle, chevalier de, defeated and slain 
at Exilles, July 8, 1747. 

Bellemare, attempts to assassinate the 
emperor of the French, Sept. 8 ; confined 
as a lunatic, 1855. 

Bellepares, king of Assyria, B.C. 1410 
(1380 CI.). 

Belles Lettres, professorship of, at 
Edinburgh, founded, and given to Dr. 
Hugh Blair, 1762. 

Bellingham, assassinates Mr. Perceval, 
May 11, 1812 — is tried, May 15— ex- 
ecuted, May 18. 

Bellini, Vincente, b. 1802— d. 1835. 

Bellona, the planet discovered, by Luther, 
March 1, 1854. 

Bellot, Lieut., b. 1826— d. 1853. 

Bells, introduced in churches by Pau- 
linus, bp. of Nola in Campania, 402 — in 
Crowland Abbey by Thurcytel, 945 — 
carried away from Santiago by Almau- 



sor as trophies, 993— from Damietta by 
the men of Haerlem, 1218. 

Belluno, conquered by Eccelius da Ro- 
mano, 1249 — taken by the Venetians, 
1419. 

Belluno, duke of. See Victor, marshal. 

BELOCHUS,k. of Assyria, B.C. 1789 (1912 C). 

Belochus II., k. of Assyria, B.C. 1435 
(1405 C). 

Belsham, Thomas, b. 1749— d. 1829. 

Belsham, William, b. 1752— d. 1827. 

Belshazzar, or Nabonadius, k. of Babylon 
B.C. 555 — conquered by Cyrus, 538. 

Belts, at the entrance of the Baltic, 
crossed by Charles Gustavus, king of 
Sweden, on the ice, 1658. 

Belus, or Nimrod, k. of Assyria, B.C. 2245 
(2554, H. : 2235, C.) 

Belvoir Castle, nearly destroyed by fire, 
1816 — visit of queen Victoria to the 
duke of Rutland at, 1843. 

Belzoni, commences his travels in Egypt, 
1815 — conveys the statue of Memnon 
from Egypt to London, 1818— d. 1823. 

Belzunce, bp. of Marseilles, benevolence 
of, during the plague, 1720. 

Bem, a Hungarian insurgent, b. 1795 — de- 
feats the Austrians at Hermannstadt, 
Jan. 21. 1849— is defeated by the Rus- 
sians, Feb. 4 ; flies into Turkey, Aug. 12 ; 
his surrender demanded, but refused, 
Aug. 23— d. 1850. 

Bempo, Giovanni, doge of Venice, 1615 — 
1618. 

Bembo, Peter, b. 1770 — appointed secretary 
to Leo X., 1513— created cardinal, 1538 
— d. 1546. 

Bemfleet, battle of; Alfred defeats the 
Danes, 894. 

Benacus, lake (now Lago di Garda). battle 
of; the Allemanni defeated by Claudius 
II., 268— meeting of Attilaand Leo I., 
bp. of Rome, on its banks, 452. 

Ben Amru. See Samail. 

Benares, ceded to the English by the 
nabob of Oude, 1775— the British envoys 
at, assassinated by Vizir Ali, Jan, 14, 
1799. 

Benares Charge. See Hastings, War- 
ren, Fox, C. J., and Grey. 

Benbow, commodore, bombards St. Malo, 
Sep. 19,1693 — unsuccessful, and mortally 
wounded, in the West Indies, Oct. 8,1702. 

Bender, Charles XII. escapes to, 1709 — 
besieged by the Russians, 1769 — taken, 
1770— taken by Potemkin, 1789. 

Benedict I., bp. of Rome, 574-578. 

Benedict II., pope, 684. 

Benedict III., (cardinal di San Calisto) 
pope, 855-858. 

Benedict IV., pope, 900-903. 

Benedict V., chosen pope to set aside 
Leo VIIL, 964— they both die, 965. 



BEN 



85 



BEN 



Benedict VI., pope, 972— imprisoned and 
strangled, 974. 

Benedict VII., pope, 975-983. 

Benedict VIII., pope (John, bp. of Porto), 
driven from Rome by Gregory, the anti- 
pope, takes refuge in Germany, 1012 — 
conducted back by Henry II., 1014— ex- 
pels the Saracens from Luni in Tuscany, 
1016 — visits the emperor ; takes Rudolf 
and a band of Normans into his service, 
1020— d. 1024. 

Benedict IX., pope, (Terfilacto, son of 
Alberico, count of Tusculum;, the papal 
dignity purchased for him, set. 10, by his 
father, 1033 — expelled by the people and 
restored by the emperor Conrad II., 
1038— again expelled for his vices, 1044 

— maintains his pontifical title as an 
an ti pope, till the election of Damasus II., 
1048. 

Benedict X., pope (John, bp. of Velletri), 
irregularly elected, 1058 — deposed, de- 
graded, and shut up in a monastery, 1059. 

Benedict XI., pope (Nicholas Boccasi, bp. 
of Ostia), 1303— reverses many of the 
acts of Boniface VIII. ; and endeavours 
to restore peace ; d. after a reign of nine 
months ; the see remains vacant, 1304. 

Benedict XII., pope (James Fournier, car- 
dinal Blanc), 1334 — receives overtures 
from the emperor Louis IV., which he 
wishes to accept, but is over-ruled by 
the kings of France and Naples, 1335— 
at the instigation of Philip VI., he re- 
news the excommunication of Louis, 1338 
— d. 1341. 

Benedict XIIL, the name assumed by 
Peter de Luna, antipope, when elected 
during the great schism of the West, on 
the death of Clement VII., 1394— Charles 
VI. of France ceases to recognize him, 
1398 — besieged by a French army in 
Avignon, he makes a conditional offer 
of abdication, 1399 — refuses to abdicate, 
and prolongs the schism, 1404 — agrees 
to a conference at Savona, which Gre- 
gory XII. evades, 1407 — renounced by 
France, he takes flight to Perpignan, 
1408 — deposed by the council of Pisa, he 
is still upheld by Martin I. of Arragon, 
and holds a council at Perpignar, 1409 

— fulminates new excommunications 
against his opponents, 1410 — in a con- 
ference with the emperor Sigismund 
and Ferdinand of Arragon, he refuses 
to resign, 1415— resists the council of 
Constance and opposes Martin V., 1417 
— d. 1424. 

Benedict XIII. (Vicenzo Marco Orsino, 
abp. of Benevento), pope, 1724-1730. 

Benedict XIV. (Prospero Lambertini, 
abp. of Bologna), j._pe, 1740 — receives 
Charles Edward Stuart and creates his 



brother Henry Benedict cardinal of 
York, July 3, 1747— he d. 1758. 
Benedict, I. at Nursia in Umbria, 480 — 
founds his new monastic order, the 
principal seat of which is Monte Casino 
in Campania, 529 — d. 556. 
Benedict, abbot of Peterborough, Avrites 

his Chronicle, 1192. 
Benedict, or Corpus Christi College, 

Cambridge, founded, 1351. 
Benedict, of Aniaue, introduces stricter 

rules of monastic discipline, 817. 
Benedict. See Biscop. 
Benedictine abbey of Clugny founded, 
910 — congregation of St. Maur, receive 
their statutes from the pope and begin 
their literary labours, 1621 — monasteries 
placed under sequestration by Edwy, 
957 — priories, regulated by the council 
of Aix-la-Chapelle, 816 — rule promoted 
in England by Ethelwolf, bp. of Win- 
chester, 963 — they are supported by 
Dunstan in their contest with the 
secular clergy, 977 — Rome contains 40 
monasteries and 20 nunneries of this rule, 
988. 
Benevente, president of Chili, 1827-1831. 
Benevento, the ancient Beneventum, 
battle of; the consul M. Curius Denta- 
tus defeats Pyrrhus, B.C. 275— made a 
Roman colony, 268 — the road from, to 
Brundusium constructed by Trajan, a.d. 
109— erected into a duchy by Alboin, k. 
of Lombardy, 572— its duke, Ajo, slain in 
battle by the Sclavonians, is succeeded by 
Radoaldo, who repels them, 642 — its 
duke, Grimoald, murders Gondibert and 
is made k. of Lombardy, 662 — repels the 
invasion of the duchy by Constans II., 
663— hissonRomoald acquires Tareutum 
and Brundusium, 668— Grimoald brings 
a colony of Bulgarians, 670. 

Remains independent of Charlemagne 
under Arigisus, 774— Paul Warnefrid re- 
sides at his court and writes his history 
of the Lombards, 782 — Arigisus repulsed 
at Amalfi, 786— does homage to Charle- 
magne, gives his son Grimoald as a 
hostage, and d. soon after, 787 — Grimoald 
released and made duke, repeats the 
homage,788 — an attack of Charlemagne's 
sons Louis and Pepin repulsed, 793 — 
Grimoald asserts his independence, 802 
— d. 806 — his treasurer, Grimoald Store- 
saiz, is elected duke ; treaty between 
him and Charlemagne, 812. 

Siconolfo and Radelgiso rival claimants 
to the duchy, 841 — Radelgiso invites the 
support of the Saracens, 842 — besieged 
by Siconolfo, 843 — the Saracens expelled 
and the duchy divided between the 
rivals by Louis, k. of Italy, 848— they 
fail in an attempt to recover Bari from 



BEN 



86 



BEE 



Benevento — continued. 
the Saracens, 856 — the emperor Louis and 
empress Angilberga are treacherously 
surprised in, by Adelgiso, 871 — he is de- 
feated by the Saracens, 875. 

The ducby conquered by Simbaticius, 
genera), of the emperor Leo VI.,and added 
to the new Greek province of Lombardy, 
891 — regains independence under its 
duke Radelgiso, 896 — ravaged by the Sa- 
racens, 906 — leagues with Capua and 
Amalfi against them, 908 — applies to the 
emperor Leo VI. for aid, 909 — Otho I., 
emperor of Germany, establishes his. 
supremacy, 967 — ceded to pope Leo IX., 
in exchange for lands given to the 
bishop of Bamberg, 1052 — besieged by 
Robert Guiscard, 1078 — pope Pascal II. 
driven from Rome by the emperor Henry 
V. : retires to Beneventum, 1117. 

Taken by the emperor Frederic II.,1241 
— battle of; Manfred, k. of Sicily, defeat- 
ed and slain by Charles of Anjou, Feb. 
26, 1266 — secularized by pope Alexander 
VI. ; and made a duchy for his son John 
Borgia, who is murdered and his lands 
taken by his brother Caesar, 1487 — re- 
sumed for the church by pope Julius II., 
1503 — seized by Ferdinand IV., k. of 
Naples, from pope Clement XIII.. 1768 — 
restored to his successor, Clement XIV., 
1769 — Talleyrand made prince of, 
1S06. 

Benevolence, or forced loan levied by 
Henry VII., 1491. 

Benfield, Paul, once so wealthy, d. at 
Paris, in the deepest indigence, 1810. 

Bengal, conquered by the Turks of Delhi, 
1220 — frequented by the Portuguese 
traders, 1518 — subdued by the Mongol, 
Baber, 1529 — first British factory estab- 
lished, 1656 — invaded by the Rajah al 
Dowlah, 1756 — recovered from him, 
1757— ceded to the East India Company, 
by the treaty of Allahabad, Aug. 12, 
1765 — desolated by famine, 1771 — War- 
ren Hastings appointed governor, 1772 
— the governor made governor-general 
of all the settlements, 1773— new court 
of judicature established there, 1774 — 
first section of the railway opened, Aug. 
15, 1854. 

Benhadad, k. of Syria, leagues with 
Asa, k. of Judah, B.C. 940. 

Benhadad II., k. of Syria, makes war on 
Israel, B.C. 837. 

Beni Aissa, aii African tribe, defeated by 
general St. Arnaud, June 9, 1851. 

Bennington, battle of ; the Hessians de- 
feated by the American general, Starke, 
July 16, 1777. 

Benjamin of Tudela travels, 1160-1173. 

Bensington, battle of; uffa, k. of Mercia, 



defeats Cynewulf, k. of Wessex, and 
takes the town, 777. 

Bent, J. H., chief justice of Guyana, 6. 
1780— d. 1852. 

Bentham, Jeremy, b. 1749 — receives an 
address of thanks from the Cortes of 
Portugal for his writings, 1822— d. 1832. 

Bentinck, William, created earl of Port- 
land, 1689 — negotiates the treaty of 
Ryswick, 1697 — signs the Spanish Suc- 
cession or Partition treaty, 1699 — im- 
peached bv the Commons, and acquitted, 
1701— d. 1709. 

Bentinck, lord George, b. 1802 — brings 
forward his plan for railways in Ireland, 
Feb. 4,1847 — rejected, Feb. 14; d. Sept. 
21, 1848 — his statue raised in Cavendish 
Square, Nov. 4, 1851. 

Bentinck, lord William, b. 1774 — captain- 
general of Sicily, promotes the estab- 
lishment of a free constitution there, 
1812 — Genoa surrenders to him, April 
17, 1814 — appointed governor-general of 
India, July 4, 1828 — returns from India, 
1835— d. 1S39. 

Bentivoglio, Ercole, commands the 
Florentine army, 1505. 

Bentivoglio, Giovanni, excites a revolt 
in Bologna against pope Julius II., 
1506. 

Bentivoglio, cardinal, b. 1579 — d. 1644. 

Bentley, Richard, b. 1662— publishes his 
Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris, 
1699 — is expelled from the master- 
ship of Trinity College, Cambridge, by 
the Senate, Oct. 17, 1718 — appeals to the 
privy council, Oct. 30; restored by a 
mandamus, Feb. 7, 1724— the proceed- 
ings against him revived, June 2, 1729 
— deprived of his mastership by the 
bishop of Ely, April 27, 1734— the vice- 
master refuses to read the sentence 
against him, which was therefore never 
enforced, June 14, 1735. 

Beorn, brother of Sweyn, k. of Denmark, 
murdered at Dartmouth, by Sweyn, God- 
win's son, 1049. 

Beorna, joint king of East Anglia with 
Ethelred, 749 — reigns alone, 758-761. 

Beornmod, bp. of Rochester, 802. 

Beort, the ealdorman, sent into Ireland by 
Egfrid, k. of Northumberland, with an 
army, and lays waste the country, 684 — 
defeated and slain by the Britons of 
Strath-cluyd, 699. 

Beortwulf, titular k. of Mercia, 838— put 
to flight by KSric, S51— d. S52. 

Beotibata, a pass in the Pyrenees, battle 
of; Philip V. of France defeated by the 
Navarrese, 1322. 

Beranbyrig. See Banbury, 

Bi. hanger, the French lyrist, b 17S0- 
prosecuted for some of his Odes, 1821. 



BER 



87 



BER 



Berab, the rajah of, defeated hy Sir Ar- 
thur Wellesley, at Argaum, Nov. 1803 — 
and at Gawulghur, Dec. 13 — a treaty of 
peace follows, Dec. 30. 

Berbers, Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings, 
establish themselves in Egypt, B.C. 2080 
(2159 H., 2100 L.)— finally expelled hy 
Tuthmosis II. ahout 1500 L. — wild shep- 
herds of Mount Atlas resist successfully 
the progress of the Mohammedans, a.d. 
699^are overcome by them, 707. 

Berengaria, daughter of Sancho, k. of 
Navarre, married to Richard I. of Eng- 
land, in Cyprus, 1191 — on his death re- 
tires into a monastery, 1199. 

Berengaria, sister of Henry I., late k. of 
Castile, married to John de Brienne, 
1224. 

Berengarius. See Berenger of Tours. 

Berenger I., duke of Friuli, on the death 
of Charles the Fat, claims the throne of 
Italy, and is opposed by Guy of Spoleto, 
888 — defeated by his rival, 889 — applies 
to the emperor Arnulf for assistance, 893 
— supported by Adalbert, duke of Tus- 
cany, agrees to divide Lombardy with 
Guy's son, Lambert, 896 — their treaty 
ratified by the congress of Pavia, 897 — 
on the death of Lambert, he conquers 
Spoleto, becomes sole king of Italy, and 
restores Tuscany to Adalbert, 898— re- 
pulses Louis, k. of Aries, but is defeated 
by the Hungarians, 899 — again attacked 
by him, retires into Germany, 901 — sur- 
prises Louis, and allows him to retire to 
Provence, 902 — takes him prisoner, and 
puts out his eyes, 905 — pays the Hun- 
garians to leave Italy, 906 — grants 
licences for fortifying monasteries and 
baronial castles, 912 — declared emperor 
of the West, 915 — crowned, March 24, 
916 — opposed by Rudolf, k. of Aries, 
brings in Hungarian auxiliaries, 921 — 
defeated by him at Fiorenzuola, 923 — 
assassinated at Verona, 924. . 

Berenger II., marquis of Ivrea, escapes 
the hostile designs of Hugh, k. of Italy, 
and takes refuge in Germany, 940 — re- 
turns and is welcomed by all the nobles 
of Italy, leaves Hugh and his son Lo- 
thaire the title of king, 945 — sends Liut- 
prand on an embassy to Constantinople, 
948— crowned, with his son Adalbert, k. 
of Italy, Dec. 15, 950 — ill treats and im- 
prisons Adelaide, widow of Lothaire, 
951. See Adelaide and Albert Azzo. 
Otho restores Italy to him and his son ; 
they do him homage at the diet of Augs- 
burg, and cede the Marches of Verona 
and Aquileia, 952 — Berenger besieges 
Albert Azzo in Canossa, 953 — raises the 
siege, 956 — many of his nobles repair to 
Otho for protection, 960 — who conquers 



Italy, except Pavia, 961— Berenger and 
his queen Willa surrender, and are sent 
prisoners to Bamberg, 964 — he dies there, 
and she takes the veil, 966. 

Berenger's fraud on the Stock Exchange, 
Feb. 22, 1814. 

Berenger of Tours, or Berengarius, con- 
demned and imprisoned for denying the 
doctrine of Transubstantiation, 1050 — 
subscribes at Rome a recantation, which 
he retracts on his return to France ; fresh 
controversy between him and Lanfranc, 
1059 — compelled by Gregory VII. to re- 
cant again, 1079— d. 1088. 

Berenice, daughter of Antigonus k. of 
Asia Minor, second queen of Ptolemy 
Soter, and mother of Ptolemy Philadel- 
phus, B.C. 311. 

Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy Philadel- 
phus, married to Antiochus Theus, k. of 
Syria, B.C. 249 — put away by him, and 
murdered by Laodice, 246. 

Berenice, daughter of Magas, k. of Cyrene, 
married to Ptolemy Euergetes, k. of 
Egypt, and mother of Ptolemy Philo- 
pater ; on her husband's return from a 
victorious war, dedicates her hair in the 
temple of Venus, which the flattery of 
the astronomers makes a constellation, 
about B.C. 237 — murdered by her son 
under the evil influence of Sosibius, 
220. 

Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy Soter II., 
(called generally Cleopatra), reigns in 
Egypt six months after her father's 
death, B.C. 81 — murdered by her cousin 
Alexander IL, 80. 

Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, 
placed with her sister Tryphseua on their 
father's throne by the Egyptians, B.C. 
58 — reigns alone, 57 — Ptolemy restored 
by the Roman general Gabinius, and 
Berenice put to death, 55. 

Berenice, brought to Rome by her brother 
Agrippa, and admired by Titus, 74. 

" Berenice." See Racine. 

Beresford, general, b. 1770 — takes- pos- 
session of Madeira, Dec. 24, 1807 — defeats 
Soult at Albuera, May 16, 1811 — enters 
Bordeaux, Mar. 12, 1814 — created a peer, 
May 17— d. 1854. 

Beresina, a river in Russia, crossed by 
Napoleon after a destructive battle, 
during his retreat from Moscow, Nov. 
26-29, 1812. 

Berg, struggle for the duchy of, 1610 — 
assigned to the duke palatine of Neii 
berg, 1666 — Joachim Murat made grand- 
duke of, March 15, 1806— added to the 
kingdom of Westphalia, 1808. 

Bergamo regained by Philip Maria Vis- 
conte, duke of Milan, 1419 — ceded to 
Venice, 1428 — captured by Gaston ds 



BER 



88 



BER 



Foix, 1512— recovered by the Venetians, 
1515. 

Bergen built by Olaf III., k. of Norway, 
1070 — the first Norwegian parliament or 
Storthing held there, by Haco V. 1223. 

Bsrgen, near Alkmaar, battle of; the duke 
of York defeated by gen. Brune, Sept. 
19, 1799. 

Beegen-op-Zoom, saved by prince Maurice 
from the attack of Spinola, 1622— one of 
the barrier fortresses constructed by Hol- 
land under the treaty of 1715— surrend- 
ers to the French, Sept. 16, 1747— at- 
tacked unsuccessfully by Sir Thos. 
Graham, Mar. 8, 1814. 

Bkrgerac, in Guyenne, battle of, the count 
de Lisle defeated by the earl of Derby, 
1344 — treaty signed at, between Henry 
111. of France and the Huguenots, 1577. 

Beegetio, or Virgetio, the place where 
Valentinian dies, Nov. 17, 375. 

Berkeley Castle built, 1108— Edward II. 
murdered in, Sep. 21, 1327. 

Berkeley, lord, bombards St. Malo, July 
5, 1695. 

Berkeley Peerage Cause decided by the 
House of Lords; the claim of William 
Fitzharding Berkeley disallowed; 
Thomas Morton Fitzharding Berkeley 
succeeds to the title, 1811. 

Berkeley, Sir Robert, one of the judges 
of the King's Bench impeached and 
arrested in his court in Westminster 
hall, Feb. 14, 1641— released, Sep. 12, 1643. 

Berkeley, George, b. 1684— publishes his 
" Principles of Human Knowledge," 1710 
— dean of Derry, fails in an attempt to 
found a college in the Bermudas, 1728 — 
i>n his return is made bishop of Cloyne, 
1733— d. 1753. 

Berkshire, elects the earl of Pembroke 
knight of the shire, after the abolition 
of the House of Lords, 1649. 

Im.rkhamstead, Richard, earl of Cornwall, 
and k. of the Romans, dies at, Dec. 12. 
1271. 

Berlin, built by Albert the Bear, margrave 
or' Brandenburg, 1163— enlarged and im- 
proved by the elector Frederic William, 
chiefly through the settlement of French 
protestant refugees in 1685— Academy of 
Sciences founded by the new k. Frederic 
1 ., under the superintendence of Leibnitz, 
1702 — visited by the duke of Marl- 
borough, 1704, 1705— the Austrians ad- 
vance to, and are repulsed by the prince 
of Anhalt Dessau, Oct. 17, 1757— taken by 
the Austrians and Russians, Oct. 9, 1760 
—entered by Napoleon, Oct. 28, 1806— 
return of the wreck of the French army 
from Russia, Feb. 21, 1813— deputies from 
the provincial states summoned to Ber- 
lin by the king ; the first approach to- 



wards a parliament, June 21, 1842— ex- 
hibition of German art and industry at, 
1844 -conflict between the military and 
the people at, Mar. 18, 1848— insurrec- 
tion, June 15, 1848 -the Burgher guard 
disarmed, Nov. 14— trial by jury intro- 
duced, 1849 — visit of the emperor of 
Austria to, Dec. 17, 1852. 

Berlin decree for the blockade of England, 
issued by Napoleon, Nov. 21, 1806. 

Berlin to Magdeburg railway opened, 
Sept. 10, 1841. 

Bermondsey convent appointed by the 
duke of Gloucester for the retirement of 
Katharine, widow of Henry V., on her 
separation from Owen Tudor, 1436 — she 
dies there, 1437 — Elizabeth, widow of 
Edward IV. resides there, 1490 — dies 
there, 1492. 

Bermudas. See Berkeley, George. 

Bermudez, a Portuguese physician de- 
tained in Abyssinia with Rodrigo de 
Lima, 1520. 

Bermudo, or Veremundus, k. of the Goths 
in Spain, 788 — said to have gained a 
victory near Burgos, 791 — resigns his 
throne to Alfonso II. 791. 

Bermudo II. or Veremund, k. of Leon, 982 
— concludes a treaty of peace with Al- 
mansor, 995— d. 999. 

Bermudo III. or Veremund, k. of Leon, 
1028 — unites his family by a treaty of 
marriage with Sancho III., k. of Na- 
varre, 1033 — falls in battle against Fer- 
dinand I., who conquers Leon and an- 
nexes it to Castile, 1037. 

Bernadoni, Francis John, founds the 
Franciscan order of Mendicant Friars, 
1207— d. 1226. 

Bernadotte, John Baptiste Julius, b. Jan. 
26, 1764 — defeated by the archduke 
Charles, at Neumarck, Aug. 23, 1796 — 
leads the French army over the Rhine, 
March 4, 1799 — made prince of Ponte 
Corvo, 1806— chosen heir to the Swedish 
crown, and takes the name of Charles 
John, Aug. 21, 1810— lands with an army 
of Swedes in Pomerania ; defeats Oudinot 
at Grossbeeren, Aug 23; and joins the 
allies in the battle of Leipsic, Oct. 16, 
1813 — besieges Davoust in Hamburg and 
occupies Holstein, Nov. ; becomes k. of 
Sweden, Feb. 5, 1818. See Charles XIV., 
k. of Sweden. 

Bernal, Ralph, d. 1854. 

Bernard, duke of Languedoc, the guardian 
of Charles, son of Louis I., 829 — retires 
into Spain, 830 — becomes independent in 
Catalonia, with the title of count or mar- 
quis of Barcelona, 834 — d. 839. 

Bernard, b. 1090 — becomes a monk 
in the convent of Citeaux, 1113 — 
abbot of Clairvaux, 1115 — holds a con- 



BER 



89 



BttR 



Bernard— continued. 
troversy with Abelard, 1125 — endea- 
vours to mediate between Roger, k. of 
Sicily and Ranulph, count of Apulia, 
1137 — employed by pope Eu genius 111. 
to preach the second crusade, 1146 — re- 
proached for the failure of the crusade 
preached by him ; is defended by Otho 
of Frisingen, 1149 — dedicates to pope 
Engenius his five books " De Considera- 
tione," insupport of the papal authority, 
aud against Arnold of Brescia, 1150— 
d. 1153. 

Bernard, abbot of St. Anastasius at Rome. 
See Eugenius III., pope. 

Bernard, St., the Great and the Less ; two 
mountains of the Alps ; the first is sup- 
posed to have been the scene of Hanni- 
bal's passage, b.c. 218— Bonaparte con- 
ducts his army over it, May 23, 1800. 

Berne, in Switzerland, built, 1191 — the 
canton of, joins the Swiss league, 1353 — 
the people of, assist the Genevese against 
the duke of Savoy, 1531 — and acquire 
the Pays de Vaud, 1536 — capitulates to 
Brune, April 12, 1798 — extraordinary 
Diet convoked at, Dec. 25, 1830. 

Berncrs, Sir James, unjustly executed for 
treason by Richard II., 1388. 

Berners, Lady Juliana, one of the earliest 
English authoresses, writes on Hawking, 
Hunting, and Heraldry, 1481. 

Bernhard, an illegitimate son of Charle- 
magne's second son Pepin, b. 798 — made 
titular k. of Italy, 812 — is deprived by 
hi.s uncle Louis I. of his ministers and 
advisers, 814 — plots against his uncle, 
and is imprisoned, 817 — put to death, 818. 

Bernhard, of Saxe Weimar, completes the 
victory of Liitzen after the death of Gus- 
tavus Adolphus, Nov. 16, 1632 — main- 
tains the ascendancy of the Protestants 
in Germany, 1633 — defeats the impe- 
rialists at Rheinfeld, and takes Brisach, 
1638, d. 1639. 

Bernicia, in Northumberland founded by 
Ida, 547— separated from the other con- 
quests of that chief by iElla, 560 — on his 
death united to Deira, to form the king- 
dom of Northumberland, 588. 

Bernini, G. L. the sculptor, b. 1598, d. 
1680. 

Bkkxouilli, Daniel, b. 1700, d. 1782. 

Bernouilli, John, b. 1744, d. 1807. 

Bernred, kills Ethelbald of Mercia, usurps 
the throne, and is slain by Offa, 755. 

Bernstork, count J. Hartwich Ernest, 
prime minister ^n Denmark, 1751 — sup- 
planted by Struensee, 1770 — reinstated, 
and dies of an apoplectic fit soon after, 
1772. 

BjiBnstorf, count Andrew Peter, appointed 
chief minister in Denmark, 1772. 



BERxuLrn. k. of Mercia, 821— defeated and 
slain. 823. 

Bercea, gives the emperor Julian a cold 
reception, 362. See Aleppo. 

Berosus, the Babylonian, dedicates his 
history of Chaldea to Antiochus Soter, 
k. of Syria, B.C. 276. 

Berry, Charles, duke of, grandson of Louis 
XIV., d. 1714. 

Berry, Charles Ferdinand, duke of, son of 
Charles X. of France, b. 1778, marries 
Maria Carolina, grandaughter of th6 
king of Naples, June, 17, 1816— assassi- 
nated, Feb. 14, 1820. 

Berry, duchess of, his widow, fails in an 
attempt to excite an insurrection in La 
Vendue, is arrested at Nantes, and sent 
prisoner to the castle of Blaye, Nov. 7, 
1832 — gives birth to a daughter there, 
May 10, 1833— is liberated, and returns to 
Sicily, June. 

Bertaridus, son of Aribert, k. of Lom- 
bardy, inherits the kingdom jointly with 
his brother Gondibert, 661— quarrels 
with him, and seeks the protection of the 
Avars in Pannonia, 662 — surrenders him- 
self to Grimoald, and is well received by 
him ; but fearing for his life, he with- 
draws to France, 664— his attempted re- 
storation by Chlotair is defeated by 
Grimoald, 665— leaves France, to seek 
protection in Britain, 670 — recalled and 
set on the throne of Lombardy, 671 — 
makes his son Cunibert joint king with 
himself, 678— d. 688. 

Bertario, abbot of Monte Casino, poet 
and grammarian, fl. 865 — murdered by 
the Saracens, 883. 

Bertgils, or Boniface, bp. of the East An- 
gles, 653 

Bertha, daughter of Charibert, k. of 
Paris, and queen of Ethelbert of Kent, 
favours the preaching of Christianity by 
Augustine and his companions, 596. 

Bertha, or Bertrada, widow of Pepin the 
Short, reconciles her two sons Charle- 
magne and Carloman ; visits Bavaria and 
Lombardy, for the maintenance of peace, 
and proposes to Desiderius treaties o f 
marriage, none of which take place but 
that of Charlemagne, to his daughter 
Desiderata, 770—6!. 783 

Bertha, widow of Rudolf II. of Burgundy, 
marries Hugh, king of Italy, 938. 

Bertha, natural daughter of Hugh, k. of 
Italy, married to Komanus, son of (Jon- 
stantine Porphyrogenitus, 943. 

Bertha, a distant relation of Hugh Capet, 
married to his son and successor, Robert 
II., k. of France, 996 — pope Gregory V. 
annuls the marriage, and by excommuni- 
cation compels her iiusband to resign her, 
998. 



BEE 



90 



BET 



Bertha, daughter of Otho, marquis of 
Susa, married to Henry IV., emperor of 
Germany, 1067— d. 1088. 

Bertha of Holland, queen of Philip I. of 
France, deserted by him, 1094. See 
Philip I. 

Bbrthier, gen., takes possession of Rome, 
Feb. 15, 1798— made prince of Neufchatel, 
1806 — commits suicide by throwing him- 
self from a window at Bamberg, 1815. 

Berthold, marquis of Homburg, guardian 
of Conradin, young k. of Sicily, resigns 
the trust to Manfred, 1254. 

Berthold founds the Carmelite order, 
1156. ' 

Berthollet, the French chemist, b. 1758 
— d. 1822. 

Berthun, the general of Ethelwalch, expels 
Caedwalla, aud with Andhun rules Sus- 
sex, 686. 

Berthwald, first Saxon abp. of Canter- 
bury, 690— d. 731. 

Bertin, M., editor of the "Journal des De- 
bats," b. 1761— d. 1841. 

Bertin, Armand, d. 1854. 

Berton, gen., executed for an attempted 
revolt at Saumur, 1822. 

Bertrade, countess of Anjou, taken from 
her husband, married by Philip I., k. of 
France, 1094. See Philip I. 

Bertram or Ratramn, writes against 
Transubstantiation, 845 — d. 868. 

Bertric, k. of Wessex, 784— marries OrTa's 
daughter Eadburga, 787 — poisoned, 800. 

Beeville, founds the order of the Fathers 
of the Oratory at Paris, 1611. 

Berville, M., alleges in the French Cham- 
ber of Deputies, that the Orleans dynasty 
had not performed its promise to the 
nation, Jan. 22, 1848. 

Berwick-on-TVeed, Scotch parliament 
held there, does homage to Edward I., 
1296 -taken by Robert Bruce, 1315— be- 
sieged by Edward III.; surrenders and 
is annexed to England, 1333— surprised 
by Robert Stuart, regent of Scotland, 
1354 — recovered by Edward III., 1355 — 
given up by Henry VI, to obtain succours 
from Scotland, 1461 — recovered by the 
English, 1482 — occupied by Charles I. 
against the Covenanters, who agree to 
the pacification of Dunse, 1639 — passage 
of the Scotch armv under the earl of 
Leven, Jan. 19, 1644— of the English 
under Cromwell, 1648 — secured by Monk, 
1659 — railway from Edinburgh opened, 
June 18, 1846— from Newcastle, 1847. 

Berwick, duke of, James Fitzjames, na- 
tural son of the duke of York (James II.) 
and Mrs. Churchill (sister of the duke of 
Marlborough), b. 1670 — receives his title 
from his father, Mar. 11, 1687 — accom- 
panies him on his expedition into Ire- 



land, 1689— assists in the defence of Lim- 
erick, 1690 — serves in the French army, 
and is made prisoner by his uncle Marl- 
borough at Landen, 1693 — repairs- to 
England to concert another attempt for 
his father's restoration, 1695 — commands 
the French and Spanish forces in Spain, 
against the English, Dutch, and Portu- 
guese, 1704 — they take Alcantara from 
him, 1706 — he defeats them at Almanza, 
1707 — guards France on the side of the 
Alps, 1710 — takes Barcelona, Sept. 12, 
1714— Fontarabia, St. Sebastian, and the 
province of Guipuscoa, 1719 — leads the 
French army over the Rhine and takes 
Kehl, 1733 — lays siege to Philipsburg, 
where he is killed by a cannon ball, June 
12, 1734. 

Berylltjs, bp. of Bostra, 227. 

Berytus, now Beyrout, the most celebrated 
law-school of the East, founded about the 
time of Alex. Severus, 222 — Constantine 
issues an edict there to suppress the 
combats of gladiators, Oct. 21, 325 — de- 
stroyed by an earthquake and its school 
broken up, 551. See Beyrout. 

Berzeltus, Jacob, the Swedish chemist, 
b. 1779— d. 1848. 

Besika Bay, the English and French fleets 
arrive in, June 13, 1853. 

Bessarion, Mark, cardinal, promotes the 
study of Plato's philosophy, 1446 — gives 
his large collection of MSS. to found 
the library of Venice, 1468— d. 1472. 

Bessas. See Bessus. 

Bessborough, John William, earl of, b. 1781 
— appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, 
July 9, 1846 — orders the execution of 
public works, to relieve distressed dis- 
tricts, Sept. 4, Oct. 2— d. May 16, 1847. 

Bessel, the astronomer, d. 1846. 

Bessieres, the French marshal and duke 
of Istria, defeats the Spanish patriots at 
Medina del Rio Secco, July 14, 1808. 

Bessus, the Persian, murders Darius Co- 
domanus, and is punished with death, 
b.c. 330. 

Bessus, or Bessas, a Goth, serves in Italy 
under Belisarius, 540 — commands iu 
Colchis, and besieges Petra, 550 — takes 
it, 551 — is recalled, 554. 

Best, Sir William Draper, chief justice of 
the Common Pleas, 1824, decides that a 
court of law can give no compensation 
for labour employed on the " Memoirs 
of Harriette Wilson," 1825. See Wyn- 
ford, lord. 

Best, Capt., kills lord Camelford in a duel, 
1804. 

Bestia, L. Calpurnius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 111. 

Betham, Sir W., Ulster-king-at-snns, & 
1779— d. 1852. 



BIA 



91 



BIB 



Bsthleheh, Jerome, retires to, 385— in- 
vites the crusaders, 1099. 

Bethlehem, a suppressed convent in Moor- 
fields, London, appropriated by Henry 
VIII., as a hospital for lunatics, 1546 — 
rebuilt, 1675 — first stone of the new- 
hospital in St. George's Fields, laid Apr. 
20,1812. 

Bethlem Gabor, obtains the sovereignty 
of Transylvania, 1613 — invades Hun- 
gary, 1619 — elected king of that country 
by the protestant nobles, 1620 — renounces 
the title, and makes peace with the em- 
peror Ferdinand II., who gives up to him 
Katibor and Oppeln, 1624— d. 1630. 

Bethlem, Stephen, his cousin, succeeds 
him ; is dispossessed by George Racoczy 
and the Turks, 1631. 

Bethune, taken by the duke of Marl- 
borough, Aug. 30, 1710. 

Bethune, Maximilian de,marquisdeRosny, 
afterwards duke of Sully, b. 1560 — be- 
comes the prime minister and adviser of 
Henry IV., 1596 — restores order in the fi- 
nances of France, 1599 — interview with 
queen Elizabeth at Dover, 1601 — embassy 
to James I., 1603 — is treated with cold- 
ness and neglect after Henry's death, 
1610 — retires into private life and writes 
his Memoirs, 1611 — d. 1641. 

Betterton, Thomas, the actor, b. 1635— 
d. 1710. 

Betty, the young Roscius, makes his first 
appearance on the stage, 1804. 

Bevebidge, bp. b. 1637, d. 1708. 

Bevern, the prince of, a Prussian general, 
defeated by the Austrians under prince 
Charles of Lorraine, and marshal Daun, 
at Breslau, Nov. 22, 1757 — and soon after 
taken prisoner. 

Bewick, Thomas, wood-engraver, b. 1753, 
d. 1828 

Bexfield, W. R., Mus. D., b. 1823, d. 1853. 

Bexley, Lord — See Vansittart, Nicho- 
las — becomes chancellor of the duchy of 
Lancaster, 1823— d. 1851. 

Beyrout, taken by the crusaders, 1111 — by 
Chalil, 1291 — attacked by the allied 
fleet, Oct. 10, 1840. See Berytus. 

Beza, Theodore, b. 1519, d. 1605. 

Bezabde, battle of; Sapor II., k. of Persia, 
repulses Constautius II., 360. 

Bhurtpobe, battle of; lord Lake defeats 
Holkar, Apr. 2, 1805 — revolts, 1825— 
stormed by lord Combermere, Jan. 18, 
1826. 

Bianxa, daughter of Philip Maria Vis- 
conte, duke of Milan, married to Fran- 
cesco Sforza, 1441 — disgusted by the 
misgovernment of 'her son Galeazzo 
Maria, retires into a convent and d. 1468. 

Bianca. See Capello. 

Bianchi, (Whites), a faction of Florence, 



headed by Vieri de' Cerchi, opposed to the 
Neri (Blacks) headed by Corso de'Donati, 
the former have the ascendancy, and re- 
ject the offered mediation of pope Boni- 
face VIII., 1300— expelled by the Neri, 
1301. See Floeence. 

Bianchi, or White Penitents, produce a 
great impression in Northern Italy ; the 
hymn " Stabat mater dolorosa? is first 
composed and sung by them in their 
processions, 1399— pope Boniface IX. for- 
bids them to enter Rome, and suppresses 
their processions, 1400. 

Bianco, Ugo, cardinal, maintains the 
cause of the anti-pope Cadalo, 1061. 

Bibars, or Bondocdar, sultan of the Mame- 
lukes in Egypt drives the Mongols out 
of Syria, and takes Damascus and Jeru- 
salem, 1260— Antioch and Joppa, 1268 — 
Edward of England drives him from the 
siege of Acre, 1271— d. 1277. 

Bibebach, battle of; victory of Moreau 
over marshal Kray and the Austrians, 
May 9, 1800 

Bibilis, or Bilbilis, now Baubola, near 
Calatayud, in Spain ; Martial born at, 
March 1,43— he retires there, from Rome, 
100. 

Bible ; the Hebrew Scriptures collected by 
Ezra, and some books added by him, B.C. 
458-450 — translated into Greek (Septu- 
agint version) under the direction of 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 283 — the original 
gospel of Matthew composed in He- 
brew, a.d. 38 ; rendered into Greek by 
an unknown translator, 62 — those of 
Mark and Luke, written in Greek, 63 — 
that of John in the same language, 98 — 
those of Matthew and Mark, first men- 
tioned by Papias, bp. of Hierapolis, 118— 
Quadratus and others travel among the 
churches to deliver to them copies of the 
Gospels, 123 — Melito,bp. of Sardis, travels 
to Judsea to obtain a correct list of the 
books of the Old Testament, 177— the 
whole Bible translated into Latin about 
this time ; the precise date not known ; 
ordered by Diocletian to be burnt, 303 — 
translated into Gothic by Ulphilas, 373 
— into Latin (the Vulgate) with many 
commentaries and homilies, by Jerome, 
405 — into Sclavonian, 864— the transla- 
tion made by the Waldenses suppressed 
by pope Alexander III., 1179 — translated 
into English by Wickliffe, 1380— the 
printing of the first edition commenced 
by Guttenberg,1444 — finished. 1460— first 
attempt made to translate the Vulgate 
into German, 1477 — a more perfect Ger- 
man version published, 1490— the Com- 
plutensian Polyglot Bible printed by 
cardinal Ximenes, 1517— Luther revises 
his German version, 1521 — which is not 



BIL 



92 



BIM 



Bible — continued. 
published till 1534— a translation of the 
Bible circulated in the Netherlands, 1523 
— Tyndal's English version of the New 
Testament published, 1526— bought up 
by Tonstal, bp. of London, and publicly 
burnt, 1534 — French translation by 
Olivetan, and Tyndal and Coverdale's 
English, published, 1535— Cranmer and 
Latimer ordered by convocation to pre- 
pare another, 1536; completed and pub- 
lished, 1539 — ordered by queen Elizabeth 
to be set up in every parish church, 1559 
— the Geneva Bible, 1560 — the Bishops', 
or Parker's Bible, 156S — a new transla- 
tion adopted by James I., 1604— the 
present version brought into use, 1611 — 
Walton's polyglot. 1657— a French trans- 
lation by the scholars of Port Royal pub- 
lished at Amsterdam ; the translator 
persecuted, 1667. 

Bible Society, founded by Granville 
Sharpe, 1S04 — pope Pius VII. issues a 
Bull against all such societies, 1817. 

" Bibliotheque Oriextale." See D'Her- 

BELOT. 

Btbracte, Caesar winters at. B.C. 52. 

Bibulus, M. Calpurnius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 59. 

Bickeksteth, Mr., created lord Langdale, 
and appointed master of the rolls, 1836. 
See Langdale, lord. 

Biclarexsis or Gerctnpensis, Joannes, 
writes his chronicle, 569 — ends it, 590. 

BrcoccA, La, battle of; Lautrec, gen. of 
Francis I., defeated by Prospero Colonna, 
the Spanish gen., April 22. 1522. 

Bidassoa, the river which separates 
France from Spain, crossed by the En- 
glish army under Wellington, Oct. 8,1813. 

Riddle, John, the father of English Uni- 
tarians, parliamentary inquiry into the 
opinions of, Nov. 30, 1654. 

Bieda, the Saxon, lands with his father 
Port, and their followers, at Portsmouth, 
501. 

Biklawesch, battle of; the Golden Horde 
crushed by the Nogay Tartars, 1481. 

" Bikn Aime," Le, surname given to Louis 
XV., 1744. 

Biks-Bosch, a large lake near Dordrecht, 
formed by the dyke of the Meuse giving 
May, 1446. 

BinOD, Roger, earl of Norfolk, marshal of 
England, refuses to join the army of 
Edward I., 1297. 

Bilbao, taken by the French, July, 1795 — 
surrendered to Wellington after the 
battle of Vittoria, 1813— besieged by the 
Carlists and relieved by Espartero with 
the assistance of the British naval force 
under lord John Hay, Dec. 24, 1836. 

Bilbilis. See Bibilis. 



Bilichilda, queen of Childeric II., assas- 
sinated with him, 673. 

Bill, the form in which the Commons re- 
quire every statute to pass through 
their house, before it is enacted, 1414, 
—for the better observance of the 
Sunday, stolen from the House of Lords 
loses the royal assent, July 27, 1663 — 
another to the same effect brought in by 
lord R. Grosveuor, Apr. 27, 1855, with- 
drawn in consequence of the popular ex- 
citement against it, July 2 — brought in 
to exclude the duke of York from the 
throne, Nov. 2— the Lords reject it, Nov. 
15, 16S0 — for triennial parliaments, 
passes both houses, but William III. re- 
fuses the royal assent, 1692 -for exclu- 
ding placemen from parliament, is denied 
the royal assent, Jan. 25, 1694 — for licen- 
sing the press rejected by the Commons, 
1696— one introduced giving the care of 
the king's person (his father Geo. III.. 
to the duke of York, with an allowance 
of £10,000 a year, Jan. 25. 1819— for the 
relief of Catholics, is opposed by the 
speaker (Abbott), in a committee of the 
whole house, and thrown out, May 24, 
1813 — to suspend the Habeas Corpus act, 
brought in, Feb. 21, 1S17— the citizens 
of Westminster petition against it, 24 — 
and the London common-council, 26 — 
receives the royal assent, Mar. 4, 1817. 

Bill of indictment against some of the 
Manchester yeomanry ignored by the 
grand jury at Lancaster, Sep. 5, 1819. 

Btll of Pains and Penalties, against 
Caroline, queen of George IV., brought 
in by lord Liverpool, July 5, 1820 — aban- 
doned, Nov. 10. 

Bill of Rights. See William III., k of 
England. Society of the, see Wilkes, 
John. 

Billattd Yarexnes, one of the instigators 
of the massacres at Paris, Aug. 10, 1792. 

Bille, M. De, Danish ambassador, death 
of, 1S53. 

Billingsgate, destructive fire in, 150 
houses burnt down, and fifty lives lost, 
Jan. 13, 1715. 

Billington, Mrs., the vocalist, d. 1818. 

Bills to mitigate the criminal laws brought 
in by Sir James Mackintosh, May 9, 1820. 

Bills of exchange in favour of Italian 
merchants, drawn at Rome, on the En- 
glish bishops and abbots, which they 
are compelled to pay, 1255. 

Bills of indictment, thirty-five, found at 
the Old Bailey against utterers of forged 
notes, April 11, 1821. 

Bilxet, Thomas, burnt in the Lollard's 
Pit at Norwich, tor heresy, 1535. 

BiMARANUS, son of Alfonso I., murdered by 
his brother Froila, k. i 1 the Asturias,767. 



BIB 



93 



BIS 



Bingek, declaration of the French emi- 
grant princes issued from, Aug. 2, 1792. 

"Biographia Britannica." See Camp- 
bell, John. 

Bion of Priene, one of the seven sages of 
Greece, B.C. 593. 

Bion, Athenian archon, b.c. 458. 

Bion, the poet, fl. B.C. 275. 

Biorn, an Icelander, in company with Leif, 
discovers the northern coast of the con- 
tinent afterwards called America, 1001. 

Bi6rn, Jaernside, with Hasting, brings 
large bodies of Danes into Kent, and 
fortifies Milton, 893. 

Bird, William, composer of " Non nobis 
Domine" and other sacred music, fl. 
1618— d. 1623 

Biren, Ernest John, b. 1687 — favourite 
of the czarina Anne, rules in Russia, 
1732— made duke of Courland, 1737— 
appointed guardian of Iwan VI. and 
regent; the general Munich conspires 
against and sends him to Siberia, 1740 
—recalled by the czar Peter III., 1762 — 
restored by Katharine II. duke of Cour- 
land, 1763 — resigns it to his son, 1769 — 
d. 1772. 

Biren, Peter, receives Courland from his 
father, 1769. 

Birger, Jarl, restores the ascendancy of 
the Folkunger in Sweden, 1249 — he 
places his young son Waldemar on the 
throne of Sweden and makes himself 
regent, he introduces the mariners' com- 
pass among the navigators of the Baltic, 
1250 — fortifies Stockholm and regulates 
the internal government of Sweden, 1254 
— d. 1266. 

Birger, k. of Sweden, 1290 — murders his 
two brothers, which causes a rebellion 
of his people, 1317 — he is deposed and 
banished, 1319. 

Bibinus, preaches Christianity to the "West 
Saxons, 634 — bishop of Dorcic ("Dor- 
chester, near Oxford), 635 — d. 650. 

Birkbeck, George (afterwards Dv.),b. 1776, 
founds the Mechanics' Institute of Lon- 
don, 1823— heads a deputation to request 
of lord Melbourne the abolition of the 
stamp duty on newspapers, 1836— d. 1841. 

Birkenhead steam-ship, conveying troops 
to the Cape of Good Hope, wrecked on 
the coast of South Africa, Jan. 7, 1852. 

Birkenhead docks commenced, 1843. 

Birley, Captain, of the Manchester yeo- 
manry, tried for unlawful wounding at 
the great reform meeting and acquitted, 
April 4, 1822. 

Birmingham, Boulton and Watt establish 
their foundry at Soho for steam-engines, 
1774 — riots, to prevent the celebration 
of the French revolution, July 14, 1791 
— some of the rioters capitally convicted, 



Aug. 25; inquiry into the conduct of 
the magistrates refused ; the owners of 
property destroyed recover heavy da- 
mages from the county, April 5, 1792 
• — buckle-makers petition against the 
use of shoe-strings, Dec. 21, 1791 — Poli- 
tical Union meets, headed by Thomas 
Attwood the banker, Feb. 1, 1831 — 
threatens to march to London, on the re- 
jection of the first Reform Bill, Sept. ; 
abandons its intended organization, 
Nov. 22 — increases its numbers, and re- 
solves to pay no taxes until the Reform 
Bill be passed, May 9, 1832— dissolves 
itself, May 10, 1834 — church rates re- 
fused, Dec. 13 ; distress of the operatives 
caused by the London panic, May 30, 
1837 — riot in the Bull-ring, July 15, 
1839 — railway from London, and to 
Manchester, completed, Sep. 17, 1838 — 
to Gloucester opened, Sep. 17, 1840. 

Birmingham, lord, defeats Edward Bruce 
at Dundalk, Oct. 5, 1318. 

Birnie, Sir Richard, b. 1761 — succeeds Sir 
Robert Baker as magistrate, Sep. 14, 
1821— d. 1832. 

Biron, Marshal and duke, serves in the 
anny of Henry IV. k. of France, and is 
wounded before Rouen, 1592 — engages 
in a conspiracy against him, and is be- 
headed, 1602. 

Biscay, taken from Alfonso VII. of Na- 
varre, by Alfonso VIII. of Castile, 1200. 

Biscop, Benedict, abbot of Wearmouth, 
brings architects from France and in- 
troduces stone buildings in England, 676 
— educates Bede, 680. 

Bishop, Sir Henry, b. 1787— d. 1855. 

Bishop, of the English. See Augustin. 

Bishops begin to attain such an eminence, 
that their office becomes an object of 
ambitious competition; Valentine one of 
the earliest examples of this, 144 — ap- 
pear at the imperial court in the time of 
Alexander Severus, 222-235 — acquire in 
the time of Cyprian an absolute com- 
mand over the conscience and under- 
standing of the laity, 251 — amount in 
the time of Constantine to eighteen 
hundred : one thousand in the eastern or 
Greek provinces, and eight hundred in 
the western or Latin ; their rivalry agi- 
tates the church, and divides it into 
sects, 313-318 — twelve in England die of 
a pestilential fever, 1558 — the survivors, 
being Catholics, refuse to crown queen 
Elizabeth, 1559 — in Scotland theirjuris- 
diction resisted, 1612 — some of them 
take refuge in England, 1637 — their office 
abolished in Scotland, 1638 — twelve En- 
glish impeached for denying the legality 
of acts passed in their absence, Dec. 30, 
1641— resume their seats in the House 



BIT 



94 



BLA 



Bishops — continued. 
of Lords, Nov. 20, 1661— the seven, sent 
to the Tower by James II., June 8, 1688 
— tried for a libel, and acquitted, Jane 
29 ; nine refuse to take the oath of alle- 
giance to William III., Mar. 1, 1689— 
suspended, Oct. 13 — deprived, Feb. 1, 
1691 — very unpopular, as opponents of 
the Reform Bill, Sept., 1831. 

Bisset, Dr., b. 1759— d. 1805. 

Bithynia, a country of Asia Minor, in a 
part of which an independent kingdom 
is erected, by Philetserus, b.c. 283. See 
Pekgamus. — The kingdom of Bithynia, 
obscure before, becomes known under 
Nicomedes I., who employs the Gala- 
tians in its defence, 278 — he rebuilds 
Astacus (see b.c. 712) and gives it the 
name of Nicomedia, 264 — is succeeded 
by his son, Zielas, 251 — Prusias I., 228 
— assists the Rhodians against the By- 
zantines, 220— defeats the Galatians, 216 
— gives an asylum to Hannibal, 187 — 
employs him in a war against Eumenes 
II. of Pergamus, 184 — is required by the 
Romans to give him up, 183— founds or 
rebuilds Prusa, 182 — Prusias II. suc- 
ceeds, 180 — is solicited by Perseus to 
assist him in his Roman war, 170 — visits 
Rome, and requests the restoration of 
lands taken from him, 167 — makes war 
on Attalus II. of Pergamus, 156 — mur- 
dered by his son, Nicomedes II., who 
obtains the throne, 149 — after a reign of 
58 years, he is killed by his youngest 
son Socrates, whom Mithridates VI. of 
Pontus puts to death, and seizes the 
kingdom ; through the intervention of 
Rome, the eldest son, Nicomedes III., 
is reinstated, 91 — he is again expelled 
by Mithridates, 88 — restored by the 
peace which Sylla concludes, 84 — d., and 
makes the Roman people his heirs ; Bi- 
thynia becomes a Roman province, 74 — 
Pliny the younger appointed proconsul 
by Trajan, a.d. 103 — describes the Chris- 
tians in his province to the emperor, 104 
— Julius Severus gov., 135 — first settle- 
ment of the Oghusian Tartars, between 
Mount Olympus and the river Sanga- 
rius, where they found the Ottoman 
empire, 1231. See Orthogrul. 

Bitonto, in Naples, battle of; the Span- 
iards, under Carlos, and count Montemar, 
defeat the Austrians, May 27, 1734. 

Bitschin, battle of; Sigistnund III., k. of 
Poland, defeats Ernest, archduke of 
Austria, 1588. 

Bituitus, k. of the Arverni, defeated on the 
Isaras by the Romans ; goes to Rome to 
make peace with the senate ; he is de- 
tained for the rest of his life at Alba, 
BXJ.121. 



Black, adopted as the colour of the Abas- 
sides, 746 — by the Protestant clergy,1532. 

Black Sea ; Swatislaus extends the do- 
minions of Russia to its shores, 966 — 
many important naval stations granted 
to the Genoese ; the Venetians are ex- 
cluded from it by the emperor Michael 
Palseologus, 1261 — from the emperor 
Cantacuzene, the Genoese obtain the 
entire command of it, 1352 — the Vene- 
tians pay a tribute to the Turks for 
trading in it, 1479 — free navigation of it 
conceded to Russia by the treaty of Aker- 
man, 1826— the Russians driven out of it 
by the British and French fleets, Dec, 
1853— fearful storm in it, Nov. 14, 1854. 

Blackburn, Mr. Sadler killed near, by 
the fall of his balloon, 1824. 

Black Friars. See Dominicans. 

Blackfriars Bridge, London, first stone 
of, laid, Oct, 31, 1760. 

Blackheath, battle of; the Cornish in- 
surgents, under lord Audley, defeated, 
June 22, 1497. 

Blackstone, Sir William, b. 1723— d. 1780. 

Blackwall Railway from London,opened 
July 4, 1840. 

Blackwater, battle of the ; defeat of Sir 
Edward Bagnal, by Tyrone, 1598. 

Blackwood, Robert, d. 1852. 

Blackwood, William, b. 1776— d. 1834. 

Blackwood's Magazine, first No. pub- 
lished, 1817. 

BljESUS, C. Sempronius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 253, 244 II. 

Bl^sus, Junius, sent to oppose the rebel- 
lion of Tacfarinas in Africa, 21. 

Blainville, M. de, d. 1850. 

Blair, Dr. Hugh, b. 1717— appointed to 
the newly-founded professorship of 
Belles Lettres at Edinburgh, 1762 — d. 
1800. 

Blair, Dr. John, chronologist, d. 1797. 

Blair Atholl, queen Victoria visits, Sept. 
9, 1844. 

Blake, Robert, b. 1599— defeats de Witt 
and de Ruyter on the coast of Kent, 
Oct. 22 — is surprised in the Downs by 
Van Tromp, Nov. 29, 1652— defeats the 
Dutch on the coast of Holland, July 29, 
1653— commands the Mediterranean, ob- 
tains redress from the grand duke of 
Tuscany, compels Algiers and Tunis to 
give up their English captives and de- 
sist from piracy, 1655 — captures or de- 
stroys a Spanish fleet near Cadiz, 1656 
— destroys a fleet in the harbour of Santa 
Cruz; returning home, dies within sight 
of the English coast, Aug. 17, 1657. 

Blakeney, gen., surrenders Minorca, July 
7, 1756. 

Blanc, Louis, prosecuted in Franoe, e» 
capes to England, Aug. 25, 1848. 



BLE 



95 



but 



Blanca, Florida, becomes minister to 
Charles IV. in Spain, 1788. 

Blanchard, Mme., makes a fatal ascent 
in a balloon from Paris, 1819. 

Blanchard and Jeffries ascend in a bal- 
loon, Nov. 30, 1784— cross the straits of 
Dover, Jan. 7, 1785. 

Blanche, queen of Navarre, succeeds her 
brother, Sancho VII., but gives up the 
government to her husband, Theobald I., 
1234. 

Blanche II., queen of Navarre, daughter 
of Charles III., succeeds him, and reigns 
conjointly with her husband, John II., 
brother of Alfonso V. of Aragon, 1425— 
d. 1441. 

Blanche, daughter of the earl of Lancas- 
ter, married to John of Gaunt, 1359 — 
d. 1369. 

Blanche, daughter of Henry IV., k. of 
England, married to the elector Pala- 
tine, Louis of Bavaria, 1400. 

Blanche de Bourbon, married to Peter 
the Cruel, k. of Castile ; in three days 
he deserts her, 1353 — imprisoned, 1354 — 
poisoned in her prison at Medina Sido- 
nia, by her husband's orders, 1361. 

Blanche, of Castile, widow of Louis VIII., 
regent for her son, Louis IX., 1226— re- 
gent during his absence in the Holy 
Land, 1248— d. 1253. 

Blanche, daughter of Louis IX., k. of 
Prance, married to Ferdinand, eldest son 
of Alfonso X. of Castile, who d. 1275— 
and their sons are excluded from the 
succession. See Alfonso de la Cerda. 

Blanche, of Navarre, inherits the rights 
of her brother, Charles, 1461 — betrayed 
by her father, John, into the hands of 
her sister, Eleanora, and poisoned, 1462. 

Blandford, in Dorsetshire, nearly de- 
stroyed by fire, June, 5, 1731. 

Blandford, marquis of, his motion for par- 
liamentary reform rejected, June 3, 1829. 

Blandy, Miss, executed for poisoning her 
father, April 6, 1752. 

" Blanketeers," on their way from Man- 
chester to London, dispersed, 1817. 

Blankets supplied by the British govern- 
ment to the Danish army in Schleswig, 
Nov. 22, 1850. 

Blanqui, a leader of the Parisian commu- 
nists, arrested, May 15, 1848 — sentenced 
to imprisonment, April 2, 1849. 

Blasio, Cn. Cornelius, consul of Eome,B.c. 
270—257 II. 

Blaye. See Berry, Duchess de. 

Bleda, k. of the Huns, 433 — murdered by 
his brother, Attila, 444. 

Blemmyes, an African tribe, invade Egypt, 
and are overthrown by Probus, 279. 

Blenheim, battle of, Aug. 13, n.s. 1704— 
The French and Bavarian army, under 



marshal Tallard, annihilated by the duke 
of Marlborough and prince Eugene. 

Blessington, Lady, d. 1849. 

Blind, first school for the, established at 
Paris, by Valentine Hafjy, 1784— print- 
ing for them introduced, 1827. 

Blockade of the Elbe and Weser by Great 
Britain, June, 1803 — of England, at- 
tempted by Napoleon's Berlin decree, 
Nov. 21, 1806 — of Canton and other ports 
in China, by Sir Gordon Bremer, June 
28, July 18, 1840— of the German ports 
in the Baltic, by the k. of Deumark, 
1848, 1849— of the Gulf of Finland, by 
the British and French fleets, 1854. 

Blois, Theobald de, an elder brother of 
Stephen, is supported by his uncle, 
Henry I. of England, against Louis VI. 
of France, 1116. 

Blois, Charles de, receives the county of 
Bretagne from Philip VI. of France, and 
is opposed by John de Montfort, who is 
supported by Edward III., 1341— made 
prisoner at La Roche-Darien by Jane de 
Montfort — his countess, Jane de Pen- 
thidvre, continues the war, 1347— slain, 
1364. 

Blots, treaty of marriage concluded at, 
1504 — set aside by the states- general of 
France, 1506 — Katharine de' Medici dies 
at, Jan. 5, 1589 — Mary de' Medici sent 
there by Louis XIII., attended by Ri- 
chelieu, 1617 ; escapes, 1619 — residence 
of Bolingbroke in his exile, 1716-23 — 
the empress Maria Louisa retires there 
with her son, March 29, 1814. 

Blomfield, Charles James, b. 1786— bp. of 
Chester, 1824 — translated to London. 
1828. 

Blood, attacks the duke of Ormond, Dec. 
4, 1670 — attempts to steal the crown and 
regalia from the Tower, May 3— he is 
pardoned and pensioned by the k., 1671. 

Blood, circulation of the. See Sebvetus, 
Michael, and Harvey, William. 

Bloomfield, Sir Benjamin, envoy to the 
court of Sweden, 1822. 

Bloomfield, Robert, i. 1766 — d. 1823. 

Blore heath, battle of; the Yorkists, com- 
manded by the earl of Salisbury, defeat 
the Lancastrians, under lord Audley, who 
is slain, Sept. 23, 1459. 

Blount, Sir John. See South Sea Com- 
pany. 

Blucher, the Prussian field-marshal, 6. 
1742— surrenders at Liibeck, Nov. 7, 1806 
— defeats Ney on the Katzbach, Aug. 26, 
1813 — crosses the Rhine at Manheim, 
Jan. 1, 1814— joins Schwartzenberg at 
Langres, 1-1 — visits the prince regent in 
London, June 7 ; departs, 27 — driven 
back to Wavre, June 16, 1815 — join* 
Wellington at Waterloo, 18; invest* 



BCEO 



9G 



boh 



Bluchrr, continued. 
Paris with him, 29; and enters it, July 3 
— d. 1819. 
Blue Faction. See Circus Factions. 
Blue-ooat School. See Christ's Hospital. 
Blum, Robert. See Flor, Roger di. 
Blum, Robert, a leader of the insurgents 
at Vienna, shot, Nov. 9, 1848. 

Blumenbach, Dr. b. 1752 — d. 1840. 
Boabdil. See Abu Abdallah. 
Boaden, James, b. 1762— d. 1839. 

Boadicea, queen of the British lceni, re- 
volts, and is defeated by the Roman 
commander, Suetonius Paulinus, 61. 

Board of Control established by Pitt's 
India bill, 1784 -of Trade, 1786; Charles 
Jenkinson, lord Hawkesbury, first presi- 
dent—of Agriculture, 1793. 

Boar's-head tavern, the old, inEastcheap, 
taken down, 1831. 

Boat, an ancient, discovered beneath the 
bed of the river Witham, in Lincolnshire, 
1S16. 

Bobium, now Bobbio. See Columbanus— 
a school founded there by pope Sylvester 
II., 1002. 

Bocca Tigris, or Bogue, forts, near Canton, 
stormed by the British forces, Feb. 26, 
1841— taken by Sir John Davis, April 5, 
1847. 

Boccacio, b. 1313— the plague suggests to 
him the idea of his Decameron, 1348— 
he introduces Leontius Pilatus to teach 
Greek at Florence, 1360— d. 1375. 

Boccanegra, appointed captain by the 
commons of Genoa, 1257— deposed, 1262. 

Boccanegra, Simone, doge of Genoa, 1339 
— expelled, 1344— re-elected, 1356 — con- 
quers Savona and other towns, 1357 — vi- 
sited by pope Urban V., 1362— d. 1363. 

Boccanegra, the Castilian admiral, cap- 
tures the earl of Pembroke, on his way 
to relieve La Rochelle, 1378. 

Bochart, Samuel, b. 1599— d. 1667. 

Bocchoris, k. of Egypt, b.c. 781 (743, B.) 

Bocchus, k. of Mauritania, betrays Jugur- 
tha into the hands of the Romans, and 
receives from them part of Numidia, B.C. 
106. 

Bockhara, in Chorasan, taken from the 
Turks by Moawiyah's lieutenant, Obei- 
dolla, 672— occupied by Catibah, 707— 
destroyed by Dschingiskhan, 1219. 

Bode, baron de, the elder, d. 1846. 

Bode, baron de, the younger, d. 1855. 

Bode, professor, the German astronomer, 
b. 1747— d. 1826. 

Bodleian library at Oxford founded, 1598. 

Bodlf.y, Sir Thomas, d. 1612. 

Bodoni, the celebrated printer of Parma, 
b. 1740— d. 1813. 

Bosotia, occupied by part of the yEolian 
emigrants, B.C. 1123— contained fourteen 



separate states, three of which, Eleu- 
therae, Plataea, and Oropus, were attached 
to Athens; the others formed a con- 
federacy, of which Thebes was the head. 
See Thebes. Battle of GSnophyta ; 
the Boeotians defeated by the Athenians, 
456 — battle of Coronea; the Athenians 
defeated and driven out of the country, 
447 — invasions of the kings of Lacedse- 
mon, Cleombrotus and Agesilaus II., 378 
-376. See Thebes. Dissolution of the 
confederacy, 172. 
Boerhaave, H., b. 1668; d. 1738. 
Boers, of Port Natal, Cape of Good Hope 
revolt, May 4, 1842 — they submit, 
June 26. 
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, 
6.470 — makes a sun-dial and a water- 
clock, which are sent by Theodoric to 
Gundibald, 503 — chief minister of The- 
odoric, 504 — consul, 610 — writes com- 
mentaries on Aristotle; arrested, while 
in prison writes " De Gonsolatione Phi- 
losophice, 523 — strangled atCalvenzano, 
near Pavia, 524 — his work translated 
into Anglo-Saxon by Alfred, 888 — a MS. 
translation, by Queen Elizabeth, found 
in the State Paper Office, 1826. 
Boethius, Fl., consul of Rome, 487. 
Bogesund, battle of; Sten Sture, the 
younger, protector of Sweden, defeated 
and killed by Christian II. k. of Den- 
mark, 1520. 
Bogoris. See Bulgarians. 
Bogota. See Granada, New. 
Bogue Forts. See Bocca Tigris. 
Bohemia, occupied by the Wenden, a 
Slavonic tribe, about 550 — conquered by 
the Avars, 563— Samo shakes off their 
yoke and establishes an independent 
state, 623 — defeats the Saxons and Lon- 
gobardi at Voitsburg 630 — d. 658— the 
Czechen, another Slavonic people, 
form many separate communities, which 
are united into one by Premislas, who 
takes the title of duke and founds his 
dynasty, 722 — conquered by Charle- 
magne ; duke Lech falls in battle, 805 — 
attached to the kingdom of Germany ,843. 
Restored to independence by its duke 
Borzivoi, given by the emperor Ar- 
nulf to his natural son Zwentibold, 
duke of Bavaria, 890, who is expelled 
by Borzivoi. 891 — Christianity intro- 
duced, 894— Spitigneus I. 902— Wratis- 
las 1.907— Wenceslas L, 916 — struggles 
between the Christians and idolaters; 
the latter set aside Wenceslas and ap- 
point Boleslas I., 936 — Otho I. makes 
war on them, 938— conquers and exacts 
tribute from Boleslas, 950. 

Boleslas II. founds the bishopric of 
Prague, 967 — leagues with Henry II. of 



BOH 



97 



BOH 



Bohemi a — continued. 
Bavaria against Otho II., 975— affords a 
refuge to Henry> 976— Boleslas III., 999 
— Jaromir, 1002 — attacked by Boleslas I., 
k.of Poland, defended by the emperor 
Henry II., 1005— Udalric, 1012— Bretis- 
las I., 1037 ; invades Poland, 1038— Spi- 
tigneus II.. 1055— Wratislas II., 1061— 
Conrad I., 1092— BretislasIL, 1093— Bor- 
zivoi II., 1100— Swatopolk, 1107 — La- 
dislas II., 1109— Sobieslas I., 1125— La- 
dislas III., styles himself king, 1140 — 
Sobieslas II., 1174— refuses homage to 
the emperor Frederic I., who deposes 
him ; takes possession of Bohemia, and 
gives it to Frederic, a son of Ladislas 
III., 1178— Conrad II., 1190— Wenceslas 
II., 1191— Henry Bretislas, 1193— Ladis- 
las IV., 1196. 

Premislas or Ottocar I. ; revives the 
title of king, which becomes permanent, 
1197— Wenceslas III., 1230— Ottocar II., 
1253 — heads the crusade against the pa 
gans of Prussia and Comiand, 1254 — 
builds Konigsberg, 1255— inherits Ca- 
rinthia and Carniola, 1270 — refuses 
the crown of Germany, 1272 — protests 
against the election of Rudolf of Habs- 
burg, 1273 — submits to him and cedes 
to him the duchy of Austria, 1276— en- 
deavours to recover it, 1277 — is defeated 
and slain at Marchfeld, 1278 — his son, 
Wenceslas IV., succeeds him ; obtains a 
part of Misnia and Eger, 1289— takes 
Cracow, 1290— elected k. of Poland, 1300 
— See Poland — d. 1305— his son, Wen- 
ceslas V., siicceeds ; the last of the race 
of Premislas ; d. 1306. 

Rudolf of Austria claims the crown ; 
d. 1307 — Henry, duke of Carinthia, suc- 
ceeds ; d. 1310— the emperor Henry VII. 
obtains Bohemia for his son John of 
Luxemburg ; the marquisate of Lu 
satia given to him by Louis of Bavaria, 
1319 — is invited to Brescia by the Guelfs, 
1330 — recalls the banished Ghibelins 
and reconciles the two factions ; their 
leaders, jealous of his power, coalesce 
against him, 1331— goes to Avignon and 
confers with Pope John XXII., 1332 
disappointed in his designs, returns to 
his own kingdom, 1333 — becomes blind, 
1340 -falls in the battle of Cressy, 1346. 

His son Charles I. succeeds; fails in his 
attempt to conquer the Tyrol ; is elected 
k. of Germany, 1347. See Germany. 
Introduces a feudal constitution in Bo 
hernia, 1354 — treaty of union between 
Austria and Bohemia, 1364— d. 1378 — his 
son, Wenceslas IV. (VI.), succeeds as k. 
of Bohemia and is elected k. of Germany. 
See Germany. His sister, Anne, marries 
Richard II. of England, 1382 — his 



brother, Sigismund, with a Bohemian 
army releases his consort, Maria, qu. of 
Hungary, from captivity, 1387. See 
Hungary. His nobles rebel and im- 
prison him for a time, 1394— deprived of 
his German crown, he retains that ot ' 
Bohemia, 1400 — unpopular with his sub- 
jects ; he is again imprisoned and his 
kingdom offered to Ladislas of Poland, 
who refuses it, 1402 — Jerome of Prague 
and John Huss preach Wickliffe's 
doctrines in Bohemia, 1408 — their dis- 
ciples take up arms to defend liberty of 
conscience, 1416 — Ziska their leader, 
1417— Wenceslas d. 1419. 

His brother Sigismund inherits Bohe- 
mia; the Hussites refuse to acknow- 
ledge him, and storm the town-hall of 
Prague ; they offer the kingdom to La- 
dislas, king of Poland, and to Witold, 
duke of Lithuania ; Korybut, nephew 
of Ladislas, is sent to them ; Sigis- 
mund's daughter, Elizabeth, married to 
Albert, duke of Austria, 1422 — death of 
Ziska ; Procopius Raza takes the com- 
mand of the Hussites, 1424 — they extend 
their conquests into Saxony and Misnia, 
1426 — defeat the army of the empire at 
Mies, 1427 — enter Silesia, 1428 — refuse 
to treat with Sigismund, 1429 — again 
victorious at Tauss, 1431 — they divide 
into two parties ; the Calixtines, satis- 
fied with the concessions made by the 
council of Basle, secede from the league, 
1433— join the imperialists, and defeat 
the Taborites at Bohmisch-Brod, 1434 
— the two parties reunite; Sigismund 
grants their demands; they submit to 
him and allow him to enter Prague, 1435 
— Sigismund d. 1437. 

His son-in-law, Albert, chosen k. of 
Bohemia ; some Hussites offer the 
crown to Casimir of Poland, who is 
defeated by Albert at Tabor, 1438— 
Albert d. Oct. 27, 1439— his infant son, 
Ladislas III., is chosen with two re- 
gents, Meinhard a Romanist,and Ptarsko 
a Hussite, 1440 — George von Podjebrad 
succeeds Ptarsko, as Hussite co-regent 
of Bohemia, 1444— expels his colleague 
Meinhard, and governs alone, 1449 — 
Ladislas crowned at Prague, 1453 — d. 
1457 — George von Podjebrad elected to 
succeed him, 1458 — Matthias, son of 
John Huniades, detained a prisoner in 
Bohemia, is called to the throne of Hun- 
gary and released ; Silesia submits to 
Podjebrad,1459 — he relieves the emperor 
Frederic IV., when besieged by his own 
subjects in Vienna, 1462 — is excommu- 
nicated by Pope Paul II., who urgea 
Matthias, k. of Hungary, to attack him 
and claim the crown of Bohemia 1466— 



BOH 



98 



BOL 



Bohemia — continued. 
the Catholic party supports Matthias ; 
Podjebrad preserves his throne by the 
election of Ladislas, son of Casimir IV., 
k. of Poland, to succeed him, 1469 — d. 
1471. 

Ladislas IV. becomes king; elected 
k. of Hungary, 1490. See Hungary. 
The double betrothment, with the object 
of uniting Bohemia and Hungary to 
Austria, 1506 — Ladislas d. 1516 — acces- 
sion of his son, Louis I. ; d. 1526 — his 
sister's husband, archduke Ferdinand, 
succeeds, and the Bohemians consent to 
the union with Austria ; the emperor 
Rudolf II. revokes the concessions made 
to the Protestants, 1578 — persecutes 
them, 1604 — gives up Bohemia to his 
brother Matthias, who is crowned at 
Prague, 1611 — resigned by him to his 
cousin Ferdinand, 1617 — the oppressed 
Protestants take up arms under count 
Von Thurn, and make themselves 
masters of Bohemia ; this commences 
the Thirty Years' War, 1618. See Ger- 
many. 

They elect Frederic V. elector Pa- 
latine for king, and lay siege to 
Vienna, 1619 — Maximilian, duke of 
Bavaria, overthrows them at the battle 
of Prague, and restores the kingdom to 
Austria, 1620 — it is invaded by the elec- 
tor of Saxony, John George, 1631 — re- 
covered by Wallenstein, 1632— peace of 
Prague, 1635 — the Swedish general, 
Banner, penetrates through Bohemia, 
1639 — his successor, Torstenson, occupies 
it,1644 — Konigsniark takes Prague,1646. 
Bohemia obtains a vote in the Diet, 
1708— invaded by the French, Bavarians, 
and Saxons; Prague stormed and Charles 
Albert crowned there, Dec. 9, 1741— the 
French and Bavarians are expelled by 
the Austrians, 1742 — invaded by Fre- 
deric the Great of Prussia; after taking 
Prague, he withdraws into Silesia, 1744 
— again invaded by him, 1756 — he ob- 
tains a great victory at Prague, May 
6, 1757 — retires there from Moravia, 
1758— Austria l'etains Bohemia by the 
peace of Hubertsburg, 1763 — the nobles 
resist the attempt of the emperor 
Joseph II. to abolish the corvee, 1775 — 
congress of Prague ; the Austrian army 
assembles in Bohemia, under Schwart- 
zenberg, preparatory to the campaign 
against Napoleon, 1813 — insurrection at 
Prague, June 12, 1848. 

Bohemian Brethren, descendants of the 
Hussites, protected by Matthias Corvi- 
nus, in Moravia, 1478. 

Bohemond, son of Robert Guiscard and Al- 
berada, who is divorced, 1058— goes with 



his father to attack the eastern empire 
in Albania, 1081 — is left there by him 
to carry on the war, 1082 — he twice de- 
feats Alexius Comnenus ; besieges La- 
rissa, and is forced to retire, 1083— the 
enterprise abandoned, his father dies, 
leaving him only Tarentum, and giving 
the rest of Apulia to his younger son, 
Roger ; jealousy and discord between 
the brothers, 1085 ; appeased by their 
uncle, Roger, count of Sicily, 1088— joins 
the first crusade, 1096 — made prince of 
Antioch, 1098 — taken prisoner by the 
Turks, 1105 — released; retires to Eu- 
rope, and marries Constance, daughter 
of Philip I., k. of France, 1106— lands 
in Epirus, and besieges Durazzo, 1107 — 
abandons the siege, and concludes a 
treaty of peace with the emperor Alex- 
ius ; and returns to Otranto, 1108 — while 
preparing to return to Antioch, he dies, 
and is buried at Canosa, 1111. 

Bohemond II., count of Edessa, d. 1131. 

Bcehmish-Brod, battle of. See Bohemia. 

Bohun, H umphrey, earl of Hereford, con- 
stable of England, refuses, with Bigod 
of Norfolk, to join the army of Edward 
I., 1297 — the office of constable heredi- 
tary in the family, forfeited, 1521. 

Bo'ians, a Celtic tribe in the north of 
Italy, invade the Roman territories ; are 
defeated, B.C. 238 — submit to the Ro- 
mans, 224 — subdued by Scipio Nasica, 
191. 

Boileau, Nicolas, b. 1636 — writes his first 
satires, 1660— his " Art of Poetry," 1669 
— d. 1711. 

Bois-le-duc, taken by Frederic Henry, the 
statholder, 1628— the duke of York de- 
feated at, Sept. 14, 1794. 

Boissy d'Anglas, b. 1756 ; d. 1826. 

Bokhara. See Bockhara. 

BoljE, a city of the iEquians, taken by the 
Romans, b.c. 414. 

Bolanus, M. Vettius, consul of Rome, 
111. 

Boleslas I., II., and III., kings of Bohe- 
mia. See Bohemia. 

Boleslas, prince of Lithuania, com- 
mences hostilities against Poland ; La- 
dislas II. deposes him, 1432. 

Boleslas I., II., III., and IV., kings of 
Poland. See Poland. 

Boleyn, Anne, an attendant on Mary, 
sister of Henry VIII., when she marries 
Louis XII. of France, 1514 — retained in 
the service of queen Claude, 1515 — re- 
called from France, and appointed one 
of queen Katharine's maids of honour, 
1522 — admired by Henry, 1525— married 
to him, Nov. 14, 1532 — crowned, June 1. 
1533 — the succession to the crown settled 
on her issue, 1534— aocused of infidelity 



EOL 



99 



BOL 



»nd committed to the Tower, May 2, 
1536 ; beheaded, 19. 

Boleyn, Sir Thomas'! (father of Amie), 
created viscount Rochford, 1525 — created 
earl of Wiltshire, and sent with Cran- 
mer on a mission to the pope, 1530. 

Bolingbroke, Henry, earl of Derhy, son of 
John of Gaunt, b. 1367 — assists the 
Teutonic knights in Prussia, 1391 — cre- 
ated duke of Hereford, 1397 — quarrels 
with the duke of Norfolk, and is ba- 
nished, 1398 — returns to claim the lands 
of his deceased father ; dethrones Rich- 
ard II., and becomes king, 1399. See 
Henry IV., k. of England. 

Bolingbroke, Viscount — See St. John, 
Henry — negotiates the conditions of the 
peace of Utrecht, 1712 — is the rival of 
the earl of Oxford, and encourages queen 
Anne's displeasure against the elector 
of Hanover, 1713 — causes the dismissal 
of Oxford, and is himself removed by 
George I., 1714— withdraws to France, 
March 25, 1715 — is impeached by the 
Commons, July 9 — attainted, Aug. 20 — 
becomes secretary of state to the Pre- 
tender ; is displaced by him, and retires 
to Blois, Feb. 25, 1716— restored to his 
honours and estate but not to his seat 
in the House of Lords, 1723 — in league 
with Frederic, prince of Wales, directs 
the opposition to the treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, 1748— d. 1751. 

Bolingbroke, Viscount, b. 1786— d. 1851. 

Bolingbroke, the confessor of the duchess 
of Gloucester, executed for alleged par- 
ticipation in her witchcraft, 1442. 

Bolivar, Simon, b. 1783— leader of the 
war of independence in Venezuela, 1816 
— organizes its government, 1817 — de- 
feats Morillo at Sombrero, 1818 — vic- 
torious at Boyaca ; he forms the republic 
of Colombia by uniting New Granada 
with Venezuela, and is elected president, 
1819 — assists in the liberation of Peru, 
1820 — receives from the Peruvians the 
title of " El Liberador," 1823— war with 
Francia, 1824 — elected president of Peru 
for life ; Paez rebels against him, 1826 — 
the congress of Colombia refuses to ac- 
cept his resignation, 1827 — chosen dic- 
tator of Colombia, 1828— resigns all his 
offices, Jan. 20, 1830 — the president's 
chair again offered to him, and declined, 
April 27 ; he withdraws in triumph, May 
9— d. Dec. 17. 

Bolivia, or Upper Peru, a separate State, 
founded, 1825. 

Bologna University founded by Charle- 
magne, 801 — receives a charter of mu- 
nicipal independence from the emperor 
Henry V., 1112 — school of jurisprudence, 
in which Guarnarius or Werner teaches 



the civil law, 1140— joins the Lombard 
League, 1164 — Frederic II orders the 
students to remove to his new university 
of Naples, 1225 — the decree is revoked, 
1226 — alliance with Venice against him, 
1238 — capture of Ravenna, 1239 — Enzio, 
his natural son, defeated at Fossalta, is 
kept in captivity at Bologna, 1249 — the 
orderor guild of the Virgin Mary founded, 
1261 — the Bolognese merchants refuse 
to pay a toll levied on them by Venice ; 
war ensues between the two republics, 
1270 — Enzio dies in his prison, 1272 — 
acquisition of Faenza, 1280— pope Boni- 
face VIII. forbids the dissection of dead 
bodies for the study of anatomy in the 
schools, 1297 — the" troubles of Italy 
enable Beltrando dal Poggetto, legate of 
pope John XXII., to gain possession of 
Bologna, 1332 — he is expelled, 1334— 
John Visconte, after threats of excom- 
munication, purchases the investiture 
from Clement VI., 1351 — besieged by 
Bernabo Visconte, 1359 — given up to the 
papal legate Cardinal Albornoz, Ber- 
nabo still persists in the siege, till he is 
driven away by a body of Hungarians, 
1360 — renews the siege, and is again re- 
pulsed, 1361 — the Florentines obtain 
possession, for which they are excom- 
municated by pope Gregory XL, 1376 — 
John Galeazzo Visconte attacks it, 1390 
— takes it, 1402 — recovered by pope Bo- 
niface IX., 1403— pope John XXIII. 
driven from Rome by Ladislas, king of 
Naples, retires there, 1413 — Ladislas 
threatens to besiege him, 1414 — re- 
covered for pope Martin V. by Braccio, 
1420 — pope Eugenius IV. fixes his resi- 
dence at, 1436— pope Julius II. quell* 
the revolt of Giovanni Bentivoglio, and 
makes a triumphal entry, Nov. 11, 1506 
— the French general Trivulce, assisted 
by the Bentivoglio party, takes the city,. 
May 21, 1511 — besieged by Raymond de 
Cardona, viceroy of Naples; it is re- 
lieved by Gaston de Foix, Feb. 7, 1512 — 
Francis I. and Leo X. hold a conference 
there, and conclude a treaty of peace, 
1515 — Bologna remains from this time 
a part of the papal dominions ; the 
emperor Charles V. and pope Clement 
VII. meet there, Nov. 5, 1529— Charles 
crowned there as king of Italy, Feb. 22, 
and as emperor (the last crowned out of 
Germany) Feb. 24, 1530— another con- 
ference there between him and the pope 
Dec. 8, 1532 — occupied by the French 
general Massena, June 19, 1796 — retakeir 
by the Austrians and Russians, 1799 — 
annexed to the Italian republic, 1802— 
restored to the pope, 1814— attempted 
revolution repressed by Austrian troops, 
H2 



BOH 



100 



BON 



1831 — nniversity closed, 1833— placed 
under ecclesiastical magistrates, 1836 — 
their abuse, of power causes a revolt, 
1843. 

Bolton, in Lancashire, the first place at 
which Mary, queen of Scots, is detained, 
under the care of lord and lady Scrope, 
1568. 

Bomarsund bombarded by the combined 
fleet, June 21, 1854 — capture and de- 
struction of its fortifications, Aug. 16. 

Bombay ceded to England by Portugal, 
1662 — presidency established, 1687. 

Bombs, first used by the Turks at Rhodes, 
1522. 

Bona, in Africa, taken by the Pisans, 
1035— by Roger, k. of Sicily, 1152— by 
Charles V. and Andrew Doria, 1535. 

Bona, daughter of Louis, duke of Savoy, 
proposed marriage of, with Edward IV. 
of England, 1464 — marries Galeazzo 
Maria, duke of Milan, 1468 — becomes 
regent,1476— withdraws from Milan,1480. 

Bonaparte, Caroline, Napoleon's youngest 
sister, marries Joachim Murat, Jan. 20, 
1800. 

Bonaparte, Charles, father of the family, 
d. 1785. 

Bonaparte, Jerome, b. Nov. 15, 1784, mar- 
ries Miss Paterson, an American lady, 
who is not allowed by Napoleon to enter 
France, 1805— a kingdom of Westphalia 
constituted for him, 1807 — flees from 
Cassel, Oct. 26, 1813 — proposed to be 
excluded from the succession; resigns 
his post of president of the senate, Nov. 
8, 1852 — is included in the Act of suc- 
cession, Dec. 24. 

Bonaparte, Joseph, b. Jan. 7, 1767 — am- 
bassador at Rome ; restores order there, 
Dec. 26, 1797 — seated on the throne of 
Naples, Feb. 15, 1806— leaves it for that 
of Spain, 1808 — enters Spain with a 
French army, July 9 ; abandons Madrid, 
and takes the crown jewels with him to 
Burgos, Aug. 1 ; returns to Madrid, 
Jan. 22, 1809 — driven out by Wellington, 
Aug. 12, 1812— defeated at Vittoria, June 
21, 1813 — and retreats to the Pyrenees 
— d. 1844. 

Bonaparte, Louis, b. Sept. 2, 1778— marries 
Hortense de Beauharnais, daughter of 
Josephine, Jan. 9, 1802 — made king of 
Holland, June 5, 1806 — obliged to inter- 
dict all communication between his sub- 
jects and Great Britain, March 16, 1810 — 
abdicates, July 2— d. at Florence, July 
25, 1846. 

Bonaparte, Elise, eldest sister of Napo- 
leon, b. 1777 — grand duchess of Tuscany, 
1805— d. 1820. See Bacciochi. 

Bonaparte, Lucien, b. 1775 — prince di 
Canino, lauds with his family at Ply- 



mouth, Dec. IS, 1810— settles at Ludlowi 
in Shropshire, Jan. 3, 1811— d. 1840. 

Bonaparte, Pauline, second sister of Na- 
poleon, marries General Leclerc, who 
dies 1802 — marries prince Borghese, and 
is made princess of Guastalla, 1806 — d. 
1S25. See Borghfse. 

Bonaparte, Marie Lsetiria, nee Ramolini, 
mother of Napoleon, d. 1822. 

Bonaparte, Napoleon, b. Aug. 15, 1769 — 
distinguishes himself at Toulon, and is 
appointed gen. of brigade, Dec. 19, 1793 
— puts down the rising of some of the 
sections of Paris with his artillery, Oct. 
4, 5, 1795 — appointed general-in-chief of 
the army of Italy, Feb. 23, J796— mar- 
ries Josephine Tascher, widow of Vis- 
count Beauharnais, March 8 — gains vic- 
tories at Montenotte, April 11 ; at Mil- 
lessimo, 14; at Mondovi, 22; and at 
Lodi, May 11 — concludes peace with 
Sardinia, June 3 — gains victories at 
Castiglione, Aug. 5, and at Roveredo, 
Sept. 4 — defeats Alvinzi at Areola, Nov. 
15, 16, 17 — defeats the archduke Charles 
on the Tagliamento, March 16, 1797 — 
concludes the treaty of Campo Formio, 
Oct. 17 — returns to Paris, Dec. 5. 

Sails from Toulon on his Egyptian ex- 
pedition, May 19, 1798— takes Malta, 
June 12 — Alexandria, July 2 — gains the 
battle of the Pyramids, 21 — enters Cairo, 
22 — commences his march towards Sy- 
ria, Feb. 4, 1799 — gains the battle of El- 
Arisch, 8— having captured Gaza and 
Jaffa, lays siege to Acre, March 18 — 
being repulsed by Sir Sydney Smith, 
he raises the siege May 20, and returns 
into Egypt — defeats the Turks at Abou- 
kir. July 24 — gives up the command to 
Kleber,'and embarks for France, Aug. 
24 — lands at Frejus, Oct. 8 — concerts 
with Sieyes and Fouche a change of go- 
vernment, which is effected by military 
force, Nov. 9 — is appointed first consul, 
Dec. 13. 

Having collected his army of re- 
serve at Dijon, leaves Paris to take 
the command, May, 1800 — crosses the 
Great St. Bernard, 23 — enters Milan, 
June 2 — gains the battle of Marengo, 
14 — agrees to an armistice, 16 — Genoa 
and all the fortresses of Piedmont and 
Lombardy given up to him — returns to 
Paris, July 2 — conspiracy against him 
detected, Oct. 10 — attempt to kill him 
by an infernal machine, Dec. 24 — orders 
the deportation of 130 republicans, ac- 
cused of being concerned in the plot, 
Jan. 4, 1801 — concludes the peace of 
Luneville with Austria, Feb. 9 — engages 
the king of Naples to exclude the En- 
glish from his ports, March 19— erects 



BON 



101 



BON 



Bow.4 paete — continued. 
the kingdom of Etruria, 21 — concludes 
a Concordat with pope Pius VII., and 
restores the Catholic church in France, 
July 15 — compels the regent of Portugal 
to shut his ports against the English, 
Sept. 29 — makes a treaty with Russia, 
Oct. 4 — with Turkey, 9 — ratifies the pre- 
liminaries of peace with England, 10 — 
gives new constitutions to the Batavian 
and Helvetian republics. 

Remodels the Cisalpine into the Italian 
republic, and is made president, Jan. 26, 
1802 — confirms the definitive treaty of 
Amiens, Feb. 27 — inaugurates the Con- 
cordat in the church of Notre Dame, 
April 18— organizes a system of public 
instruction in France, May 1 — institutes 
the Legion of Honour, 19 — elected con- 
sul for ten years, May 6— for life, Aug. 2 
— makes other changes in the constitu- 
tion tending to monarchy, 4 — prohibits 
English newspapers in France, receives 
Mr. Fox at the Tuileries, Sept. b — an- 
nexes Piedmont to France, 11 — occupies 
Switzerland with a French army, Oct. 21. 
Gives it another new constitution by 
his Act of Mediation, Feb. 19, 1803— tells 
lord Whitworth that England cannot, sin- 
gle-handed, resist him, March 13 — war 
between the two countries renewed, May 
16 — he detains, as prisoners of war, all 
British residents and travellers in 
France, 22 — sends General Mortier to 
take possession of Hanover, June 3 — 
threatens to invade England, 18 — estab- 
lishes a censorship of the press in 
France, Sept, 27 — sells Louisiana to the 
United States ; accuses Pichegru and 
Moreau of a conspiracy, Feb. 15, 1804 — 
seizes the duke d'Enghien at Ettenheim, 
March 15 — murders him by a mock-trial 
at Vincennes, 20 ; Pichegru found stran- 
gled in his prison, April 5 — Moreau al- 
lowed to emigrate to America ; the Code 
Napoleon adopted ; Bonaparte proclaim- 
ed emperor, May 18. See Napoleon I., 
emperor of the French. 

Bonapaete, Napoleon Francis Charles 
Joseph, son of Napoleon I. and Maria 
Louisa, archduchess of Austria, i. March 
20, 1811 — and created king of Rome ; 
conveyed by his mother to Blois, March 
29, 1814 — his father proposes to abdicate 
in his favour, which the allies reject, 
April 3 — he is taken to Vienna, where he 
is afterwards (July 22, 1818) created 
duke of Reichstadt — d. at SchOnbrunn, 
July 22, 1832. He is now styled in 
France Napoleon II. 

Bonapaete, Charles Louis Napoleon, son of 
Louis, k. of Holland, and llortense Beau- 
harnais. 5. April 20, 1S08 — attempts are- 



volt at Strasburg, is captured and sent 
to America, Nov. 13, 1836 — goes to 
Switzerland, is ordered to leave, and re- 
pairs to London, Oct. 14, 1838— lands at 
Boulogne, Aug. 6, 1840 — condemned to 
imprisonment for life, Oct. 6; escapes 
from Ham, May 25, 1846 — arrives at 
Boulogne and offers his services to the 
republican government, March 2, 1848 — 
elected a deputy, June 8 ; admitted by a 
vote of the assembly, 13; takes his seat, 
Aug. 27 ; elected president of the repub- 
lic, Dec. 20; liberates Bou Maza, July 
22, 1849— remonstrates against the pro- 
ceedings of the papal authorities atRome, 
Aug. 21; visits the departments, Aug. 
12, Sept. 13, 1850— appoints Drouyn de 
l'Huys minister, displaces Changarnier, 
and gives the command of the army of 
Paris to Baraguay d'Hilliers, Jan. 9, 
1851 — the assembly refuses to revise the 
constitution, July 19; numerous arrests 
on a charge of conspiracy, Sept. 3 ; Coup 
d'Etat, Dec. 2; the president dissolves 
the national assembly ; restores univer- 
sal suffrage ; appeals to the nation, and 
is reelected by a majority of nearly 
seven millions, 24; his effigy stamped 
on the French coin, Jan. 4, 1852 — ba- 
nishes Thiers and other leading repub- 
licans, 10 ; re-organizes the national 
guard, 12 ; president for ten years, 15 ; 
revives titles of nobility, 25 ; restores 
the Code Napoleon, March, 28; delivers 
eagles to the army, May 10; detects a 
conspiracy to assassinate him, July 1 ; 
allows the exiles to return to France, 
Aug. 8 ; is called upon by the prefect of 
the Seine to restore the empire, Oct. 16; 
the question referred by the senate to 
the people, Nov. 4; majority of more 
than seven millions in favour of it, Dec. 
2 ; the president proclaimed emperor, 2. 
See Napoleon III., emperor of the 
French. 

Bonae, Mr. and Mrs., murder of, May 31, 
1813. 

Bonaventcea, da Bagnarea, the "Sera- 
phic doctor," general of the Franciscans, 
1256 — compiles his BiUia Paupeitim, and 
withdraws the cup from the laity, 1260 
— made a cardinal and bishop of Albano, 
d. while attending the council of Lyons, 
1274 — canonized, 1482. 

Bonfinius and other learned men invited 
from- Italy to Hungary by Matthias Cor- 
vinus, 1465. 

Boniface I., bp. of Rome, 418-422. 

Boniface II., bp. of Rome, 530-533. 

Boniface III., pope, 607 — the emperor 
Phocas concedes to him the supremacy 
over all Christian churches : and th* 
bp. of Rome is thenceforth styled pops. 



BON 



10: 



EON 



Boniface IV., pope, 608-615 — consecrates 
the Pantheon as ]the church of Sta. 
Maria ad Martyres, 608. 

Boniface V., pope, 619-625— sends letters 
to Edwin, king of Northumberland, and 
his queen, Ethelberga, 625. 

Boniface VI., pope, 18 days, 895. 

Boniface VII., anti-pope for one month, 
deposed and driven away to Constanti- 
nople, 974— d. 985. 

Boniface VII I. (Benedetto Gaetano), pope, 
1294 — publishes a Bull, which forbids 
ecclesiastics to pay taxes imposed by 
temporal princes ; it is resisted by the 
kings of France and England ; excom- 
municates Ferdinand of Sicily and his 
people, 1296 — invests Robert, "duke of 
Calabria, with the sovereignty of Sar- 
dinia and Corsica, and to command a 
crusade against the Holy Land ; excom- 
municates Philip IV. for his law against 
the export of coin ; deposes the cardi- 
nals Jacopo and Pietro della Colonna, 
excommunicates the whole family, and 
confiscates their property ; prohibits the 
dissection of dead bodies for the study 
of anatomy at Bologna, 1297 — proclaims 
a crusade against the Colonna family, 
1298 — the Scotch refer their cause to him, 
1299 — his crusaders obtain possession 
of Palestrina, the impregnable fortress 
of the Colonna family, by a capitulation 
which he breaks, 1299 — he claims Scot- 
land as a fief of his see ; proclaims a 
jubilee, and attracts innumerable pil- 
grims to Home by his plenary indul- 
gence, 1300 — the English parliament 
denies his right to interfere in the 
affairs of Scotland ; Philip quarrels with 
him ; Charles Robert is crowned king of 
Hungary by his influence; he invites 
Charles of Valois into Italy to assist 
him, 1301 — issues a violent Bull against 
Philip, who bums it, accuses him of 
simony and heresy, and refuses to ac- 
knowledge him as pope, 1302 — excom- 
municates Philip, who demands a coun- 
cil to hear his charges against him, 
1303 — Boniface is surprised at Anagni, 
by William de IS'ogaret; returns to 
Rome, d. Oct. 11, 1303. 

Boniface IX. (Pietro Tomacelli)pope, 1389 
— excommunicates Clement VII. ; pro- 
claims a jubilee ; and ■ makes great ef- 
forts to support Ladislas in defending 
Naples against Louis of Anjou, 1390 — 
mediates a peace in northern ltaly,1392 — 
holds another jubilee, at which he forbids 
the Bianchi to enter Rome, and sup- 
presses their processions, 1400 — recovers 
15ologna and Perugia, 1403 — d. 1404. 

Boniface. See Bektgils. 

Boniface, or Winifred, a monk of Wessex; 



goes to Germany and preaches Christi- 
anity, 715— in Hesse and Thuringia, 719 
— created archbp. by pope GregoryII.,and 
supported by Charles Martel, 723 — again 
visits Rome, and is entertained by Liut- 
prand at Pavia, 738 — holds a council at 
Leptines, 743— founds the archbishopric 
of Mentz, 745 — crowns Pepin at Soissons, 
752 — resigns the archbishopric of Mentz, 
753— murdered by the pagans, 755. 

Boniface of Montferrat, chosen general 
of the fourth crusade, 1202 — has the 
kingdom of Thessalonica, 1204 — sells 
Crete to the Venetians, 1205 — slain in a 
skirmish with the Bulgarians, 1207. 

Boniface I., marquis of Tuscany, defends 
Corsica and invades Africa, 828. 

Boniface II., duke of Tuscany, 1027 — mar- 
ries Beatrice, daughter of Frederic, duke 
of Upper Lorraine, 1036— birth of his 
daughter Matilda, 1046— d. 1052. 

Bonifacius, count, quarrels with Castinus 
in Spain, passes into Africa, 422 — rival 
of Aetius, recalled from Africa is secret- 
ly induced by him to remain and defy 
the imperial orders ; defeats those sent 
to compel him to obedience, 427— invites 
Genseric, k. of the Vandals, into Africa, 
428 — discovers the duplicity of Aetius, 
returns to his allegiance, and makes un- 
availing efforts to dislodge the Vandals 
from Africa, 430 — is defeated by them, 
and leaves Africa, 431— well received at 
Ravenna ; Aetius attacks him ; he con- 
quers, but dies of his wounds, 432. 

Bonifacius, bp. of Carthage, 523. 

Bonn, Charles IV., elected k. of Germany, 
is wounded at, 1346 — taken by the stat- 
holder, William III., 1672 — recovered 
from the French, 1689 — taken by the 
duke of Marlborough, May, 14, 1703 — 
university founded, 1786. 

Bonner, Edmund, appointed bp. of Here- 
ford, 1538 — of London, 1539 — imprisoned 
by the protector Somerset, 1549 — de- 
prived of his see, 1550 — released by queen 
Mary, 1553 — inquisitorial powers granted 
him for punishing heresy, 1557 — his 
cruelty checked by the death of queen 
Mary, 1558— queen Elizabeth turns from 
him when presented to her; degraded, 
1559— d. 1569. 

Bonneval, introduces European discipline 
into the Turkish army, 1730. 

Bonnivet, admiral, commands the French 
army in Italy, 1523 — obliged to retreat, 
1524— killed at Pavia, Feb. 24, 1525. 

Bonnymuie, near Glasgow, a radical meet- 
ing at, contrived by spies, and dispersed, 
April 5, 1820. 

Bononia, in Moesia (now Widdin), the 
Goths and Sarmatians are defeated at, 
by Constantine, 321. 



BOB 



103 



EOS 



Bomonia. See Boulogne. 

Bohosus raises a rebellion in Gaul; de- 
feated by the emperor Probus, and put 
to death, 280. 

Books, the sale of, introduced at the fair of 
Leipsic, 1592 — discount on, regulated at 
a meeting of London booksellers, Dec. 
29, 1829 — decision of lord Campbell 
against this regulation, May 19, 1852. 

Bordeaux, the ancient Burdigala, the sy- 
nod of, condemns Priscillian and his fol- 
lowers, 385 — Richard, son of Edward the 
Black Prince, born at, Jan. 6, 1367 — John 
of Gaunt arrives at, after a harassing 
march from Calais, 1373 — opens its gates 
to John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, 1453 
— entered by marshal Beresford, Mar. 12, 
1814 — the mayor and chief inhabitants 
declare for the Bourbons, and send depu- 
ties to London to invite Louis XVIII., 
who arrives in France, March 25. 

Bobdeaux, Henry.Charles Ferdinand, duke 
de, son of the duke de Berry, b. Sept. 29, 
1820 — marries Maria Louisa of Modena, 
1846 — interview with the duke of Ne- 
mours, at Frohsdorf, Nov. 17, 1853. 

Borel, count, of Barcelona, defeated by 
Almansor, 984. 

Bobghese, prince, marries Pauline Bona- 
parte, and sells Guastalla to the kingdom 
of Italy, 1806. See Bonaparte, Pauline. 

Bobgia, Alfonso, becomes pope, 1455. See 
Callistus III. 

Bobgia, Rodrigo. See Alexander VI., 
pope. 

Bobgia, Caesar, Rodrigo's son, a cardinal ; 
given as a hostage by his father ; makes 
his escape, 1495 — lays aside the purple, 
resumes the position of a layman, and 
murders his brother John, 1497 — created 
duke of Valence by Louis XII. of France, 
1498 — murders Alfonso of Aragon, his 
brother-in-law, 1500 — created duke of 
Romagna by his father; captures Faenza, 
and puts its lord, Astorgio de' Manfredi, 
to death, 1501 — seizes Urbino and other 
cities, 1502 — deprived of his plunder and 
imprisoned by Julius II., 1503 — released, 

. 1504 — again imprisoned, and sent to 
Spain, where he is killed in a skirmish, 
in Navarre. 

Bobgia, cardinal, viceroy of Naples, 1620. 

Boegia, John, eldest son of Rodrigo, made 
duke of Benevento, and assassinated 
seven days after, 1497. 

Bobgia, Lucretia, daughter of Rodrigo, 
divorced from her husband, John Sfoi*za, 
1497 — her third husband, Alfonso of dra- 
gon, murdered by her brother, Caesar, 
1500 — married to Alfonso d'Este, son of 
the duke of Ferrara, 1502. 

Bobgo, Pozzo di, 6. 1768— d. 1842. 

Boris, k. of Bulgaria. See Bulgaria. 



Bobis Godunow, czar of Russia, 1598— his 
cruelty causes a revolt in Russia, 1604 — 
he commits suicide, 1605. 

Boelase, William, the antiquary, b. 1695 
—d. 1772. 

Bobneo. See Bbooke, Sir James. 

Boexholm, naval battle near ; the revolted 
Danes and the Hanse Towns defeated by 
Gustavns Vasa and Christian III., 1535. 

Boenhovet, battle of; the duke of Saxony 
defeats Waldemar II., k. of Denmark, 
1227. 

Bokodino, battle of the ; Napoleon repulses 
Kutusoff, and advances to Moscow, Sept. 
7, 1812. 

Boeoughbeidge, battle of; Edward II. 
defeats the barons, 1322. 

Boroughs in England, first enclosed or 
fortified places so called by the Anglo- 
Saxons ; Alfred settles the Danes in five 
of them, 880 — their representatives first 
summoned to parliament by Henry III., 
1265 — twenty- two new ones added by qu. 
Mary,1553 — the decayed, or "Rotten,"dis- 
franchised by the Reform Act, 1832 — the 
Municipal Reform Act comes into opera- 
tion, Nov. 25, 1835 — debate in the House 
of Lords on the recent appointment of 
borough-magistrates, Feb. 23, 1836. 

Boebadiotes, Theodosius, patriarch of 
C. P., 1178— deposed by Andronicus I., 
1183. 

Bobeomeo, Carlo, abp. of Milan, procures 
the election of cardinal Michele Ghis- 
lieri as pope (Pius V.), 1566 — narrowly 
escapes assassination in his oratory, Oct, 
26, 1569-^. 1584. 

Bobeomeo, Filippo, a citizen of San Mini- 
ato, takes refuge in Milan, and is 
founder of an illustrious family, 1370. 

Boeso d'Este, the marquis, created duke 
of M odena and Reggio by the emperor 
Frederic IV., 1452. 

Boet Xezae, or Pass of Roncesvalles, 
in the Pyrenees, battle of; the Saracens 
defeat the Franks, 824. 

Boezivoi I. and II. See Bohemia. 

Boscawen (afterwards) admiral, b. 1711 — 
fails in an attack on Pondicherry, (let. 6, 
1748 — sails with his fleet for Newfound- 
land, Apr. 27, 1755 — captures theAlcide 
and the Lys — sails for America, Feb. 19, 
1758 — in concert with gen. Amherst, 
takes Louisbourg and Cape Breton, July 
27 — defeats the French fleet in Lagos 
Bay, Aug. 17, 1759— d. 1761. 

Boscobel, a village in Shropshire, where 
Charles II. escapes from his pursuers 
after the battle of Worcester, concealed 
in an oak-tree, 1651. 

Boscovich, Father, b. 1711— d. 1787. 

Bosnia, a dependency of Servia, 1350 — of 
Hungary, under Louis I., 1375— invaded 



BOS 



104 



EOT 



by the Turks, who are repulsed by Mat- 
thias Corvinus, 1463 — conquered by the 
Turks after the battle of Mohacz, 1526 
— the pasha defeated by pi'ince Louis of 
Baden, 1688 — a part ceded to Austria by 
the peace of Passarowitz,1718 — recovered 
by the Turks, 1738 — conquered by mar- 
shal Laudon, 1788— restored to the Turks 
by the peace of Szistova, 1790. 

Boso, duke of Lombardy and Provence, 
brother of the empress Richilda, marries 
Ermengarda, daughter of Louis II., 877 — 
assumes the title of king of Provence, 
Aries, and Burgundy, 879— the French 
and German kings make war on him, 
and besiege Vienne, which is defended 
by Ermengarda, 880— d. 887. 

Boson supplants his brother, Lambert, duke 
of Tuscany, 931— ejected by Hugh, k. of 
Italy, 936. 

Bosphokus, Cimmerian, the Strait between 
the Palus Mceotis (Sea of Azof) and the 
Euxine ; its shores first peopled by Cel- 
tic tribes ; explored by the Milesians, 
who make it the abode of Cimmerian 
darkness and scene of early fable, about 
750 b.c. ; occupied by Scythians, Massa- 
getse, or early Goths, about 600. See 
Bosporus. Naval expeditions of the 
later Goths prepared there, a.d. 258. 

Bosphorus, Thracian, the Strait between 
the Propontis (Sea of Marmora) and the 
Euxine ; Greek colonies founded on its 
shores ; Chalcedon on the Asiatic side, 
B.C. 674 — and Byzantium on the Euro- 
pean, at its point of junction with the 
Propontis, 657 — crossed by Darius on a 
bridge of boats, 505 — the Goths pene- 
trate through it on their way to Ephesns, 
a.d. 262 — Constantinople founded on the 
site of Byzantium, 324 — the Persians, 
under Chosroes Purvis, penetrate to its 
shore, 609— crossed on the ice, 764— the 
Crusaders conveyed over it by the em- 
peror Alexius, 1096-7— naval battle in 
front of Constantinople ; the Genoese 
defeat the Venetians and their allies, 
Feb. 13, 1352. 

Bosporus, the kingdom of, founded on the 
eastern side of the Tauric Chersonesus 
(Crimea) by a mixed Greek and Scythi- 
an (Gothic) race, about B.C. 480— the first 
rulers known only as Archseanactidse ; 
Spartacus I., k., 438— Seleucus, 431— Sa- 
tyrus I,, 407 — Leucon, 393 — Spartacus 
II., 353— Parysades, 348; d. 310— civil 
war of his three sons ; Satyrus II. reigns 
9 months, and falls in battle ; Prytanis 
is slain by his brother, Eumelus, who 
becomes king, 309 — is succeeded by his 
son, Spartacus III., 304— its history un- 
known for two hundred years ; conquered 
by Mithridates VI., of Pontus, 108— 



given to his son, Pharnaces II., by Pom- 
pey, 63 — Csesar, after the defeat of Phar« 
naces in Pontus, appoints Asander go- 
vernor or tributary k. of Bosporus, 47 — 
Pharnaces crosses the Euxine from Si- 
nope, and takes Panticapseum and The- 
odosia ; he is killed by Asander, who 
rules thirty years ; d. 17 — after hia 
death commotions follow, which Agrip- 
pa, with a body of Jewish auxiliaries, 
puts down, and places Bosporus under 
Polemo I., k. of Pontus, 14 — Polemo II. 
confirmed by Caligula, a.d. 38 — dispos- 
sessed by Nero, 54. 

Bosra. See Bostra. 

Bossuet, J. B., b. 1617 — preaches before 
Louis XI V., 1661 — preaches a funeral ora- 
tion on Henrietta Maria,widow of Charles 
I., Nov. 7, 1669 — he publishes his " Ex- 
position de la Doctrine de l'Eglise Ca- 
tholique," 1671— writes his Universal 
History, to assist the education of the 
dauphin, 1679 — bp. of Meaux, 1681 — 
the council of French clergy adopt his 
four propositions, 1682 — holds a public 
disputation with the Protestant teacher 
Claude, 1685— publishes his " Histoire 
des Variations des EglisesProtestautes," 
1688— controversy with F^nelon on the 
mystical doctrine of Molinos and Ma- 
dame de Guyon, 1698— d. 1704. 

Boston, in Lincolnshire, a contraction of 
Botolph's-town, from the church built at 
Ycanho by Botolph, 651. 

Boston, in North America, built by En- 
glish emigrants, 1627— tumults to resist 
the taxes imposed by parliament, 1768 
— cargoes of tea destroyed, Dec. 18, 1773 
— the port closed by act of parliament, 
March, 1774 — battle of Bunker's Hill, 
and destruction of the suburb of Charles- 
Town, June 17, 1775. 

" Boston News Letter," the first news- 
paper published in North America, 1704. 

Bostra or Bosra, taken by Corn. Palma, 
and made by Trajan the capital of his 
new province of Arabia, 106 — birth-place 
of the emperor Philip, about 204— Titus, 
bp., 348— expelled by Julian, 363— the 
city taken by the Saracens, 632. 

Boswele, Sir Alexander, is killed in a 
duel by James Stuart, 1822. 

Boswell, James, b. 1740 — publishes hia 
Life of Dr. Johnson, 1790— d. 1795. 

Bosworth, battle of; Richard III. defeat- 
ed and slain by the earl of Richmond, 
who takes the throne as Henry VII., 
Aug. 22, 1485. 

Botaniates. See Nicephorus III., em- 
peror of the East. 

Botany Bay, discovered by Cook, Apr. 
28, 1770— first convicts transported there, 
1787. 




BOU 



105 



BOU 



Bothhia,Wesx, conquered by the Russians, 
1809. 

Bothwell-bridge, battle of, the Scottish 
Covenanters defeated by the duke of 
Monmouth, June 22, 1679. 

Bothwell, James Hepburn, earl of, active 
against the lords of the Covenant, 1559 — 
concerned in a riot, and is pardoned by 
queen Mary, 1564 — gains her favour, 1566 
— is accused of the murder of Darnley, 
but acquitted, April 12, 1567 — carries off 
the queen; is created duke of Orkney, 
and marries her, May 15— defeated at 
Carberry Hill, June 15— escapes to the 
Orkneys, and thence to Denmark, where 
he is imprisoned ; loses his senses, and 
dies miserably, 1577. 

Botolph. See Boston, in Lincolnshire. 

Botta, Carlo, b. 1767— d. 1837. 

Bouchain, taken by Marlborough ; his last 
achievement. Sept. 13, 1711 — surrendered 
by the imperialists to the French, Oct. 
19, 1712. 

Bouchier, Thomas, cardinal abp. of Can- 
terbury, 1454 — crowns Henry VII., 1485 
— d. 1486. 

Boucicault, marshal, arrives at CP. with 
a fleet and troops to assist the emperor 
Manuel II., 1398 — returns to France, 
accompanied by Manuel, 1399 — appoint- 
ed governor of Genoa, and restores order 
there, 1401 — he escorts Manuel back with 
a Genoese fleet, provokes the Venetians, 
and is defeated by their admiral, Carlo 
Zeno, near Modon, 1403 — unsuccessful 
attempt to surprise Milan ; during his 
abseuce, the Genoese overpower and ex- 
pel the French garrison, and place 
themselves under the protection of the 
marquis of Montferrat; he returns to 
France, 1409— d. 1421. 

Boufflees, marshal, besieges Charleroi, 
1692 — negociates with the earl of Port- 
land at Brussels, July 26, 1697 — aban- 
dons Liege to Marlborough, Oct. 14, 1702 
— is defeated by him and prince Eugene, 
at Malplaquet, Sept. 11, 1709. 

Bougainville, sent out by the French go- 
vernment on a voyage of discovery, 1766 
—returns, 1769 — from a second voyage, 
1776— d. 1811. 

Bouillon. See Godfrey. 

Boulagh Common, near Ballingarry, the 
scene of Smith O'Brien's abortive at- 
tempt at rebellion, July 29, 1848. 

Boulogne, the ancient Gessoriacum, Bo- 
nonia, or Portus Morinorum, station of 
the Roman fleet, commanded by Carau- 
sius, 287— seized by him, 289— recovered 
by Constantius Chlorns, 296 — besieged 
of Henry VII., 1492— captured by Hen- 
ry VIII., 1544— restored to the French, 
1560 — station of the flotilla, for the in- 



vasion of England; attacked by Nelson, 
Aug. 4, 15, 16, 1801 — failure of the cata- 
maran attack, Oct. 2, 1804 — attacked 
by congreve rockets, 1806 — railway. See 
Amiens. — Louis Napoleon lands at, but 
is arrested, Aug. 6, 1840 — arrives there, 
and offers his services to the republican 
government, Mar. 2, 1848— prince Albert 
arrives, to meet the French emperor, 
Sept. 5, 1854. 
Boulton, Matthew, b. 1728— in partner- 
ship with James Watt, improves the 
steam-engine, and founds the establish- 
ment at Soho, Birmingham, 1774 — gas- 
lights introduced there, 1798— d. 1809. 
Bou Maza, chief of the Kabyles, surren- 
ders to marshal Bugeaud,1847 — liberated 
by Louis Napoleon, July 22, 1849. 
Bounty, Queen Anne's. See Anne, qu. 

of Great Britain. 
Bounty, mutiny of the, Apr. 28, 1789— 
some of the mutineers settle in Pitcairn's 
Island, in the South Pacific ; three of 
the others executed at Portsmouth, Oct. 
29, 1792 — the settlement discovered, 
1814. 
Bourbon, a seigniory in France, south-east 
of Berry, held by the family of Archam- 
baud ; the heiress, Beatrice, marries Ro- 
bert, count de Clermont, sixth son of 
Louis IX.; d. 1317 — their son, Louis I., 
receives the title of duke of Bourbon 
from Charles IV., 1327— his eldest son, 
Peter I., d. 1356 — Blanche, daughter of 
Louis I„ marries Peter the Cruel of Cas- 
tile. See Blanche de Bourbon. — James, 
younger son of Louis I., commands the 
royal army against the insurgents, and 
is defeated by them at Brignais, near 
Lyons, 1361 — from him descends the 
branch of La Marche ; d. 1361 — Louis II,, 
the Good, son of Peter I., joins a Genoese 
expedition against Tunis, which fails, 
1389 — marries Anne, heiress of Mont- 
pensier, 1400 — d. 1410 — his son, John I., 
d. 1433 — his son, Charles I., joins in a 
rebellion against Charles VII., 1440 — 
d. 1456 — Louis, second son of John I., in- 
herits the lands of Montpensier, and is 
the father of that line of the Bourbons ; d. 
1486— John II., son of Charles I., d. 
without issue, and the title goes to his 
brother, Peter, sire de Beaujeu, and 
count de la Marche, 1488 — who marries 
Anne, daughter of Louis XI. See Anne 
and Beaujeu. — They leave only a 
daughter, Suzanne, who is married to 
the grandson of Louis, duke de Mont- 
pensier, Charles, constable of France ; 
offended by the queen, Louisa, of Savoy, 
he withdraws into Germany, and receives 
the command of the imperial army in 
Italy. 1523 — expels the Frenclu invad 



BOU 



IUO 



BOU 



Provence, and besieges Marseilles, but 
is driven back into Italy, 1524 — assists 
in the defence of Pavia and the defeat 
of Francis I., 1525 — Milan is promised 
to him by Charles V., 1526— he turns 
his arms against pope Clement VII., the 
ally of Francis, and is killed while 
mounting to the assault of Rome, May 
6, 1527— he leaves no posterity, and the 
duchy of Bourbon escheats to the crown. 
Bourbon, branch of La Marche and Ven- 
dome. — John, son of James (younger son 
of Louis I. ), marries the heiress of Ven- 
ddme ; d. 1393— their eldest son, James, 
marries Joanna II., queen of Naples; 
deprives her of all authority, and im- 
prisons or puts to death her favourites, 
1415— she regains her power, and com- 
pels him to renounce his regal title, 1416 
— he returns in disgust to France, 1419 
— becomes a Franciscan monk; d. with- 
out issue, 1438 — their second son, Louis, 
perpetuates the line; d. 1446 — his sou, 
John, d. 1477— his eldest son, Francis, 
marries Mary of Luxemburg, countess 
of St. Pol, and Dame d'Enghien; d. 
1495— their son, Charles, d. 1537— his 
son, Antony, marries Jane D' Albret, and 
becomes k. of Navarre, 1585. See Al- 
bhet, Jane D'., and Antony of Bourbon. 
— Their eldest son, Henry de Beaumont, 
d. young ; on the failure of the elder 
branch of the descendants of Louis IX., 
their second son succeeds to the throne 
of France as Henry IV., and founds the 
royal dynasty of Bourbon, 1589. See 
Henry IV., k. of France, and his suc- 
cessors. — Charles, brother of Antony, 
cardinal, is put forward by the Guise 
party as king, with the title of Charles 
X., 1589— d. 1590— his brother, John, 
duke d'Enghien, fourth son of Charles, 
d. 1557 — Louis, the fifth son, founds the 
line of Conde. 

Bourbon, Orleans branch. — Philip, 
youngest son of Louis XIII. , first duke 
of Orleans, d. 1701 — his son, Philip II., 
regent, 1715 — d. 1723— his son, Louis, d. 
1752— his son, Louis Philip, d. 1785— his 
son, Louis Philip Joseph (Egalite), guil- 
lotined, 1793 — his son, Louis Philip, b. 
1773, k. of the French, 1830. See Char- 
tres and Orleans, Dukes of, aud Louis 
Philip, k. of the French, 

Bourbon, Conde" branch. — Louis, the 
first duke (fifth son of Charles, duke of 
Vendome), leader of the. Huguenots, as- 
sassinated, 1569 — his son, Henry I., 
prince de Conde, another leader of the 
Huguenots, d. 1588 — is followed by Hen- 
ry II., who marries Charlotte de Mont- 
morency ; he also places himself at the 
Head of the Huguenots ; d. 1646— hia 



son, Louis II., named le Grand, b. 1621 
— general of Louis XIV. ; d. 1686— his 
son, Henry-Jules, d. 1709— Louis III., d. 
1710— Louis Henry, prince of Conde, and 
duke of Bourbon, minister to Louis XV., 
1723— dismissed, 1726— d. 1740 — Louis 
Joseph, one of the first emigrants, leaves 
Paris, July 1, 1798- -d. 1818— Louis Hen- 
ry Joseph, b. 1755— d. 1830 — his son, 
Louis Antony Henry, duke d'Enghien, 
murdered at Vincennes, Mar. 20, 1804. 
See Enghien and . Conde, dukes and 
princes of. 

Bourbon, Spanish Branch. — Philip, duke 
of Anjou, second son of the dauphin, 
Louis, and grandson of Louis XIV., 
made k. of Spain, 1700. See Philip V., 
k. of Spain, and his successors. 

Bourbon, Neapolitan Branch. — Carlos, 
third son of Philip V., of Spain, made 
duke of Parma, 1731— k. of Naples, 1735. 
See Carlos, k. of Naples, and his suc- 
cessors. 

Bourbon, Branch of Parma. — Philip, 
fourth son of Philip V., of Spain, after 
the removal of his brother Carlos, to 
Naples, is made, by the treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, duke of Parma, 1748— d. 1765 
— his son, Ferdinand, b. 1751. See Par- 
ma, and Lucca, Dukes of. 

Bourbon Princes, of France, Spain, Na- 
ples, and Parma, join in the Family 
Compact, Aug. 15, 1761 — demand from 
pope Clement XIII. the total suppres- 
sion of the Jesuits, 1769. 

Bourbon and Orleans Princes, formally 
reconciled in an interview at Frohsdorf, 
Nov. 17, 1853. 

Bourbon, Island of, colonized by the 
French, 1654-1672 — becomes prosperous, 
1718 — taken by adm. Rowley and col. 
Keating, July 3, 1810. 

Bourchier, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir 
James Bourchier, of Fitstead, in Essex, 
married to Oliver Cromwell, at St. 
Giles's, Cripplegate, Aug. 22, 162C — on 
his death, goes to live with their son-in- 
law, Mr. Claypole, at Norborough, in 
Lincolnshire, 1658— d. 1665. 

Bourdaloue, the French pulpit-orator, d. 
1704. 

Bourdeaux. See Bordeaux. 

Bourgeois, Sir Francis, b. 1755 — d. 1811 — 
leaves his collection of paintings and 
other property to Dulwich College. 

" Bourgeois Gentilhomme," the. See Mo- 

LIERE. 

Lourges, capital of Berry, the appoint- 
ment of the abp. contested between Louis 
VII. of France, and pope Eugenius 1 1 1., 
1143- council of, 1225 — remnant of the 
kingdom of France, preserved by 
Charles VII. after the battle of Verneuil 



BE A 



107 



ERA 



1424— the Pragmatic Sanction of, de- 
clares the pope subordinate to a general 
council, and annuls his fiscal rights in 
France, 1438 — tribunal of, for the trial of 
political offences ; sentences Barbes, Al- 
bert, and other democrats, Apr. 2, 1849. 

Bouriexne, Louis de, b. 1769— d. 1834. 

Bourmont, Count de, commands the French 
expedition against Algiers, May 25,1830 
— lands, June 13— takes the city, July 5. 

Boursa. See Bursa. 

Boussole, La, one of La Perouse's ships, 
last heard of, 1788. See Perouse, La. 

Bouvines, or Bovines, battle of ; the em- 
peror Otho IV. defeated by Philip Au- 
gustus, k. of France, 1214. 

Boviantjm, battle of; the Samnites totally 
defeated by L. Postumius Megellus, the 
consul of Rome, B.C. 305. 

Bowditch, T. E., the African traveller, 
b. 1794— d. 1824. 

Bowides established in Persia by Imad 
al Doulah. 933 — Togrul Beg drives them 
from Bagdad, 1055. 

Bowles, the Rev. W. Lisle, d. 1850. 

Bowles, widow, aged 124, d. 1719. 

Bowyer, William, the elder, b. 1663 — d. 
1737. 

Bowyer, William, b. 1699— d. 1777. 

Boxtel, battle of, the duke of York de- 
feated by the French, Sept. 17, 1794. 

Boyaca, battle of ; victory of Bolivar over 
the Spaniards, 1819. 

Boyd, Mr., shot by the Spanish authorities 
at Malaga, for assisting the patriots, 
1831. 

Boydell, Alderman, b. 1719 — d. 1804. 

Boyeb succeeds Petion in one portion of 
Haiti, 1818 — obtains the whole on the 
death of Christophe, 1820 — becomes pre- 
sident of the whole island, by the sub- 
mission of the Spanish part, 1822. 

Boyle, David, president of the court of 
Session, b. 1772— d. 1853. 

Boyle, Hon. Robert, b. 1626 — one of the 
founders of the Royal Society, 1660 — d. 
1691 — commencement of divinity lec- 
tures founded by him, 1692. 

Boyne, a river in Ireland, on which Wil 
liam III. defeats the rebels commanded 
by James II., July 1, 1690. 

Boyne, man-of-war, accidentally burned in 
Portsmouth harbour, May 4, 1794. 

Bbabant, in the division of Charlemagne's 
empire, forms part of the territories 
allotted to Lothaire, son of Louis I., 843 — 
on his death and the partition of his 
share, goes to his second son, Lothaire, 
and remains attached to Lotharingen or 
Lorraine, 855 : see Lorraine. — M ade a 
separate duchy by Godfrey I., called 
first Lower Lorraine, afterwards Bra- 
bant, 959— given to Godfrey of Bouillon, 



1087— Antony, duke, killed in the battle 
of Agincourt, 1415— his son, John IV., 
marries Jaqueline, heiress of Holland 
and Hainault, 1418. See Jaqueline op 
Brabant. — In his contest with the duke 
of Gloucester for her states, he is sup- 
ported by his uncle Philip III., duke of 
Burgundy, 1424 — after his death Brabant 
is inherited by his uncle, and is thence- 
forth attached to the duchy of Burgundy, 
1429. See Burgundy. — Transferred to 
Austria, 1477. See Netherlands. — 
William of Nassau, prince of Orange, en- 
ters with an army and is repulsed, 1568— 
apart ceded to Holland, 1648 — to France, 
1668--78 — the remaining Austrian por- 
tion united to France, 1795 — and the 
Dutch part, May 15, 1810 — part of the 
new kingdom of the Netherlands, 1814 
—of that of Belgium, 1830. 

Brabant, duke of, heir-apparent of Bel- 
gium, marries Maria Henrietta, arch- 
duchess of Austria, Aug. 22, 1853. 

Braccio da Montone, the Condottiere, dis- 
lodged from Rome by Sforza di Cotig- 
nuola, 1417 — Spoleto recovered from him, 
1419 — he submits to pope Martin V., and 
recovers Bologna for him, 1420 — engaged 
by Alfonso of Arragon and Joanna, 
queen of Naples, against Louis of Anjou, 
1421 — defends Naples, 1422 — defeated 
and slain at Aquila, by Jacopo Caldora 
and Francesco Sforza, 1424. 

Bracciolini, Poggio, b. 1380 — revives 
literature, 1425 — writes his dialogue, 
De Varietate Fortunes, 1430— d. Oct. 30, 
1459. 

Bracton, Henry, writes De Legibus Angluz, 
1269. 

Braddook, general, takes troops to Vir- 
ginia, Jan. 14, 1755 — defeated and killed 
near Fort du Quesne, July 9. 

Bradford on the Avon, battle of; the 
Britons defeated by Kenwalk, king of 
Wessex, 652. 

Bradley, James, b. 1693 — distinguishes 
himself as an astronomer — d. 1762 

Bradshaw, John, chief justice of Chester, 
made president of the high court of jus- 
tice for the trial of Charles I., Jan. 10, 
1649 — appointed president of the council 
">f state, Feb. 6th, — imprisoned 1655 — 
d. Oct. 31, 1659 — his body disinterred, and 
exposed at Tyburn, 1660. 

Bradstreet, Colonel, defeats the French 
on the Onondaga, July 3, 1756. 

Bradua, consul of Rome, 185, 191. 

Bradua, Appius Annius, consul of Rome. 
160. 

Bradua, M. Atilius Metilius, consul of 
Rome, 108. 

Bkaga (Iiracara Augusta of the Romans), 
capital of the Suevian kingdom io 



BRA 



10S 



BRA 



Spain; taken by TheodoricII.,k. of the 
Visigoths, 456— Maurizio Bardino, Abp. 
of, crowns Henry V. emperor of Ger- 
many, and is excommunicated for it, 
1117— appointed pope by the emperor 
under the name of Gregory VIIL, 1118. 
See Gregory VIII., anti-pope. 

Braganca, a city of Tras os Montes in 
Portugal, where Pedro marries Inez de 
Castro, 1325— gives the title of duke 
to Alfonso, natural son of John I., k. of 
Portugal, 1422 — the duke of, joins a con- 
spiracy to oppose the orders of the par- 
liament of Evora, and is beheaded, 1483 
— Constantine, duke of, appointed vice- 
roy of India by Sebastian; returns to 
Portugal, 1561— John, duke of, rescues 
Portugal from the yoke of Spain, and 
becomes king, 1640. See John IV., king 
of Portugal. — Napoleon decrees that 
" the House of Braganza has ceased to 
reign," 1801. 

Brahe, Tycho, b. 1546 — adheres to the Pto- 
lemaic system: prepares astronomical 
tables called Rodolphine, in honour of 
the emperor, and continued by Kepler, 
1580— d. 1601. 

Brahe, Count, beheaded for a conspiracy 
in Sweden, to give the king absolute 
power, 1756. 

Braintree case decided by Dr. Lushing- 
ton's judgment, that a minority cannot 
levy a church rate, 1842. 

Bramante. See Urbino, Bramante d\ 

Bramham, battle of; the earl of Northum- 
berland and lord Bai'dolf are defeated 
and slain by sir Thomas Rokesby, 1407. 

Bkamham MooR,battle of; the parliament's 
army under lord Fairfax, defeated by 
the earl of Newcastle and the royalists, 
March 29, 1643. 

Brancaleone, senator or governor of Rome, 
1253— imprisoned by the Romans, 1256 — 
restored to his office by the people, and 
dies soon after, 1258. 

Brand, Mr., brings forward in the House 
of Commons a motion for parliamentary 
reform, which is negatived, May 21, 
1810. 

Brandenburg, margraviate of, established 
by Henry the Fowler, 926— its Slavonian 
population (Wenden) subdued by the 
emperor Otho III. 991 — forms a part of 
the duchy of Saxony, till it is taken 
from Henry the Lion by the emperor 
Conrad III., and given to Albert the 
Bear, as a separate fief of the empire, 
1142, with the electoral dignity ; he 
improves its condition and builds Ber- 
lin, 1163— d. 1170 — Otho I. margrave, 
1170-1184— Otho II., 1184-1206— Albert 
II., 1206-1221— John I. and Otho III., 
1221 — Neumark acquired from Poland, 



and Ukermark from Pomerania, 1256 — 
Upper Lusatia given to Otho on his 
marriage with a daughter of the king of 
Bohemia; John II., margrave, 1266 — 
Otho IV., 1282— Waldemar, 1309. 

The race of Albert the Bear becomes 
extinct ; the fief escheats to the empire 
and is given by the emperor Louis IV. to 
his son Louis, 1323 — he is attacked by 
the Poles, 1326 — they are defeated at 
Plowcze, 1331 — he marries Margaret 
Maultasch, heiress of the Tyrol, 1335 — 
de'feats the attempt of the emperor 
Charles IV. to seize it, 1347 — Louis II., 
1352— the Golden Bull declares the se- 
venth vote in the Electoral College to be 
for ever united to the margraviate of 
Brandenburg, 1356— Otho V., 1365— sells 
his territories to Charles IV., who gives 
them to his son Wenceslas, 1373 — on his 
election as emperor, Wenceslas transfers 
them to his brother Sigismund, 1378— 
betrothed to Maria, queen of Hungary, 
1382. See Hungary. — Appoints Jodocus 
or Jossus of Moravia his vicegerent in 
Brandenburg, 13S8 — Jossus elected em- 
peror — d. 1411. 

Sigismund elected emperor, resumes 
the government of his margraviate, 
1411 — sells it to Frederic, count of Ho- 
henzo lern, b. 1372, who styles himself 
elector, and is the ancestor of the pre- 
sent royal family in Prussia, 1415 — 
invested by the emperor, 1417 — d. 1440— 
his eldest son, John the Alchymist, cedes 
to his next brothei 1 , Frederic II., and d, 
1464— Frederic, d. 1470 — is followed by 
his brother, Albert III. Achilles, whocZ. 
1486— his son, John Cicero, succeeds — d. 
1499. See Brandenburg Culmbach. 

Joachim I., son of John Cicero, d.1535 — 
Joachim II. succeeds his father, Joachim 
I., 1535— introduces Protestantism in his 
states, 1539 — d. 1571 — his son, John 
George, elector, d. 1598 — his son, Joachim 
Frederic, marries Eleanora, daughter of 
Albert Frederic, duke of Prussia, for 
whom he becomes administrator, 1605 — 
d. 1606 — his son, John Sigismund, mar- 
ries Anna, another daughter of Albert 
Frederic — inherits the duchy of Prussia, 
and unites it to Brandenbui'g, 1618 — d. 
1619 — his son, George William, b. 1595 — 
refuses to take part in the Thirty Years' 
War, 1619 — resists the emperor's edict 
of restitution, 1629— joins in the treaty of 
peace made with him at Prague, 1635 — 
d. 1640. 

His son, Frederic William, b. 1620— 
enters into the Protestant alliance with 
Sweden, recovers his states, and pre- 
pares the future eminence of Prussia- 
acquires, by the peace of Westphalia, a 



BRA 



109 



BKE 



Brandenburg — continued. I 

pa»-t of Pomerania, Magdeburg, Halber- 
stadt, and Minden, 1648 — Cleves, Mark, 
and Ravensberg are assigned to him, 
166i! — joins the league against Louis 
XIV.. i672 — the Swedes invade his do- 
minions — he defeats their general, 
Wrangel, at Fehrbellin, June 18, 1675— 
peace with Sweden, 1679 — creates a navy 
on the Baltic, and an East India Com- 
pany, 1682 — grants settlements to the 
French Protestant refugees, 1685 — d. 1688 
— his son, Frederic III., & 1657' — founds 
the university of Halle, 1694 — takes the 
title of k. of Prussia, as Frederic I., 1701. 
See Frederic I., k. of Prussia. 

Brandenburg Culmbach, a margraviate, 
acquired by Frederic, second son of Al- 
bert Achilles of Brandenburg, 1495 — d. 
1536 — his eldest son, Casimir, d. 1527 — 
his second son, George the Pious, d. 1543 
— his third son, Albert, b. 1490, Teutonic 
grand master, 1512. See Albert of Bran- 
denburgCulmbach and Prussia. — Albert 
the Younger, Alcibiades, son of Casimir, 
margrave, 1536 — joins the expedition of 
Maurice of Saxony against the emperor 
Charles V., 1551 — refuses to lay down his 
arms after the treaty of Passau, and is 
defeated by Maurice at Sievershausen, 
1553— expelled, 1554— d. 1557 — George 
Frederic, son of George the Pious, be- 
comes margrave — is appointed adminis- 
trator of Prussia for his imbecile cousin, 
Frederic Albert, 1578— d. 1603. 

Brandenburg, Count, the Prussian mi- 
niriter, i. 1791— d. Nov. 6, 1850. 

Brandon, Charles, viscount Lisle, created 
duke of Suffolk for his services in the 
battle of Flodden Field, 1513. See Suf- 
folk, Charles Brandon, duke of. 

Brandon, Frances, his eldest daughter, 
marries Henry Grey, lord Groby, and 
marquis of Dorset, about 1536 — parents 
of Lady Jane Grey. 

Brandreth, convicted of treason at Derby, 
on the evidence of Oliver, a spy ; exe- 
cuted with others, Oct. 1817. 

Brandt, the confederate of Struensee, in 
Denmark, arrested and beheaded, 1772. 

Brandywine, battle of; the Americans 
under Washington defeated by gen. 
Howe, Sept. 11, 1777. 

Brant, a Dutch shipwright, employed by 
Peter of Russia to build him a vessel, 
and instruct him in navigation, at Arch- 
angel, 1694. 

Brantome, d. 1614. 

Bras de Fer. See Hauteville, Wm, De. 

Brasidas, Lacedaemonian general,marches 
into Thrace, defeats Thucydides, and 
captures Amphipolis, B.C. 424— killed, 
422. 



Brazen-nose College, Oxford, founded, 
1513. 

Brazil, discovery of, 1499 — visited by Ca- 
bral, 1500 — the Jesuits arrive there, 1549 
— Portuguese settlements extended to 
the river Plata, 1553 — taken by the 
Dutch, 1631 — recovered from them by 
De Vieyra, 1654 — free trade with Eng- 
land part of the dowry of Katharine of 
Braganza to Charles II., 1662 — the royal 
family of Portugal take refuge in, Oct. 
27, 1807 — re-united to the mother country 
by the regent, 1815 — he returns, as John 
VI., to Portugal, leaving his son, Pedro, 
in Brazil, 1821 — separates from Portugal, 
and proclaims Don Pedro emperor, 1822 
— engages in war against Buenos Ayres, 
1S"24 — its independence acknowledged, 
1825— peace with Buenos Ayres, 1828 — 
Pedro resigns and leaves for Europe ; his 
son, Pedro II., succeeds as emperor, with 
a legislative council, 1831 — Pedro I., d. 
1834. 

Bread, an assize of, fixed in England, 35 
Hen. III., 1250. 

Bread riots in England, 1766. 

Breakspear, Nicholas. See Adrian IV,, 
pope. 

Breakwater, at Plymouth, the first stone 
placed, Aug. 12, 1812— completed, 1841. 

Brec knock, taken by the Mercians, 916. 

Breda, Compromise of, a protest against 
the measures of Philip II. of Spain in 
the Netherlands, presented, and scorn- 
fully refused, 1566 — submits to the duke 
of Parma, 1583 — recovered by prince 
Maurice, 1590— besieged by the marquis 
of Spinola, 1624 — surrenders to him, 
1625 — recovered by the statholder, Fre- 
deric Henry, 1637 — residence of Charles 
II., where he receives the Scotch com- 
missioners, Mar. 15, 1650 — he returns 
there from Calais, to communicate with 
Monk, 1660— peace between Great Bri- 
tain and Holland concluded at, July 10, 
1667— battle of; the French defeated by 
Sir Thomas Graham and gen. Bttlow, 
Jan. 12, 1814. 

Bregowin, abp. of Canterbury, 759— d. 762. 

Brehon Laws, ancient rules of justice in 
Ireland, repealed by James I., 1608. 

Breitenfeld, or Leipsic, battle of; Tilly 
is defeated and taken prisoner by Gus- 
tavus Adolphus, Aug. 28, 1631 — second 
battle of; the Austrians defeated by the 
Swedish gen., Torstenson, 1642. 

Brembre, Sir Nicholas, unjustly accused 
of treason^ and executed, 1388. 

Bremen, an ancient imperial city and 
Hanse town of Germany ; its bishopric 
created by Charlemagne, 785— burnt by 
the Hungarians, about 910 — taken by 
the French, Aug. 29, 1757— evacuated by 



BRE 



110 



ERE 



them, Jan., 1758 — again taken, by the 
marshal de Broglie, and again aban- 
doned, Feb. ; occupied by the Prussians, 
Apr. 3, 1801— again, 1806— included in 
the French empire, Dec. 13, 1810— re- 
stored to independence by the Congress 
of Vienna, 1815. 

Bremen, the duchy of, ceded to Sweden 
by the peace of Westphalia, 1648 — seiz- 
ed by the Danes, after the battle of Pul- 
towa, 1711 — is purchased from them by 
George Louis, elector of Hanover, 1715 
— ceded to him by Sweden in the 
treaty of Stockholm, 1719. See Han- 
over. 

Bremer, Sir Gordon, blockades Canton, 
June 28, 1840 — takes Chusan, July 5 — 
extends the blockade on the coast of 
China, July 10— d. 1850. 

Brenneville, battle of; Henry I. of Eng- 
land defeats Louis VI. of France, and 
Baldwin VI I., count of Flanders, 1119. 

Brenta, the Medoacus of the B,omans, a 
river of Venetia; the Hungarians arrive 
on its banks and defeat Berenger, 899 — 
the people of Padua are compelled by 
the Venetians to restore the channel 
which they had closed, 1143. 

Brereton, major, killed at the battle of 
Wandewash, in India, 1759. 

Brereton, col., commander of the troops 
during the Bristol riots, commits sui- 
cide, Jan. 13, 1832. 

Brescia, nearly destroyed by an earth- 
quake, 1222 — besieged by Frederic II. of 
Germany ; repulses him, 1238 — taken by 
Eccelino da Romano, 1258 — ruled by the 
marquis Uberto Pelavicino, 1262 — sub- 
mits to a governor appointed by Robert, 
k. of Naples, 1319 — invites' John, k. of 
Bohemia, to be governor, 1330 — he recalls 
the banished Ghibelins to, and recon- 
ciles the two factions, 1331 — his garri- 
son is driven out, 1332— taken by Azzo 
Visconte, 1337 — re-annexed to Milan, 
1420 — taken by Carmagnola, 1426 — 
captured by Gaston de Foix, 1512 — be- 
sieged by the Venetians, 1515— taken by 
them, 1516 — joins the insurrection of 
Italy; bombarded, and the inhabitants 
massacred, by Haynau, Mar. 30, 1849. 

Breslau, burnt by the Mongols of the 
Golden Horde, 1241 — taken by Frederic 
II., of Prussia, Jan. 3, 1741 — ceded to 
him by the treaty of peace concluded 
there, June 11, 1742— taken by the Aus- 
trians, after the defeat of the prince of 
Bevern, Nov. 25, 1757 — submits again to 
Frederic, Dec. 21 — besieged by Lau- 
dohn. 1760 — submits to the French, Jan. 
7, 1807— university founded, 1811— the 
k. of Prussia retires there from Berlin to 
meet the emperor Alexander, Feb. 21,1813 



— visited by the emperor Nicholas, June 
14, 1849. 

Bxesse, the mai'shal de, defeats prince Tho- 
mas of Savoy, at Avein, near Luxem- 
burg, 1635. 

Brest, placed in the hands of the English 
by the duke of Britanny, 1378 — restored 
to him, 1390 — indecisive sea-fight near, 
between the English and the French, 
1512 — an expedition against, sent out by 
qu. Mary, fails, 1558 — garrisoned by 
Spanish troops, 1591 — recovered from 
them by Henry IV., 1594 — unsuccess- 
fully attacked by lord Berkeley, June 8, 
1694. 

Bretagne, or Britanny. See Armoeica, 
and Bretons. — Charlemagne suppresses 
a revolt in, 786 — again, 811 — another, by 
his son, Louis, 818 — tranquillized by 
him, 824r — Nomenoi revolts, and is the 
first count ; takes Rennes and Nantes, 
841 — defeats Charles the Bald, 845 — 
achieves independence, 848 — his son. 
Herispo£, succeeds, 851 — who is followed 
by Solomon, S58 — the province divided 
between two counts, one of Rennes, the 
other of Vannes, 874 — Mathuedoi, and 
his son, Alan, expelled by Rollo the 
Norman, take refuge in England, 913 
— Alan returns, 931 — is assisted by 
Athelstan, k. of England, to recover 
his territories, 937 — Geoffrey I. rules the 
whole, and takes the title of duke, 992 
—Alan V., duke, 1008— Conan II., 1040— 
Hoel V, 1066— is assisted by Philip I. 
of France to repel an invasion of Wil- 
liam the Conqueror, 1076 — Alan, the Red, 
duke, 1084— Conan III., 1112— divided 
by Eudes, 1148— Hoel VL, count of Nan- 
tes, is expelled by his subjects, who 
elect Geoffrey of Anjou, 1155 — Conan 
IV., duke, 1156 — takes possession of 
Nantes on the death of Geoffrey, 1158 — 
cedes it to Henry II. of England, and 
affiances his only child, Constance, to 
Henry's third son, Geoffrey, both in- 
fants, 1159— Conan, d. 1171— Geoffrey II. 
succeeds in right of his affianced wife ; 
his father governs in his name ; Geof- 
frey killed in a tournament at Paris, 
1185 — his widow, Constance, and their 
infant son, Arthur, are nominal sove- 
reigns, Henry still retaining his power 
till his death, in 1189 — Constance mar- 
ries Guy de Thouars ; d. 1201 — Arthur 
murdered by his uncle, k. John, 1202— 
his sister, Eleanora, " the Damsel of 
Britanny," conveyed to England, is 
detained a prisoner till her death. See 
Bristol. — Alice, daughter of Constance 
and Guy de Thouars, proclaimed duchess, 
and her father regent, 1203— marries 
Pierre de Dreux, grandson of Louis VI, 



BRE 



111 



BUI 



Bretagne — continued. 
who is invested with the duchy of Bre- 
tagne, 1213— d 1237— John I., the Bed, 
duke; d. 1286— John II., d. 1305— Ar- 
thur II., 1312— John III., the Good, d. 
1341 — leaving no issue, the succession is 
disputed by John de Montfort (John 
IV.), whom Edward III. of England sup- 
ports, and Charles de Blois, who receives 
the duchy from Philip VI., of France ; 
De Montfort is made prisoner at Nantes; 
his wife, Jane de Montfort, besieged in 
Hennebonne, is relieved by the arrival 
of English succours ; Edward besieges 
Vaanes ; a truce concluded, 1343 — Phi- 
lip breaks it, by putting to death some 
nobles, whom he had treacherously seiz- 
ed, 1344— John de Montfort, d. 1345— 
Charles de Blois taken prisoner by Jane 
de Montfort, at La Roche Darion; his 
countess, Jane de Penthie>re, continues 
the war, 1347 — he is defeated and slain 
by Chaudos, at Auray, Sept. 29 — JohnV., 
son of John de Montfort,is acknowledged 
as duke, 1364 — fruitless incursions of the 
duke of Lancaster, 1378— and the duke 
of Gloucester, 1380 — John V. marries 
Joanna, daughter of Charles II., k. of 
Navarre, afterwards queen of Henry IV. 
of England, 1386— d. 1399— Joanna re- 
gent for their son, John VI ; he d. 1442 
— Francis I. claims compensation from 
England, for the inroad of De Surienne, 
and is abetted by Charles VII. of France, 
1448— d. 1450— Peter II., duke, 1457— 
Arthur III., d. 1458— Francis II. shel- 
ters Henry, earl of Richmond, and his 
uncle, the earl of Pembroke, 1472— coa- 
lesces with the duke of Orleans, and is 
involved in war with Anne, regent of 
France, 1486 — defeated at St. Aubin, 
July 28, dies soon afterwards, and the 
duchy is inherited by his only child, 
Anne, 1488— Henry VII. of England 
sends an auxiliary force too late to be of 
service ; great confusion and distress in 
the duchy, and many proposals of mar- 
riage made to Anne, 1489 — she is be- 
trothed to Maximilian, k. of the Romans, 
1490 — Charles VIII. of France compels 
her to break this engagement and marry 
him, thereby uniting Britanny to his 
dominions, 1491 — proposed as part of the 
dowry of Claude, daughter of Louis IX., 
to Charles, the heir of Spain and the Ne- 
therlands, 1504 — the States General of 
France annul the contract, 1506 — the 
duchy is definitively annexed to France, 
1532 — is placed in the power of the Spa- 
niards by the duke de Mercoeur, 1591 — 
Henry IV. recovers it from them, 1594 
— engages with La Vendee in the royal- 
ist insurrection, 1791. 



Bretagne, the duke of, eldest sen of the 
dauphin, and great grandson of Louis 
XIV., d. of the small-pox, Mar. 8, 1712. 

Breteuil, in Normandy ; Joanna, daughter 
of Charles II. of Navarre, is captured 
there, by the French, with one of her 
brothers, and taken to Pans, 1377. 

Bretigni, treaty of peace between France 
and England signed at, May 8, 1360. 

Bretislas, I. and II. See Bohemia. 

Breton, Cape, taken by Boscawen and Am- 
herst, July 27, 1750. 

Bretons of Armorica ; an army of 10,000 
hired by the emperor Anthemins, under 
Riothamar, to oppose the Visigoths, 470 
— Chramnus applies to them for aid in 
his rebellion against his father, Chlotair, 
560 — pope Gregory XL, at Avignon, 
hires a mercenary force of them to re- 
cover his dominions, 1376. 

Bretwalda, or Saxon chief of Britain ; 
JElla, k. of Sussex, the first, 506 — Ceaw- 
lin, k. of Wessex, the second, 571 — 
Ethelbert, k. of Kent, the third, 594— 
Redwald, of East Anglia, the fourth, 
615 — Edwin, k. of Northumberland, the 
fifth, 623— Oswald, k. of Northumber- 
land, the sixth, 634— Oswy, k. of Nor- 
thumberland, the seventh, 642. 

Breughel, Peter, the Flemish painter, 6. 
1569— d. 1625. 

Brewer, a Flemish emigrant, instructs 
the English in the art of dyeing, 1668. 

Brewster, David, b. 1781. 

Brewster, Thomas, fined and imprisoned 
for publishing Milton's Defence of the 
People of England, 1664. 

Brian Boroimhe, k. of Ireland, and his 
son, Murdoch, fall in battle against the 
Danes, at Clontarf, 1039. 

Bribery voids the election of two consuls 

• at Rome, and subjects them to punish- 
ment, b.c 65. 

Bribery, at elections in Great Britain, 
punished at Ilchester, 1804— Penryn and 
Grampound disfranchised; Mr. Swan 
fined ; Sir Manasseh Lopez fined and im- 
prisoned, 1819 — motion of lord John Rus- 
sell against it coldly received and nega- 
tived by the Commons, Mar. 2, 1826 — 
punished at Cambridge, 1835-40 — the 
increase of it after the Reform Act com- 
plained of by lord Brougham in the 
House of Lords, by Mr. Duncombe in 
the Commons, and admitted by Sir Ro- 
bert Peel, 1841 — punished at St. Alban's, 
and the borough disfranchised, 1852 — 
a Bill to prevent it brought in, Feb. 10, 
1854— after much debate in both Houses 
finally passed, Aug. 8. 

Brice, Andrew, of Exeter, 6. 1690— d. 177a 

Bridge of boats across the Hellespont, 
formed by Xerxes, b.c. 480— CJiesar's, ol 



BRI 



112 



BRI 



timber, over the Rhine, 55— Trajan's, of 
stone, over the Danube, constructed by 
Apollodorus, a.d. 105— repaired by Con- 
stantine, 322 — London, of wood, across 
the Thames, built, 1014 — the first of 
stone, begun by Peter Coleman, com- 
pleted, 1209 — the houses on it destroyed 
by fire, 1212— Westminster, of Portland 
stone, across the Thames, completed 
and opened, Nov. 17, 1750 — Blackfriars', 
London, first stone laid, Oct. 31, 1760— 
finished, 1770 — repaired, 1834 — the 
Strand, now Waterloo Bridge, London, 
first stone, Oct. 11, 1811 — opened by 
the prince regent, June 18, 1817 — South- 
wark, of cast-iron, opened, Mar. 24, 1819 
— new London, first pile driven, Mar. 15, 
1824— first stone laid, June 15, 1825— 
opened by k. William IV. and qu. Ade- 
laide, Aug. 1, 1831 — Suspension Bridge 
over the Menai Strait, begun, 1818 — com- 
pleted, 1825 — Hungerford, or Charing 
Cross, London, opened, May 1, 1845 — 
over the river Bure, at Great Yarmouth, 
gives way under the pressure of a crowd, 
and 79 lives are lost, May 2, 1845— Bri- 
tannia Tubular Bridge over the Menai, 
first tube placed, June 19, 1849 — the 
fourth finally fixed, and the railway pas- 
sage opened, Sept. 13, 1850 — inspected by 
Qu. Victoria, Oct. 14, 1852 — another, over 
the Wye, at Chepstow, completed, Apr. 
2, 1852. 

Bridgenorth, on the Severn, occupied by 
the Danes, 896. 

Bridget, daughter of Oliver Cromwell, 
and widow of Ireton, married to Fleet- 
wood, 1654. 

Bridgewater, surrenders to the parlia- 
ment June 5, 1643. 

Bridgewater, Francis, duke of, b. 1726 — 
employs James Brindley to construct 
his canal, 1758— opened for navigation, 
1761 — completes the Runcorn locks, 
June 10, 1773-d. 1803. 

Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, earl of, 
leaves a legacy for the six Treatises 
which bear his name ; d. 1829. 

Bridghan, the lord-keeper, wishes to mi- 
tigate the laws against Nonconformists, 
1669. 

Bridport, lord, defeats the French fleet off 
L'Orient, June 22, 1795. 

Briel, The, taken by the Watergeuaen, cr 
revolted Netherlanders, 1572 — one of 
the cautionary towns consigned to qu. 
Elizabeth by the Dutch, 1585— given up 
to them by k. James I., 1616. 

Bbienne, John de, marries Mary, daughter 
of Conrad and Isabella, and becomes ti- 
tular k. of Jerusalem, 1206 — leads the 
Crusaders against Egypt, 1218— takes 
Damietta, 1219 — his advice is overruled 



by the papal legate, Pelagius, and the 
Christian army is ruined, 1221 — hia 
daughter, Yolanthe, contracted to Fre- 
deric II. of Germany, 1223 — he marries 
Berengaria, sister of Ferdinand III., k. 
of Castile, 1224 — marriage of his daugh- 
ter to Frederic, who, in right of her 
mother, claims the kingdom of Jerusa- 
lem, 1225 — while employed by pope Gre- 
gory IX. to reduce Apulia and Sicily, 
he is elected, set. 80, emperor of Con- 
stantinople for life, under a convention, 
that Baldwin II. is to succeed, 1228 — 
arrives at Constantinople, 1231 — makes 
war on John Vataces, emperor of Nicsea, 
and recovers some fortresses in Asia, 
1233— d. 1237. 

Brienne, Walter de, son of Hugh de, 
and Isabella de la Roche, succeeds, in 
his mother's right, as sixth duke of 
Athens, 1308 — the Catalan Grand Com- 
pany enter into his service, 1310 — he 
quarrels with, and is slain by them, in 
a battle on the banks of the Cephissus, 
1311. 

Brienne, Walter de, the son, titular duke 
of Athens, makes an unsuccessful atr 
tempt to recover the duchy, 1331 — ap- 
pointed captain of Florence, makes 
peace with Pisa, 1342 — is expelled, 1343 
— constable of France, 1350— killed in 
the battle of Poitiers, 1356. 

Brienne, M. De, abp. of Toulouse, made 
prime minister by Louis XVI. Apr. 20, 
1787— resigns, Aug. 25, 1788. 

Brienne, battle of; the allies checked by 
Napoleon in their advance on Paris, 
Feb. 1 and 2, 1814. 

Brigantes, a tribe in the North of Bri- 
tain, make an incursion on the South- 
ern provinces, which Calpumius Agri- 
cola is sent to repel, 162. 

Bright, John, b. 1811 — a quaker, and 
leader of the Anti-Corn-Law League, 
elected for Durham, June 25, 1843 — for 
Manchester, 1847. 

Brighton, railway from London opened, 
Sept. 21, 1841— to Hastings and Chiches- 
ter, June 27, 1846. 

Brignais, battle of. See Bourbon, James 
De. 

Brihuega, battle of; gen. Stanhope and 
the English division surrounded and 
captured by the duke de Vendome, 
1710. 

Brindisi. See Brundusium.— The empe- 
ror Frederic II. marries Yolanthe, 
daughter of John de Brienne, at, 1226 — 
occupied by the Venetians, 1496. 

Brindley, James, b. 1716— commences the 
duke of Bridgewater's canal, 1758 — d. 
1772. 

Brinkley, Dr. bp. of Cloyne, and presi* 



BEI 



113 



BEI 



dent of the Royal Irish Society, b. 1763 
—d. 1836. 
Brinstan, bp. of Winchester, 931— d. 933. 
Bbinvillieks, Madame de, notorious for 
poisoning at Paris; convicted and exe- 
cuted, 1676. 
Bbisach, taken by Bernhard of Weimar, 
1638— by the French, 1703— lost by them, 
after the battle of Blenheim, 1704. 
Brissot, member of the Executive Com- 
mittee, 1792 — with the Girondists, en- 
deavours to moderate the violence of 
the republicans in France j guillotined, 
Oct. 31, 1793. 
Bristol, k. Stephen carried there a pri- 
soner from Lincoln, 1114 — Eleanor, the 
damsel of Britanny,daughter of Geoffrey, 
son of Henry II., and rightful heiress of 
the English crown, dies in the castle 
there, after an imprisonment of 39 years, 
1241 — bishopric of, founded, 1542 — taken 
by prince Rupert, July 26, 1643— by 
Fairfax and Cromwell, Sept. 10, 1645— 
riot caused by the high price of bread, 
1753 — petition from, in favour of termi- 
nating the contest with the American 
colonies, Oct. 11, 1775 — riots in, sup- 
pressed by the military, Oct. 25, 1793 ; 
again, on occasion of the entrance of the 
recorder, Sir Charles Wetherell, to hold 
the sessions, Oct. 29, 1831 — rioters tried, 
Jan. 2, 1832, and four of them executed ; 
the mayor tried for neglect of duty, and 
acquitted, Nov. 1 — the see united to that 
of Glocester, 1836— railway from Lon- 
don ("Great Western) completed, June 
30, 1841 — to Exeter, May 1, 1844 — to 
Gloucester, July, 1844. 
Bristol, earl of; lord Digby receives the 
title from James I., and is employed to 
negotiate the marriage between prince 
Charles and the Infanta of Spain, 1619 
— is opposed and hated by the duke of 
Buckingham, 1623 — is impeached by 
him for high treason, and in return im- 
peaches the duke, 1626. 
Bristol, the earl of, attempts to accuse 
Clarendon of high treason ; fails, July 
10 — retires from public life, 1663. 
Bristol, John Lord Hervey created earl 

of, by George I., 1714. 
Britain, first inhabited by a people of Cel- 
tic (Keltic or Gallic) origin, and visited 
by the Phoenicians for its tin ; the Cas- 
siterides, or Tin Islands, mentioned by 
Herodotus, B.C. 456 — explored by the 
Carthaginian, Himilco, and called by 
him Oestrymnides, 360 — described as 
Bretannike by Pytheas of Marseilles, 
about 350 — as Albion and Ierne by Aris- 
totle, about 345 — Publius Crassus, one of 
Cesar's generals, after the conquest of 
the opposite shores of Gaul, is the first 



Roman who examines the tin mines of 

Britain, 56. 

Caesar's first invasion, 55 — his second, 
when he crosses the Tamesis, and makes 
a treaty for an annual tribute to Rome, 
54— menaced by Augustus, 27— Cunobe- 
lin, k. oftheTrinobantes, reigns at Cam- 
alodunum, in whose time the tribute is 
paid by a portoriwm or harbour-due le- 
vied on all vessels entering or leaving a 
port, a.d. 4 — pretended expedition of Ca- 
ligula, 40 — Aulus Plautius, sent by the 
emperor Claudius, reduces part of the 
island to subjection, 43 -appointed first 
Roman governor, 44 — retires, and leaves 
the command to Vespasian, 47. 

P. Ostorius defeats the Iceni and Si- 
lures, and sends Caractacus prisoner to 
Rome,50 — thelceni revolt underBoadicea, 
destroyCamalodunum, London, andVeru- 
lam, and are defeated by Suetonius Pau- 
linus, near the present village of Sun- 
bury ; he is recalled by Nero, and the 
command given to the consul, Turpilia- 
nus, 61 — Julius Frontinus, gov., 73 — 
Agricola succeeds, and completes the 
conquest of the island, 78 — the Caledo- 
nians rise in arms, and are defeated by 
him, 80 — he subdues Gal gacus, builds 
the wall between the Clyde and Forth, 
and sends his fleet round the north of 
Scotland, 84 — is recalled by Domitian, 
and Sallustius appointed gov., 85. 

Julius Severus, 99 — visit of Hadi'ian ; 
he orders the wall between Newcastle 
and Carlisle to be raised, 121 — Lollius 
Urbicus gov., repels an invasion of the 
northern tribes, and builds the wall of 
Antoninus, parallel to that of Agricola, 
140— the Brigantes revolt, 162. See Bri- 
gantes, and Agricola Calpurnius. — 
Christianity introduced, 178 — the Cale 
donians break through the wall of An- 
toninus, and are driven back by Ulpius 
Marcellus, 184 — Clodius Albinus, go?., 
192 — proclaimed emperor by his army, 
193. See Albinus Clodius. 

Irruption of the Caledonians, 207— Se- 
verus and his sons proceed against them, 
208 — they are pursued into their own 
country ; Caracalla supposed to be the 
Caracul of Ossian, 209 — the fortified Hue 
between Dumbarton and Edinburgh 
strengthened, 210 — Severus d. at York, 
211 — the Saxons infest the coast, about 
250 — Carausfus, intrusted by Diocletian 
with a fleet to repel them, establishes 
an independent sovereignty for himself, 
287 — Maximian prepares another fleet 
against him, 288 — is defeated, and loses 
Gessoriacum, 289 — peace is concluded, 
and Carausius is acknowledged ruler of 
Britain, 290 — is assassinated by Allee- 
i 






BRI 



114 



BRI 



Bn IT ajv— continued. 

tus, who assumes the government, 293 
. — Allectus is defeated and slain by As 
clepiodotus, lieutenant of Constantius, 
who regains the province for Rome, 296 
—martyrdom of St. Alban, 303. 

Constantine arrives , and j oins his father, 
Constantius, who dies at York, where 
the son i3 proclaimed emperor by the 
army, 306— three British bishops attend 
the Council of Aries, Eborius of York, 
Restitutus of London, and Adelphius of 
Lincoln, 314 — expedition of Constans, 
343— three British bishops are present 
at the synod of Ariminum ; their ex- 
penses are paid by the State, 359 — Lu- 
picinus sent by Julian to expel the 
Picts and Scots, 360 — they and the Sax- 
ons continue their incursions, 365. 

Britain, at this period in a flourishing 
state, supplies the neighbouring pro- 
vinces with corn, and is of such import- 
ance that Theodosius is sent with an 
army to provide for its safety, 367 — waits 
at Rutupise (Richborough) for reinforce- 
ments, and on their arrival advances to 
London, 368— having put down the revolt 
of Valentinus, and deterred invasion, he 
returns to Gaul, 369— rebellion of Maxi- 
mus, 383. See Maximus.— Stilicho sends 
additional forces, and fortifies the coast 
against the Saxons, 399. 

The legions choose Marcus, and then 
Gratian,for emperor; they are both killed, 
and Constantine appointed, 407. See 
Constantine, the rebel emperor. — He 
takes the last remaining Roman forces 
with him to Gaul; Britain being left 
defenceless, it was probably at this time 
that the Saxons obtained permanent 
possession of Ruitbinis (the Isle of Tha- 
net) ; Rutupise receives from them the 
name ofRichborough(Z?zces&yn'^,the Em- 
pire's fortress), 408— Honorius, being un- 
able to protect Britain, acknowledges its 
independence, 409 — Pelagianism preach- 
ed there, byAgricola, son of Severian,429. 
Fruitless application to Aetiusfor as- 
sistance against the Picts and Scots, 446 — 
Vortigern invites the aid of the Saxons, 
who drive back the invaders, and begin to 
establish themselves more widely, 449 — 
thekingdom of Kent founded, by Hengist, 
454. See Kent, kingdom of. — Sussex, 
by iElla, 490. See Sussex, kingdom of. 
— Wessex, by Cerdic, 519. See Wessex, 
kingdom of. — Essex, by Erchenwin, 530. 
See Essex, kingdom of. — Northumber- 
- land, by Ida, 547. See Northumber- 
land, kingdom of. — East Anglia, by 
'; ,. Ufla, 571 or575. See East Anglia, king- 
. . dom of. — Mercia, by Cridda, 586. See 
Mercia, kingdom of. 



The name of England adopted in Ger- 
many for the Saxon portion of Britain be- 
fore 550, is brought into the island by 
the three last bodies of colonists. See En- 
gland. — The British warriors gradually 
retire before them, to the western side 
of the island, from Cornwall to the Clyde, 
and unite in a general league, called 
Cvmri ; the Saxons term them Gauls, or 
Welsh. 586. See Wales.— (The battles, 
succession of kings, and other events, are 
given under the heads of the respective 
kingdoms of the Heptarchy.) 

Pope Gregory I. sends Augustin and a 
train of monks to preach Christianity to 
the English, 596. See Kent. — Augustin 
ordained bp. of the English, at Aries, 
597 — the British church agitated by 
disputes respecting the time of celebra- 
ting Easter ; synod of Whitby, 664 — 
in the same year, a violent pestilence 
rages in the island ; synod of Heath- 
field (Bishop's Hatfield), 680— of Clove- 
shoo, 742 — first aggression of the Danes, 
or Northmen, 787 — Egbert, k. of Wes- 
sex, 800 — he unites all the kingdoms of 
the Heptarchy under his sway, leaving 
tributary .kings, or administrators, in 
Northumberland and Mercia ; styles 
himself king of England, 828. See 
England. 

Britannia Bridge. See Bridge. 

Britannicus, son of Claudius, excluded 
from the throne by Nero, 50— poisoned 
by him, Oct. 14, 55. 

Britanny. See Bretagne. 

British Association, the : — 
Meets at York, Sept., 1831 — at Ox- 
ford, June, 1832 — at Cambridge, June, 
1833 — at Edinburgh, Sept. 8, 1834 — 
at Dublin, Aug. 6, 1835— at Bristol, Aug 
22, 1836— at Liverpool, Sept., 1837— at 
Newcastle, Aug. 18, 1838 — at Birming- 
ham, 1839— at Glasgow, 1840— at Ply- 
mouth, July 28, 1841 — at Manchester, 
June, 1842 — at Cork, Aug, 1843 — 
at York, Sept., 1844 — at Cambridge, 
June, 1845 — at Southampton, Sept., 
1846 — at Oxford, June, 1847 — at 
Swansea, Aug., 1848 — at Birmingham, 
Sept., 1849 — at Edinburgh, July and 
Aug., 1850— at Ipswich, July, 1851 — at 
Belfast, Sept., 1852 — at Hull, Sept., 
1853— at Liverpool, Sept., 1854— at Glas- 
gow, Sept. 12, 1855 — at Cheltenham, 
Aug., 1856. 

British Auxiliary Legion raised, to serve 
against the Carlists, June 9, 1835 — de- 
feats them near Hernani, May 5, 1836 — 
and at St. Sebastian's, Oct. 1. 

British Institution founded, 1805. 

British Manufactures: the Romans et*- 
tablish some, but not of a permanent 



BUI 



115 



BRO 



Bbitish Manufactures — continued 
character; they have a gynecceum, or 
female factory, at Venta Belgarura 
(Winchester), about 380; those of the 
present day derived from the Flemings, 
who after long buying and carrying away 
for their own use the wool of East An- 
glia (to save the expense of two voyages), 
introduce the art of spinning it at Wor- 
stead in Norfolk, and of weaving in the 
city of Norwich, 1132 ; queen Philippa 
brings over John Kempe and his work- 
men from Flanders to extend these opera- 
tions; she often visits and encourages 
them, 1331. 

Manufactures commence at Manches- 
ter,1352-the persecuted Protestants of the 
Netherlands take refuge, mostly, in the 
eastern counties, and promote the growth 
of their trade, 1568— William Lee in- 
vents the stocking frame, 1589 — the silk 
manufacture introduced, 1620 — Louis 
XIV., by his invasion of the Nether- 
lands, drives many more industrious 
Flemings into England; one of them, 
Brewer, improves the art of dyeing, 
1668 — that of makingplate glass brought 
from Venice, 1673 — the revocation of the 
Edict of Nantes causes many French 
artizans to arrive, and many silk-wea- 
vers settle in Spital Fields, London, 
1685. 

SirThomasLombe erectshis silk-throw- 
ing machine at Derby, 1719 — flourishing 
state of the linen manufacture in the 
North of Ireland, of steel-ware at Bir- 
mingham, and cutlery at Sheffield, 1740 
— Wedgwood ware introduced, 1762 — im- 
proved steam engine of James Watt, 
1764 — the. spinning frame invented by 
James Hargrave, 1767 — the jenny by 
Richard Arkwright, 1769 ; first patents 
to him and James Watt, given this 
year — the mule added by Samuel Cromp- 
ton, 1775 — the manufacture of muslins 
at Manchester, 1780 — the jacquard loom 
in public use, 1806. 

Napoleon's continental system, for the 
destruction and exclusion of British 
manufactures, 1807-1810— the power- 
loom invented, 1807— riots of weavers in 
Manchester and Yorkshire, 1808 ; re- 
newed ; machinery broken and factories 
attacked, 1812 — the Russian tariff ex- 
cludes nearly all British manufactures, 
1816— turn-out of the Manchester cotton 
spinners, 1818 — agitation and violence 
in all the manufacturing districts — the 
working classes petition for Reform, 
1819 — Mr. Huskisson's measures extend 
the silk manufacture, 1824— power- 
looms destroyed by the hand-weavers 
Ui Lancashire; the owners recover 



the value of them from the hundred, 
1826. 

High duties imposed in America on Bri- 
tish manufactures, 1828 — distress of the 
Spitalfields weavers, 1829 — destruc- 
tion of machinery in many counties, 1830 
— act passed to regulate the employment 
of children in factories, 1833— riots at 
Oldham— strike of the Leeds Unionists, 
and of the Glasgow calico-printers, 1834 
— the operative engineers of Manchester, 
after nearly four months' resistance, 
submit to their employers' terms, April 
26, 1852. See Cotton, Linen, Silk, 
Woollen, Earthenware, and Hard- 
ware manufactures. 

British Museum, established, 1753 ; first 
meeting of the trustees, Dec. 4; George 
II. presents to it the Royal Library, 
founded by Henry, son of James I., 1757 
— the Townley marbles purchased, 1812 
— the Elgin marbles, 1816 — the statue 
of Memnon brought by Belzoni, and Dr. 
Barney's library purchased, 1818 — the 
library of Buckingham house, 120.000 
volumes, presentedby George IV.. 1823 — 
statue of James Watt erected, 1832. 

British subjects, resident or travelling 
in France, detained by Bonaparte, May 
22, 1803— forbidden by proclamation to 
serve in the contest between Spain and 
the South American States, Nov, 28, 
1817. 

British and Foreign Bible Society, 
founded by Lord Teignmouth, 1803. 

Brixen, the Council of, votes the deposi- 
tion of Gregory VII., and elects the 
Antipope, Clement III. Jan. 25, 1080. 

Broad Bottom (or Coalition) Ministry 
formed by Henry Pelham, Premier, 1744. 

Brock, Gen., surprises and captures an 
American army under Gen. Hull at F.oi t 
Detroit, in Canada, Aug. 16, 1812. 

Brocquiere, Bertrandon de la, a Burgim- 
dian knight, visits the East, and on his 
return writes an account of his travels., 
1432. 

Broglie, duke de, one of the first to emi- 
grate, leaves Paris, July, 1789. 

Broglie, duke de, takes office in the first 
ministry of Louis Philip, 1830 ; retires, 
Nov. 2 ; has the foreign department j;i 
the ministry of Soulf, 1832 ; is dismissed, 
1834 : succeeds Mortier as prime minis- 
ter, March 11,1835; Thiers takes his 
place, Feb. 22, 1836. 

Broglio, Marshal, commanding the 
French in Italy, is surprised by the A us- 
trians and defeated at Quistello on the 
Secchio, Sept. 15, 1734— joins the elector 
of Bavaria with a French force, 1741- 
commands a division of the anny in, 
Hanover, against the Duke of Cumber- 



BRO 



116 



brit 



land, 1757— takes Bremen, 1758— re- 
pulses prince Ferdinand of Brunswick at 
Bergen, April 17, 1759— is defeated at 
Minden, Aug. 1— brings large reinforce- 
ments and takes the chief command ; 
is defeated at Warburg July 31, 1760 
— superseded by Marshal de Soubise, 
1761. 

Broke, Lord, receives with lord Say a grant 
of Connecticut, 1631 — commands a de- 
tachment of the Parliamentary army, 
and is killed at Lichfield, March 2, 1643. 

Broke, Sir Philip, captain of the Shannon, 
takes the American frigate Chesapeake, 
June 1, 1813. 

Bromsebro, treaty of, between Sweden and 
Denmark, 1645. 

Bronte, an estate and title bestowed by 
the king of Naples on Nelson, 1798. 

Brooke, Fulke Greville, Lord, b. 1558— 
assassinated by his servant, Sept. 30, 
1628. 

Brooke, Sir James, founds the settlement 
of Labuan, Dec. 2, 1846 — suppresses the 
Borneo pirates, July 31, 1849 — inquiry 
into his conduct moved by Mr. Hume, 
refused by the Commons, July 10, 1851. 

Brookes. Joshua, an eminent surgeon, b. 
1761— d. 1833. 

Broome, William, the poet, b. 1689 — d. 
1745. 

Brosse, De La, under the patronage of 
Richelieu, forms the Jardin des Plantes 
at Paris, 1635. 

Brothers, the pretended prophet, sent to 
a lunatic asylum. 1795. 

Brougham. Henry, (afterwards Lord,) b. 
1778— publishes his Colonial Policy, 1803 
— supports Sir Robert Heron's motion 
for a repeal of the Septennial Act, May 
19, 1818— appointed attorney-general to 
queen Caroline, April 29, 1820— conducts 
her defence before the House of Lords, 
Dct. 3 — denounces the principles of the 
"Holy Alliance," 1823 — brings before 
the parliament the proceedings against 
missionary Smith at Demerara, June 1, 
1824 — chosen lord rector of the University 
of Glasgow, April 4, 1825 — on his mo- 
tion two committees are appointed to 
inquire into the state of the law, Feb. 7, 
1828-elected for Yorkshire, Aug. 5, 
1830— created a peer and appointed lord 
chancellor, Nov. 22— resigns, May 9, 
3832 — resumes office, May 18— presented 
with a gold cup by the lord Mayor for 
his furtherance of the Reform Bill, Nov. 
6 — introduces a Bill for establishing a 
Central Criminal Court in London, March 
26, 1834— quits office, Nov. 15— omitted 
in the second Melhourne ministiy, April 
8, 1835— lays the first stone of the City 
»f London School,- Oct. 31--false report 



of his death, Oct. 22, 1839 — complains of 
the increase of bribery at elections, Sept. 
30, 1841 — introduces his Local Courts bill, 
Feb. 28, 1842 — addresses the Society of 
Sciences at Paris, Jan. 20, 1850. 

Broughton, Dr., b. 1782 — bishop of Sydney, 
d. 1853. 

Brown, Count, Austrian Field Marshal, 
commands against Frederic of Prussia 
at Lowositz, 1756 — is defeated by him at 
Prague, and dies of his wounds, May 6, 
1757. 

Brown, Wm., M.P. for South Lancashire, 
gives £6,000 to found a Public Library at 
Liverpool, Sept. 21, 1853. 

Bbowne, Sir Thomas, b. 1605- d. 1682. 

Brownrigg, general, takes Candy, in Cev- 
lon, Feb. 19, 1815. 

BtUTAT, admiral of the French fleet in the 
Black Sea, dies on his voyage back to 
France, 1855. 

Bruce, Robert, a descendant of the earl of 
Huntingdon, brother of William the 
Lion, claims the crown of Scotland, 1290. 

Bruce, Robert, the younger. See Robert 
1., king of Scotland. 

Bruce, Edward, lands in Ireland with an 
army, 1315 — is crowned king, 1316— his 
brother Robert goes over with an army 
to support him, but soon withdraws, 
1316 -defeated and slain atDundalk, by- 
Lord Berntingham, Oct. 5, 1318. 

Bruce, James, b. 1730— commences his 
travels in Abyssinia, 1768— penetrates 
to the source of the Nile, 1770— returns, 
1773 -his travels published, 1792— d. 
1794. 

Bruchion, the, a part of Alexandria, de- 
stroyed, with its library, by a popular 
tumult, 263. 

Britok, in Hungary, taken by Matthias 
Corvinus from the Turks, 1482. 

Bruck, baron von, the Austrian ambassa- 
dor, arrives at Constantinople, June 14, 
1853. 

Brucker, John Jonas, b. 1691— d. 1770. 

Bructeri, a German people, attack M. 
Vicinius, 1. 

Bruges, the ancient capital of Flanders, 
a flourishing seat of manufactures, 1010 
— Canute's widow, Emma, hospitably re- 
ceived there by count Baldwin IV. and 
his consort, Adela, 1037 — also Sweyn 
Estritson, son of Ulf Jail and Canute's 
sister, Estrith, 1045— Sweyn, son of earl 
Godwin, takes refuge there, 1047 — a mem- 
ber of the Hanseatic league, 1300 — mas- 
sacre of its French garrison, 1302 — Wol- 
sey meets the emperor Charles V. and 
concludes a treaty with him, Nov. 24, 
1521 — surprised by the French, .Inly 5, 
1708 — recovered by the allies, Dec. 30. 

Bkun., Le, b. 1619 — his paintings are dis- 



BRU 



117 



BRIT 



tinguished in the exhibition at Paris, i 
1673— d. 1690. 

BhL'NANBUKH. See Bamborough. 

Brundusium, conquered by Rome, B.C. 267 
— Sylla lands there on his return from 
the east, 83 — Octavius reconciled there 
to Antony, 40 — pacifies his discontented 
troops there, 31 — the road from, to Be- 
neventum constructed by Trajan, a.d. 
109 — added to the duchy of Beneven- 
tum by Romoald, 668 See Brindisi. 

Brune, General, b. 1763 — obtains posses- 
sion of Berne by capitulation, April 12, 
1798— defeated by sir Ralph Abercrom- 
bie, Sept. 10, 1799— defeats the duke of 
York at Bergen, near Alkmaar, Sept. 19 
— again, Oct. 6 — murdered by a royalist 
mob at Avignon, Aug. 2, 1815. 

Brunehild, daughter of Athanagild, k. of 
the Visigoths, married to Sigebert, k. of 
Austrasia, 566— on his death governs as 
regent for their son, Childebert II., 575 — 
herdaughter, Ingundis, is married to Her- 
menegild, son of theVisigoth, Leovigild, 
579 — is regent again for her grandsons, 
596— instigates the murder of Theode- 
bert, 612— is put to death by Chlotair II., 
613. 

Brunei,, M. I., the engineer, b. 1769— pro- 
jects the Thames tunnel, 1823 — com- 
mences the work, 1825 — completes it, 
1843— d. 1849. 

Brunei/leschi, the architect, d. 1444. 

Brunn, besieged by Torstenson, 1645. 

Bruno, a Saxon, chaplain to the emperor 
Otho III., placed by him in the papal 
chair, 996. See Gregory V., pope. 

Bruno founds the Carthusian order, at La 
Chartreuse, 1084. 

Brunow, count, arrives in Paris, to take 
part in the peace conferences, Feb. 25, 
1856. 

Brunswick, the founder of the present fa- 
mily, Welf (or W6lpe), son of Isenbard 
of Altdorf, in Suabia, and Irmentrud, 
sister of Charlemagne, b. about 780— his 
daughter, Judith, married to the em- 
peror Louis I., 819— marriage of Cune- 
gonda, the heiress, to Albert Azzo II., 
marquis of Reggio and Modena, 1047 — 
their son, Guelf IV., created duke of Ba- 
varia, Guelf I., 1071. See Bavaria. 

Brunswick, a lordship separated from the 
duchy of Saxony and given by the em- 
peror Otho I. to his nephew, Bruno I., 
second son of Henry, duke of Lorraine, 
955— d. 972— Bruno II., d. 1006— Ludolf, 
d. Feb. 23, 1038— Bruno III., d. 1057— his 
brother Egbert I., d. 1068 -Egbert II. 
rebels and defeats the emperor Henry 
IV., 1088— d. 1090— his sister, Gertrude, 
inherits — her second husbaud, Henry, 
count of Northeim, d. 1101— their daugh- 



ter, Richenza, is the third wife of the 
emperor, Lothaire II. — on the marriage' 
of Gertrude, their daughter, to Henry, 
the Proud, duke of Bavaria, Brunswick, 
re-united to Saxony, is given to him, and 
now becomes part of the Guelf territo- 
ries, 1126. See Bavaria. 

Henry, the Lion, deprived of all his 
other states, retains Brunswick, 1180— <>. 
1195— his son, Otho, elected by the G iiflf 
party to be k. of Germany, 1198— is ac- 
knowledged as Otho IV., 1208— d \2lo 
— his brother, William Longsword, inhe- 
rits Brunswick, and from him it descends 
to Otho, the Child, who is created by the 
emperor Frederic II., first duke of Bruns- 
wick Luneburg, 1235— d. 1252— the duchy 
divided — Henry, the Wonderful, takes 
Grubenhagen, 1286— his daughter, Adel- 
heid, marries the Greek emperor, An- 
dronicus II. 

Otho goes to Italy and assists John 
Palaeologus, marquis of Montferrat, 
against theVisconti, 1363— is guardian of 
his sons, invested with the cities of Alba 
and Asti, and vicar general in Italy of 
the emperor Charles IV., 1372— assists 
Amadeus VI. of Savoy in his war with 
the Visconti, 1373— receives proposals 
of marriage from Joanna I., queen of 
Naples, 1375 — they are married, but 
he is not allowed to assume the title or* 
king, 1376 — she is dethroned and he 
taken prisoner by Charles of Durazzo, 
1381— released from the castle of Mol- 
fetta, employed by Charles against Louis 
of Anjou, and made prince of Taranto, 
1384 — serves Louis of Anjou, the son, 
against Margaret, mother and regent of 
Ladislas, the young k. of Naples — takes 
Naples and inflicts vengeance on the 
murderers of queen Joanna ; then trans- 
fers his services to Margaret, 1337 — fails 
in an attempt to relieve the castle of 
Capuaua, lSSS-^-surprised and made pri- 
soner by the San Severini ; released for 
a ransom, and promising to make war no 
more for ten years, 1392— d. 1399. 

Frederic, elected k. of Germany, on the 
deposition of Wenceslas ; killed soon 
afterwards in a fray, 1400— this branch 
becomes extinct in 1596— Ernest, the Eich, 
begins the Gottingen branch— from him 
descends Magnus Torquatus, d. 1373 — 
Bernard, duke of Brunswick Luneburg, 
1409— d. 1434— Otho II. and Frederic I. 
joint dukes — Otho d. 1445 — Frederic d. 
1478 -Henry I. d. 1531— Ernest I. joins 
the Protestant league, 1532— d. 1542— di- 
vision of the duchy. 
Bbunswick WoLFENBUTTEii — Henry II., 
eldest son of Ernest I., takes this part of 
his territories, with the title of duke 



BEIT 



118 



brf 



Brunswick Wolfenbuttel— continued. 
of Brunswick, 1542— d. 1592— Ernest II., 
d. 1611— Christian I.,d. 1633— Augustus, 
d. 1636— Frederic II., d. 1648— Christian 
Louis,d.l665— George William L.d 1705 
— Antony, becomes a Roman Catholic — 
d. 1714— his son, Augustus William, d. 
without issue, 1731 — his brother, Louis 
Rodolf, d. 1735— Ferdinand Albert, d. also 
1735— Charles I. succeeds. 

His brother Ferdinand, b. 1721, takes 
the command of the allied army in H ano- 
ver, and drives the French back to Zell, 
1757 — expels them from Hanover and 
Hesse, defeats them at Creveld, and 
takes Dusseldorf, 1758 — repulsed by the 
French at Bergen, April 17 — retires to 
the Weser— gains the battle of Minden, 
Aug. 1 — recovers Hanover and Hesse, 
1759 — falls back to Fritzlar— defeats the 
French at Warburg, July 31, 1760 — 
maintains his ground in Hanover, 1761 
— recovers Cassel and a great part of the 
landgraviate, and concludes a suspen- 
sion of arms at Kircheim, 1762 — d. 
1797. 

Charles William Ferdinand, eldest son 
of Charles I., and hereditary prince, com- 
mands a detached force, lays siege to 
Wesel, and is defeated by the French at 
Campen, Oct. 15, 1760 ; and at Johannis- 
berg, Aug. 30, 1762 — marries Augusta, 
daughter of Frederic, prince of Wales. 
See Augusta, duchess of Brunswick. — 
On the death of his father, succeeds as 
duke, 1780 — commands the Prussian 
ai'my against France, and publishes his 
manifesto, July 25, 1792 — takes Longwy 
and Verdun, Aug. 23 — enters Cham- 
pagne, Sept. 14 — defeated at Valmy, by 
Kellermann, 20 — victorious at Pinna- 
sens, Sept. 14, 1793 — at Kayserslautern, 
Nov. 30 — his army withdrawn by the 
treaty of Basle, April 5, 1795 — his daugh- 
ter, Caroline Amelia Augusta, b. 1768 
— marries her cousin, George prince of 
Wales, April 8, 1795. See Caroline, 
princess of Wales. — The duke com- 
mands the Prussian army, and is defeat- 
ed by Napoleon at Jena, Sept. 14, 1806 
— d- of his wounds, at Altona, Nov. 10 
—the conqueror refuses to let him be 
interred in the ancestral vault of the 
family. 

Louis Ernest, prince of Brunswick, re- 
gent of Holland, during the minority of 
William V., 1751 — minister when the 
statholder comes of age. 1766 — retires, 
1784— Frederic William, son of Charles 
William Ferdinand, inherits Oels, 1805 
— succeeds his father, 1806 ; but is ex- 
pelled from his states, which form part 
of the kingdom of Westphalia — he re- 



covers them, 1813 — is killed at Quatra 
Bras, 1815 — his son, Charles 1I„ succeeds, 
under the protectorate of Great Britain 
— representative government introduced 
in his states, 1820 — he is expelled by his 
subjects, and takes refuge in England, 
Sept. 6, 1830 — his brother, Augustus 
Louis William, b. 1806, is made duke, 
April 5, 1831. 

Brunswick Luneburg; William, second 
son of Ernest I., takes this part of his 
father's dominions, with the title of duke 
of Hanover, 1542— d. 1598 — George, d. 
1641— John, d. 1662— Ernest Augustus, 
marries Sophia (b. 1634), fifth daughter 
of Frederic, elector palatine, and Eliza- 
beth, daughter of James I. of England. 
See Sophia duchess of Hanover. He is 
created an elector of the empire, 1692— 
d. 1698— his son, George Louis, b. 1660— 
adds Zell to his dominions, by his mar- 
riage with the heiress, Sophia Dorothea, 
whom he repudiates, 1694, and confines 
in the castle of Ahlen, where shed. 1726 
— he is admitted to his seat in the elec- 
toral college, 1708 — becomes k. of Great 
Britain — era of the Brunswick or Hano- 
verian accession, Aug. 1, 1714. See 
George I., k. of Great Britain— and Ha- 
nover. 

Brunswick, a free imperial city, loses its 
independence, and becomes subject to 
the duke, and capital of his states, 1671. 

Brunswick theatre in London falls, Feb. 
29, 1828. 

Brusa. See Bursa. 

Brussels, capital of Brabant, resists the 
duke of Parma as viceroy of Spain, 1579 
— Mary de Medicis, and her son, Gaston, 
duke of Orleans, retire there, 1631 — is 
the temporary residence of James, duke 
of York, Feb. 28, 1679— bombarded by 
marshal Villeroi, Aug. 13, 1695 — the earl 
of Portland enters into preliminary 
negotiations there with marshal Bouf- 
flers, preparatory to the peace of Rys- 
wyk, July 26, 1697— Maximilian Eman- 
uel, elector of Bavaria, fails in his at- 
tempt to surprise the city, 1708 — taken 
by the French, 1746 — restored to Austria 
by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 — 
congress at, declares the independence 
of the Belgian provinces, June 4, 1790 — 
submits to the emperor Leopold, Dec. 3 
— taken by Dumourier, 1792 — revolt in, 
and expulsion of the Dutch troops, Aug. 
25, 1830 — prince Frederic of Holland 
repulsed, Sept. 25— capital of the king- 
dom of Belgium, 1831 — railway to Mech- 
lin opened, May 5, 1823. 

Bruttium, an ancient province of Italy, 
now Calabria Oltra; Alexander of Epi- 
rus defeated and slain by its people, at 



BUC 



119 



BUC 



Pandosia, b.c. 332 — subdued by the Ro- 
mans, 277— invaded by Hamilcar, 245. 

Brutulus, Papius, a leader of the Sam- 
nites, commits suicide, rather than fall 
into the hands of the Romans, B.C. 322. 

Brutus, D. Junius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
325. 

Brutus, D. Junius, consul of Rome, conci- 
liates the Lusitanians, and removes a co- 
lony of them to the coast of Spain, B.C. 
138 — remains in Lusitania as proconsul, 
and extends the dominion of Rome to 
the Atlantic, 137 — conquers the Galli- 
cians, 136 — assists the consul Semproni- 
us against the Iapydae, 129. 

Brutus, Decimus, consul of Rome, B.C. 77 
— joins the conspiracy against Caesar, 44 
— besieged by Antony in Mutina, and 
murdered, 43. 

Brutus, L. Jun,, expels the Tarquins, is 
made consul of Rome, and killed in battle 
against them, B.C. 509. 

Brutus, M., b. b.c. 85 — conspires against 
and murders Caesar, Mar. 15, 44 — defeat- 
ed at Philippi, kills himself, 42. 

Brutus, M. Junius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
178. 

Brutus, M. and D., introduce gladiators at 
Rome, at their father's funeral, B.C. 264. 

Bruyere, La, b. 1644— d. 1696. 

Bryant, Jacob, b. 1715— d. 1804. 

Brydges, Sir Egerton, b. 1762— d. 1837. 

Bryennius, Nicephorus, rebels against Mi- 
chael VII., emperor of the East, 1077 — 
defeated by Botaniates, taken prisoner, 
and deprived of sight, 1078. 

Bryennius, grandson of the rebel, and 
husband of Anna Comnena, conspires 
against her brother, John II., emperor 
of the East, and is pardoned, 1118. 

Bubb, George, authorized by Act of par- 
liament to take the name of Doddington, 
1717 — becomes Treasurer of the Navy, 
1744— his " Diary" published, 1784. 

Bubble-projects, proclamation against, 

- June, 1720. See South Sea Bubble. 

Bubulcus, C. Junius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
317; 313, II. 311, III. — penetrates into 
Samnium, where he is surrounded, and 
cuts his way through witli great courage 
and loss of men ; he builds a temple to 
Salus, 311 — master of the horse to the 
dictator Papirius Cursor, 309. 

Bubulcus, Cn. Junius Brutus, consul of 
Rome, B.C. 291 ; 277, II. 

Buccaneers, piracies of the, on the coasts 
of America, 1613. 

Buccaporci, or Pig's cheek. See Sergius 
II., pope. 

Bucer, Martin, b. 1491 — adopts the opinions 
of Carlstadt, 1524 — invited to reform the 
Church of Cologne, 1543 — comes to Eng- 
land, 1548— d. 1551. 



Buch, Von, the geologist, b. 1784- ~d. 1833. 

Buchan, the earl of, defeats the English 
at the battle of Bauge, 1421 — slain at 
Verneuil, Aug. 16, 1424. 

Buchanan, the historian, b. 1506 — d. 1582. 

Buchanan, Claudius, the missionary, 6, 
1766— d. 1815. 

Bucharest, taken by the Russians, 1769— 
conferences for peace there, 1772 — broken 
off, 1773— occupied by the Russian gen., 
Gortchakof, July 28, 1853 — evacuated, 
July 28, 1854— entered by the Turks, 
Aug. 6 — occupied, by the Austrians, 
Sept. 6. 

Buche, Captal de, serves in the army of 
the prince of Wales, at Poictiers, 135<5 
— rescues the wife of the dauphin 
Charles, and the ladies of her court, from 
the violence of the peasantry at Meaux, 
1358 — commands in Normandy the army 
of Charles, k. of Navarre ; is defeated 
and taken prisoner, by Bertrand de 
Guesclin, 1364 — made prisoner again, in 
Guienne, 1370. 

Buckingham, Humphrey, duke of, serving 
in the army of Henry VI., falls in battle 
at Northampton, July 10, 1460. 

Buckingham, Henry, duke of, grandson 
of the above, beheaded by Richard. III., 
1483. 

Buckingham, Edward, duke of, son of 
the above, founds Magdalen College, 
Cambridge, 1519 — is executed for high 
treason, May 17, 1521. 

Buckingham, George Villiers (afterwards) 
duke of, first seen by James I. at Cam- 
bridge, 1615 — becomes his favourite, and 
rules him, 1618 — attends prince Charles 
into Spain, 1623 — impeaches the earl of 
Bristol, and is impeached by him and 
by the Commons ; pending this process, 
he is elected chancellor of the university 
of Cambridge ; rivalry and jealousy be- 
tween him and Richelieu, 1626— makes 
an ill-concerted and unfortunate attack 
on the Isle de Rhe, 1627 — proceedings of 
the Commons against him ; he is assas- 
sinated, at Portsmouth, by Felton,'Aug. 
23, 1628. 

Buckingham, the duke of, son of George 
Villiers.6 1617— is with Charles II. at 
Breda, and accompanies him to Scotland, 
1650 — wishes to mitigate the laws 
against the Nonconformists, 1669 — one 
of the " Cabal :" his mission to France, 
1670 — introduces into England from Ve- 
nice, the manufacture of plate-glass, 1673 
— examined at the bar of the Commons, 
Jan. 14, 1674 — sent to the Tower, re- 
tracts, and is released, 1677 — d. 1688. 

Buckingham, James Sheffield, duke of, 
builds Buckingham House, 1703. 

Buckingham, duke of, fights a duel with 



BUG 



120 



BUL 



. flie duke of Bedford, 1822— resigns his 
gfeat in the cabinet, and his office of lord 
privy seal, 1842. 

Buckingham, James Silk, b. 1786 — proprie- 
tor of the " Oriental Herald," is banished 
from India, 1823— d. 1855. 

Buckingham-house. See Buckingham, Jas. 
Sheffield, duke of. — Purchased for queen 
Charlotte, Jan. 17, 1775— taken down, 
and the new palace commenced by Geo. 
IV., 1825 — completed, and made the royal 
residence by queen Victoria, 1837. 

Buckinghamshire militia, Wilkes de- 
prived of the colonelcy of the, May 4,1763. 

Buckinghamshire, Robert Hobart, earl of, 
secretary of state in the Addington mi- 
"ristrv. 1801 — resigns, 1805 — takes office 
again in the Liverpool ministry, 1812. 

Bucklemakers of Birmingham petition 
against the use of shoe-strings, Dec. 21, 
1791. 

Buda, or Pesth, the Acincum of the Ro- 
mans, afterwards the strong fortress of 
the Avars, taken by Charlemagne, with 
its treasures, 799 — afterwards the capital 
of Hungary — Ladisla3 V. crowned there, 
1453 — the university and library founded 
by Matthias Corvinus, 1465 — Ferdinand 
of Austria crowned there k. of Hungary, 
1527 — John von Zapolya brought in by 
the Turks and crowned there, 1529 — 
taken by the Turks, 1541 — besieged by 
the imperial general, Von Schwartzen- 
berg, 1599— by the duke of Lorraine, 1684 
— taken by him from the Turks, Sept. 2, 
1686— evacuated by Kossuth, Jan. 5,1849. 
See Pesth. 

Bud^eus, Simon, disseminates anti-trinita- 
rian doctrines in Lithuania, and is ex- 
pelled from his church, 1584. 

BUUD.EUS, J. P., b. 1667— d. 1729. 

Buddhism introduced into India, B.C. 956. 

Buenos Ayres built, 1535 — a British and 
Portuguese expedition against, faiis, June 
1, 1763 — taken by Sir Home Popham, 
June 27,1806 — retaken by the Spani- 
ards, Aug. 12— general Whitelocke de- 
feated there, July 5,1807 — revolts against 
Spain, 1810— forms the La Plata or Ar- 
gentine republic, Porado director, 1814 — 
war with Brazil, 1824— Quiroga gover- 
nor, 1830 — De Rosas, 1835— civil war — 
De Rosas displaced by Urquiza, 1852. 

Buffon, Le Clerc, count de, b. 1707 — pub- 
lishes the first part of his "Histoire 
Naturelle," 1749— d. 1788. 

Bugeaud, marshal, appointed governor of 
Algeria, 1840 — gains the victory of Isly, 
and is created duke, 1844 — returns to 
France, 1847 — offers his services to the 
republic, 1848 — d. of cholera, 1849. 

Bugo Soldado railway from Panama, 
opened, March 15, 1852, 



Builders, journeymen, strike of, in London, 
Aug. 18, 1834. 

Bukki, Jewish high priest, B.C. 1305. 

Bulbus, C. Atilius, consul of Rome, b.o. 
245, 235, II. 

Bulgarians, the chief of the Slavonian 
tribes, invade Thrace, 499— again, 502— 
defeated by Theodoric, the Ostrogothie 
k. of Italy, who recovers Sirmium from 
them. 504 — expelled from Thrace by 
Mundo, 530 — are led by Zabergan over 
the frozen Danube as far as the river 
Atyras, and are repelled by Belisarius, 
559 — they establish themselves in Pan- 
nonia, 630 — their chief, Cuvrat, makes a 
treaty with theemperorHeraolius,634-his 
youngest son, Azek, leads a colony into 
Italy, to which Grimoald gives a settle- 
ment in the duchy of Beneventum, 670 — 
Asparach, another son of Cuvrat, founds 
a new kingdom in the north of Thrace, 
between the Danube and Mount Hsemus. 
678. 

Uunsuccessful campaign of Justinian 
II. against them, 688 — he takes refuge 
with them, 704— they restore him to bin 
throne, 705 — he attacks them, and is de- 
feated at Anchialus, 708 — they plunder 
Thrace, 713— they first assist the attempt 
ofAnastasius 11. to regain his throne, 
but afterwards give him up to Leo III., 
719 — defeat Constantine V. at Batagaba, 
750 — an expedition sent by him against 
them is wrecked, 766 — after many years 
of internal strife and war with the 
Avars, Crumnus obtains the. leadership, 
and extends his authority north of the 
Danube, 800 — attacked by the emperor 
Nicephorus I., 809 — he is defeated and 
slain by them, July 25, 811 — they defeat 
the emperor Michael I., invade Thrace, 
and take Adrianople, 813— send an em- 
bassy to settle a boundary question witli 
Louis I., 825— invade Pannonia and are 
driven back, 828. 

Baldimer, successor to Crumnus, re- 
leases his Greek prisoners, 836 — Bo- 
goris negotiates with the empress Theo- 
dora and with Louis of Germany, 845 — 
is converted to Christianity, and re- 
ceives the title of king, 860 — is suc- 
ceeded by Presian, 869 — the Bulgari- 
ans reject the supremacy of pope Ha- 
drian II. — and accept an archbishop from 
Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople,870. 
Simeon succeeds, 883 — defeated by 
Arpad, chief of the Magyars and Ungri, 
889 — again, in three bloody battles, 896 
— take Adrianople, 914 — again,922 — they 
besiege Constantinople — interview be- 
tween Simeon and the emperor Romanue 
I., peace is concluded, 923 — Simeon d — 
his son, Peter, succeeds, and marries Ma- 



BUL 



121 



BUL 



Bulgarians — continued. 
ria, granddaughter of Romauns, 927 — d. 
969 — the Bulgarians are deteated by the 
Russians, 966 — conquered by Bardas 
Sclerus, become subject to the Greek em- 
pire, 971 — regain their independence un- 
der Sisman, whose son, Samuel, is made 
king, 976 — they conquer Macedon and 
Thessaly, 978 — sustain many defeats 
from the emperor Basil II., who acquires 
the surname of Bulgaro-slayer, 988-1001 
— after another victory, he blinds his pri- 
soners and sends them home ; at sight of 
whom their king, Samuel, is overcome 
with grief, and dies, 1014. 

His son, Gabriel, is killed by La- 
dislas, who is conquered by Basil, and 
the Bulgarians finally subjected to the 
Greek empire, 1018 — they resist the 
passage of the first crusaders, and put 
many thousands to death, 1096 — re- 
volt of the Bulgarians, and foundation 
of the new or Wallacho-Bulgarian king- 
dom, by the three brothers, Peter, Asan, 
and John, the first of whom assumes 
the title of emperor; they join other 
rebels in au attempt on Constantinople, 
which is saved by Conrad of Mont- 
fetTat, 1186 — drive the Greeks from the 
siege of Lobitza, 1188 — defeat the em- 
peror Isaac Angelus, 1192 — plunder 
Varna, Anchialus, and other towns, 1193 
— again defeat the emperor, at Arcadio- 
polis, and advance to Adrianople, 1194 
— Asan assassinated, 1196 ; and Peter, 
1197. 

John (Joannice or Calo Johannes) ac- 
knowledged k. of Bulgaria — he con- 
cludes a treaty of peace, by which 
the emperor Alexius III. cedes to him 
Varna and Constantina, 1200 — is crown- 
ed by a papal legate, 1203 — defeats 
the Latin emperor Baldwin at Adrian- 
ople, and takes him prisoner, 1205 — is 
defeated by the emperor Henry, 1206— 
besieges Thessalonica, slays its king, 
Boniface of Montferrat, in battle, and is 
himself assassinated, 1207 — Boris (or 
Phrobilas) is succeeded by Asan (John 
Asan), 1217. See Asan, k." of Bulgaria. 
— His son, Caloman I., inherits the 
throne, 1241 — d. 1245 — Michael Asan 
cedes to Theodore Lascaris II., emperor 
of Thrace, all the Bulgarian conquests 
south of Mount Haemus, 1255 — d. 1258— 
Caloman II. succeeds. A series of weak 
rulers and intestine wars cause the Bul- 
garian kingdom to decline — it is overrun 
by the Nogay Tartars, 1285 ; and made 
subject to Servia, 1330 ; attacked by the 
sultan Amnrath I., who takes Philippo- 
polis, 1363; and becomes finally part of 
the Ottoman empire, 1391. 



Bulgarus, one of the Glossators, asserts 
the imperial jurisdiction in Italy, at the 
diet of Roncaglia, 1158. 
Bull, Dr. John, b. 1563, Gresham profes- 
sor of music — composes "God save the 
king," for a dinner given to James I. 
and his son Henry, at Merchant Tailors' 
Hall, 1606 — promotes sacred music iu 
England, 1618— d. 1622. 
Bull, a term applied to many edicts or 
mandates, from the bulla or seal At- 
tached to them. See Golden Bull. — 
Generally given to papal decrees, among 
which the following are some of the most 
remarkable : that of Pascal 1 1., confirming 
the Order of Knights Hospitallers, 1113; 
of Innocent HI., deposing k. John, 1212; 
and another, annulling Magna Charta, 
1215; of Honorius 111., forbidding the 
teaching of the civil law in the univer- 
sity of Paris, 1218 ; of Gregory IX., or- 
dering the knights in Palestine to obey 
the emperor Frederic II., 1232; of Cle- 
ment V., authorizing a crusade against 
the Venetians, 1309; of Clement. VI., 
against the Flagellants, 1349; of Gre- 
gory XI., against Wickliffe, 1378; of 
Eugenius IV., for dissolving the council 
of Basle, 1437 ; of Julius II., for the mar- 
riage of Henry VIII. to Katharine of 
Arragon, 1508; of Paul III., " In Coena 
Domini," 1536; and another, May 22, 
1542, calling the council of Trent; of 
Pius V., deposing queen Elizabeth, 
which a man is hanged for fixing up in 
London, 1570 ; of Sixtus V., proclaiming 
a crusade against her, 1587 ; of Innocent 
X., against the doctrine of the Jan- 
senists, 1653; of Clement XL, "Unigeni- 
tus" against them, 1713 ; of Clement 
XII., against Freemasons, 1736. 

Bull-baiting, bill for the abolition of, 
thrown out by the Commons,May 24,1802. 

Buller, Charles, b. 1806— d, 1848. 

Bullinger establishes the reformed wor- 
ship in Zurich, 1531. 

Bulls issued against the heretics by Gre- 
gory IX., 1231 — the publication of them 
in England declared by act of parliament 
to be treason, 1571 — the publication of 
them, in his dominions, without his 
sanction, forbidden by the emperor Jo- 
seph II., 1781. 

Bulmer, Wm., b. 1756— d. 1830. 

Bulow, Von, the Prussian general, enters 
Holland, and proclaims the prince of 
Orange, Dec. 1, 1813 — defeats the French 
near Breda, Jan. 12, 1814. 

Bulwer, Edward Lytton (now sir E. B. 
Lytton), b. 1805 — president of the Edin- 
burgh Society, 1854. 

Bulwer, sir Henry, ambassador at Madrid, 
offends the duke of Sotomayor by hit 



BUR 



122 



BUR 



advice, and receives his passports. May 
19, 1848 — ambassador to the United 
States, Dec. 24, 1849. 

BulwerClayton treaty, dispute between 
Great Britain and the United States on 
the construction of the, 1856. 

Bunker's-hill, near Boston, in America, 
battle of, June 17, 1775. 

Bunsen, chevalier, Prussian ambassador 
in London, addresses a note to lord Pal- 
merston on the Schleswig-Holstein af- 
fairs,; Aug. 4, 1850 — recalled from his 
embassy, April 26, 1854— presents to the 
queen his letters of recall, May 31. 

Bunyan, John, b. 1628-d!. 1688. 

Buol Schauenstein, count, placed at the 
head of the office for foreign affairs in 
Austria, Apr. 1852— advises the czar Ni- 
cholas to desist from his measures 
against Turkey, May 30, 1853, and not to 
occupy the principalities, June 14. 

Buonaparte. See Bonaparte. 

Buonarotti. See Michael Angelo. 

Buonconvento, near Sienna; the emperor 
Henry VII. of Germany dies at, Aug. 24, 
1313. 

Burchard, John, of Wesel. imprisoned by 
the abp. of Mentz for opposing indul- 
gences and other practices of the church, 
1497. 

Burchardt, landgrave of Thuringen, is 
slain by the Hungarians, 909. 

Burchardt, duke of Swabia, enters Italy 
to assist Rudolf ; is defeated and slain, 
926. 

Burckhardt. John Louis, b. 1784 — d. 1817. 

Burdet, Thomas, a friend of George, duke 
of Clarence, executed, 1477. 

Burdett, Sir Francis, b. 1769 — his motion 
for inquiry into the conduct of the late 
ministry negatived by 207 to 39, Apr. 12, 
1802— elected for Middlesex, and unseat- 
ed by petition, J uly, 1802 — the sheriffs 
committed for having shown partiality 
to him in the Middlesex election, 1805 — 
comments by letter on the commitment 
of John Gale Jones, Mar. 24, 1810— is 
himself in consequence committed to 
the Tower by the Commons; liberated, 
avoids the procession prepared for him, 
June 21 — proceeds against the Speaker 
for false imprisonment ; the -Judges de- 
cide that he was legally committed, May 
17, 1811 — presents a petition praying for 
economy and reform, Feb. 6, 1817 — re- 
jected, May 20 — brings the conduct of 
Oliver the spy under the notice of the 
Commons, and accuses the ministers of 
employing agents to seduce the ignorant 
and unwary into seditious practices, and 
then betray them, June 16 — his reso- 
lution for annual parliaments and uni- 
versal suffrage, seconded by lord Coch- 



rane, rejected by 100 to 2, June 1, 1818 
— elected for Westminster, 1818 — crimi- 
nal information against him for his letter 
to the electors of Westminster, Nov. 20, 
1819 — found guilty at Leicester of a 
libel on government, Apr. 11, 1820 — fined 
£2000 and imprisoned ; his constituents 
pay the tine, 1821 — his motion for a com- 
mittee on the Catholic claims agreed to, 
May 8, 1828 — takes the chair at the 
meeting of the London Political Union, 
Oct. 31, 1831 — complies with a requisi- 
tion to resign his seat for Westminster, 
and is re-elected, May 11, 1837— d. 1844. 

Burdett, Miss, acquires under the will of 
the duchess of St. Alban's, the wealth 
left by her grandfather, Mr. Coutts, 1837. 

Burimno, Maurizio. See Braga. 

Buren, Martin Van, elected president of 
the United States, 1836 — installed, Mar. 
4, 1837 — forbids by proclamation Ameri- 
can interference in the affairs of Canada, 
Jan., 1838 — loses his re-election on ac- 
count of his war against the banks, 1840. 

Burg, Elizabeth de, rebuilds aud endows 
Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1344. 

Burg, Hubert de, regent of England, 1219 
—dismissed from his council by Henry 
III., 1232— d. 1243. 

Burgess, Thomas, bp. of Salisbury, b. 1746 
— d. 1837. 

Burgesses, a court of, established in the 
kingdom of Jerusalem, by Godfrey's As- 
size, 1099 — first summoned to the En- 
glish parliament by Henry III., 1265. 
See Boroughs. 

Burgh Castle, in Suffolk, supposed by 
some to be the Garianonum of the Noii- 
tia Imperii; called Cnobersburg by the 
Saxons; Fursey builds a monastery 
there, 631, which k. Anna enlarges and 
endows, 639. 

Burgh on the Sands, in Cumberland ; Ed- 
ward I., k. of England, dies at, 1307. 

Burgher guard of Berlin disarmed, Nov. 
15, 1848. 

Burgos, the burial place of the Cid, 1099 
—the cathedral of, built, 1221— Alfonso 
X., k. of Castile, knights Edward, son of 
Henry III. of England, there, 1255 — 
Alvarez de Luna is beheaded at, July 5, 
1453 — Philip of Castile dies there, Sept. 
25, 1506— Wellington fails to take the 
castle, and falls back to Freynada, 1812 
— the fortifications destroyed by the 
French, June 12, 1813. 

Burgoy'ne, General, defeats the Americans 
at German Town, Oct. 3, 1777 — surren- 
ders to gen. Gates at Saratoga, Oct. 17 — 
demands a court martial and a parlia- 
mentary inquiry into his conduct; both 
are refused, and he is deprived of his 
employment, Nov., 1778— d. 1792. 



BUB 



123 



BUR 



Burguhdian Code (Loy Gambette), framed 
and issued by Gundibald, 501. 

Burgundians, tbe first Gothic tribe who 
constructed burghs, or fortified places ; 
they were among the earliest who at- 
tempted to gain a settlement within the 
Roman empire ; having overrun a large 
part of Gaul, are driven back by Probus, 
277 — about the middle of the fourth cen- 
tury they occupy the banks of the Rhine, 
north of the Maine, and are engaged in 
frequent contests with the Allemanni, 
against whom they are hired by Valen- 
tinian to assist him in his war, 370. 

Force a passage over the Rhine, and 
establish themselves in Gaul, 406 — assist 
the revolt of Jovinus, 411 — receive from 
him a grant of lands, which Honorius 
confirms ; they remain permanently set- 
tled there, and Gundicar is their king, 
413 — he rules the ancient occupants 
mildly and peacefully, 420— are defeated 
by Aetius, and make peace ; are then in- 
vaded by the Huns, 435 — Gundicar is 
succeeded by Gunderic, under whom they 
repeat their attacks, and are again re- 
pulsed by Aetius, 436— ally themselves 
with the Visigoths ; Aetius employs an 
auxiliary force of Huns in various con- 
flicts with them, 437 — serve in his army 
against Attilaat the battleof Chalons, 451. 
Chilperic succeeds Gunderic, 466— his 
son, Gundibald, marries a daughter of 

- Theodoric, k. of the Ostrogoths, and 
succeeds as k. of the Burgundians, 491 
— his niece, Clotilda, marries Clovis, k. 
of the Franks, 493— defeated by Clovis 
I., near Dijon, through the treachery of 
his brothei", Godegesil, whom he after- 
wards kills, 500 — frames a code of laws, 
501 — receives from Theodoric a sun-dial 
and water-clock, 503 — d.516— Sigismund 
succeeds ; puts to death his son, Segeri- 

. cus, and quiets his conscience by large 
donations to the monastery of St. Mau- 
rice, 522 — assumes the monastic habit ; 
is betrayed into the hands of the Franks, 
and killed by them, 523 — his brother, 
Gondemar, defeats and slays Chlodomir, 
son of Clovis, at Voiron ; is afterwards 
overcome by his brothers, and the Bur- 
gundians made subject to the Franks, 
534— some of them join a band of Gothic 
adventurers, and besiege Milan, 538. 

Burgundy, or Orleans, a new kingdom 
formed on the death of Chlotair, in the 
part of France assigned to his son, Gon- 
tran, 561- his kingdom enlarged by the 
addition of Angouleme, Saintes, and 
other provinces, on the death of his 
brother, Charibert, 567. See AustrigiIj- 
ors. — He makes war on Becared I., the 
Ostrogothic k., and is defeated at Car- 



cassone, 588 — d. 594— the kingdom is in- 
herited by his brother, Childebert II., 
on whose death it goes to his youngest 
son, Thierry II., 596. See Brunehild, 
and Austrasia. — On the death of Dago- 
bert I., his son, Clovis II., inherits Bur- 
gundy and Neustria, 638— d. 656 — his 
son, Chlotair III., reunites all the king- 
doms; d. 670— Thierry III. made k. of 
Burgundy and Neustria ; is sent by his 
nobles into a monastery, 671 — resumes 
his throne, 673— d. 691— Thierry III. 
nominal k. under Pepin. See Neustria. 

Burgundy, or Provence ; in the division 
of Lothaire's kingdom, his youngest 
son, Charles, takes this portion with the 
title of king, 855— d. 863 — his lands are 
absorbed by his brothers ; on the death 
of Louis the Stammerer, Boso, brother- 
in-law of Charles the Bald, takes pos- 
session of Burgundy, Provence, and 
Aries, 879— d. 887, when his kingdom is 
divided. See Boso. 

Burgundy, Lower, or Arles; Louis, son 
of Boso. is proclaimed k. of this part of 
his father's dominions, under the guar- 
dianship of his mother, Ermengarda, 
888 — she obtains for him the protection 
of the emperor Arnulf, and he is crowned 
at Aries ; the Sai-acens establish them- 
selves at Fracinet, 890 — he claims the 
crown of Italy, 899 — is acknowledged by 
some nobles, 900 — elected emperor of the 
West, 901 — surprised by Berenger, is 
allowed to go to Aries, on taking an oath 
not to enter Italy again, 902 — breaks his 
oath, is taken prisoner at Verona, blind- 
ed, and sent back again to his kingdom, 
905 — retains the title of emperor, al- 
though Berenger is elected and crowned 
in his place, 915 — d. ; his kingdom is 
united to Transjurane Burgundy, 928. 

Burgundy, Transjurane, or Upper ; a se- 
parate kingdom founded in Switzerland 
and Savoy, after Boso's death, by his 
governor, Rudolf 1.. 888— <2. 911— Rudolf 
II. succeeds ; is elected k. of Italy in 
opposition to Berenger, 921 — maintains 
h*« ground at Verona, 922 — defeats Be- 
renger at Fierenzuola, 923 — sole k. of 
Italy, 924 — expelled by Hugh, count of 
Provence, 926 — on the death of Louis, 
unites Upper and Lower Burgundy, 
making Aries the capital of his States, 
928— the nobles of Italy propose to call 
him back to their throne ; Hugh pur- 
chases his friendship, by ceding to him 
part of Provence, 933— d. 937— Conrad 
succeeds; d. 993 — Rudolf III. attends 
the coronation of the emperor Conrad II. 
at Rome, 1027, and bequeaths to him hi* 
kingdom, which, after his death, re- 
mains annexed to Germany, 1032. 



BUR 



124 



BUB 



Burgundy, Duchy of ; a northern part of > 
the first kingdom of the Burgundians; | 
one of the hereditary benefices created j 
by Charles the Bald, at the Diet of i 
Quiercy-sur Oise, and given by him, with 
the title of duke, to Richard le Justicier, 
count of Autun, 877— d. 921— his son and 
successor, Rudolf (Raoul), is made k. of 
France, 923, and resigns his duchy to 
Giselbert, who d. 938— Hugh the Great 
holds Burgundy. See Hugh, count of Pa- 
ris ; d. 956.— Inherited by his son, Otho, 
from whom it passes to his brother, 
Henry I., the Great, 965— he is contirm- 
. ed in it, with sovereign rights, by his 
elder brother, Hugh Capet, on his be- 
coming k. of France, 987— d. 1002. 

His nephew, Robert, k. of France, in- 
herits Burgundy, but the Palatinate, or 
Franche Comte, is severed from it, and 
attached to the kingdom of Aries ; he 
gives it to his second son, Henry, 1015, 
who, on ascending the throne of France, 
transfers it to his younger brother, Ro- 
bert, the progenitor of the long line of 
succeeding dukes, 1032— d 1075— Hugh, 
d. 1078— Eudes I. ; his son Henry, of 
Besancon, created duke of Portugal, 
founds the dynasty of that kingdom, 1095 
— d. 1102— Hugh II., the Pacific, d. 1142 
—Eudes II., d. 1162— Hugh III., d. 1193 
—Eudes III., d. 1218— Hugh IV., d. 1272 
—Robert II., A 1305- Hugh V., d. 1315 
—Eudes IV., d. 1350— Philip de Rouvre, 
last of the line ; his lands ravaged by 
the insurgent peasantry, and the mar- 
shal murdered, 1358— d. 1361. 

His duchy claimed byCharlesII of Na- 
varre; k. John II. of France declares it 
escheated to the crown, and gives it to his 
fourth son, Philip the Bold, 1363— he mar- 
ries Margaret, daughter and heiress of 
Louis II., count of Flanders, 1369— shares 
with his brothers the regency of France ; 
commands the army against the duke of 
Gloucester, and avoids a battle, 1380 — 
inherits Flanders, Artois, and other ter- 
ritories of his father-in law, 1384— re- 
sumes the regency ; jealousy and rivalry 
between him and his brother, the duke 
of Orleans, 1392— d. 1404. 

His son, John the Fearless, succeeds ; 
hollow reconciliation between him nnd the 
duke of Orleans at Vincennes, 1405 — as- 
sists John the Pitiless, bishop of Liege, to 
overcome his rebellious subjects, 1406-in- 
stigates the assassination of the duke of 
Orleans at Paris, 1407— is proclaimed an 
enemy of the State ; occupies Paris with 
an army, and expels tlie court, 1408 — 
Civil war between him and his adversa- 
ries, 1410 — is supported by Henry IV of 
England, with an auxiliary force, 1411 — 



the war suspended by the treaty of Arras, 
1414 — enters into a secret alliance with 
Henry V. of England, 1416 — liberates qu. 
Isabella, at Tours, coalesces with her, 
and conquers great part of France, 1417 
— obtains possession of the king's person, 
1418 — invited by the dauphin to meet on 
the bridge of Montereau, is assassinated 
by the Orleanists, Aug. 18, 1419. 

His son, Philip the Good, succeeds ; en- 
ters into close alliance with HenryV., and 
is a party to the treaty of Troyes, 1420— 
unites Namur to his States, 1421— re- 
news his league, and gives his sister, 
Anne, in marriage to the duke of Bed- 
ford, 1423— is offended by the duke of 
Gloucester's marriage with Jaqueline, 
duchess of Brabant, and assists in re- 
pelling his attempt to make himself 
master of her hereditary States, 1424 — 
is reconciled, 1425 — acquires Brabant, 
1429. See Brabant. — Marries Isabella, 
daughter of John I., k. of Portugal, and 
institutes the Order of the Golden 
Fleece, to commemorate the manufac- 
turing prosperity of his lauds ; takes 
Joan of Arc prisoner, and sells her to 
the English, 1430 — withdraws from his 
alliance with them, 1432 — treaty with 
Charles VII., at Arras; adds Holland 
and Hainault to his States, 1433. See 
Jaqueline. — Announces to the English 
council his alliance with France, 1435— 
besieges Calais, but retires on the ap- 
proach of the duke of Gloucester, 1436— 
purchases Luxemburg, 1444 — his son, the 
count de Charolais, heads the league "for 
the Public Good" in France, 1465. See 
Louis XL, k. of France.— Philip d. 1467. 
His son, Charles the Bold, succeeds ; 
forms an alliance with Edward IV., k.ot 
England, and marries his sister, Marga- 
ret, 1468 — assists him to recover his 
throne, 1471 — adds Guelderland and Zut- 
phen to his dominions,and sets himself in 
opposition to Louis XL, 1472, who applies 
to pope Sixtus V. to excommunicate 
him, 1473 — renews his alliance with Ed- 
ward IV.; is now the richest and most 
powerful prince in Europe ; wishes for 
the title of k. of Burgundy, which the 
emperor Frederic IV. refuses to give 
him ; he turns his arms against the em- 
peror, 1474 — is reconciled to Louis, to 
whom he gives up the count St. Pol, 1475 
— invades Switzerland; is defeated at 
Granson, Apr. 5, and at Murton, or Mo- 
rat, June 20, 1476 — aspires to conquer 
Lorraine; besieges Nancy ; is defeated, 
and falls in battle, Jan 5— Louis seizes 
part of his dominions; the rest are trans- 
ferred to Austria by the marriage of his 
only child, Mary, to Maximilian, son c| 



EUB 



125 



EUR 



the emperor, 1477 — these are included 
by him in the German System, as the 
tenth division, or Circle of Burgundy, 
1512. See Austria, the Netherlands, 
and Belgium. 
Burgundy, duke of; title given to Louis, 
eldest grandson of Louis XIV., b. 1682 — 
educated by F^nelon, 1689 — becomes 
dauphin on the death of his father, 1711 
— dies of the small-pox, 1712, leaving a 
son, afterwards Louis XV. 
Burhred, k. of Mercia, 852 — marries 
Ethelswith, daughter of Ethelwulf, 858 
— besieges the Danes in Nottingham, 
868 — makes peace with them for Mercia, 
and pays tribute, 872 — conquered and 
deposed by the Danes ; d. at Rome, 874. 
Burke, Edmund, b. 1730 — recommends to 
Dodsley the publication of the " Annual 
Register," and for several years writes 
the historical portion of it, 1759 — private 
secretary to the marquis of Rocking- 
ham, and M.P. for Wendover, 1765 — 
moves resolutions condemning the 
course pursued towards America, which , 
are negatived, May 8, 1770— his celebra- 
ted speech on American taxation, Apr. 
19, 1774— his resolutions on the same 
subject negatived, Mar. 22, 1775 — his 
conciliatory measures again rejected by 
the Commons, Nov. 16— proposes various 
reforms, which are supported by Pitt, 
Sheridan, and others, but lost on the se- 
cond reading, Feb. 27, 1781— becomes 
paymaster-general of the forces in the 
second Rockingham administration,Mar. 
30, 1782 — resigns, July — moves the im- 
peachment of Warren Hastings, Apr. 4, 
1786 — presents the articles of impeach- 
ment at the bar of the House of Lords, 
May 10, 1787 — his opening speech at the 
trial occupies four days, Feb., 1788 — 
publishes his " Reflections on the French 
Revolution," 1790 — agrees with Pitt and 
Fox in condemning all laws which at- 
tach penalties to opinions, Feb. 21, 1791 
— quarrels with Fox, and joins the mi- 
nisterial party, May 6 — in a debate on 
the Alien Bill, he heightens the effect of 
his oratory by producing a dagger and 
throwing it on the floor, Dec. 19, 1792 - 
retires from parliament, and receives a 
pension, 1794— rf. 1797. 

Burke's systematic murders detected, at 
Edinburgh, Dec. 24, 1828— he is executed 
for them, Feb. 16, 1829. 

Burleigh, lord— (see Cecil, Wm.) — made 
lord treasurer by qu. Elizabeth, 1572 — 
establishes the first newspaper, " The 
English Mercury," Aug. 10, 1588— d. 1598. 

Bubleigh House, near Stamford, residence 
of the marquis of Exeter, visited by 
queen Victoria, Nov. 12 1844. 



Burley, Sir Simon, executed for treason, 
1388. 

Burlington, battle of, the Americans de- 
feated by the British, June 6, 1813. 

Burmese war breaks out— Rangoon taken, 
1824— victory of general Campbell, and 
Prome taken, Dec. 25, 1825— the war con- 
cluded by the treaty of Yandabu, Jan. 
26, 1826 — second war commences, 1851 — 
Rangoon, Martaban, Prome, and Pegn. 
taken, 1852 — the Burmese refuse the 
terms of peace offered them, May 7, 1853- 
assent to the British demands, when hos- 
tilities cease without a formal treaty of 
peace, June 30 — send an ambassador to 
Calcutta, Dec. 11, 1854 — a British em- 
bassy received at Ava, 1855. 

Burnes, Sir Alexander, killed in Cabul, 
Nov. 2. 1841. 

Burnkt, Gilbert, b. 1643— gives evidence 
before the House of Commons against 
the duke of Lauderdale, April 13, 1675 — 
draws up the manifesto of the prince of 
Orange, 1688— made bishop of Salisbury, 
1689-d. March 27, 1715. 

Burney, Dr.. b. 1726- -d. 1814. 

Burney, Dr. Charles, b. 1758— d. 1817— his 
library purchased foi the British Mu- 
seum, 1818. 

Burns, Robert, b. 1759— d. 1796 — comme- 
moration of, at Ayr, Aug. 6, 1844. 

Bukr, Aaron, b. 1756— contests the presi- 
dency of the United States with Jeffer- 
son — is vice-president, 1801 — kills gen. 
Hamilton, in a duel, 1804— d. 1836. 

Burrus, consul of Rome, 181. 

Bursa, Boursa, or Brusa— (see Prusa)— 
taken by Orchan, the Ottoman, 1326— 
Matinel II. detained there by Bajazet — 
escapes. 1391 — assigned for the residence 
of Abd el Kader on his liberation, 1852; 

Buksbai, sultan of Egypt, makes Cyprus 
tributary, and threatens Rhodes, 1426. 

Buuton-cresceut, statue of major Cart- 
wright erected in, 1831. 

Burton, a divine, imprisoned by the Star 
Chamber, 1637. 

Burton, Dr. Edw., regius professor, Ox- 
ford, b. 1794-d. 1836. 

Burton, Robert, author of the Anatomv of 
Melancholy, b. 1576— d. 1639. 

Burton-on- Trent, Edmund Wlntemati, an 
Arian, burnt at, 1614. 

Bury, in Lancashire, statue to Sir Robert 
Peel erected at, Sept. 7, 1852. 

Bury St. Edmund's, the Bedericsworth < f 
the Saxons, receives its name from tin- 
abbey erected to commemorate king Ed- 
mund, slain there by the Danes, 870— 
the English barons meet thei'e, and pre- 
pare Magna Charta, 1214 — the abbey 
plundered by the people, 1381 — Hum- 
phrey, duke of Gloucester, is murdered, 



BYX 



126 



CAB 



1447— nearly destroyed by fire, 1608 — 
railway to, from Colchester, opened, Dec. 
24, 1846. 

Busaco, battle of — Massena repulsed by 
lord Wellington, Sept. 27, 1810. 

Busching, A. F., b. 1724— d. 1793. 

Busento, a river of Italy, in the bed of 
which Alaric was buried, 410 

BusiRis builds Thebes, in Egypt, B.C. 2111 
— the building of the city ascribed to Se- 
sorteen I., of the 12th dynasty, B.C. 2700 
-2600, La.— destroyed by Diocletian, 297. 

BrjTE, John, earl of, b. 1713 — appointed se- 
cretary of state, March 25, 1761 — suc- 
ceeds the duke of Newcastle as first lord 
of the treasury, and prime minister, 
May 29, 1762— attacked by Wilkes in 
the " North Briton," 1762— resigns, 1763 
— d. 1792. 

Buteo, M. Fabius, Consul of Rome, b.c. 
245. 

Buteo, N. Fabius, consul of Rome, B.C. 247. 

Butler, Charles, b. 1750— d. 1832. 

Butler, Josenh, b. 1692 — becomes bp. of 
Durham— d. 1752. 

Butler, Samuel, author of " Hudibras," b. 
1612.— d. 1680. 

Butler, Samuel, bp. of Lichfield, b. 1773 
— d. 1839. 

BoTLER, Dr., dean of Peterborough, b, 1774 
— d. 1853. 

Butler, captain, b. 1827— assists in the de- 
fence of Silistria against the Russians — 
d. there, June 20, 1S54. 

Buxton, Thos. Fowell, b 1782 — takes the 
place of Wilberforce, as leader of the 
anti slavery party, 1824 — d. 1845. 

Buxtorf, the Hebrew scholar, fl. 1620— d. 
1664. 

Byng, admiral sir George, b. 1663— drives 
back the Pretender from the coast of 
Scotland, 1708 — a fleet fitted out under 
him, July 31, 1715 — sent to the Baltic to 
guard against the designs of Charles 
XII. of Sweden — finds no preparations 
made there for embarking an army, 1717 
— sails for the Mediterranean, June 3, 
1718— captures or destroys the greater 
part of the Spanish fleet near Syracuse, 
July 31— co-operates with the Austrians 
in recovering Messina, and destroys the 
remaining naval force of the Spaniards 
in Sicily, Oct. 19, 1719 — created lord 
Torrington, 1721— d. 1733. 

Byntg, admiral John, sails for the Mediter- 
ranean, April 7, 1756 — makes a feeble 
attack on the French fleet, May 20— fails 
to relieve Minorca, and returns to Gib- 
raltar; is superseded, June 16 — confined 
in Greenwich Hospital, Aug. 9 — brought 
to trial at Portsmouth, Dec. 27 — con- 
demned, Jan. 28, 1757 — warrant for his 
execution, Feb. 6 — executed, March 14. 



Byng, George, M.P., b. 1762-d. 1847. 

Byron, commodore, sails on his voyage of 
discovery, June 21, 1764 — returns, May 
9, 1766 — has an action with D'Estaingin 
the West Indies, July 6, 1779. 

Byron, George, Lord, b. Jan. 22, 1788— 
publishes his " Hours of Idleness," 1807 
— " Childe Harold," 1812— the lord chan- 
cellor refuses injunctions to protect his 
"Cain," 1822— arrives in Greece, 1823 — 
dies at Missolonghi, April 19, 1824. 

Byron, Ada, daughter of the poet, b. 1815 
— afterwards lady Lovelace— d. 1852. 

Byrrhus, a senator, to whom the emperor 
M. Aurelius had given a daughter in 
marriage, put to death by Cleander, 187. 

Byzantine empire. See Eastern empire. 

Byzantinus. See Theophanes. 

Byzantium founded by the Megarians, 
headed by Byzas, b.c. 657 — a second co- 
lony settles there, under Zeuxippus, 628 
— conquered by Darius, 505 — retaken by 
the Greeks, 477 — by Alcibiades, 408 — be- 
sieged by Philip, 340 — the siege raised, 
339 — arrears of tribute remitted to, by 
Claudius, at the request of Nero, a.d. 53 
— besieged by Severus, 194 — taken and 
punished for its resistance, 196 — Licinius 
retires there after his defeat at Adriau- 
ople, 323 — chosen by Constantine for the 
site of his new city of Constantinople, 
324. 

Byzas. See Byzantium. 







Cabades, b. 449 — succeeds Palasch on the 
throne of Persia, 486 — expelled by Zain- 
asplies, son of Firoze, 497 — restored by 
the Nephthalites or White Huns, 501 — 
invades Mesopotamia and takes Amida, 
which begins the Persian war against 
Anastasius I., 502 — defeats Areobindus, 
the Roman gen., and his colleagues, 503 — 
Celer leads another army against him, 
and besieges Amida, 504: — takes the place, 
and peace is made, 505 — ineffectual ne- 
gotiation with Justin I., 521 — war re- 
newed, 524 — Cabades conducts a success- 
ful campaign, 528— refuses to treat for 
peace, 529 — d. 531. 

" Cabal, the." See Charles II., king of 
Great Britain. — Of "the sixteen," at 
Paris, 1587. 

Cabillonum. See Chalons, surSaone. 

Cabira, battle of— Mithridates defeated by 
Lucullus, b.c. 72. 

Cabo Tormentoso (Cape Stormy). Sea 
Cape of Good Hope. 

Cabot, John and Sebastian, sent on a voy* 



CAD 



127 



CJEN 



age of discovery by Henry VII., 1496— 
discover Newfoundland, 1497. 
Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, discovers Brazil, 
and visits the eastern coast of Africa, 
1500. 
Cabrera, heads a rebel force in Arragon, 
1835 — is, with the other Carlist chiefs, 
driven into France, 1840— again in arms, 
1848— arrested on the French frontier, 
Apiil 21, 1849. 

Cabriolets introduced in London, 1823. 

Cab-strike in London, to resist the regu- 
lations of an act of parliament just pass- 
ed, July 27, 1853. 

Cabul invaded by the Persians at the in- 
stigation of Russia — the British govern- 
ment in India prepares to resist, 1838— 
Sir J. Keane takes Ghuznee and restores 
the deposed sovereign, Shah Soojah, 
Aug. 7, 1839 — Dost Mahomet submits, 
and surrenders, Nov. 5, 1840 — his son, 
Akbar Khan, raises an insurrection, and 
the British are expelled with great loss, 
1841 — massacre of the British in their 
retreat, Jan. 6, 1842— gen. Pollock forces 
the Khyber Pass, April 6 — Cabul reco- 
vered by him, Sept. 16— dismantled and 
evacuated, Oct. 12. 

Caccianimico, Gerard. See Lucius II., 
pope. 

Cadalo, bp. of Parma, nominated as pope 
by the empress Agnes, with the name 
of Honorius II., in opposition to Alex- 
ander II., 1061 — driven from Rome by 
Godfrey, duke of Lorraine, 1062 — re-as- 
serts his claim to the papacy, and takes 
possession of S. Angelo, in which he is 
besieged, 1063 — escapes, 1065— again as- 
serts his claim, which is rejected by the 
council of Mantua, 1067. 

Cade, Jack, raises an insurrection — his 
men are defeated near Rochester, and he 
is killed by Iden, a gentleman of Sussex, 
1450. 

Cadesia, battle of— the Persians defeated 
by the Moslems, 636. 

Caimjah takes Mohammed into her ser- 
vice, and soon afterwards marries him, 
594. 

Cadiz, the Gades of the ancients, founded 
by the Phoenicians — subject to Carthage, 
b.c. 233 — becomes, after the victories of 
P. Cornelius Scipio, the ally of Rome, 207 
— the Roman road in Spain extended to, 
by Augustus, 14 — its vicinity ravaged by 
the Danes or Northmen, a.d. 844 — attack- 
ed by the English admiral. Drake, and 
the Spanish fleet destroyed, 1587— taken 
and plundered by the earl of Essex and 
lord Howard of Effingham, 1596 — unskil- 
fully attacked by lord Wimbledon (sir 
Edw. Cecil), 1625 — occupied by the Pa- 
triots,who, with the assistance of lord Col- 



lingwood, seize the French fleet in the 
harbour, June 4, 1808— the Spanish JunU 
make their stand there, and convoke the 
Cortes, Feb. 1, 1810— they are besieged 
by marshal Victor, but the Cortes as- 
semble, Sept. 24 — the French retire, 
Aug. 25, 1812— held by the Cortes for a 
short time against the French, under the 
duke d'Angouleme — surrendered, Oct. 
1822. 

Cadmus of Thebes introduces letters into 
Greece from Phoenicia, b.c. 1493 (1494. 
H. 1313, C.) 

Cadogan, general, arrives at Stirling with 
an army to oppose the Pretender, Dec. 
10, 1715. 

Cadusiaks, the, resist successfully an in- 
vasion of the Persians, b.c. 384. 

Cadwalla, the Briton, makes war on Ed- 
win, k. of Northumberland, 633— over- 
comes his nephews, Osric and Eanfrid, 
and falls in battle against Oswald, 634. ' 

Cecilianus contends with Donatus for the 
bishopric of Carthage, which gives rise 
to the sect of the Donatists, 313 — Con- 
stantine decides in his favour, 316. 

C^ecilius, Quintus, sent into Greece to 
check the power of Philip V. of Macedoh, 
b.c. 185. 

CjECIlius, Statius, the comedies of, acted at 
Rome, b.c. 179— d. 168. 

C^ecilius, Qn., Cicero's oration against, b.c. 
70. 

Cicina commands the legions on the Up- 
per Rkine, and supports Vitellius, 69— 
conspires against Vespasian, and is put 
to death, 79. 

CaiciNA, C. Longus (or Largus), consul of 
Rome, 42. 

C-ecus, the Blind, surname of App. Clau- 
dius. See Claudius. 

Cedicius, Q., consul of Rome, b«. 256. 

C^edmon, the Anglo-Saxon poet, a monk at 
Whitby, 680. 

Cadwalla, k. of Wessex, 685— conquers 
the Isle of Wight and invades Sussex. 
6S6— makes an attempt on Kent, 687 — 
resigns his throne to Ina and goes to 
Rome, 688-d. there, 689. 

C^lestin, bp. of Rome, 422— sends Ger- 
manus of Autisiodorus(Auxerre), to con- 
vert Agricola. son of Severian, from Pe- 
lagianism, 429 -assists Cyril in deposing 
Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople, 
431— d. 432. 

C-iElestius, disciple of Pelagius, 409 — 
condemned by synods at Carthage, 418. 

Caen, in Normandy, taken by Henry I. of 
England, 1105. 

CjEnina, C. Claudius, consul at Rome, B.C. 
285, 273. 

CffiNRED, k. of Mercia, 704— abdicates and 
retires to Rome, 709. 






CffiS 



128 



CAF 



Gjspto, Fannius, conspires against Augus- 
tas, and is put to death, B.C. 22. 

Cbpio, On. Servilins, consuls of Rome, of 
this name, B.C. 253—203—169—141. 

CvEPio, Qu. Servilins, consul of Rome, em- 
ploys assassins to murder Viriathus,B.c. 
140. 

Cei>io, Qu. Servilius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
106 — proposes a judicial reform {Lex 
Servilia), proconsul — is defeated by the 
Cimbri and Teutones, 105— killed by the 
Picentines in the Social war, 90. 

Caerlegion, or Chester, battle of— Ethel- 
frid defeats the Cymri, 603. 

Caernarvon, the earl of, slain in the first 
battle of Newbury, 1643. 

Caernarvon, earl of, b. 1773-d. 1833. See 

PORCHESTER, lord. 

Caernarvon, earl of, d. 1849. 

Caernarvon Castle, Edward, son of Ed- 
ward I.. born at, April 25, 1284. 

Cesar, Caius, son of M. Vipsanius Agrip- 
pa, b. b.c. 20— adopted by Augustus, 17 — 
sent to frustrate the designs of Phraates, 
in Armenia, 1— settles the terms of peace 
between Rome and Parthia with Phraa- 
tes, ad. 2— d. in Lycia, 4. 

Cesar, Caius Julius, b. b.c. 100— serves as 
a cadet under M. Thermus, at the siege 
of Mityleue, and receives a civic crown, 
80— quaestor in Spain, 67— sedile. 65— 
praetor ; discord begins between him and 
the. tribune, M. Porcius Cato. 62— quells 
an insurrection in Lusitania — on his re- 
turn the first secret coalition is formed 
for an equal division of power among 
himself, Pompey, and Crassus, 60— con- 
sul ; carries his agrarian law; and ob- 
tains the command in Gaul and Illyrium 
for five years, 59 — first campaign in 
Gaul, 58— his progress in Gaul resisted 
by the BeltffR; puts his army in winter 
quarters between the Loire and Seine, 
and visits Italy, 57— conquers the Veneti 
and other tribes in Armorica, 56— Gaul 
voted to him for five years more; he 
crosses the Rhine to attack the Usipetes 
and Tencteri, and undertakes his first 
expedition in Britain, 55 — invades Bri- 
tain a second time, returns, and conquers 
the Eburones, 54— receives a reinforce- 
ment from Pompey, again crosses the 
Rhine, and attacks the Suevi, 53— the 
jEdui, Arverni, and other Gallic tribes, 
endeavour to drive him out of Gaul, and 
defeathim atGergovia; this keeps him 
all the winter at Bibracte, 52— takes Ver- 
cingetorix prisoner, and completes the 
conquest of Gaul, 51— returns to Italy ; 
iealousy between him and Pompey, 50 — 
advances to Rome, and pursues Pompey 
as far as Bnmdusium ; returns to Rome, 
Is appointed dictator, proceeds to Spain, 



and having overcome all opposition there, 
collects his forces in southern Italy, and 
prepares a fleet to convey them toGreece, 
49 — consul II. — takes Dyrrachium, 48 — 
defeats Pompey at Pharsalia, Aug. 9,48 — 
conducts his army into Egypt, where he is 
captivated by Cleopatra, 48 — again made 
dictator ; takes Pelusium, and suboues 
Egypt ; kills Pharnaces, and makes Pon- 
tus a Roman province ; returns to Rome, 
and embarks for Africa, 47— victory at 
Thapsus, April 6, 46 — returns to Rome, 
and celebrates four triumphs, at the close 
of which his prisoner,Vercingetorix,i8put 
to death — dictator for ten years — reforms 
the calendar — consul III., 46 — conquers 
the sons of Pompey at Munda, in Spain — 
consul IV., and for ten years, 45 — re- 
turns to Rome, and is appointed dictator 
for life, 45 — assassinated, March 15, 44. 

C^tSAR, the title of the heir of the empire, 
first given by Augustus to the Bon of 
Agrippa, B.C. 17— by the emperor Cams 

. to his two sons, A.n. 282— used by Diocle- 
tian, to designate the two junior or as- 
sistant emperors, and given by him to 
Constantius Chlorus and Galerius, 292— 
it is next given to Severus and Maxi- 
min, 305; by Constantine to his sons, 
Crispus and Constantine ; and by Lici- 
nius to his son, 317; by Constantius II. 
to Gallus, 351 ; and to Julian, Nov. 6, 355. 

Cesar Augusta (now Saragossa), a council 
held at, to condemn the doctrines of Pris- 
cillian, 380. 

Cesarea, in Cappadocia, Julian's ambas- 
sadors meet Constantius there, 361 — 
taken by the Persians, 612. 

Cesarea, in Palestine, built by Herod, 
b.c. 10— restored, after an earthquake, by 
Hadrian, a.d. 124— the Arian prelates 
hold a council at, and vote the deposition 
of Athanasius, 334 — surrenders to the 
Mohammedans, 638. 

Cesarean era. See Antioch, era of. 

" Cesaribus, De." See Aurelius Victor. 

C^esarius, consul of Rome, 397. 

Cesarius, son of the duke of Naples, de- 
feats the Saracens at the mouth of the 
Tiber, 849. 

" Cesars." See Juman, emperor. 

Cesianus, L. Apronius, consul of Rome, 39. 

Cesoninus, L. Calpurnius Piso, consul of 
Rome, B.C. 148 

Cesoninus, L. Calpurnius Piso, consul of 
Rome, B.C. 58— accused by Cicero of op- 
pression in the provinces of Macedonand 
Syria, 56 — complains of the charges 
brought against him, and is answered by 
Cicero. 55. « 

Caffa, in the Crimea, the Theodosia of the 
ancient kingdom of Bosporus, granted 
to the Genoese by the emperor MichueJ 



GAL 



129 



CAL 



VIII., 1261— taken from them by the Ve- 
netians, 1296 — recovered by the Genoese, 
1299— they seize some Venetian ships 
there, which leads to a naval war, 1350 
— taken by the Turks, 1475. See Crimea. 

Caffaeelli, general, b. 1766 — d. 1849. 

Caffke war commences, April 4, 1846— 
the Caffres defeated by colonel Somerset, 
Nov. 17, 1847 — a new Caffre war breaks 
out, Dec. 24, 1850 — the Caffres repulsed 
at Fort Beaufort, Jan. 7, 1851 — at Fort 
Hare, 21 — and Fort Cox, 30 — defeated by 
col. Mackinnon, April 23 — sharp encoun 
ters with them, Sept. 8, 9 — their camp 
at Waterkloof destroyed, Oct. 16 — colonel 
Fordyce killed in action with them, Nov. 
6 — make overtures for peace, Jan. 15, 
1852— close of the war, Jan. 26, 1853— 
treaty concluded with them by sir Geo. 
Cathcart, March 9. 

Cagliari, in Sardinia, besieged by the Ara- 
gonese — the Pisans make a vain effort to 
relieve the place, 1325. 

" Cain." See Byron, George, lord. 

Cairo, or El Quahireh, the Victorious, built 
by the Fatimite Maiz Ad Din, 969— at- 
tacked by Amalric. k. of Jerusalem) 1168 
— threatened by the Crusaders, 1219 — by 
Louis IX. of France, who is defeated 
and made prisoner, 1249 — taken by the 
French, July 22, 1798 — surrendered to 
the English, June, 27, 1801. 

Cairoan, near Carthage, founded by Ak- 
bah, 670. 

Caithness, the earl of, b. 1791— d. 1856. 

Caius. bp. of Rome, 283-296. 

Caius, a presbyter of the church of Rome, 
writes against heretics, but holds the 
Epistle of Paul to the Hebrews not to 
have been written by the Apostle, 210. 

Caius and Gonville College, at Cam- 
bridge, founded by Edmund Gonville, 
1348— enlarged by Dr. John Caius, 1557. 

Calabria, the name by which the south- 
eastern peninsula of Italy, the Messapia 
of the Greeks, was known to the Ro- 
mans ; conquered by them, b.c. 266 — the 
poet Ennius a native of the province, 
239 — subdued by Odoacer, a.d. 476 — 
part of the Ostrogothic kingdom of The- 
odoric, 493 — recovered for the empire by 
Belisarius, 536 — conquered by the Lom- 
bards, and made part of the duchy of 
Beneventum, 572— invaded by the Sa- 
racens, 829 — they form a permanent set- 
tlement at Bari, 842 — desolate the pro- 
vince, 873 — from this time the name of 
Calabria is transferred to the south- 
western peninsula, the Bruttium of the 
Romans, where it still remains ; this 
constitutes a portion of the new province 
of the Eastern empire, called the Theme 
of Lombardy, 890— invaded by the em- 



peror of the West, Otho I., 968— he de- 
feats the Greeks, 969 — invaded by the 
Normans, in the service of Gaimar, prince 
of Salerno, 1044 — conquered by Robert 
Guiscard, and his brother, Roger, 1058 — 
pope Nicholas II. confirms the posses- 
sion of it to Robert, and gives him the 
title of duke of, 1059 — Reggio taken, and 
the conquest completed, 1060 — divided 
between the two brothers, 1062 — invaded 
by Roger II., count of Sicily, 1121 — his 
title as duke is acknowledged by Hono- 
rius II., 1128 — is expelled by Lothair II. 
and pope Innocent II. ; on the emperoi-'s 
death recovers his territories, 1137 — re- 
ceives Lo lis VII. of France atPotenza, 
on his return from his crusade, 1149 — Mi- 
chael Palaeologus, gen. of the Greek em- 
peror, Michael I., conquers a large part 
of the province. 1155— recovered by Wil- 
liam 1., 1156— Charles of Anjou, k. of 
Naples, retires there, after the Sicilian 
Vespers, 1282 — invaded by Peter of Ara- 
gon, who takes Reggio, 1283 — Gerace 
taken by the Sicilians, 1291 — Roger de 
Loria defeats the viceroy of Naples, 1292 
— invaded by the Sicilians; they take 
Squillace and other towns, 1296 — Cala- 
bria remains part pf the kingdom of Na- 
ples, and gives the title of duke to Ro- 
bert third son of Charles II., 1597. 

Calais besieged by Edward III.; his qu. 
Philippa joins him in the camp be- 
fore it, 1346— surrender of, 1347 — Edward 
defeats a plot to betray it, Jan. 1,1349-Ed- 
ward lands at, 1355 — John of Gauut lands 
at, with a large army, 1373— Philip, duke 
of Burgundy, besieges it, but retires on 
the approach of H umphrey,duke of Glou- 
cester, 1436— the earl of Warwick made 
gov., 1455 — escapes there from a plot to 
seize him, 1457 — he brings his garrison 
to England to support the duke of York ; 
returns, 1459 — Edward IV. lands with an 
army, 1475 - and Henry V II., Oct. 2, 1492 
— he takes his family there to avoid the 
plague, 1500 — in its neighbourhood Hen- 
ry VIII. holds with Francis I. the Field 
of the Cloth of Gold, 1520 -ineffectual 
conferences for peace held there, 1521 — 
Henry, VIII. lands with an army at, 
July 14, 1544— taken by the duke of 
Guise, Jan. 7, 1558 — surprised by Albert, 
brother of the late archduke Ernest, of 
Austria., 1596 — Charles II. removes there 
from Brussels, Aug. 1, 1659— James II. 
arrives with French troops to invade 
England, Mar. 2, 1696— Louis XVI II. 
lands there, Apr. 20, 1814— the wire of 
the Submarine Electric Telegraph ex- 
perimentally laid from Dover, 1S50. 

Calandio. See Antioch, bishops of. 

Calas, persecution and judicial murder of 



CAL 



130 



CAL 



at Toulouse ; Voltaire ably exposes the 
iniquity of the process, 1762 — his inno- 
cence, and the injustice of the sentence 
against him publicly declared, 1764. 

Calat Anosor. battle of; Almansor de- 
feated by the Christian princes of Spain, 
1002. 

Calatatud taken by Alfonso VII., k. of 
Castile, 1119. 

Calatixus, A. Atalius, consul of Rome. 
B.C. 258— surrounded by the Carthagini- 
ans in Sicily, escapes with difficulty ; 
consul II., 254— dictator, 249. 

Calatrava, the Order of Knights of, found- 
ed, 115S — the city of, taken by the 
Moors, 1196. 

Calaukia, an island near Troezen, where 
Demosthenes poisons himself, B.C. 322. 

Calchixia, daughter of Leucippus, qu. of 
Sicyon, B.C. 1764. Pans. 

Calceaft, John. M.P., b. 1766— d. 1S31. 

Calculating machine. See Babbage. 

Calcutta, the English factory at, esta- 
blished, 1690— taken by Rajah el Dow- 
lab., and confinement of his prisoners in 
the Black Hole, Jan. IS, 1756— retaken 
by adm. Watson and colonel Olive. Jan. 
1, 1757 — made the seat of British Indian 
government, 1773 — first bishop conse- 
crated in London, May 8, 1814— Burmese 
ambassadors arrive at, Dec. 11, 1S54 — 
^Exhibition at, Jan. 25, 1855. 

Caldek, Sir Robert, intercepts the French 
and Spanish fleets, and takes two of 
their ships, July 22, 1805 — is reprimand- 
ed for not having made his victory more 
complete, Dec. 23. 

Calderon, Pedro, de la Barca. b. 1601 — 
succeeds Lope de Vega as the popular 
dramatist of Spain, 1636— d. 1637. 

Caldoea, Jacopo, gen. of pope Martin V., 
with Francesco Sforza defeats Braccio 
da Montone, at Aquila, 1424. 

Caldus, C. Caelius, consul of Rome, b.c. 94. 

Caled, "the Sword of God," leads an army 
into Syria, reduces Anbar and Hira. 632 
— lays siege to Emesa. 635 — completes 
the conquest of Syria, 638— d. 642. 

Caledonians, successfully attacked by 
Agricola, SO— collect a force under Gai- 
gacus, which he overthrows ; sends his 
fleet for the first time round the northern 
extremity of their country, and builds 
the wall between the Forth and Clyde, 
84 — the wall of Antoninus is raised to 
restrain them, 140— they break through 
it, and after committing great outrages 
in Britain, are repulsed by Ulpius Mar- 
cellus, 184— again make incursions into 
Britain, 207 — Sept. Severus proceeds 
against them, 208 — he repulses them, 
and pursues them into their own country, 
209. 



Caledonian canal, commenced, May 1, 
1803— opened, Nov. l. 1822. 

Calendar of Court-days, published by 
Cn. Flavins, b.c. 306. 

Calendar, reformed by Csesar, by the in- 
troduction of ninety days into the year, 
and leap-years for the future, B.C. 46— 
another correction recommended to pope 
Clement IV. by Roger Bacon, 1267 — 
adopted by pope Gregory XIII. ; Oct.5 
made Oct. 15, 15S2 — rejected by Joseph 
Scaliger and the Protestants, 1583 — the 
new-style introduced in England, Sept. 
3 being made Sept. 14, 1752— adopted in 
Sweden, Mar. 1. 1753. See Hippolytus, 
Lilio, and Clavius. 

Calendar, a new, or Revolutionary, in- 
troduced in France. Nov. 24, 1793 — ceases 
to be used after Jan. 1, 1806. 

Calenus, Qu. Fufius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
47. 

Calhoun, the American senator, b. 1782 — 
d. 1850. 

Calib, son of Omar Ben Hafsun, leagues 
with the Franks, SS3 — takes Saragossa 
and Toledo, SS6 — Almondhir is slain in 
battle against. 888 — defeated, but keeps 
Toledo, 90S— again defeated, 912— d. at 
Huesca, 917. 

Calico-printers of Glasgow, after a strike 
of nine months, submit to the terms of 
their employers, Aug. 10, 1S34. 

Calicut, Vasco de Gama arrives at, 1497 
— Zamorin, the sovereign, is incited by 
the Venetians to make war on the Por- 
tuguese. 1504— taken from them by the 
Dutch, 1656— the native chiefs of, subju- 
gated by Hyder Ali, 1771. 

California, discovered by Cortes, 1536 — 
explored by Drake, 1578— the gold re- 
gion of, first made known, Sept., 1847 — 
admitted into the Union, Oct. 18, 1850. 

Californian gold, first importation of, at 
Liverpool, June 21, 1S49. 

Caligula, Cains Ciesar, son of Germani- 
cus, b. Aug. 31, 12 — rules Tiberius, in 
conjunction with Macro, 34 — becomes 
emperor, Mar. 16, 37 — puts to death Ti- 
berius, the son of Drusus, 37— appoints 
dependent kings in some of the east- 
ern provinces,3S — his expedition in Gaul 
and Germany, and pretended invasion 
of Britain, 40— commands his statue to 
be placed in the temple of Jerusalem, 4C 
— assassinated, Jan. 24, 41. 

Caliphs of Bagdad sink into insignifi- 
cance. 936. See Arabia. 

Calippus corrects the Metonic cycle ; his 
Calippic period of eclipses begins from 
the new moon of the summer solstice, 
July, B.C. 330. 

Calisto, cardinal di San. See Benedict 
III., pope. 



CAL 



131 



CAL 



Calixtines. See Bohemia. 

Caliyoug, or Kaliyo'ug, Era of Hindos- 
tan, commences, b.c. 3102. 

Callao, destroyed by a sudden elevation 
of the sea, during an earthquake, 1746. 

Callepius, consul of Rome, 447. 

Calliades, Athenian archon, b c. 481 H. ; 
480 C. 

Calliarchus, Athenian archon, B.C. 301. 

Callias, Athenian archons of this name, 
B.C. 480 H., 457 H., 456, 412, 406, 377. 

Callicrates, architect, fl. at Athens, b.c. 
442. 

Callicratidas, a Lacedemonian, defeated 
by Conon, off the Arginussse, b c 406. 

Callimachus, Athenian archon, b.c. 446 — 
another, 349. 

Callimachus of Cyrene. the poet, patro- 
nized by Ptolemy Philadelphus, b.c. 
256. 

Callimedes, Athenian archon, b.c. 360. 

Callinicum, the inhabitants commanded 
by Theodosius I. to rebuild a Jews' sy- 
nagogue, which they had destroyed ; 
Ambrose of Milan prevails upon him to 
rescind the oi'der, 388. 

Callinicus, the historian, fl. 266. 

Callinicus, exarch of Ravenna, 597-602. 

Callinicus. See Constantinople, patri- 
archs of. 

Callinicus invents the Greek fire, 673. 

Callinicus. See Seleucus Callinicus, 
k. of Syria. 

Calliope, the planet, discovered by Hind, 
Nov. 16, 1852. 

Callippus, assassinates Dion of Syracuse, 
b.c. 353 — killed by Hipparinus, 352. 

Callisthenes, Olympic victor, B.C. 676. 

Callisthenes writes his history of the 
Sacred War, B.C. 357— d. 328. 

Callisthenes sends early Babylonian as- 
tronomical observations to Aristotle, 
B.C. about 330. 

Callistratus, Athenian archon, b.c. 355. 

Callistratus, orator, fl. b.c. 372 — bauish- 
ed from Athens, 361. 

Callistratus, philosopher and critic, b.c. 
154. 

Callistus I., pope, 217-222. 

Callistus II. (Guy, abp. of Vienne), pope, 
1119 — interview "with Henry V. of Ger- 
many, at Gisors ; holds a council at 
Rheims, 1119 — after the retirement of 
the antipope, Gregory VIII. takes pos- 
session of the Lateran, 1120 — siege of 
Sutri, and surrender of Gregory, 1121 — 
dispute with Henry V. concerning the 
right of investiture, compromised by the 
Diet of Worms, 1122 — he refuses to sanc- 
tion the election of William of Curbeil to 
Canterbury, till his assent is purchased 
by a large sum of money, 1123 — d. 1124. 
Callistus III. (antipope) appointed by 



the imperial party, 1168 — makes his sub- 
mission, 1178. 
Callistus III. (Alfonso Borgia) pope, 1455 
— fails in his attempt to excite a crusade 
against the Turks, 1456 — claims Naples; 
war prevented by his death, Aug. 9, 1458. 
Callistus. See Constantinople, patri- 
archs of. 
Calmar, Union of, between Denmark, Swe- 
den, and Norway, formed by Margaret, 
June, 17, 1397 — dissolved by the death 
of Christopher III., 1448 — restored for a 
while by Christian of Denmark, 1457. 
See Charles VIII., k. of Sweden. — Re- 
newed, with some limitations, 1472-1483 
— enforced by John II., k. of Denmark,. 
Norway, and Sweden, 1497 — finally dis- 
solved, by Gustavus Vasa, 1524. 
Calmet, b. 1672— d. 1757. 
Calne, council held at, 978. See Dunstan. 
Caloc&rus revolts in Cyprus, but is sub- 
dued by Dalmatius, Constantine's ne- 
phew, 334. 
Calo-Joanses. See John II., emperor of 
the East, and Joannice, k. of the Bulga- 
rians. 
Caloman. See Bulgarians. 
Calopkini, a faction that disturbs Venice, 

988. 
Calpe. See Gibraltar. 
Calpurnianus, M. Papius Piso, consul of 

Rome, b c. 61. 
Calpurnius celebrates the emperor Cams 
and his sons, in his Hunting Eclogues, 
283. 
Calvados, a department of France, revolts, 

June, 1793. 
Calvenzano, near Pavia, Boethius put. 

to death at, 524. 
Calverly, Sir Hugh, commands companies 
of disbanded soldiers who plunder 
France, 1364 — gov. of Calais, makes 
fruitless incursions into Picardy, 137.8. 
Calvi, in Corsica, taken by lord Hood, 

1794— abandoned, 1796. 
Calvin, or Chauvin, John, b. 1509, at No- 
yon ; preaches in Paris, 1532 — publishes 
the first exposition of his tenets, 1535— 
preaches at Ferrara ; is expelled, and 
settles at Geneva, 1536 — becomes the 
head of the church there, and founds 
the university, 1539 — murders Servetus, 
1553 — visited by John Knox, 1555 — d. 
May 27, 1564. 
Calvinism embraced by the elector Pala- 
tine, Frederic III., 1562 — edict of Jane of 
Navarre in its favour, 1567. 
Calvinistic and Lutheran churches in 
Baden, unite, 1821 — and those of Hesse 
Cassel at Marburg, 1823. 
Calvinists. See Gomarians. 
Calvinus, Cn. Domitius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 332- 

K 2 



CAM 



132 



CAM 



Calvinus, Cn. Domitius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 283. See Domitius, Cn. Calv. 

Calvinus, C. Sextius, consul of Rome, 
takes the command in Gaul, B.C. 124 — , 
defeats the Allohroges and Salyes, and . 
founds Aquae Sextise, 122. See Aix. 

Calvinus, Cn. Domitius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 53 ; 40 II. 

Calvinus, T. Veturius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 334; 321 II. 

Calvisius Taurus, of Berytus, Platonic 
philosopher, fl. 146. 

Calvus, C. Licinius, the orator, b. B.C. 82 
— d. 47. 

Calvus, Cn. Corn. Scipio, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 222. 

Calvus, L. Csecilius Metellus, consul of 
Rome, acts against the Celtiberi, B.C. 
142. 

Calvus, P. Licinius, military tribune of 
Rome, b.c. 400, 396. 

Calycadnus (Salef ), a river of Cilicia, in 
which Frederic I. is drowned, J une 10, 
1190. 

Camaldulenstan order. See Romoaldo. 

Camarina, a town in Sicily, founded, b c 
599 — destroyed by the Syracusans, 552. 

Cambaceres, b. 1754 — appointed second 
consul in France, Dec, 1799— d. 1824. 

Cambray, a city of Flanders, given to its 
bishop by the emperor Henry II., 1007 
— becomes an independent lordship, 1076 
— League of, negotiated by Margaret, re- 
gent of the Netherlands, and the cardi- 
nal de Rohan, against Venice, 1508 — 
peace of, between Charles V. and Francis 
I. ; concluded by Margaret and Louisa 
of Savoy, 1529 — resists the duke of Par- 
ma as viceroy of Spain, 1579 — he is 
obliged to raise the siege, 1581 — taken 
by the French, 1677— Fen^lon abp. of, 
1695— congress of, proposed, 1722 — meets, 
1724 — breaks up, without effecting any 
settlement in the affairs of Europe, 1725 
—taken by Clairfait, Sept. 10, 1793. 

Cambrensts. See Giraldus. 

Cambria. See Cymri and Wales. 

Cambridge, the Danes station themselves 
at, 875 — Edward the Elder promotes the 
resort of students to, 915— burnt by the 
Danes, 1010 — receives the students of 
Oxford, when ill-treated by their own 
townspeople, 1240 — Peter-house College 
founded by Hugh de Balsham, bp. of 
Ely, 1284 ; Pembroke Hall, by the coun- 
tess of Pembroke, 1343 ; Clare Hall, by 
Dr. Richard Baden, 1326; burnt, re- 
founded by Elizabeth De Burg, 1344: 
Gonville College, by Edmund Gonville, 
1348; Trinity Hall, by Wm. Bateman, 
bp. of Norwich, 1351 ; Corpus Christi, or 
Benedict College, 1351 ; King's College, 
by Henry VI., 1441 ; Christ College, 1442; 



Queen's, by queen Margaret, 1448 ; Ca- 
tharine Hall, 1475; Jesus College, by 
John Alcock, bp.of Ely, 1496— Margaret, 
mother of Henry VII., gives an addi- 
tional endowment to Christ's College, 
1507 — St. John's College founded by her, 
1509 — Erasmus teaches Greek at, 1510— 
Magdalen College, founded by the duke 
of Buckingham, 1519; Trinity College, 
by Henry VIII., 1540 — the revenues 
given by parliament to the king, are pre- 
served by the intercession of qu. Katha- 
rine Parr, 1545 — Caius College added to 
Gonville, by Dr. John Caius, 1557 — Ema- 
nuel College, founded by sir Walter 
Mildmay, 1584 ; Sidney-Sussex College, 
founded by F. Sidney, countess of Sussex, 
1593 — visit of James I., 1614 — many 
heads of houses and fellows expelled 
by the parliamentary visitors, Feb. 1, 
1644 — the University refuses to ad- 
mit Francis, a Benedictine monk, re- 
commended by James II., Feb. 9, 1687 
— the vice-chancellor and senate sum- 
moned by the ecclesiastical commis- 
sioners, April 9 — the vice-chancellor is 
deprived of his office, May 27 — rein- 
stated, 1688 — queen Anne visits, 1705 — 
Dr. Bentley ejected, 1718. SeeBENTLEY. 
— George I. founds a professorship of 
modern history, 1724 — bachelors of arts 
relieved from signing the 39 articles, 
June 23, 1772— Mr. Pitt chosen high- 
steward of the university, 1790— sir Geo. 
Downing's will decided in favour of the 
university, 1798— Downing College found- 
ed, 1800 — the vice-chancellor suppresses 
a debating society of the under-gradu- 
ates, April 5, 1817 — the members re- 
monstrate, April 28— visit of qu.Victoria, 
Oct. 26, 1843 — prince Albert elected 
chancellor, Feb. 28, 1847— the qu. again 
visits the university at his installation, 
July 6 — the university protests against 
the royal commission of inquiry, May 20, 
1850 — addresses the queen on the papal 
aggression, Dec. 10— the University Re- 
form Bill passed through committee by 

. the Lords, April 24, 1855 — passed, June 
14 — railway from London, and to Nor- 
wich opened, July, 1845. 

Cambridge, earl of, beheaded for a pro« 
jected rebellion in favour of Mortimer, 
earl of March, 1415. 

Cambridge, duke of, the title by which 
the electoral prince of Hanover, after- 
wards George II., is summoned to par- 
liament, 1715. 

Cambridge, Adolphus Frederic (afterwards) 
duke of, seventh son of George III., b. 
Feb. 24, 1774 — appointed viceroy of Ha- 
nover, 1816 — marries Augusta, princes9 
of Hesse Cassel, May 7, 1818— ratifiea 



CAM 



133 



CAM 



constitutional government in Hanover, 
Feb. 23, 1831-d. July 8, 1850. 

Cambridge, George William, prince of, b. 
March 26, 1819 — becomes duke, on the 
death of his father, 1850 — sets out for 
Turkey, April 10, 1854— returns, 1855— 
appointed commander-in-chief, 1856. 

Cambridge, Augusta Caroline, princess of, 
married to Frederic William Augustus, 
grand duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz, 
June 28, 1843. 

Cambuskenneth, battle of— Sir Wm. Wal- 
lace defeats the English, and drives them 
out of Scotland, 1297. 

Cambyses, son of Cyrus, k. of Persia, B.C. 
629— invades Egypt, 526— d. 521. 

Camden, battle of, the American general, 
Gates, defeated by lord Cornwallis, Aug. 
16, 1780. 

Camden, William, the antiquary, b. 1551 — 
fl. 1591— d. 1623. 

Camden, Charles Pratt, lord, b. 1713 — chief 
justice of the Common Pleas, 1761 — re- 
leases Wilkes, and declares general war- 
rants illegal, 1763 — made a peer, 1765 — 
lord chancellor, 1766 — votes against his 
colleagues and delivers up the seals, Jan. 
16, 1770 — president of the council in the 
Rockingham and Shelburne administra- 
tions, 1782 ; and in Wm. Pitt's, 1783, till 
his death— d. 1794. 

Camden, marquis, viceroy of Ireland — ar- 
rives in Dublin, March 31, 1795 — surren- 
ders his sinecure, 1817 — an act is passed 
to legalize this. May 11, 1819. 

Camel, battle of the — victory of Ali over 
Moawiyah, 656. 

Camelford, lord, b. 1775 — killed in a duel 
by captain Best, 1804. 

Cambrino, in the March of Ancona, nearly 
destroyed by an earthquake, 1279— pope 
Paul III. attempts to seize it for his son, 
Peter Louis Farnese, 1534. 

Camerinus, consul of Rome, 138. 

Camerinus, Q. Sulpicius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 490 — another, a.d. 9. 

Camerinus, Serv. Sulpicius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 500— others, 461, 393, 345. 

Cameron, lieut.-gen. sir Alan, d. 1828. 

Cameron, Dr., executed for his participa- 
tion in the Scottish rebellion, June 7, 
1753. 

Cameron, Richard, a leader of the Scottish 
Covenanters, killed, July 23, 1680. 

Camillus, M. Furius, military tribune of 
Rome, B.C. 401 — dictator — takes Veii, for 
which a triumph is granted to him, 396 — 
dissuades his countrymen from repairing 
Veii and making it their capital, 393 — 
banished from Rome, and retires to Ar- 
dea, 391 — recalled, and appointed dicta- 
tor — collects the fugitives, and expels 
the Gauls, 389 — reduces the conquered 



states to obedience, and prevails on the 
Romans to rebuild Rome instead of re- 
moving to Veii, 388 — again dictate r, 368 
— defeats the Senonian Celts, 367 — 1/.365. 

Camillus, F. Furius, consul of Rome, b.c 
338 

Camillus, L. Furius, consul of Rome, b,c. 
325. II. 

Camillus, M. Furius, consul of Rome, 8. 

Camira. See Pisander. 

Camisards, an enthusiastic sect in Lan- 
guedoc, pretending to inspiration and 
miraculous powers, 1702. 

Camoens, Luis de, b. 1524— returns to Lis- 
bon from India, and publishes his Lusiad, 
1569— d. 1579. 

Camp. See Tilbury, Hounslow, Chob- 

HAM. 

Campania, occupied by Hannibal, b.c. 216 
— gradually recovered by the Romans, 
213 — Tiberius retires into, a.d. 21-26— vi- 
sited by Hadrian, 119 — earthquake in, 345 
— invaded by Alaric,410— by Gisolf'o II., 
duke of Beneventum, 702. See Capua. 

Campanian legion severely punished for 
having held Rhegium ten years, b.c. 271. 

Campbell, John, b. 1781— attorney- general, 
1834; again, 1835, — made a peer, 1841— 
lord chief-justice, March 5, 1850 — refuses 
the rule applied for by Sir F. Kelly in 
th' Gorham case, April 25. See Books. 

Campbell, general, conducts the war 
against the Burmese, 1824. See Bur- 
mese WAR. 

Campbell, John, undertakes the " Biogra- 
phia Britannica," 1745. 

Campbell, Sir Colin, b. 1777 — serves in 
the Crimea, 1854 — arrives in London, 
Nov. 29, 1855. 

Campbell, Thomas, b. 1777 — in a letter to 
Mr. Brougham, first suggests the idea of 
instituting a London University, 1825 — d. 
1844. 

Campbell, major, hanged at Armagh, for 
having killed capt. Boyd in a duel, Oct. 
2, 1808. 

Campbell, sir Archibald, Warren Hast- 
ings' deputy in India, 1785. 

C ampe, peace concluded at, by Henry VIII., 
with France and Scotland, June 7, 1546. 

Campeggio, cardinal, induces some Ger- 
man princes and bishops to form the 
league at Ratisbon, 1524— commissioned 
with Wolsey to try the question of the 
marriage of Henry VIII. and queen Ka- 
tharine, 1528 — opens their commission, 
May 23, 1529. See Katharine of Aba- 
gon, qu. of England. 

Campen, battle of — the hereditary prince 
of Brunswick defeated by the French, 
Oct. 15, 1760. 

Camperdown, battle of— the Dutch fleet, 
under admiral De Winter, nearly de^ 



can 



134 



CAN" 



stroyed or captured by admiral Duncan, 
Oct. 11, 1797. 

Campian, the Jesuit, executed for a plot 
against queen Elizabeth, 1581. 

Campillo, treaty of, between Ferdinand 
IV. of Castile, and James II. of Aragon, 
to divide Murcia, 1305. 

Campo Formio, definitive treaty of, be- 
tween France and Austria, Oct. 17, 1797. 

Campofkegoso, Jacopo da, doge of Genoa, 
1390. 

Campofregoso, Domenico da. doge of Ge- 
noa, 1370 — imprisoned and deposed, 1378. 

Campofregoso, Pietro da, killed in an at- 
tempt to recover Genoa, 1459. 

Campofregoso, Tommaso da, doge of Ge- 
noa, 1415. 

Campo Malo, battle of, between the fac- 
tions of Italy, 1036. 

Campona, the Goths and Sarmatians are 
defeated at, by Constantine, 321. 

Canaan, division of, among the tribes of 
Israel, B.C. 1445 (1602 H.) 

Canaanites settled in Palestine at least 
as early as B.C. 1965 (2088 C.) 

Canada discovered by Cartier, a French 
navigator, 1534 — the French establish 
themselves there, 1606 — Quebec built, 
1608— new colonies planted, 1664 — an En- 
glish expedition sails to attack, May 4, 
1711 — shattered by a storm, returns to 
Portsmouth, Oct. 9 — discussions between 
England and France relative to the boun- 
dary line, 1750— war commences, 1756 — 
the French general, Montcalm, takes 
Fort Oswego, Aug. 16 ; and Fort William 
Henry, Aug. 9, 1757 — gen. Wolfe begins 
his career at the taking of Louisbourg 
by Boscawen and Amherst, July 27, 1758 
— defeats the French on the heights of 
Abraham, where he and Montcalm both 
fall, Sept. 13, 1759— Quebec surrenders to 
the English, 18 — is ineffectually besieged 
by the French, May 11 to 17, 1760— 
Montreal surrenders to gen. Amherst, 
and the conquest of Canada is completed, 
Sept. 7— it is ceded to Great Britain by 
the treaty of peace, 1763. 

An act for the government of Canada 
gives force to the French laws there, 
and religious liberty to the Catholic 
population, 1774— the Americans, under 
Montgomery, invade Canada, and sur- 
prise Montreal, Nov. 12, 1775 — are 
driven out by general Carleton, March 
6, 1776 — the government regulated by 
a new act, and a representative con- 
stitution, March 4, 1791 — invaded by 
an American force, who are surprised and 
captured at Fort Detroit, Aug. 16, 1S12 — 
the Houses of Assembly of both pro- 
vinces refuse to vote supplies, and are 
suddenly dissolved, 1836 — resolutions 



of the House of Commons, April 24, 
1837. 

An armed rebellion breaks out, headed 
by Papineau, Dec. ; the Americans give 
assistance to the insurgents — the rebels 
in Upper Canada defeated by sir Francis 
Head, Jan. 5, 1838 — the earl of Durham 
appointed governor-general, Jan. 16 — re- 
signs, and leaves Canada, Oct. 9 — 'tran- 
quillity restored, Nov. 17 — the two pro- 
vinces united, 1840 — Lord Sydenham ap- 
pointed governor, Feb. 10, 1841 — d. Sept. 
19 — riot at Montreal ; Lord Elgin as- 
saulted ; the parliament house destroyed, 
April 25, 1849 — railway commenced from 
Quebec to Richmond, Jan. 14, 1852 — the 
" Canada Reserves" bill passed by the 
Commons, April 11, 1853; by the Lords, 28. 

Canal, in Assyria. See Negoub. — Through 
the Pontine marshes, made by Appius, 
Claudius, the Blind, while censor, B.C. 312 
— from LakeVelinus, by M. Curias Denta- 
tus, 288 — projected by Charlemagne, to 
unite the Maine and the Danube, a.d. 
792 — the project is abandoned, 793 — of 
Languedoc, completed by the engineer, 
Riquet, Mayl; opened 19, 1681. See 
Fossdyke, New River, Caledonian, 
Bridgewater, duke of; Brindley, Hud- 
dersfield, Dublin, Regent's. Kiel,Erie. 

Canals, junction of the Birmingham, Staf- 
fordshire, and Worcestershire, effected, 
Sept. 7, 1772. 

Canal shares, ruinous speculations in, 
which are suddenly depressed by the 
prospect of war, 1792. 

Can an ore taken by gen. Abercrombie, 
Jan. 9, 1791. 

Canaris, the Greek patriot, attacks the 
Turks successfully by sea, 1822. 

Canary, or Fortunate Islands, granted 
by pope Clement VI. to Louis, count of 
Clermont, 1346 — he fits out a fleet, but 
abandons the enterprise, 1348 — the sugar- 
cane carried thence to Hispaniola, 1506. 

Cancalle Bay entered by an English ex- 
pedition, under the duke of Marlborough, 
who destroys the French ships and 
stores, June 6, 1758. 

Candace, qu. of Ethiopia, invades Egypt, 
and is repulsed by the Roman gen., Pe- 
tronius, B.C. 22. 

Candahar, occupied by the British, Apr. 
21, 1839— gen. England arrives there and 
joins gen. Nott, May 9, 1842. 

Candia. See Crete. 

Candia, in Crete, built by the Andalusi- 
ans, 822— besieged by the Turks, 1667— 
taken, 1669. 

Candiano, Pietro I., doge of Venice, falls 
in battle against the Slavonians, 887. 

Candiano, Pietro II., doge of Venice, 932 
-939. 



CAN 



135 



CAN" 



Candiano, Pietro III., doge of Venice, 942 
-959. 

Candiano, Pietro IV., doge of Venice, 959 
-976. 

Candidianus, a natural son of Galerius, 
put to death by Licinius, 313. 

Candidus, T. Julius, consul of Rome, 105 
II. 

Candidus, the Isaurian, or Syrian, writes 
a History of the Empire, from 447, and 
concludes 491 ; the work lost. 

Candolle, Augustin, b. 1778 — d. 1841. 

Candy, in Ceylon, taken by gen. Brown- 
rigg, Feb. 19, 1815. 

Canea, in the isle of Crete, taken by the 
Genoese, 1294. 

Canicular Year of the Egyptians, began 
July 20, B.C. 1325. 

Canns:, battle of; defeat of the Romans 
by Hannibal, Aug. 2, B.C. 216— ravaged 
by the Saracens, a.d. 875— battle of; Melo 
and the Normans are totally defeated by 
Basilio, 1019— the Normans defeat the 
Greek catapan, Dulchianus, 1041 — re- 
volts against Robert Guiscard, 1083. 

Cannes, Napoleon lands at, from Elba, 
Mar. 1, 1815. 

Canning, George, b. 1770— the " Anti-Jaco- 
bin" commenced by him and his friends, 
1797— his motion against the importation 
of slaves into Trinidad negatived, May 
27, 1802 — treasurer of the navy, in Pitt's 
second administration, 1804 — foreign se- 
cretary in the Portland ministry, 1807 — 
duel with lord Castlereagh, and resigna- 
tion, Sept. 21, 1809 — motion for Catholic 
emancipation, June 22, 1812 — appointed 
ambassador to Lisbon, 1814 — elected for 
Liverpool, 1818 — President of the Board 
of Control ; disapproves the persecution 
of qu. Caroline, and resigns his office, 
1820— appointed governor-general of In- 
dia, Mar. 27, 1822 — opponent of lord John 
Russell's motion for Reform, Apr. 29 — a 
Bill brought in by him to admit Ca- 
tholic peers to sit in the House of Lords ; 
passed by the Commons, rejected by the 
Lords ; on the eve of his departure for 
India, takes the office of foreign secre- 
tary, Sept. 16, 1822 — brings forward a 
plan for training the slave population of 
Trinidad, Mar. 16, 1824 — visits Paris, 
Oct. 16, 1826 — his resolutions on the 
Corn Laws agreed to by the Commons, 
Mar. 1, 1827 — forms a ministry, and be- 
comes premier, Ap. 30 — the leading 
members of the former cabinet resign, j 
and the Whig Ministry support him — j 
d. Aug. 8 — bis statue, by Westmacott, ' 
placed in Palace Yard, 1832. 

Canning, viscount, appointed governor-ge- I 
neral of India, 1855, 

Canning, Elizabeth, imposture of, 1753. 



Cannon, first used by the English at the 
battle of Crecy, Aug. 25, 1346— used at 
the siege of Constantinople by Amurath 
I., 1423. 

Cano succeeds Magalhaens, and conducts 
his ships to the Moluccas, 1520— returns 
to Europe, and completes the first cir- 
cumnavigation of the globe, 1522. 

Canon, Paschalis. See Aquitanus, Victo- 
rius. 

Canon Law, commenced by Gratian, a Be- 
nedictine monk of Bologna, 1127 — intro- 
duced into England, 1140 — completed by 
Gratian, 1151. 

Canon Laws, or Decretals, five Books of, 
published by Raymond de Pennafort, 
1234. 

Canons, regular, are forbidden to leave 
their monasteries, to teach civil law, 
physics, and medicine, 1163. 

Canons, the Scottish, repealed by Charles 
I., 1638. 

Canonical Books of the Scriptures. See 
Apocryphal Books. 

Canosa, the Canusium of the Romans, a 
town in Apulia, the burial-place of Bo- 
hemond, 1111. 

Canossa, a strong fortress of Tuscany 
See Albert Azzo. — The countess Ma- 
tilda receives popfe Gregory VII., and the 
emperor Henry IV. submits to him there, 
1077. 

Canova, b. 1757— d. 1822. 

Canrobert, a French general, b. 1809 — 
sets out to conduct his division to the 
East, Mar. 13, 1854— obtains the chief 
command on the illness of St. Arnaud, 
Sept. ; resigns, Ma} 7 , 1855— declines the 
baton of field-marshal, and proceeds to 
Stockholm as ambassador, Nov. 

Cantabri, a tribe in the north-west of 
Spain, revolt, and are subdued by Au- 
gustus, B.C. 25 — again revolt ; are sub- 
dued by Agrippa, 19. 

Cantacuzene, John, assists the younger 
Andronicus in a rebellion against his 
grandfather, 1321-proclaims himself em- 
peror of the East, 1341 —he escapes into 
Servia ; Stephen Dushan supports him 
with an army, 1342 — invites the assist- 
ance of the Turks, who relieve Demo- 
tica, 1343 — the Servians join the impe- 
rialists against him, 1344 — he secures 
the friendship of Orchan, by giving him 
his daughter in marriage ; advances to 
the gates of Constantinople, 1346 — he 
enters Constantinople, Feb. 13, and con- 
cludes a treaty with Anne of Savoy on 
the 8th ; acknowledged emperor, and 
crowned, May 13, and marries his daugh- 
ter, Helena, on the 21st, to the excluded 
emperor John V., 1347. See John VI , 
Cantacuzene. 



CAN 



136 



CAP 



Cantacuzene, Matthew, proclaimed joint 
emperor by his father, John VI., 1353 — 
driven out, 1354 — struggles to regain his 
throne, 1356 — he is given up by the Ser- 
vians to John V., and compelled to abdi- 
cate, 1357. 

Cantemir, Demetrius, hospodar of Molda- 
via, concludes a treaty with the czar 
Peter, 1711. 

Canterbury, dwelling-place assigned to 
Augustin and his monks, 596— he founds 
the cathedral and abbey, 602 — pillaged 
by Roric, 851 — taken by the Danes, 1011 
— railway from, to London and Margate, 
1846. 

Canterbury, viscount. See Sutton, Man- 
ners, d. 1845. 

Canterbury Tales. See Chaucer. 

Canton, the Chinese suspend commercial 
intercourse with the British factory ; 
their forts are demolished, and the trade 
restored, 1834: — British merchants impri- 
soned by the Chinese, Mar. 24, 1839— 
opium given up, and the members of the 
factory leave, May 24 — besieged by Sir 
Hugh Gough, and ransomed, May31,lS41. 

Canuleian Law, at Rome, allows patrici- 
ans and plebeians to intermarry, B.C. 445. 

Canute, on the death of his father, Swein, 
takes the command of the Danes in Eng- 
land, and is driven out by Ethelred, 1014 
— returns, and lands at the Frome, 1015 
— shares England with Edmund Iron- 
side, on whose assassination he becomes 
sole king, and succeeds to the throne of 
Denmark on the death of his brother, 
Harold III., 1016 — marries Emma, wi- 
dow of Ethelred, and sends the sons of 
Edmund into Hungary, 1017 — holds awi- 
tenagemot at Oxford to settle tribute 
and laws, 1018 — goes to Denmark, and 
introduces a more regular system of go- 
vernment, 1019 — returns to England, and 
holds a witenagemot at Cirencester, 1020 
— banishes the jarl Thurkyl, 1021 — is 
reconciled to him, and appoints him his 
viceroy in Denmark, 1022 — his sister, Es- 
trith, married to the jarl Ulf, 1024— Ca- 
nute goes to Denmark ; is defeated in 
the river Helga by the Swedes and 
Norwegians; the emperor Conrad II. 
cedes Schleswig to him, 1025— goes on a 
pilgrimage to Rome ; his wise govern- 
ment restores prosperity in England, 
1026 — he attends the coronation of Con- 
rad, 1027 — conquers Olaf II., k. of Nor- 
way, 1028— rebuilds and endows the 
abbey of Bedericsworth (St. Edmund's 
Bury), and constructs the "King's Delf " 
between Peterborough and Ramsey, 1029 
— invades Scotland, 1031 — rebuilds the 
ah 1 ey of St. Benedict de Hulmo, 1033— 
4. Nov. IX, at Shaftesbury, 1035. 



Canute II., k. of Denmark, 1080 — pre- 
pares to invade England, but is stopped 
by a revolt of his subjects, in which he 
is slain, at Odensee, 1086. 

Canute III., k. of Denmark, 1147-57. 

Canute IV., k. of Denmark, 1182 — con- 
quers Holstein, 1200— d. 1202. 

Canute, son of Eric, kills Charles VII., 
and becomes k. of Sweden, 1168 — d. 1199. 

Cape Coast Castle, the principal British 
fort on the Gold Coast ; an early settle- 
ment of the Portuguese, taken from them 
by the Dutch — ceded to England by the 
peace of Breda, 1667. 

Cape of Good Hope, first reached by 
Bartholomew Diaz, and named Cabo 
Tormentoso, 1486 — passed by Vasco da 
Gama, 1497 — taken possession of, by the 
Dutch, 1650— fortified by them, 1652— 
taken by adm. Elphinstone and gen. 
Craig, Sept. 23, 1795— restored, 1802— 
surrenders to Sir David Baird and Sir 
Home Popham, Jan. 8, 1806 — emigration 
to, encouraged by government, 1819 — 
wars with the Caffres. See Caffres. — 
Petition of the colonists, that it may 
not be made a penal settlement, May 
24, 1849 — June 18- the order recalled, 
Feb. 14, 1850 — Sir George Cathcart ap- 
pointed gov., Feb. 8, 1852. 

Cape. See Bojador, Breton. 

Cape St. Vincent, naval victory of the 
Hollanders over the Spaniards off, 1607 
— Tourville defeats Rooke off, May 18, 
1693 — Sir John Jervis and Nelson defeat 
the Spaniards at, Feb. 14, 1797. 

Cape Verde, the Portuguese extend their 
discoveries to, 1444. 

Cape Verde Islands, discovered by the 
Portuguese, 1460. 

Capel, Lord, beheaded, Mar. 2, 1649. 

Capelianus, gov. of Mauritania, defeats 
and kills the Gordians, 238. 

Capel, Edward, b. 1713— d. 1781. 

Capellari, Cardinal Maurus, elected pope, 
Feb. 2, 1831. See Gregory XVI., pope. 

Capello, Bianca, daughter of Bartolomeo 
Capello, a noble Venetian, captivates 
Francis, grand duke of Florence or Tus- 
cany, and is married by him, 1579 — dies, 
with her husband, by poison, 1587. 

Capello, Victor. See Athens, 1466. 

Capet, Hugh, son of Hugh the Great, count 
of Paris, b. 940 — on his father's death, in- 
herits his titles and power, 956 — by the 
choice of the nobles, at Noyon, is made 
k. of France, and founder of the Capetian 
line, 987 — takes his son Robert for his 
colleague, 988 — recovers Laon, and takes 
Charles of Lori'aine prisoner, 991 — sup- 
ports Gerbert in the see of Rheims, 
against pope John XV., 994 — deserts 
him, and allows him to be deposed by the 



CAP 



137 



CAP 



council of Mouson, 995 — d. 996. See 
France 
Capitation tax, Roman, mitigated in Gaul 
by the emperor Julian, 362 — or poll-tax, 
imposed on England, by the parliament, 
April 25, 1379 — provokes the insurrec- 
tion of Wat Tyler and others, 1381. 

Capito, Ateius, the civilian, d. 22. 

Capito, banished for misgoverning Cilicia, 
57. 

Capito, C. Fonteius, consul of Rome, 12. 

Capito, Fonteius, consul of Rome, 67. 

Capito, L. Fonteius, consul of Rome, 59. 

Capito, Wolfgang Fabricius, a Strasburg 
divine, adopts the opinions of Carlstadt 
in his sacramental controversy with Lu- 
ther, 1524 

C apitol, the citadel of Rome, to which the 
patricians retire on the taking of the 
town by the Gauls, b.c. 389 — burnt, 83— 
its rebuilding begun by Sylla ; completed 
by Q. Catulus, and the roof gilt, 69 — 
again destroyed in the civil war of Otho 
and Vitellius, a.d. 69 — rebuilt by Vespa- 
sian, 70-82 — struck by lightning, the 
library and other edifices burnt, 188 — the 
Carroccio of the Milanese is placed in it 
by Frederic II., 1237 — Petrarch receives 
there the laurel crown, 1341. 

Capitoline games instituted by Domitian. 
in which a prize is given for poetry, C6. 

Capitoline Fasti first mention the Ger- 
mans, B.C. 222. 

Capitolinus, C. Julius, consul of Rome, 274. 

Capitolinus, Cn. Manlius, consul of Rome, 
B.c 359, 357, II. 

CapitoliNus, M. Manlius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 392. 

Capitolinus, P. Cestius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 452. 

Capitolinus, T. Quintius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 421. 

Capitolinus, T. Quint. Pennus, consul of 
Rome, b c. 354. 

Capitolinus, A. Manlius, military tribune 
of Rome, B.C. 384— accused of treason, and 
thrown from the Tarpeian rock, 383. 

Capitolinus, C. Manlius, military tribune 
of Rome, B.C. 378. 

Capitolinus, L. Manlius Vulso, military 
tribune of Rome, b.c. 422. 

Capitolinus, L. Quintius, military tribune 
of Rome, B.C. 369. 

Capitularies, added by Charlemagne to 
the laws of Lombardy ; the vulgar era is 
used in dating them, 801. 

Capo d'Istrias draws up the constitution 
of the Ionian Isles, 1800 — appointed pre- 
sident of Greece, 1827 — assassinated, Oct. 
9, 1831. 

Capo d'Istrias, Augustin, appointed pre- 
sident of Greece, Oct. 1881 — superseded 
by k. Otho, 1833. 



Capo del Monte, battle of— the condot- 
tiere, Nicholas Fortebraccio, defeated 
and slain by Alexander Sfnrza, 1435. 

Cappadocia, a province of A«ia Minor, ori- 
ginally comprising Pontus, forms part of 
the empire of Cyrus, B.C. 546 — given by 
Darius Hystaspes, as an hereditary sa- 
trapy, to one of his brother-chiefs, 521 — 
Ariabarzanes I., of Pontus, establishes a 
separate government, about 400 — Cappa- 
docia subdued by Perdiccas, regent of 
Macedon, 322 — independent again, 315 — 
overcome by Mithridates III., of Pontus, 
291 — subordinate to Seleucus Nicator, k. 
of Syria, till his death, 280 — made a Ro- 
man province, a.d. 15. 

Kings of Cappadocia. See, under their 
respective names, such dates and events 
as are known in their several reigns.^- 

Shtmn e : s I.,} tiraeuncertaiQ - 

Ariarathes I., d. 322. 

Ariarathes II., recovers the throne, 315. 

Ariamnes II., > ... . . 

Ariarathes III., | time unc ^tam. 

Ariarathes IV., 220-162. 

Ariarathes V., PMlopater, 162-130. 

Ariarathes VI. * 130-93. 

Ariobarzanes I., 93-63. 

Ariobarzanes II., 63-42. 

Ariarathes VII., 42-36. 

Archelaiis, 36 — a.d. 15. 
— Arrian, Roman governor, 135 — visited 
by a famine 370 — native country of Gre- 
gory of Nazianzus, to which he retires, 
on his resignation of the patriarchate of 
CP., 381 — invaded by a body of Huns, 
515— conquered by the Saracens, 717— r 
recovered by Basil I., 876 — conquered by 
Soliman, and included in the Seljukian 
kingdom of Roum, 1074 — traversed by 
the first crusaders, 1097 — ravaged by the 
Mongols, 1292 — on their departure, Ka- 
raman, a Seljukian chief, rules indepen- 
dently, 1295 — part of the Ottoman em- 
pire, 1360 — overrun by Timour, 1402 — 
abandoned by him to the Ottomans, 1404. 
Capparone, regent of Sicily, 1201. 
Cappel, battle of, between the Catholic can- 
tons of Switzerland and the Zurichers ; 
Zuinglius is slain, 1531. 
Cappiano, battle of— the Florentine gen., 
Raymond da Cardona, defeated and taken 
prisoner by Castruccio of Lucca, and 
Azzo, son of Galeazzo Visconte, 1325. 
Caprarius, C. Cajcilius Metellus, consul of 

Rome, b.c. 113. 
Capre.*; (now Capri), an island on the coast 
of Campania, in which Tiberius secludes 
himself, 27. 
" Caps," the Russian party in Sweden, are 
overcome by the " Hats," or French fac- 
tion, 1738-57— prevail in the Diet, 1762— 



CAR 



138 



CAB 



are outvoted, 1763 — regain their ascend- 
ancy, 1768 — both these party-names are 
prohibited by Gustavus III., 1770. 

Capua, the capital of Campania, aspires to 
become supreme in Italy, and admits 
Hannibal, who winters there, B.C. 216 — re- 
taken by the Romans, 211— repulses the 
attack of George the Patrician, the Greek 
Catapan, a.d. 892 — ravaged by the Sara- 
cens, 906 — leagues with Beneventum and 
Amalfl against them, 908 — subdued by 
Otho the Great, 967— Pandulf employs 
Norman auxiliaries to gain possession of 
It, f026— is dispossessed by the emperor 
Conrad II., who gives it to Guimar, duke 
of Salerno, 1038— restored to Pandulf by 
the emperor Henry III., 1047 — given by 
pope Nicolas II. to Richard, count of 
Aversa, 1059 ; who takes the city, 1062 — 
pope Paseal II. makes a treaty with the 
Norman duke, Roger, 1110— taken byCon- 
rad IV., 1252— restored to Naples, 1424. 

Capuchins, order of, takes its rise, 1525. 

Caracalla, Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus, 
son of Sept. Severus, b. at Lyons, 1S8— 
created Caesar, 196— Augustus, 198— in- 
structed by the sophist, Antipater, 199 — 
assumes the toga virilis, 201— married to 
Flautilla ; consul of Rome, 202 — con- 
sul II., 205 — accompanies Severus into 
Britain; cousul HI. 208— supposed to 
be the Caracul of Ossian's poems, 209 
— attempts to assassinate his father 
and seduce the allegiance of the army, 
210 — becomes emperor, 211 — Oppian 
of Pella or Apamea dedicates a poem 
co him on Hunting, 211 — murders his 
brother Geta, and puts Papinian to 
death ; is offended by the pleading of 
Philiscus, 212 — goes into Gaul, and 
takes the name of Germanicus, consul 
IV. 213 ; Heliodorus, the sophist, de- 
claims before him in Gaul — he invades 
the lands of the Allemanni, whom he de- 
feats near the Maine ; then proceeds 
through Dacia and Thrace, and winters 
atNicomedia; Dion Cassius has an in- 
terview with him, 214: — arrives at An- 
tioch, whence he visits Egypt, and or- 
ders a general massacre of the Alexan- 
drians, 215 — decoys the Parthians into 
his camp, where he treacherously attacks 
them, and kills many, 216 — makes all 
his provincial subjects citizens of Rome, 
so that they may be taxed in both capa- 
cities, 216 — expels Abgarus from Osrho- 
ene, which becomes a Roman province, 
216— assassinated near Edessa, April 8, 
217. 

Caraccas, in Venezuela, built by the Spa- 
niards, 1567. 

Caracciolo. grand master of Rhodes me- 
diates a peace in northern Italy, 1392. 



Caracena, the Spanish general, obliged to 
raise the siege of Reggio, 1655. 

Caractacus, king of the Silures, taken 
prisoner byOstorius, and sent toRome, 50. 

Caracul. See Caracalla. 

Caraffa, John Peter, created a cardinal, 
1536 — chosen pope, 1555. See Paul IV., 
pope. 

Caraffa family enriched by Paul IV., 
1555— banished by him for their vices, 
1559 — convicted of many crimes, are con- 
demned to death by pope Pius IV., Mar. 
3, and the sentence executed, 1561. 

Caranus, k. of Mncedon, B.C. 748. 

Carausius, commander of the Roman fleet 
at Gessoriacum, revolts, and establishes 
an independent sovereignty in Britain — 
the legions and public officers there sub- 
mit to him— he rules the sea, and guards 
the province against the northern tribes, 
287 — Maximian prepares a fleet to at- 
tack him, 288 — he defeats Maximian, 
seizes Gessoriacum, and deprives the 
Romans of all resources for naval war- 
fare, 289 — peace concluded, and he is ac- 
knowledged by the emperors as their 
colleague, 290— treacherously murdered 
by Allectus, 293. See Allectus. 

Caravaggio, battle of — the Venetians de- 
feated by Francesco Sforza, Sept. 15, 1448. 

Caebeas, leader of the Paulicians, fortifies 
Tephrike, 845 — defeats the emperor Mi- 
chael III., 860. 

Carberry hill, battle of— Bothwell de- 
feated by lord Hume ; Mary, queen of 
Scots, made prisoner, June 15, 1567. 

Carbo, C. Papirius, consul of Rome, B.C. 120 
—accused by L. Crassus — poisons him- 
self, 119. 

Carbo, Cn. Papirius, consul of Rome, de- 
feated by the Teutones and Celts.B.c 113. 

Carbo, Cn. Papirius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
85, 84 II.— after the death of his col- 
league, Cinna, remains sole consul — his 
plans against Sylla are frustrated by Cn. 
Pompeius, 83 — consul, III. 82 — is defeat- 
ed by Sylla, taken in Sicily, and put to 
death by Pompey, 82. 

Carbonari proclaim a free constitution in 
Naples, and are joined by general Pepe - , 
1820— defeated and crushed by an Aus- 
trian army, 1821. 

Carcano, battle of — the emperor Frederic 
I. defeated by the Milanese and Bres- 
cians. Aug. 9, 1160. 

Carcassone, battle of— Gontram, k. of the 
Franks, defeated by Recared, k. of the 
Visigoths, 588— made the seat of a tri- 
bunal of the Inquisition, by pope Gre- 
gory IX., 1232. 

Carceri, John Dalle, marries Florence 
Sanudo, and succeeds as seventh duke of 
Naxos, 1307— d. 1326. 



CAB 



139 



CAB 



Carchemish, a town at the confluence of the 
Chaboras and Euphrates, to which Ash- 
urakbal conducts an expedition, B.C. 930, 
Lay. — the probable settlement of the 
captive Jews, 733 — the Circesiura of the 
Romans, near which the younger Gor- 
dian is killed, A j>. 244 — made a frontier 
fortress by Diocletian, 299 — Julian com- 
mences there his invasion of the Per- 
siau empire, 363 — Chosroes Purvis places 
himself there, under the protection of 
the emperor Maurice, 590. 
Cakoia. See Hiebonvmus of Cardia. 
Cabdife castle — Robert, duke of Nor- 
mandy, is kept a prisoner there, from 
1106 till his death, 1134. 
Cabdigan, earl of, tried and acquitted by 
tbe peers for his duel with capt. Tuckett, 
Feb 16, 1841 — serves in the Crimea, 1854 
— his speech at the Mansion House, after 
his return, Feb. 6, 1855. 
Cabdinals. See Conclave. — Burnt in 
effigy, at Perugia, 1282 — while disput- 
ing in their choice of a pope, six fall 
victims to the malaria, and the rest 
disperse, 1287 —French, the predominance 
of, created by Clement V. secures even- 
tually the election of another French 
pope, and the continuance of the papal see 
at Avignon — John XXII. appoints eight 
more, of whom seven are French, 1316 — 
six degraded, tortured, and imprisoned 
by pope Urban VI., 1385 — five of them 
murdered by him, 1386 
Caedis, peace of, between Sweden and 

Russia, 1661. 
Caedona, Raymond da. See Cappiano. 
Caedona, Raymond de, viceroy of Naples. 

See Bologna. 
Caedonnel, accused of having misappro- 
priated the public money ; expelled from 
the House of Commons, 1711. 
Caeelia ceded to Sweden by the peace of 

Stolbova, 1617. 
Caeew, admiral sir B. Hallowell, b. 1760— 

dJ 1834. 
Caeey, rev. Wm., the Indian missionary, 

b. 1761— d. 1834. 
Caehamton, or Caebum, in Somersetshire, 
battle of — Ethelwolf defeated by the 
Danes, 840. 
Caeia, originally a large country in Asia 
Minor, of which the Ionians occupy many 
portions, B.C. 1043 — the original people 
preserve the name in the south-western 
angle, and form there a powerful mari- 
time state, which rules the sea from 732 
to 672 — conquered by Cyrus, 546 — revolts 
against Darius Hystaspes, and is re- 
duced to obedience, 497 — invaded by the 
Lacedaemonian general, Dercyllidas, 397 
— independent, and Hecatomnus k., 385 
—he is succeeded by his son and daugh- 



ter, Mausolus and Artemisia, 377. See 
Aetemisia.— Their brother and sister, 
Idrieus and Ada, succeed, 352 — on his 
death, she is expelled by her third bro- 
ther, Pixodarus, 340 — conquered by Alex- 
ander, who restores Ada, 334 — Caria be- 
comes afterwards an appendage of the 
Syrian kingdom ; is conquered by the 
Romans, and given by them to the Rho- 
dians, 188 ; from which time it shares 
the vicissitudes of Asia Minor. 
Caeiaeic, k. of the Suevi, in Spain. 550- 

559. 
Caeibs of St. Vincent rebel, and the war 
against them is closed by acts of great 
cruelty, 1773. 
Cakinthia given to Arnulf, natural son of 
Carloman of Bavaria, 880. See Bavaeia. 
— The duchy of, given to Guelphlll., by 
the emperor Henry III., 1047 — duke of, 
negotiates with John of Luxemburg, k. 
of Hohemia, 1330 — annexed to Austria, 
1363. 
Caeinus, son of the emperor Carus, made 
Csesar, 282 — stationed in Gaul — consul of 
Rome, 2S3 — signalizes his accession as 
emperor by festivities at Rome ; then 
marches against the rebel, Julianus, who 
is defeated and slain; and against Dio- 
cletian, who is advancing into Europe — 
consul II., 284 — defeated and slain at 
Margus, in Moesia, 285. 
Caeisbeooke Castle ; Charles I. is impri- 
soned in, 1647 — his daughter, the prin- 
cess Elizabeth, dies in, Sept. 8, 1650. 
Caeisme, or Kaeisme, conquered by the 
Saracens, 707 — invaded by Dscbingis- 
Khan, 1218, 1222. 
Caeismians, the, cross the Tigris and Eu- 
phrates, 1232 ; overrun Syria ; defeat the 
combined forces of the Christians and 
Ayoubites, near Gaza ; capture and pil- 
lage Jerusalem, 1243— resist Timour, 1370 
— submit to him, 1372. 
Cableton, Guy, b. 1724— obliges the Ame- 
ricans to withdraw from Canada, Mar. 6, 
1776 — becomes commander-in-chief in 
America, Nov. 1781 — created lord Dor- 
chester, 1786. 
Cablile, Richard, fined and imprisoned 
for republishing Paine's " Age of Rea- 
son," Oct 12, 1819. 
Caelisle, the Luguvallum of Roman Bri- 
tain, from which, to the mouth of the 
Tyne, Hadrian orders a wall to be built, 
121— fortified by William II., 1092— Ro- 
bert Bruce is repulsed at, 1315— Charles 
II. enters, Aug. 6, 1651 — surrenders to 
the Pretender, Charles Edward, Nov. 15, 
1745— the Jacobite garrison submit to 
the duke of Cumberland, Dec. 30— riot of 
unemployed weavers at, June, 1, 1819 — 
bank of Foster and Co. stops payment, 



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140 



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1836— railway to Lancaster opened, Dec. 
16, 1846. 

Carlisle, the earl of, succeeds the earl of 
Halifax as lord treasurer, 1715. 

Carlisle, earl of, appointed a commis- 
sioner to treat for a reconciliation with 
the American colonists, March 9, 1778 — 
is challenged by La Fayette, but de- 
clines to be answerable, as a private in- 
dividual, for expressions used in a public 
document by the commissioners — leaves 
America, Oct. 

Carlisle, Christopher, commands the land 
forces sent with sir Francis Drake to at- 
tack the Spanish settlements in America, 
1585. 

Carlisle, the earl of, b. 1775— d. 1848. 

Carlisle, earl of, appointed viceroy of Ire- 
land, March 13, 1855. 

Carlisle, Oglethorpe, bp. of, crowns qu. 
Elizabeth, Jan. 13, 1559. 

Carlisle, Sir Anthony, b. 1767— d. 1840. 

Carlist war, and Carlists. See Spain. 

Carlo, duke of Parma, 1731, and k. of the 
Two Sicilies, 1735. See Caklos, third 
son of Philip V. of Spain. 

Carloman, son of Pepin, and younger bro- 
ther of Charlemagne, b. 751— crowned, at 
Soissons, joint k. of France with his bro- 
ther, Oct. 9, 768 — refuses to assist Char- 
lemagne in his wars with the duke of 
Aquitaine — discord is engendered be- 
tween them, 769 — reconciled by their 
mother, Bertha, 770 — Carloman d., Dec. 
3, 771 — his widow and infant sons seek 
the protection of Desiderius, k. of Lom- 
bardy — are sent to France by Charle- 
magne, 774. 

Carloman, son of Louis the Stammerer, suc- 
ceeds his father on the throne of France, 
in conjunction with his brother,LouisIIL, 
879— makes war on Boso, and besieges 
Vienne, 880— sole king of France, 882— 
Vienne capitulates to him, 882 — dies of 
a wound received from a wild boar, 884. 

Carloman, eldest son of Louis II., emperor 
of Germany, b. 829— created duke of Ca- 
rinthia, 855— revolts against his father, 
862— inherits Bavaria, 876 — acquires the 
crown of Italy, 877 — detained in Bavaria 
by sickness, sends deputies to act for 
him in Italy, 878— disabled by paralysis, 
his brother, Charles the Fat, takes his 
place as k. of Italy, 879— d. 880. 

Carloman, son of Charles Martel. See 

AUSTRASIA. 

Carlos, Don, eldest son of Philip II. of 
Spain, b. July 8, 1545 — deprived of his 
intended bride by his father, 1559 — is re- 
garded by him with jealousy and aver- 
sion, 1563 — delivered by him into the 
hands of the grand Inquisitor, Jan. 18 — 
d. in prison, July 30, 1568. 



Carlos, Don, third son of Philip V. ol 
Spain, b. Jan. 20, 1716 — affianced to the 
daughter of the late duke of Orleans, 
whom his mother sends back to France ; 
this is followed by a treaty between Aus- 
tria and Spain, by which the reversion 
of Parma and Tuscany is secured to him, 
1725 — he succeeds as Carlos, duke of 
Parma, 1731 — arrives at Parma, 1732 — 
assisted by a Spanish army, under the 
count de Montemar, he conquers Naples, 
and is proclaimed king, May 10, 1734 — 
lands in Sicily, May 18, 1735— the island 
submits to him, and he is crowned at Pa- 
lermo, July 3 — by the peace of Vienna, 
he is acknowledged as Carlos, k. of the 
Two Sicilies, and resigns Parma, Oct. 3 
— collects an army at Orbitello, and 
threatens Milan, 1741 — compelled to neu- 
trality by a British fleet, under admiral 
Mathews, 1743 — succeeds his brother, 
Ferdinand VI., k. of Spain, and transfers 
Naples and Sicily to his third son, Fer- 
dinand IV. See Charles III., king of 
Spain. 

Carlos, Don (Carlos Maria Isidore), se- 
cond son of Charles IV., k. of Spain, and 
brother of Ferdinand VII., b. Mar. 29, 1788 
— protests against the abolition of the 
Salic law, 1830 — is set up by his parti- 
sans as Charles V., 1833 — seeks refuge 
in Portugal; expelled, 1834 — his sup- 
porters maintain an obstinate civil war 
in Biscay and Aragon, 1835 — massacre 
of Carlist prisoners at Barcelona, Jan. 4, 
1836 — he joins his partisans, and, with 
Cabrera, advances towards Madrid ; they 
are driven back over the Ebro, 1837 — 
maintains a harassing warfare in Valen- 
cia, Aragon, and Murcia, 1838 — retires 
into France, 1839 — the rebellion sup- 
pressed, 1840 — he resigns his pretensions 
in favour of his son, the count de Monte- 
molino, 1845— d. at Trieste, Mar. 10, 1855. 

Carlotta, Joachima, qu. dowager of Por- 
tugal, b. 1777— d. Jan. 6, 1830. 

Carlow, battle of; the Irish rebels re- 
pulsed, May 24, 1798— railway to Dublin 
opened, Aug. 10, 1846. 

Carlo witz, negotiations at, for peace with 
the Turks, 1698— treaty of, concluded, 
Jan. 26, 1699. 

Carlsbad, in Bohemia; discovery of its 
hot-springs, by the emperor Charles IV , 
1358— its baths founded, 1364 — congress 
at, Aug.. 1819. 

Carlsruhe. See Baden. 

Carlstadt denies the pope's supremacy, 
1519 — his hasty changes cause disturb- 
ances at Wittenberg, 1522 — withdraws 
to Strasburg, and maintains his saora- 
mental controversy with Luther 1524 — 
d. 1541. 



CAR 



141 



CAB 



Carlton Club founded, 1835. 
Carlton Gardens. See Gas Lights. 
Carmagnola, a condottiere, gen. of Philip 
Maria Visconte, duke of Milan, concludes 
peace with Genoa, and regains Bergamo, 
1419 — re-annexes Cremona, Parma, and 
Brescia, to Milan, 1420 — Genoa surren- 
ders to him, 1421— gov. of Genoa, 1422 — 
superseded by the duke of M ilan, 1423 — 
dismissed, 1424— employed by the Ve- 
netians, 1425 — he takes Brescia, 1426 — 
routed by Francesco Sforza, at Soncino, 
May 17, 1431 — suspected of treachery by 
the Venetian government; imprisoned, 
put to the torture, and beheaded, May 5, 
1432 
Carmania, Alexander marches overland 
to. from the mouth of the Indus, b.c.326. 
Carmathians, in Eastern Arabia, revolt, 
890 — plunder a rich caravan, and slay 
many thousand pilgrims, 903 — plunder 
Mecca, and massacre the pilgrims, 929. 
See Assassins. 
Carmelite Order, founded by Berthold, 

1156. 
Carnatic, the, conquered by Hyder Ali, 
1780 — recovered by Sir Eyre Coote, June 
2, 1782. 
Carn^ea, or trials of musical skill, insti- 
tuted at Lacedaemon, B.C. 676. 
Carneades, b. at Cyrene, B.C. 213 — founder 
of the New Academy ; sent on an em- 
bassy from Athens to Rome, 155 — d. 129. 
Carniola ; Rachis, duke of Friuli, con- 
quers the Slavonians in, 739 — annexed 
to Austria, 1363. 
Carnot, appointed minister of war, Aug. 
16, 1793 — one of the Directory, 1795— ap- 
pointed minister of war by Bonaparte, 
Dec, 1799— d. 1823. 
Carolina, Locke draws up a constitution 

for, 1669. See United States. 
Caroline, an American steam boat, em- 
ployed in assisting the Canadian rebels, 
is set on fire, and precipitated down the 
Falls of Niagara, Dec. 29, 1837. 
Caroline WilhelmiNa, of Anspach, b. 1683 
— married to the electoral prince of Han- 
over, afterwards George II. of England, 
1705— qu. of England, 1727— left regent 
on his departure for Hanover, Mav 17, 
1729— again, June 3, 1732— d. Nov. 20. 
1737. 
Caroline Matilda, daughter of Frederic, 
prince of Wales, b. July 22, 1751 — mar- 
ried to Christian V1L, k. of Denmark, 
Oct. 1, 1766— favours Struensee, 1770— 
charges made against her, 1772 — her 
brother, k. George III., sends a fleet for 
her protection; she retires to Zell; d. 
there, Mar. 10, 1775. 
Caboline Amelia Augusta, second daugh- 
ter of Charles Wm, Ferdinand, duke of 



Brunswick, b. May 17, 1768 — married t« 
her cousin, George, prince of Wales, 
Apr. 8, 1795 — birth of their daughter, 
Charlotte, princess of Wales, Jan. 7, 1796 
— separated from him, Apr. 30, 1796 — 
" delicate investigation" into her con- 
duct, May 22, 1806— charges against her 
again brought forward, and disproved, 
1813 — not being permitted to appear at 
court, she determines to travel, and em- 
barks at Worthing, Aug. 8, 1814: — com- 
missioners sent to Milan to inquire into 
her conduct, 1818 — becomes queen, Jan. 
29, 1820 — her name omitted from the 
Liturgy, Feb. 11 — appoints Messrs. 
Brougham and Denman her attorney and 
solicitor-general, Apr. 29 — arrives from 
the continent, June 6 — sends a message 
to the Commons, challenging inquiry, 
June 7 — congratulatory addresses pre- 
sented to her from the common council of 
London, and other cities ; a Bill of Pains 
and Penalties brought in against her by 
lord Liverpool, July 5 — the attorney-ge- 
neral opens the case against her, July 19 
— her defence commenced, Oct. 3 — the 
Bill abandoned^ Nov. 10 — she goes in 
State to St. Paul's to return thanks for 
her happy deliverance, Nov. 29 — annu- 
ity of £50,000 settled on her, Jan. 31, 1821 
— her right to be crowned denied by the 
privy council, July 4 — she is, in conse 
quence, refused admittance to Westmin- 
ster Abbey on the day of the coronation, 
July 19— falls ill, July 30— d. Aug. 7— 
tumults at her funeral procession in Lon- 
don, Aug. 14 — is buried at Brunswick. 
Caroline, qu. of Naples. See Bonaparte, 

Caroline. 
Carpathian Mountains, the retreat of 
Swatopolk, the expelled grand duke of 
Russia, who d. there, 1019. 
Carpenter, gen., defeats a body of Jaco- 
bites at Preston, 1715. 
Carpenter, Dr. Lant, b. 1780— tf. 1840. 
Carpi, a German tribe on the Danube, de- 
feated by Philip, 245— again, by Gale- 
rius, who assigns lands to them in some 
of the depopulated districts of the em- 
pire, 295. 
Carpi, battle of; prince Eugene defeats 

Catinat, July 9, 1701. 
Carr, Sir John, b. 1772— d. 1832. 
Carracci, Agostino, painter and engraver, 

b. 1558— d. 1602. 
Carracci, Annibale, b. 1568 — d. 1609. 
Carracci, Ludovico, b. 1555 — d, 1619. 
Carranza, abp. of Toledo, condemned by 

the Inquisition, 1568. 
Carrara, Francesco da, lord of Padua; 
though supported by the dukes Albert 
and Leopold of Austria, and Louis, k. of 
Hungary and Poland, is compelled by 



CAR 



142 



CAR 



the Venetians to subscribe a humiliating 
treaty of peace. 1373 — besieges Treviso, I 
which is relieved by Bernabo Visconte, 
1379 — renews the siege, 13S0— the Vene- j 
tians give up Treviso to Leopold, duke j 
of Austria, 13S1 — who sells it to Fran- 
cesco, 1384 — overthrow of the House ; 
loss of Padua and Treviso, 13S8 — assist- 
ed by Sir John Hawkwood to recover 
Padua, 1390 — Verona surrenders to him, 
1404 — he and his sons are murdered, and 
the family becomes extinct, 1405. 

Carrara. Marsilio da, receives Padua from 
the Venetians, 1337. 

Carre, Robert, becomes a favourite of 
James I., 1611 — created viscount Roches- 
ter and earl of Somerset; marries the 
divorced countess of Essex, 1613. See 
Somerset, Robert Carre, earl of. 

Carretto, sir Fabricius, grand master of 
Rhodes, 1513— -d. 1521. 

Carrhm:, now Harran, an ancient town in 
Mesopotamia, between Edessa and Niai- 
bis, the residence of Abraham before his 
migration to Canaan, about B.C. 2000 — 
battle of; Crassns defeated and slain by 
the Parthians, 53 — celebrated for its 
Temple of the Moon, to which Caracalla 
sets out on a pilgrimage, and is assassi- 
nated on the road, a.d. 217— taken by 
Odenathns, 264 — second battle of; Gale- 
rius defeated by Narses, 297 — the empe- 
ror Julian halts there, and divides his 
army, 363 — still adheres to paganism, 
550.' 

Carrickfergus, William III. lands at, 
June 11, 1690— Thurot lands at, Feb. 21, 
1760. 

Carrier, a Jacobin, his atrocities iu the 
departments. Mar., 1794. 

Carrier-pigeons, convey intelligence to 
the Saracens besieged in Palermo. 1068. 

Carroccio, of Milan, taken by the Cre- 
monese, 1150 — by the emperor Frederic 
II., 1237. See Capitol. 

Carrum. See Carhamton. 

Carte, Thomas, b. 1686— d. 1754. 

Carteret, John Lord, b. 1690— lord-lieu- 
tenant of Ireland, Apr. 1, 1724 — fails in 
his motion for the dismissal of Sir Ro- 
bert Walpole, Feb. 13, 1741 — secretary 
of state on Walpole's retirement, 1742— 
created earl Granville, resigns his office, 
Nov. 22, 1744 — in office again, with the 
duke of Newcastle, 1754 — with lord Bute, 
1761— d. 1763. 

Carteret. See Wallis. 

Cartes, Des, or Cabtesius. See Des 
Cartes. 

Carthage, a Phoenician colony, founded 
B.C. 878, or, according to Niebuhr, S26 — 
territories extended in Africa, Sicily, 
and Sardinia, 550— a free republic ; car- 



ries on an extensive commerce, 545. See 
Carthaginians. — Scipio prepares an ex- 
pedition against the city of Carthage, 
205 — lands in Africa, and defeats Syphax, 
k. of Numidia, 204— Hannibal recalled 
from Italy for its defence, 203 — is totally 
defeated at Zama, 202 — peace concluded 
with Rome, 201- See Hannibal. 

Masinissa encroaches on the territory 
of Carthage, and takes the province of 
Tyssa, 174 — defeats the army sent to re- 
sist him. 152 — the Romans begin the third 
Punic War, by sending a large force into 
Africa; the siege of the cicy is commenced, 
149-closely invested by Pub. Corn. Scipio 
^Emiliauus, 147 — taken and destroyed, 
146 — Cai us G racchus establishes a colony 
there, 122 — Marius escapes there, after 
his quarrel with Sylla, 88 — the city re- 
built by Julius Caesar, 46. 

Becomes the second city of the West, 
about a.d. 120 — and its schools flourish, 
in which Apuleius studies, 149 — the Gor- 
dians, proclaimed at Carthage, defeated 
and slain, 237 — its bishopric grows rich 
and important : Cyprian is appointed toit, 
248 — he. holds a council, by which stricter 
canons are enforced, and the hierarchy 
made more despotic. 252 — at another, dic- 
tates articles, which provoke angry dis- 
putes, 256 — Dionysius, and Sixtus II., 
write about theni,' 257. See Cyprian, bp. 
of Carthage. 

Julian, supported by the Quinquegen- 
tiani, a confederacy of five Maurita- 
nian nations, assumes the purple at 
Carthage, and is overcome by Maximian, 
297 — the bishopric purchased for Majo- 
rinns, 311 — contest for it between Cseci- 
lianus and Donatus ; gives rise to the 
Donatists, 313. See Donatists. — Revolt 
of Fii-mus. 372 — suppressed by Theodo- 
sius the elder, 373 — who is unjustly con- 
demned by Gratian, and beheaded at 
Carthage, 376 — synods held, to oppose 
the Donatists, 403 and 405 — conference 
between them and the Catholics, 411 — 
synods against Pelagius, 416 and 41S — 
Boniface governor, 422. See BoxiPACrcs, 
count. 

A synod forbids appeals to the bp. of 
Rome. 425 — Carthage taken byGenseric, 
Oct. 19, 439. See Vandals.— The fugi- 
tives and exiles kindly received by 
Theodoret, bp. of Cyrrhus; are refused 
hospitality as heretics by Leo I., bp. of 
Rome, 440— conference of Arian and Ca- 
tholic bishops called by Hunneric, 484 — 
Hilderic grants religious freedom, and 
admits the Catholic bp., Bonifacius, 523 
— Carthage taken by Belisarius, 533 — 
Justinian grants the demand of the coun- 
cil for the restitution of the church pro- 



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143 



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perty, which had been seized by the Van- 
dals, 535— taken by Hassan ; recovered 
by a Roman army, assisted by the Visi- 
goths from Spain, 697 — taken by storm, 
and destroyed, by Hassan, 698. 
Carthagena, in Spain. See Carthago 
Nova. — Declares for Charles III., and 
admits the British fleet, under Sir John 
Leake, 1706 — taken by the duke of Ber- 
wick, 1707. 
Carthagena, in South America, founded, 
1532 — taken by Sir Francis Drake and 
Christopher Carlisle, 1586 — faihue of 
the attack, by adm. Vernon and gen. 
Wentworth, 1741. 
Carthaginians. See Carthage. — De- 
feated by the Phocians at sea, B.C. 539 — 
contend with the Syracusans for Sicily, 
and force the neighbouring tribes in 
Africa to pay tribute, 533 — treaty with 
the consuls of Rome, by which that 
people and their allies are bound not 
to navigate beyond the Fair Promon- 
tory (Cape Bon), 509 — enriched by the 
gold and silver mines of Spain, 483 — de- 
feated at Himera, by Theron and Gelon, 
480 — attack Sicily, and reduce Selinus 
and Himera, 409 — take Agrigentum, 406 
— visited by the plague in Sicily, 405 — 
conclude peace with Dionysius, and re- 
tain their possessions in Sicily, 404 — 
make farther progress there, 397 — peace 
again, with Dionysius, 392 — unsuccessful 
in a short war, he fixes the river Halycus 
as the division of their territories, 383 
— at war again ; they lose Selinus and 
other towns, 368 — commercial treaty 
with Rome renewed, 348 — defeated in 
Sicily by Timoleon of Corinth, 343 — 
again, near the Crimesus, 339 — Agatho- 
cles makes war on them, 317. See Aga- 
thocles. — Peace with Syracuse, 306 — 
they increase in wealth and power, 300 — 
alliance with Rome, against Pyrrhus, 
278 — expelled by him from most of their 
possessions in Sicily, 277 — he lays siege 
to Lilybceum, 276 — they send fresh troops 
to Sicily ; relieve Lilybseum, and drive 
him. back to Italy, 275 — commencement 
of the Punic wars, 264 — defeated by the 
Romans, at Messana, in Sicily, 263— lose 
Agrigentum, 262 — defeated by the con- 
sul, Duilius, in the first naval battle of 
the Romans, off Mylse, 260 — attacked by 
the consul L. Com. Scipio in Sardinia and 
Corsica, 259— surround the consul Atilius 
Calatinus in Sicily, who escapes with dif- 
ficulty, 258 — an indecisive naval battle 
off Tyndaris, 257 — their fleet is totally de- 
stroyed, near Ecnomus ; the Romans land 
in Africa ; the Carthaginians hire troops 
fromGreece, and give the command toXan- 
thippus, 256 — defeat Regulus, and take 



him prisoner, but the Romans gain ano. 
ther naval victory, and carry off their 
army from Africa, 255 — the Romans take 
Panormus, 254 — pass over again into 
Africa, and ravage the coast, 253 — the 
consul Aurelius Cotta victorious in Si- 
cily, 252 — Hasdrubal defeated at Pa- 
normus, by Metellus, 250— naval victory 
of the Carthaginians off Drepanum, 249 
— they apply to Ptolemy Philadelphus 
for a loan, which he refuses, 248 — they 
send Hamilcar into Sicily, 247 — he re- 
trieves their affairs there, and ravages 
the coast of Italy, 246 — retakes Eryx, 
245 — their adm., Hanno, totally defeated 
by Lutatius Catulus, off the iEgates, 
after which they agree to a treaty of 
peace, cede Sicilv to Rome, and pay a 
tribute of 3200 talents, 241— their mer- 
cenaries mutiny for their pay, 240 — they 
give up Sardinia and Corsica to the Ro- 
mans, and send Hamilcar to Spain, 238 
— he extends their dominions there, and 
excites the jealousy of Rome, 233 — on 
his death Hasdrubal takes his place, and 
founds Carthago Nova (Carthagena), 229 
— they are bound'' by a new treaty with 
Rome, not to extend their dominions in 
Spain to the north of the Ebro, 226— on 
the death of Hasdrubal, Hannibal takes 
the command in Spain, 221 — he secretly 
prepares for war, 220 — takes Saguntum. 
219— crosses the Alps; defeats the Ro- 
mans near the Ticinus, and the Trebia, 
218-at Thrasymene, 217-at Cannae, Aug. 
2, 216, and passes the winter at Capua ; 
his brother, Hasdrubal, defeated by the 
Scipios in Spain, 215 — he is kept in check 
by Fabius, 214 — Tarentum betrayed into 
his hands, 213 — the Scipios defeated and 
killed in Spain, 212 — Capua retaken by 
the Romans ; Hannibal marches to the 
gates of Rome, and returns, 211 — defeats 
Cn. Fulvius, near Herdonia ; Sicily re- 
conquered by the Romans; Pub. Corn. 
Scipio takes Carthago Nova, 210— his 
progress drives the Carthaginians to the 
Atlantic ; Tarentum recovered by Fabi- 
us ; Hasdrubal marches for Italy, 209 — 
the consuls Marcellus and Crispinus de- 
feated and slain by Hannibal ; the Car- 
thaginian fleet defeated by Lsevinus, 208 
— Hasdrubal totally routed and slain, on 
the Metaurus ; the Carthaginians en- 
tirely driven out of Spain by Scipio, 207 
— are inactive in Italy, 206. See Car- 
thage. 
Carthago Nova, now Carthagena, found- 
ed by Hasdrubal, B.C. 229— taken by Sci- 
pio, 210 — Majorian's fleet destroyed in 
its harbour, by Genseric, a.d. 460. See 
Carthagena. 
Carthusian monastery in London (La 



CAS 



144 



CAS 



Chartreuse), now the Charter - house, 
built by Sir Walter Manny, 1371. See 
Charter-housb. 

Carthusian Order, founded by Bruno, at 
La Chartreuse, 1084. 

Cartier. See Canada. 

Cartoons. See Raffaelle d' Urbino. 

Cartoons for the decoration of the New 
Houses of Parliament exhibited in West- 
minster-hall, July 3, 1843. 

Cart wright, Major John, b. 1740— con- 
victed of conspiracy with Wooller and 
others to elect a legislatorial attorney, 
Aug. 4, 1820— d. 1824— his statue erected 
in Burton-crescent, 1831. 

Carus, chosen emperor of Rome on the 
death of Probus ; gives the title of Caesar 
to each of his sons, Carinus and Nume- 
rianus, 282 — having stationed Carinus in 
Gaul, he takes Numerianus with him 
into the East ; repulses the Sarmatians 
in Thrace, advances victoriously into 
Persia, and takes Seleucia and Ctesiphon ; 
consul II., 283 — near the latter city he 
dies, mysteriously, in his tent, during 
a violent storm, Dec. 25, 283. 

Carvalho. See Pombal. 

Carvilius, Sp., divorces his wife, B.C. 231. 

Carvilius, Spurius Maximus, consul of 
Rome, B.C. 293. 

Carey, the Rev. H., translator of Dante, 
b. 1766— d. 1844. 

Caeystius, Apollodorus, the comic poet, 
fl. b.c. 228. 

Casal, in Montferrat, taken by Galeazzo 
Visconte from the marquis John Palseo- 
logus, 1370— besieged by Gonzales de 
Cordova, gov. of Milan, 1628 — the siege 
abandoned, 1629 — sold to Louis XIV. by 
the duke of Mantua, 1681 — besieged by 
Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy, 1694 
—taken, July 9, 1695. 

Casas, Las, protests against the cruelties 
practised by the Spaniards in America, 
1542. 

Casaubon, Isaac, b. 1559 — d. 1614. 

Casaubon, Merrick, prebendary of Can- 
terbury, d. 1671. 

Cases, count Las, b. 1766 — accompanies 
Napoleon to St. Helena, 1815— d. 1842. 

Cash payments. See Bank of England. 

Cashman, active in the Spa Fields riots, 
Dec. 2, 1816 — executed in Skinner- 
street, Mar. 12, 1817. 

Casim, son of Yusef, after having surprised 
Toledo and Seville, is made prisoner by 
Abderahman I., 759 — released by Hixem 
Ben Adra, is again taken, and sent back 
to prison, 760 — escapes, 765— rebellion 
in the Sierras of Ronda and Segovia, 780 
— pardoned by Abderahman, and be- 
comes a faithful subject, 786. 

Cabimir I., son of Miecislas, duke of Po- 



land, on his father's death takes refuge 
in the monastery of Clugny, 1034 — is 
called by the Poles to reign over them, 
1041— d. 1058. 

Casimir II., the Just, k. of Poland, 1177- 
1194. 

Casimir III,, k. of Poland, 1333— gives the 
first code of laws to Poland, 1347— last 
of the Piast dynasty, d. 1370. 

Casimir IV., son of Ladislas II., k. of Po- 
land, b. 1428 — the crown of Bohemia is 
offered to him by some of the Hussites, 
and he proceeds with a Polish army to 
support them ; they are defeated at Ta- 
bor, by Albert of Austria, 1438 — duke of 
Lithuania, 1440 — on the death of his 
brother, Ladislas III., the Poles elect 
him to be king, 1445— he finally accepts 
the crown,1447— thePrussian cities of the 
Marienwerder league place themselves 
under his protection, 1454— reduces the 
Teutonic Knights to feudal subjection, 
1466 — his son, Ladislas, chosen k. of Bo- 
hemia, 1469— d. 1492. 

Casino, Mount, monastery of. See Mount 
Casino. 

Casius, Mount, near the Sirbonian Lake, 
inspected by Hadrian, 130. 

Caslon, William, the type-founder, b. 1692 
— d. 1766. 

Caspian gates, broken through by a body 
of Huns, 515— by the Turks, 626. See 
Derbend. 

C aspian Sea, the northern limit of Alex- 
ander's conquests, B.C. 330 — the czar 
Peter extends his conquests to its 
shores, ad. 1722. 

Cassander, son of Antipater, puts the 
orator Demades to death, B.C. 318 — be- 
sieges Olympias in Pydna, and usurps 
the government of Macedon, 316 — takes 
Pydna, puts Olympias to death, and re- 
builds Thebes, 315 — puts to death Rox- 
ana, and her son, Alexander iEgas, 311 

— murders Hercules, a natural son of 
Alexander, proclaimed k. of Macedon, 309 
— opposed by Demetrius Poliorcetes, 303 

— who is called away from Greece to 
Asia, 302 — protects Lachares in his usur- 
pation at Athens, 299— d. 296. 

Cassano, on the Adda, battles of, between 
the Imperialists, under prince Eugene, 
and the French, under the duke de Ven- 
dome ; both claim the victory, Aug. 16, 
1705 — the French, commanded by Mo- 
reau, defeated by the Russian general, 
Suvarof, April 27, 1799. 

Cassel, capital of the electorate of Hesse ; 
a conference held at, attempts to unite 
the Protestant churches, 1661 — occupied 
by the French, under marshal D'Estr^es, 
Aug. 10, 1757 — recovered by Ferdinand 
of Brunswick, 1758— again taken by the 



CAS 



145 



CAS 



French, and abandoned, 1759 — re-occu- 
pied by them, 1760— taken by prince Fer- 
dinand, Nov. 1, 1762 — the Prussians 
enter, to put down a revolt, Nov. 2, 1850. 
CaSSEL, Mount, in Flanders, battles of— 
the Flemish patriots defeated by Philip 
VI., k. of France, 1328— William III.. 
prince of Orange, is defeated by the duke 
of Orleans and marshal Luxemburg, Apr. 
11, 1677. 
Cassi. See Catti. 

Cassi anus, Joannes, lives among the monks 
of Kgypt, 395-400— writes afterwards his 
Collationes, or Conferences with them — 
is ordained by Chrysostom, 401 — founds 
monasteries at Marseilles, and teaches 
Semi-Pelagianism, 433. * 

Cassiere, grand master of the Knights of 
Malta, quarrels with them — pope Gre- 
gory XIII. settles the dispute, 1581. 
Cassini, b. 1625 — discovers four of Saturn's 
satellites, 1671-84 — invited to Paris by 
Colbert, 1669— d. 1712. 
Cassini, count John Dominic, b. 1748 — d. 

1845. 
Cassiodorus (proavus), great-grandfather 
of the senator, defends Sicily against Gen- 
seric, 441. 
Cassi odorus {avus), the grandfather, sent 

as ambassador to Attila, 450 
Cassiodobus, the father, is Comes Saerarum 

to Odoacer, 490. 
Cassiodorus, the senator, b. 480 — secretary 
to Theodoric, 497 — joint minister with 
Boethius, 504 — consul of Home, 514 — his 
Chronicon ends, 519 — chief minister and 
adviser of Amalasontha, 526— describes 
the twelve books of his Gothic History 
in a letter to the senate, 533— pi'ietorian 
prefect ; his official letters written, 534 — 
etill the official secretary to Vitiges, 536 
— retires to the monastery of Squillace, 
539 — his History of the Goths, abridged 
by Jornandes, 552 — prepares his "Com- 
putus PascTialis" 562 — writes " De Ortho- 
graphia" 673 — d. 575. 
Cassiopeia, a new star or comet visible 
sixteen months in the constellation, 1572. 
Cassius, Caius. See Bassus, Csecilius. — 
Conspires against and assassinates Caesar, 
B.C. March 15, 44— defeated atPhilippi,42. 
Cassius, Avidius, assists the operations of 
the emperor Verus against Volagases, 
162 — revolts in Syria, and is slain by 
his own soldiers, 175. 
Cassius, Dion. See Dion Cassius. 
Cassius, See Hemina. 
Castagnedo, Spanish admiral. See Byng, 

Sir George. 
Castalona, battle of — Abderahman I. de- 
feats a rebel army, 784. 
Castanos. See Baylen, battle of; and 
Baylen, duke of. 



Castel, Edmund, author of the Lexicon 
Heptaglotton, b. 1606— d. 1685. 

Castella, battle of— sir John Murray de- 
feats Suchet, April 13, 1813. 

Castellamare, Roger de Loria, destroys 
the armament of Robert, count d'Artois, 
regent of Naples, June 23, 1287. 

Castellan, Peter de, papal legate, assas- 
sinated in the south of France, 1208. 

Castelnaudry, battle of— marshal Schom- 
berg defeats the duke de Montmorency, 
1632. 

Castelnuovo, battle of — the Cremonese 
defeat the Milanese, 1150. 

Castiglione, battles of — the Cremonese 
defeat the Milanese, 1213 — Bonaparte 
defeats the Austrian general, Wurmser, 
Aug. 5, 1796. 

Castiglione, Geoffrey de. See Celestin 
IV., pope. 

Castiglioni, Cardinal Francis Xavier, 
elected pope, 1829. See Pius VIII., pope. 

Castile, or Castille, a province in Spain, 
designated from the Castellce, in which in- 
dependentGothic chiefs maintained them- 
selves against the Saracens — Alfonso I. 
extends his Asturian kingdom among 
them, 740 — they appoint a count ; the first 
is Roderic, who acknowledges the supre- 
macy of Alphonso II., 791 — Abderahman 
III. defeats them, 921 — they defeat him at 
Uxama, 932 — after many struggles, their 
count, Ferdinand Gonsalvo, concludes a 
treaty, by which Sancho, the Fat, recog- 
nizes their independence, 965. 

Count Garcias Sancho leaving no heirs, 
Sancho III., of Navarre, takes his territo- 
ries, 1028 — on his death, his sous divide 
his dominions, and the kingdom of Castile 
is founded by Ferdinand I., 1035 — he an- 
nexes Leon to it, 1037 — his kingdom di- 
vided by his sons, and the eldest, Sancho 
II., inherits Castile, 1065 — repulses th« 
invasion of Rainiro, k. of Aragon, who is 
slain in battle, 1067— Alfonso VI. k., 1072 
- — repels Sancho I., k. of Aragon, 1076. See 
Alfonso VI. and VII., k. of Castile. 

On the death of Alfonso VII., Leon is 
made a separate kingdom for his son, Fer- 
dinand II. See Leon. — Sancho III. takes 
Castile, 1157 — dies, and leaves his king- 
dom to Alfonso VIII., 1158. See Alfonso 
VIII., k. of Castile. — Henry I. succeeds, 
1214— Ferdinand III., son of Alfonso IX., 
k. of Leon, and Garsenda, daughter of Al- 
fonso VIII., k. of Castile, 1217 — re-uuites 
Leon to it, 1230 — attacks the Moors in Se- 
ville, 1232 — takes Cordova and part of 
Andalusia, 1236 — founds the university 
of Salamanca ; establishes his supremacy 
over Murcia, 1240— Jaen given up to him, 
and Granada placed uuder his protection^ 
1243. 



CAS 



146 



CAS 



C istile — continued. 

Alfonso X. succeeds;, 1225. See Al- 
fonso X., the Philosopher. — Sancho 
IV. excludes the family of his deceased 
elder brother, Ferdinand, and occupies 
the throne, 1284. See Alfonso de la 
Cerda. — Destroys a Moorish fleet at Tan- 
gier, and takes Tarifa on his return, 
1-292— Ferdinand IV., 1295— his mother, 
Maria, regent; she defends his throne 
against a powerful confederacy, 1296 — 
Dionysius, k. of Portugal, withdraws 
from the league, 1267 — treaty of Cam- 
pillo, 1305— Alfonso XL, 1312— an expe- 
dition against Granada during his mi- 
nority fails, and the princes Juan and 
Pedro are slain, 1319. See Alfonso XI., 
k. of Castile. 

Peter, the Gruel, succeeds his father, 
Alfonso XI., 1350 — puts to death Ele- 
auora de Guzman, 1351 — marries Blanche 
de Bourbon, and deserts her in three 
days for his mistress, Maria de Pa- 
dilla, 1353 — imprisons Blanche, 1354 
— Henry de Trastamare, son of Alfonso 
XI. and Eleanora de Guzman, claims 
the crown, and is supported by Pedro 
IV. of Aragon — Peter puts to death 
his own brother, Ferdinand, with other 
princes and grandees, 1358 — pope In- 
nocent VI. makes a vain effort to me- 
diate — Peter puts to death his aunt, 
Eleanor, qu. of Aragon, 1359 — poisons 
Blanche and her friend, Isabella Lara, 
1361 — Henry revives his claim, and Du 
Guesclin collects an army to support him, 
1365 — Peter is expelled, and takes refuge 
in Guienne, 1366— the Black Prince re- 
stores him to his throne, retires disgust- 
ed, and leaves him to his fate, 1367 — Peter 
defeated at Montiel, March 14, and slain, 
23, 1369 — John of Gaunt marries his 
eldest daughter, Constance, and claims 
the crown of Castile. 

Henry II. ascends the throne, the 
kings of Aragon, Navarre, Portugal, and 
Granada unite to attack him, 1370 — 
he invades Portugal, besieges Lisbon, 
and compels Ferdinand to make peace, 
1373 — concludes the treaty of Almazan 
with Pedro IV. of Aragon, 1374 — in- 
vades Navarre, 1377 — peace concluded 
with Charles II., 1379 ; soon after which, 
Henry d., May 30, and his son, John 
I., is king of Castile — he intercedes with 
Charles VI., of France, to liberate the 
Navarre royal family from their capti- 
vity, 1381 — England and Portugal make 
war on him, to support John of Gaunt's 
claim — Portugal obtains an honourable 
peace ; but the English claim is disre- 
garded, 1382. 

John I. marries Beatrice, heiress of 



Ferdinand, king of Portugal — the Por- 
tuguese resist the union of the two 
kingdoms, 1383 — he invades their coun- 
try, and besieges Lisbon, 1384— is routed 
at Aljubarotte, July 29, 1385— John of 
Gaunt invades Castile without success, 
1386— Henry III. succeeds, 1390 — the 
death of Constance puts an end to the 
pretensions of John of Gaunt, 1394 — 
John II., k., an infant; his uncle, Ferdi- 
nand, is regent,1406 — war with Granada; 
Antequera surrenders to Ferdinand, 1410 
— he resigns the regency, 1412 — the in- 
fluence of Alvarez de Luna causes trou- 
bles, 1420 — the principal nobility com- 
bine against him, 1426 — he is banished, 
1427 — recalled, 1428 — he defeats the 
Moors of Granada on Mount Elvira, 143J 
— war renewed, and Huesca taken, 1435 
— John II. compelled to dismiss Alvarez 
de Luna, 1441 — encourages Muhamad 
Aben Ismail to claim the crown of Gra- 
nada, 1445 — Alvarez de Luna given up to 
his enemies, and beheaded at Burgos, 
July 5, 1453— John II. d, July 20, 1454. 

His son, Henry IV., the Weak, succeeds 
— war renewed with Granada, and Fort 
Ximena taken, 1454 — Gibraltar taken, 
1462 — conference of Henry with Louis 
XL of France, at Fontarabia, 1463 — the 
legitimacy of his daughter, Joanna, his 
only child, is questioned ; he declares 
her to be the heiress of his throne ; Pa- 
checo, marquis of Villena, the archbp. of 
Toledo, and the nobles, conspire to main- 
• tain the rights of his brother, Alfonso, 
and his sister, Isabella, 1464— Alfonso 
proclaimed by them king, 1465— death of 
Alfonso; Isabella declared heiress of 
Castile, 1468 — she marries Ferdinand, 
prince of Aragon — Henry, being offend- 
ed, transfers the succession again to Jo- 
anna—the grandees of the kingdom re- 
sist the change, 1469 — Henry dies, Dec. 
11 — Isabella and Ferdinand begin their 
joint reign, 1474 — Alfonso V., of Portu- 
gal, is affianced to Joanna, claims Castile, 
and takes Zamora, 1474 ; which Ferdi 
nand recovers, and defeats Alfonso at 
Toro, 1476— again at war with Granada, 
1478 — union of Castile and Aragon under 
Ferdinand and Isabella, 1479. See Fer- 
dinand and Isabella ; and Spain. 
Castile, Counts of: 

Roderic, 791. 



Ferdinand Goncalez, 950. 



Garcias Ferdinand, d. 1005. 
Sancho Garcias, 1005-1022. 
Held by Sancho III., of Navarre, till 

1035. 
Castile being regarded as a contiaua 



CAS 



117 



CAT 



tion of the kingdoms if Oviedo and Leon, 
its kings are numbered with reference to 
earlier sovereigns of those states. 
Kings : 

Ferdinand I., 1035-1065. 

Sancho II., 1065-1072. 

Alfonso VI., 1072-1109. 
Urraca and A lfonso, of Aragon, as 

Alfonso VII., 1109-1126. 
Alfonso, of Gallicia, as 

Alfonso VII. 1126-1157. 

Sancho III., 1157-1158. 

Alfonso VIII., 1158-1214. 

Henry I., 1214-1217. 

Ferdinand III., 1217-1252. 

Alfonso X., 1252-1284. 

Sancho IV., 1284-1295. 

Ferdinand IV., 1295-1312. 

Alfonso XL, 1312-1350. 

Peter, the Cruel, 1350-1369. 

Henry II., 1369-1379. 

John I., 1379-1390. 

Henry III., 1390-1405. 

John II., 1405-1454. 

Henry IV., 1454-1474. 

Isabella and Ferdinand, 1474. 

United with Aragon, 1479. 
— See Spain, kings of. 
Oastillon, in Guienne, battle of — John 
Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, defeated by 
Charles VII., and slain, July 23, 1453. 
Castinus quarrels with Bonifacius in 
Spain — is defeated by the Vandals, 422 — 
supports John Primicerius, 423 — consul 
of Rome, 424. 
Castlebar, battle of; a small British force 
driven back by gen. Humbert, after his 
landing at Killala, Aug. 28, 1798. 
Castle Rising, in Norfolk ; queen Isabella 

is shut up in, 1330. 
Castlemaine, lord, accused by Titus Oates 
and Dangerfield — acquitted, June 23, 
1680 — sent by James II. ambassador to 
Rome, 1686. 
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, viscount, 
b. 1769 — secretary for Ireland ; active in 
promoting the Union, 1800 — secretary 
for the colonies, 1807 — plan for recruit- 
ing the army and raising a local militia 
adopted, April 23, 1808 — accused of hav- 
ing trafficked in parliamentary seats, de- 
fended by the Commons, April 25, 1809 
—duel with Mr. Canning, Sept. 21, 1809 
— foreign secretary, 1812 — proceeds to 
join the allied sovereigns, Dec. 27, 1813 
— attends the congress of Vienna as the 
representative of Great Britain, 1814. 
See Londonderry, marquis. 
Castor, the chronologist, fl. B.C. 61 — his 

Chronology ends, 56. 
" Castrametatione, De." See Htginus. 
Castriot, George. See Scanderbeg. 
Cabtriot, John de, establishes alum works 



for pope Pius II. at Solfa, near Civita 
Vecchia, 1459. 

Castriota, Ferdinand, marquis of St. 
Angelo, taken prisoner at Pavia, Feb. 
24, 1525. 

Castro, Guy de. See Celestin IT., pope. 

Casthj, in Apulia, taken by the Turks, 
1537. 

Castro, Inez, or Agnes de, Peter, prince 
of Portugal, marries, retires with her to 
the banks of the Mondego, 1345 — she is 
murdered by order of her husband's 
father, Alfonso IV., 1354. See Coim- 
bra. — Peter having succeeded to the 
throne punishes her murderers and 
transfers her remains to the royal se- 
pulchre of Alcobaca with funeral ho- 
nours, 1357 — and is interred in her tomb, 
1367. 

Casteuccio of Lucca. See Cappiano. 

Catagna, Dominico, and a Genoese colony 
manufacture alum at Phoca;a, 1330. 

Catalan grand company formed by Roger 
di Flor, out of thivmercenaries who had 
served with him in Sicily ; are employed 
by the Greek emperor, Andronicus II., 
against the Turks; establish themselves 
at Cyzicus, 1303—defeat the Mongols, 
enter Philadelphia, and station them- 
selves at Ephesus, 1304 — besiege Mag- 
nesia, and occupy the Thracian Cher- 
sonesus, 1305 — fortify Gallipoli, where 
other adventurers join them,1306 — Roger 
di Flor assassinated at Adrianople, and 
many of them massacred; they make. 
Rocafert their captain ; begin hostilities 
against the Greek empire, defeat An- 
dronicus at Aspros, overrun Thrace, 
1307— repulsed in their attack on Thes- 
salonica ; Rocafert seized and starved to 
death at Naples, 1309 — tney enter into 
the service of Walter de Brienne, duke 
of Athens, 1310— quarrel with and slay 
him in battle, conquer the duchy of 
Athens, appoint Roger Deslau duke, 
1311 — on his death they invite Manfred 
of Sicily to take his place, 1326. See 
Athens. 

Catalani, Madame, the singer, d. 1849. 

Catalonia, a joint settlement of Goths^ 
and Alani in Spain, called first Guda- 
launia, 409-415 ; conquered with the rest 
of Spain by the Saracens, 712 — recovered 
in part by Pepin, 752 — included by 
Charlemagne in his " Spanish March, ' 
778 — the Saracens recover a great part of 
it, 828 — long the theatre of war between 
the Christians and Saracens. See Aragon 
and Barcelona. — Ferdinand I. of Castile 
defeats theMoors,1064 — its people are the 
most expert and daring mariners of the 
age, and man the Aragonese fleet, which, 
under Roger de Loria, conquers Sicily, 
l 2 



CAT 



148 



CAT 



1282— invaded by Philip III., king of 
France, 1285 — Louis, count of Clermont, 
fits out a fleet in its ports for an in- 
tended expedition to the Canary Islands, 
1348 — the Genoese infest its coast, 1412 
— insurrection of its nobles, 1464. See 
Abagon. — Finally quelled, 1472— revolts 
against Philip IV., 1640— invites the 
French, 1641 — the revolt suppressed by 
Don John of Austria, 1652— supports the 
cause of Charles III., 1705— deprived of 
its privileges by Philip V., 1714. 

Catana, now Catania, a town in Sicily, 
founded, B.C. 730 — taken by the Romans ; 
furnishes the sun-dial which Valerius 
Messala introduces at Rome, 263 — de- 
stroyed by an earthquake, a.d. 1169 — 
besieged by Niccolo Aeo>aiuoli, who is 
recalled to Naples by tbe rebellion of 
Louis of Durazzo, 1357 — nearly destroy- 
ed by an earthquake and eruption of 
Etna, 1693. 

Cateau Cambresis, peace of, concluded be- 
tween Henry II. of France and Philip II. 
of Spain, April 2, 1559. 

Catesby engages in the gunpowder plot, 
is slain while attempting to raise an 
insurrection in Warwickshire, 1605. 

Cathabi, heretics in the north of Italy, 
1176. 

Catharine Hall, Cambridge, founded, 
1475. 

Catharine, queen of Navarre, 1483. See 
Albret, John D'. 

Catharine. See Katharine. 

Cathcart, lord, proceeds with an expe- 
dition against Spanish America, 1740. 

Cathcart, lord, commands the land forces 
against Copenhagen, 1807. 

Cathcart, Sir George, b. 1794 — appointed 
governor of the Cape colony, Feb. 8 ; ar- 
rives there, March 31, 1852 — concludes 
a treaty with the Caffres, March 9, 1853 
— killed at the battle of Inkerman, Nov. 
5, 1854. 

Catholic Association, the Irish, organ- 
ized, 1824 — Act for its suppression, 1825 
— it continues its operations till its 
great power causes uneasiness, 1828 — its 
Voluntary dissolution, Feb. 12, 1829. 

Catholic Defence Association formed 
at Dublin, Aug. 19, 1851. 

Catholic League in France organized at 
Peronne, by the duke of Guise; king 
Henry III. places himself at its head, 
1576. 

Catholic princes of Germany confederate 
at Wiirzburg, and place at their head 
Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, 1609. 

Catholic "Rent" pays the expenses of 
D, O'Connell's election for Clare, 1829. 

Catholic 6ect, a new, founded by Ronge 
1844. 



Catholic Swiss Cantons. See Cappkl.— 
Form a separate league,1844 — the breach 
between them and the Protestant Can- 
tons grows wider, 1846 — obliged to sub- 
mit, their Sonderbund dissolved, and the 
Jesuits expelled, 1847. 

Catholics of Africa are said, by their own 
writers, to have suffered persecution, 
because Genseric retaliates upon them 
the imperial laws against Arians, 437 — 
receive the same treatment from Theo- 
doric in Italy, and are suspected by him 
of holding treasonable correspondence 
with the Eastern court, 523. 

Catholics in Great Britain and Ireland, 
are absolved from their allegiance to 
Henry VIII. by pope Paul III., 1535— 
raise insurrections and form conspiracies 
to stop the reformation, 1536-38 — are 
persecuted alternately with the Protest- 
ants by Henry, 1540 — regain power 
under Mary, and reject Cardinal Pole's 
advice to treat the Protestants mildly, 
1555 — their bishops refuse to crown 
Elizabeth, 1559 — are commanded by 
pope Pius V. not to obey her, 1570 — 
form conspiracies against her, 1584-86 — 
she dictates to parliament arbitrary laws 
against them, 1593— incited by Philip 
II. to rebel in Ireland, 1595-1601— form 
the gunpowder plot, 1605— are forbidden 
by Pins V. to take the new oath of alle- 
giance, 1606. 

Their priests ordered by proclama- 
tion to leave England, 1663 — are ac- 
cused of having caused the fire of Lon- 
don ; parliament addresses the king to 
enforce the laws against them, 1666 — 
Test Act excludes them from civil of- 
fices, 1673 — the Bill of Rights bars them 
from the throne ; they pi'evail in the 
Irish parliament held by James II., and 
attaint 3000 Protestants, 1689— relax- 
ation of the laws against them, followed 
by " No Popery " riots in London, 1780 
— George III. refuses to grant them 
"Emancipation," and Wm. Pitt resigns 
office, 1801— he resumes by sacrificing 
their cause, 1804 — the Grey and Gren- 
ville ministry bring in a bill enabling 
them to hold commissions in the army 
and navy, and are dismissed, 1807. 

Mr, Canning's motion on their behalf 
carried, 1812 — Mr. Grattan's, Feb. 25, 
1813— bill brought in by him thrown out, 
May 24; amotion for their relief, sup- 
ported by the duke of Sussex, is rejected 
by the Lords, 1816— Mr. Grattan's by the 
Commons, 1817 — the question lost in both 
houses, 1819 — Mr. Plunkett's bill passed 
by the Commons, thrown out by the 
Lords, 1821— Mr. Canning's bill passed 
by the Commons, thrown out by the 



CAT 



149 



CAU 



Catholics in Great Britain — continued. 
I^ords. 1822. See Catholic Associa- 
tion. 

Resolutions for the relief of the Ca- 
tholics, moved by Sir F. Burdett, car- 
ried, March 1, 1825 — speech of the 
duke of York against their claims, 
April 25— the hill rejected by the Lords, 
May 17 — Sir Francis Burdett's motion 
for a committee on the Catholic claims 
agreed to, May 8, 1828— the Lords refuse 
to concur, June 10 — Daniel O'Connell 
elected for Clare, July 5 — the Welling- 
ton ministry decide to grant Catholic 
emancipation, 1829 — the Catholic relief 
bill brought in, March 5 ; the second 
reading carried, March 18; the third 
reading, March 30; introduced to the 
Lords, March 31 — the second reading 
carried, April 5 ; the third reading, 
April 10; receives the royal assent, 
April 13 — the duke of Norfolk and other 
Catholic peers take their seats in par- 
liament, April 28 — their prelates for the 
first time officially designated by their 
hierarchical titles, as commissioners for 
charitable trusts in Ireland, Dec. 18, 
1844 — oppose the new Queen's Colleges 
at Belfast, Cork and Gal way, 1845 See 
Maynooth College. — Pope Pius IX. ex- 
cites great national indignation by his 
bull for erecting a new Catholic hie- 
rarchy in England. 1850 — to nullify this 
proceeding the "Ecclesiastical Titles 
Bill " is passed, 1851. 

Catibah establishes the Mohammedans 
in the valley of the Indus, in Karisme, 
Bokhara, and Samarcand, 707. 

Catiline commences his conspiracy, b.c. 
65— detected by Cicero, 63 — defeated and 
slain at Pistoria, in Etruria, 62. 

Catinat, the French marshal, defeats 
Victor Amadeus II., duke of Savoy, at 
Staffarda, Aug. 18, 1690 — is kept in check 
by Admiral Russell's fleet on the coast 
of Provence, 1695 — defeated by prince 
Eugene at Carpi, July 9, 1701. 

Cato, C. Porcins, consul of Rome, defeated 
by the Scordisci, B.C. 114. 

Cato, L. Porcius, consul of Rome, defeats 
the Marsi, but is slain in the battle, b.c. 



Cato, M. Porcius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
118. 

Cato, M. Porcius, the elder, b. B.C. 234 — 
quaestor in Sardinia, finds Ennius there, 
and brings him to Rome, 204— consul ; 
regulates the affairs of Spain, 195— cen- 
sor ; endeavours to repress the growing 
luxury of Rome, 184— advocates the Vo- 
eonian law, 169— pleads himself in a suit 
which he had instituted, 153— publicly 
impeaches Galba, and concludes his 



"Origines," 150— d. 149. See his date 
for the foundation of Rome, 751. 
Cato, M. Porcius, b. b.c. 95— tribune of 
Rome ; quarrels with Csesar, 62 — goes to 
Cyprus, 58 — returns from Cyprus to 
Rome, 56 — imprisoned, 55— made prtetor, 
54- -retires to Utica, is pursued by Caesar, 
and kills himself. 46. 
" Cato." See Addison, Joseph. 
Cato-street conspiracy, to assassinate 
the ministers, Jan., 1820 — a police officer 
killed in attempting to seize the parties, 
Feb. 23 — Thistlewood and others con- 
victed, Apr. 16 — executed, May 1. 
Cattaro, in Dalmatia, destroyed by an 
earthquake, 1667— annexed to the king- 
dom of Italy, 1807— to Austria, by the 
treaty of Vienna, 1814. 
Catti, Cassi, or Chatti, a German tribe, 
ancestors of the modern Hessians, en- 
countered by Drusus, b.c. 11 — expedition 
of Domitian against them, a.d. 83 — 
driven from the provinces of the Rhine 
by Aufidius Victorinus, 162. 
Cattle-market in Smithfield closed, June 
11-opened in Copenhagen-fields, 13, 1855. 
Catullinus, Aco, consul of Rome, 349. 
Catullinus, Qu. Fabius, consul of Rome, 

130. 
Catullus, C. Valerius, Latin poet, b. b.c. 

87— fl. 60-47— d. 40. 
Catulus, C. Lutatius, consul of Rome, b.c. 

242 See Carthaginians, b.c. 241. 
Catulus, C. Lutatius, consul of Rome, 

B.c. 220. 
Catulus, L. Lutatius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
102 — proconsul ; defeated by the Cimbri, 
101. 
Catulus, Qu. Lutatius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 78— disagrees with his colleague, M. 
-Emilius Lepidus, who is slain in Sardi- 
nia ; completes the rebuilding of the 
Capitol, 69. 
Catus. Sex. iElius Psetus, consul of Rome, 

b.c. 189. 
Catus. Sex. iElius, consul of Rome, 4. 
Caudex, Ap. Claudius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 264 — leads the first Roman army 
into Sicily, to succour the Mamertines 
in Messana ; this is the commencement 
of the Punic wars. 
Caudinus, L. Cornelius Lentulus, consul of 

Rome, b.c. 327. 
Caudinus, P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul of 

Rome, b.c. 326. 
Caudium, the Roman consuls and army 
surrounded at by the Samnites, are saved 
by a treaty, which the senate breaks, 
b.c. 321. 
Caulaincourt, French gen., b. 1773 — 
created duke of Vicenza, 1806— d. 1827. 
Cauliflowers introduced into England 
from Cyprus, 1602, 



CEA 



15t> 



CEL 



Cawwidiere, a leader of the French com- 
munists, prosecuted, escapes to England, 
Aug. 25, 1848. 

Caiissisoleus suppresses the rebellion of 
Trebellianus in Isauria, 265. 

Cautionary towns (Flushing, the Briel, 
and Kammekins) made over to Elizabeth, 
by her treaty with the United Provinces, 
1585— Sir Francis Vere appointed gov. 
of tliem by her, 1596— James I. gives 
them up, 1616. 

Cavaignac, French gen., b. 1802 — puts 
down the insurrection in Paris, witli 
great slaughter, June 26, 1848— appoint- 
ed president of the council, June 28 — 
resigns his authority, Dec. 20 — is con- 
fined in the castle of Ham, Dec. 2, 1851. 

Cavalry, first introduced among the 
Franks, 778. 

Cave, Edward, b. 1691 — taken into custody 
of the serjeant-at-arms, for having pub- 
lished an account of the proceedings of 
the House of Commons, 1727 — com- 
mences the publication of the Gentle- 
man's Magazine, 1731 — brought before 
the House of Commons for publishing 
their debates, Apr. 30, 1747— d. 1754. 

Cavendish, Thomas, sails on his expedi- 
tion, 1588 — returns with great wealth, 
plundered from the Spanish settlements 
during his voyage round the world, 1589. 

Cavendish, lord, appears with others in 
the court of King's Bench, and presents 
the duke of York as a popish recusant, 
and the duchess of Portsmouth as a na- 
tional nuisance, 1680. 

Cavendish, Henry, b. 1731 — cE, 1810. 

Cavendish-square. See Bentinck, lord 
George. 

Caxton, William, b 1421— sets up his first 
printing-press in the Almonry of West- 
minster Abbey, 1471 — prints Cicero de 
Senectnte, 1481 — the Policronicon, 1482 
- -translates the Lord's Prayer into Eng- 
lish, 1483— d. 1491. 

Cayenne, colonized by the French, 1643 — 
fresh colonies planted in, 1664 — six hun- 
dred political prisoners embarked for, 
Jan. 8, 1852. 

Cazan, capture of, by Iwan III., 1487 — 
the Tartars of, unsuccessfully attacked 
by Vassili IV., 1524. 

Cazes, De, minister of the Interior, in 
France, 1818. 

Cealchyth, synod of, makes Lichfield an 
archbishopric, 785. 

Ceawlin, gains a victory over the Britons, 
at Beranbyrig (Banbury), 556— k. of 
Wessex, 560— the second Bretwalda, 571 
— extends the kingdom of Wessex, by 
taking Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath, 
677 — defeats the Britons at Fethanlea, 
and conquers Sussex, 584— d. 593. 



Cecil, Sir William, b. 1517 — secretary of 
State ; attests the signature of Edward 
VI. to the letters patent, settling the 
English crown on Lady Jane Grey, 1553 
— appointed minister to Elizabeth, 1558 
— created lord Burleigh, 1572. See Bur- 
leigh, lord. 

Cecil, Sir Robert, second son of lord Bur- 
leigh, b. 1563 — is appointed secretary of 
State, 1597 — secret negotiation with 
James VI., 1601 — created earl of Salis- 
bury, 1603— d. 1612. 

Cecrops I. and II. See Athens. 

Cecrops, one of the " Thirty Tyrants," re- 
bels in Egypt, about 260. 

Cecryphaljs, battle of; the Athenians 
defeat the Corinthians, B c 458. 

Cedd, bp. of the East Saxons; builds 
churches at Tilsbury (Tilbury) and 
Ythanceaster (Witham), 659. 

Cedrenus writes his History, 1057. 

Celadion. See Alexandria, bishops of. 

Celer, Qu. Csecilius Metellus, consul of 
Rome, b.c. 60. 

Celer, P , impeached by the province of 
Asia, for misgovernment: d. of old age,57. 

Celer, conducts an army against Cabades, 
and lays siege to Amida, 504 — recovers 
Amida, and concludes peace, 505 — consul 
of Rome, 508. 

Celestin. See C^elestin. 

Celestin II., Guy de Castro, cardinal of 
St. Mark, pope, Sept. 26, 1143— d. Mar. 9, 
1144. 

Celestin III., Hyacint Bubona, cardinal 
of St. Mary, pope, Mar. 30, 1191 — allows 
the Romans to destroy Tusculum, 1191 
— threatens to excommunicate the princes 
who hold Richard I. of England in cap- 
tivity, 1193— d. Jan. 8, 1198. 

Celestin IV., Geoffrey de Castiglione, 
cardinal bp. of Sabina, pope, elected Oct. 
31, 1241— d. Nov. 18. 

Celestin V., Peter da Morrone, a poor 
hermit, pope, elected July 5 — abdicates, 
Dec. 13, 1294— d. 1.296. 

Celibacy of the clergy condemned by Vi- 
gilantius, a presbyter of Barcelona, 406 
— strictly enjoined by the First Laterau 
Council, 649. 

Cellamare, the Spanish ambassador, en- 
gages in the plots of Alberoni, and is 
ordered to leave Paris, 1718. 

Cellini, Iienvenuto, b. 1500 — d. 1570. 

Celso, Lorenzo, doge of Venice, 1361-65. 

Celsus. See Origen. 

Celsus, consul of Rome, 164. 

Celsus, L. Publilius, consul of Rome, TI. 
113— conspires against the emperor Ha- 
drian, and suffers death at Baiae, 118. 

Celsus, P. Juventius, conspires against 
Domitian, and is savedj 95— consul of 
Rome, II. 129. 



CEL 



151 



CEN 



Cblsus, P. Marius, consul of Rome, 62. 

Celsus, Corn., the physician, fl. 17. 

Celsus, one of the councillors of the em- 
peror Alex. Severus, 223. 

Celsus, one of the " Thirty Tyrants," as- 
sumes the purple in Africa ; killed by 
the people of Sicca, seven days after his 
proclamation, 266. 

Celt\e. See Celts. 

Celtiberians, a section. of the Celts of 
Spain, originally dwelling about the 
Iberus (Ebi-o), not subdued by the Car- 
thaginians, but furnish mercenaries to 
Hannibal, B.C. 219 — the Komans send 
Tib. Sempronius Gracchus to conquer 
them : he concludes with them an ho- 
nourable peace, and they lay down their 
arms, 179 — the treaty broken by the 
Romans ; the consul Fulvius Nobilior 
defeated, 153 — Marcellus more success- 
ful; makes a peace, which the senate 
annuls, 152 — Lucullus exasperates by 
his cruelty, and is defeated, 151 — the 
Celtiberians retire to the West of Spain, 
and join the Lusitanians in their war 
against the Romans, under Viriathus, 
145— maintain their ground against the 
consul L. Csecilius Metellus, 142 — de- 
fend themselves in Numantia against 
Qu. Pompeius, who enters into a treaty 
with them, 141 — the senate disavows 
the treaty, 140 — Pompeius again treats 
with them ; his colleague, Popilius, 
prosecutes the war, 139 — he is routed 
and put to flight, after having agreed to 
a peace which the senate repudiates, 138 
— the consul Mancinus is compelled to 
an ignominious peace, which the senate 
refuses to ratify, and gives him into 
their hands, 137 — they set him free and 
defeat iEmilius Lepidus, 136 — keep 
Calpurnius Piso in check, 135 — Scipio 
^Emilianus Africanus is sent against 
them, 134 — he reduces Numantia by 
famine and destroys it, so that no trace 
of it remains; the country of the Celti- 
berians is included in the Roman Pro- 
vincia Tarraconensis, 133 — a revolt 
among them is repressed by the pro- 
consul T. Didius, 97 — take up arms and 
support Sertorius in his war. See Ser- 
torius. 

Celts (or properly Kelts), Celtse, Galatse, 
or Galli, the generic name of the earliest 
known race in the greater part of Eu- 
rope, originally from Asia, and always 
retiring to the west. See Cimmerians, 
Cimbri, Cymri, Galatians, Gauls, Cel- 

IBEBIASS, JiMTONS, CALI DONIAJSS, and 

Ireland. A numerous host of them 
(called Galli by the Latins) pours down 
from the north-east of Italy, defeats the 
Romans on the Allia, July 16, 389, b,c. — 



Rome is taken, plundered, and burnt ; 
Camillus expels the invaders ; he de- 
feats them again, 367. See Senones. — 
Those of the Danube first made known 
to the Greeks by the victories of Alex- 
ander in Thrace, 361 — are mistaken by 
them for emigrants from Gaul ; invade 
Macedon, and the king, Ptol. Ceraunus, 
is defeated and slain by them, 280 — push 
forward into Greece, 279 — are repulsed 
with great slaughter at Delphi, and 
wrongly supposed to have passed into 
Asia Minor, 278. See Galatians. — In 
their retreat to the Danube are defeated 
by Sosthenes, king of Macedon, who 
falls in the battle, 277 — invade Italy in 
great force from the Alps and the Po, 
defeat the Romans at Clusium, but at 
last are routed at Telamon, 225 — are de- 
feated in northern Italy, but not sub- 
dued, 197 — are disciplined by Hamilcar, 
196 — bloody conflicts, with no decisive 
results, 194 — the]} are impelled by the 
advancing Goths into the Roman pro- 
vinces, 114. See Scordisci. Their va- 
rious tribes united into a general league 
(Cumrhi), and begin a long and bloody 
war with the Romans, 113. See Cimbri. 
Cencheres, king of Egypt. See Acen- 

CHERE3. 

Cencheres, king of Egypt, B.C. 1528. 

Cenelm, son of Cenwulf, k. of Mercia, 
murdered, 819. 

Cenis, Mount. See Charles the Bald, 
and Francis L, kings of France. 

Censor, C. Marcius Rutilus, the first ple- 
beian, b.c. 348. See Censors. 

Censor, the, expels L. Antonius from the 
Roman senate. See Antonius, L. 

Censorinus, L. Marcius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 149 — another, 39. 

Censorinus, C. Marcius, consul of Rome, 

B.C. 8. 
Censorinus writes " De Die Natali," 238. 
Censors, two plebeian, for the first time, 

Qu. Metellus and Qu. Pompeius, B.C. 

131. 
Censorship established at Rome, B.C. 443 — 

limited to eighteen months by a law of 

JEmilius Mamercinus, 434 — the emperor 

Decius revives the office, and appoints 

Valerian, A.n. 251. 
Census, at Athens, b.c. 317 ; at Rome, 293, 

280, 265, 252, 247, 241, 220, 204, 189, 179, 

174, 169, 164, 159, 147, 142, 136, 131, 125, 

115, 70, 28, 8 ; a d. 14, 48. 
Census taken of the United Kingdom, Mar. 

31, 1851 — total population, 27,738,940; 

London, 2,359,640. 
Census and classes introduced at Rome, 

b.c. 566. 
Centenary of the Reformation celebrated 

in Germany by a Protostant Jubilee, 1617 



CEP 



152 



CEE 



— of th Revolution, celebrated in Eng- 
land, Nov. 5, 1788. 

Centho, C. Claudius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
240. 

Centlivre, Susan, 6. 1667— d. 1723. 

Central Criminal Court, bill brought in, 
March, 25, 1834 — the court opened, Nov.l. 

Centumalus, Cn. Fulvius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 298. 

Centumalus, Cn. Fulvius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 229, 211. 

Centumcell^e, the harbour of, constructed 
by Trajan, 102. See Civita Vecchia. 

Cenwalk. See Kenwalk. 

Cenwulf, or Kenulf, k. of Mercia, in- 
vades Kent, and kills Eadbert Pren, 
796— suspends Wulfred, archbishop of 
Canterbury, 807 — refuses to obey the 
papal mandate for restoring him, but at 
last allows him to resume his functions, 
813— d. 819. 

Ceolfrid, abbot of Wearmouth, one of 
Bede's instructors, 689 — Naitan, king of 
the North Britons, applies to him for 
spiritual advice, and architects to build 
churches, 710. 

Ceolnoth, archbp. of Canterbury, 830 — d. 
870. 

Ceolred, k. of Mercia, 709— war with Ina, 
k. of Wessex, 715 -d. 716. 

Ceolric, succeeds his uncle, Ceawlin, as k. 
of Wessex — conquers Cridda, and usurps 
Mercia, 593— d. 597. 

Ceolwulf, great-grandson of Cerdic, suc- 
ceeds his brother, Ceolric, as k. of Wes- 
sex, 597 — quells a rebellion in Sussex, 
607— d. 611. 

Ceolwulf I., k. of Mercia, 819— expelled 
by Bernulf, 821. 

Ceolwulf II., k. of Mercia, 874 — deposed, 
877. 

Ceolwulf, k. of Northumberland, 729 — 
retires into a monastery, and leaves his 
kingdom to Eadbert, 737. 

Ceolwulf, bp. of Lindsey, d. 796. 

Ceorl, k. of Mercia, 615-626. 

Ceorl, ealdorman defeats the Danes at 
Wieganbeorh (Wembury, near Ply- 
mouth), 851. 

Ceos, or Keos, now Zea, an island on the 
coast of Caria, birth-place of Simonides, 
B.C. 556. See Prodicus. Held by the 
Venetian, Giustiniani, as a lief of the 
Latin empire of Romania, 1208 — taken 
by the knights of Rhodes, 1314. 

Cephalion, rhet. and hist., fl., 126. 

Cephalonia, now one of the Seyen Islands, 
given up to the Romans by the 42tolians, 
b.o. 189 — given to the Athenians by Ha- 
drian, a.d. 135— a Thema of the Byzan-^ 
tine empire, 8S0 — Robert Guiscard dies 
there, July 17, 1085 — a county pala-t 
tine held by Leonard Tocco, of Beneven- 



turn, 1357— taken by the Turks, 1469— 
by the Venetians, 1699 — revolt of the 
peasantry suppressed, Sept. 26, 1848. 
See Ionian, or Seven Islands. 

Cephalus takes the lead at Athens, b.c. 
402— persuades the Athenians to assist 
the Thebans, 379. 

Cephisodorus obtains the prize for comedy, 
b.c. 402. 

Cephisodorus, Athenian arch on, b.c. 366. 

Cephisodorus, Athenian archon, b.c. 323. 

Cephisodotus, or Cephisodorus, Athenian 
archon, b.c. 358. 

Cephisophon, Athenian archon, B.C. 329. 

Cephisus, or Cephissus, a river of Attica — 
Hadrian rebuilds a bridge over it, 123 — 
Walter de Brienne, duke of Athens, is 
slain in battle with the Catalans, on its 
banks, 1311. 

Cephken, k. of Egypt, B.C. 1032— supposed 
to be Schafra, or Saophis, who built the 
second pyramid about 3390. Leps. 

Ceraunus, Ptolemy, k. of Macedon, B.C. 
281 — murders Seleucus Nicator, 280 — 
slain in battle against the Danubian 
Celts, 280. 

Ceraunus, Seleucus, k. of Syria, at war 
with Attains, k. of Pergamus, B.C. 226— 
assassinated, 223. 

Cerchi, Vieri de, commands the faction of 
the Bianchi (Whites), in Florence, 1300. 

Cerco, Q. Lutatius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
241. 

Ceroagne, battle of. See Abderahman, 
the Saracen. Placed by John II., of Na- 
varre and Aragon, in the hands of Louis 
XL, of France, and retained by him, 1462 
— restored to Spain by the treaty of Nar- 
bonne, 1493. 

Cerdic, and his son, Cynric, land at Cer- 
dics-ore (Cernemuth), now Charmouth, 
in Dorsetshire, 495— defeats and slays 
Natanleod, the British prince, 508— takes 
the title of king of Wessex, 519 — defeats 
the Britons at Cerdicslea, 527 — conquers 
the Isle of Wight, 530— d. 534. 

Cerdicslea, battle of. See Cerdic. 

Cerdics-ore. See Cerdic. 

Cerdon. See Alexandria, bishops of. 

Cerdon, the heresiarch, visits Rome, 140. 

Cerealis, consul of Rome, 215. 

Cerealis, L. Tutius, consul of Rome, 106. 

Cerealis, Neratins, consul of Rome, 358, 

Ceresuola, in Piedmont, battle of -the 
army of Charles V., commanded by the 
marquis del Vasto, defeated by the 
French gen., Francis de Bourbon, count 
d'Enghien, April 14, 1544, 

Cerialis, Petilius, defeats the Batavi, and 
concludes the treaty with Civilis, 70 — 
governor of Britain, 72. 

Cerigo. See Cythera, and Seven Islands. 

Cernemuth. See Cerdic. 



C11A 



153 



CHA 



Cerretanus, Q. Aulius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 323, 319. II. 

Cekularius. See Michael, 1043. 

CEKVAjmus, b. 1547 — publishes the first 
part of his Don Quixote, 16C4 — dies, in 
great misery, 1616. 

Cesarino, Julius, president of the council 
of Basle, 1431 — persuades Ladislas 111., 
k. of Hungary and Poland, to break the 
peace with the Ottomans ; and perishes 
in the battle of Varna, Nov. 10, 1444. 

Cesra, k. of Persia, 631— deposed, 632. 

Cethegus, consul of Rome, 504. 

Cethegus, C. Cornelius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 197. 

Cethegus, M. Cornelius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 204— others, MJO, and a.d. 170. 

Cethegus, P. Cornelius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 181 — transfers the Ligurian captives 
to Samnium, 180. 

Cethegus, P. Cornelius, a partisan of Ma- 
rius, surrenders himself to Sylla, and 
escapes the proscription, B.C. 82 — an ac- 
complice in Catiline's conspiracy, put 
to death, 63. 

Cethegus, Serv. Cornelius, consul of Rome, 
24. 

Cette, harbour of, constructed, near the 
mouth of the Rhone, 1666— taken by Sir 
John Norris, and abandoned, 1710. 

Ceuta, or Septa, the Mount Abyla of the 
Latins, one of the columns of Hercules — 
taken by the Visigothic king, Sisebert, 
616 — given up by count Julian to the 
Arabs, who embark there to invade 
Spain, 710 — occupied by the forces of the 
Spanish caliph, Abderahman III., 930 — 
taken by John 1., k. of Portugal, 1415— 
remains in the power of Spain, when 
Portugal recovers independence, 1640 — 
ceded to Spain by the treaty of Lisbon, 
1668. 

Ceylon, Portuguese settlements formed 
in, 1507— captured by the Dutch, 1656 — 
taken by the English, 1795 — ceded to 
them by the peace of Amiens, 1802 — lord 
Torrington's government approved by a 
vote of the House of Commons, May 29, 
1851. 

Chabrias, Athenian archon, B.C. 415 — sent 
from Athens with an army to support 
Evagoras in Cyprus, 388 — defeats the 
Lacedaemonian fleet off Naxos, 376— ar- 
ranges the affairs of Thrace after the 
death of Cotys, S60— killed at the siege of 
Chios, 357. 

Chacornac discovers the planet " Massi- 
lia," Sept. 20, 1852— " Phocsea," April 6, 
1853 — " Polyhymnia," Oct. 28, 1854— 
" Circe," at Paris, April 6, 1855— "Leda," 
Jan. 12 ; and another, the 39th asteroid, 
Feb. 8. 1856. 

Chad, abbot of Lestingan (Lastingham), 



ordained bishop of Repton, and then re- 
moves the see to Lichfield, 665. 

Chjerondas, Athenian archon, b.c 338. 

Ch^eronea, Athenians attempt to seize, 
b.c. 447— battle of: Philip defeats the 
Athenians and Thebans, 338. 

Chain-shot, invented by John de Witt, 
grand pensionary of Holland, 1666. 

Chaires, k. of Egypt. See Cherees. 

Chaise, Pere la, confessor to Louis XIV., 
1675— d. Jan. 20, 1709. 

Chalais, the count de, beheaded for a con- 
spiracy against Richelieu, 1626. 

Chalcedon, a city of Bithynia, on the Bos- 
phorus, founded B.C. 674 — taken by Da- 
rius, 505 — plundered by the Goths, a.d. 
259 — Diocletian proclaimed at, 284— Ju- 
lian erects a tribunal at, to try the mi- 
nisters of Constantius, 361 — synod of the 
Oak at, 403— the Fourth General Council 
annuls the acts of the Robber Synod, 451, 
— taken by Chosroes Purvis, 609— his 
camp fixed there, „616-626 — restored to 
Heraclius, 628— taken by Orchan, 1338. 

Chalcis, in Euboea — Timotheus retires 
from Athens there, and dies, B.C. 354— 
Aristotle retires, and dies there, 322 — the 
Venetians fail in their attack, A.D. 1172. 

Chalcocondylas (father of the historian), 
employed by the widow of Antonio, duke 
of Athens, to negotiate with Amurath 
II., 1435— banished by Nerio II., 1436— 
deputed by Constantine, despot of the 
Morea, to propose terms of peace ; im- 
prisoned by Amurath for his arrogant de- 
mands, 1445. 

Chalcocondylas, Laonicus, records the 
observations made by the emperor M a- 
nuel and his followers in the West, 1403 — 
witnesses the Ottoman attack on the 
Morea, which he relates in his History, 
1446. 

Chalcocondylas, Demetrius, b. 1424— pa.- 
tronized by Lorenzo de' Medici, and as- 
sists the revival of learning, 1476- his 
Homer printed at Florence, 1488— d. at 
Milan, 1511. 

Chaldea, history of. See Berosus. 

Chaldean era, one year later than that of 
the Seleucidse. See Antioch, eras of, 

Chalgrove, skirmish at, where Hampden 
is mortally wounded, June 18, 1643-monu- 
ment to him erected there, June 10, 1843. 

Chalil, son of Kelaor.n, terminates the 
Christian kingdom in Palestine, by the 
capture of Acre (May 18), Tyre, and Bey- 
rout, 1291. 

Challis, M., discovers the planet Neptune, 
Aug. 4 and 12, 1846. 

Chalmers, Alexander, b. 1758— d. 1834. 

Chalmers, George, chief clerk of the Board 
of Trade, b. 1745— d. 1825. 

Chalmers, Thomas, b. 1780— d. 1847. 



CHA 



154 



CHA 



Chalon, J. J., R.A., d. 1854. 

Chaloneb, Sir Thomas. See Alum. 

Chalons surMarne, or Campi Catalaunici, 
battles of, 274, 451. See Aurelian, em- 
peror of Rome, and ./Etjus and Attila. 

Chalons sur Saone (Cabillonum), council 
of, 813. 

Chalus, in Limoges — Richard I., of Eng- 
land, killed at, 1199. 

Chambeeby, taken by the French from the 
duke of Savoy, Nov. 12, 1690. 

Chambers, Ephraim, publishes his Cyclo- 
paedia, 1728— d. 1740. 

Chambebs of Re-union extend the claims of 
Louis XIV., in Flanders and Alsace,1680. 

Chamillabd, minister of Louis XIV., dis- 
missed, 1708. 

Champ de Mabs, first grand federation of 
the, July 14, 1790— the second, July 14, 
1791— the third, July 14. 1792. 

Champagne^ one of the early feudal divi- 
sions of France, giving the title of count 
to its lord, annexed to the crown of Na- 
varre by Theobald, on his accession to 
the throne of that kingdom, 1234- ceded 
by Joanna II. to Philip V. of France, 
1318 — invaded by the emperor Charles 
V v 1523 —entered by the Prussian army, 
under the duke of Brunswick, 1792. 

Champagne, Henry of. See Henby, 1192. 

Championnet, the French gen., recovers 
Rome, Dec. 15, 1798 ; and invades Naples. 

Champlain, Lake, the American squadron 
defeated on, Oct. 11, 1776— the British 
flotilla captured by the Americans, Sept. 
11, 1814. 

Champlitte, William de. See Achaia, 
the principality of. 

Champollion, J. F., b. 1790 — first deci- 
phers Egyptian hieroglyphics, 1821 — 
sets out for Egypt, to explore its antiqui- 
ties, July 31, 1828— d. 1832. 

Chancellor, or Canseller, an English 
captain, discovers the passage to Arch- 
angel, 1553. 

Chancellor, originally the Cancellarius, 
or door keeper, who admitted suitors into 
the presence of the sovereign ; first made 
an imperial minister by Carinus, 284 — 
Edward the Elder appoints his nephew, 
Thurketyl, the first in England, who re- 
signs the office, 948 — the following are 
the most eminent among his successors, 
some of them being styled lord-keepers : 
Herefast, chancellor to William I... 1067 

Thomas a Becket, to Henry II 1155 

Longchamp,bp. of Ely, to Richard I. 1189 
William Warham, archbp. of Can- 
terbury, first chanc. to Hen.Vill., 1509 
resigns, 1515. 

Cardinal Wolsey 1515 

Sir Thomas More 1529 

Sir Thos. afterwards lord Audley 1532 



C H a nceli.orS — continued. 
Wriothesley, earl of Southampton 1644 

deprived of his office, 1547. 
Steph. Gardiner, bp. of Winchester 1553 
Nicholas Heath, archbp. of York... 1555 
displaced by qu. Elizabeth, 1558. 

Sir Nicholas Bacon 1558 

Sir Thomas Bromley 1579 

Sir Christopher Hatton 1587 

Francis, afterwards, lord Bacon ... 1617 
Sir John, afterwards, lord Finch ... 1640 

escapes to Holland, 1641. 
Sir Edw., afterwards lord Lyttleton 1641 
Sir Edward Hyde, afterwards, earl 

of Clarendon 1660 

Sir Orlando Bridgeman 1667 

Antony Astley, earl of Shaftesbury 1672 
Sir Heneage Finch, afterwards earl 

of Nottingham 1673 

Sir Francis North, lord Guildford... 1682 

George, lord Jeffries ; 1685 

Sir John, afterwards, lord Somers... 169H 

William, lord Cowper 1705 

Peter, lord King 1725 

Charles, lord Talbot, 1733 

Philip Yorke, lord Hardwicke 1737 

Charles, lord Camden 1766 

Charles Yorke 1770 

Henry Bath urst, lord Apsley, after- 
wards, earl Bathurs t 1 77 1 

Edward, lord Thurlow 1778 

Alex. Wedderburne, lord Lough- 
borough 1783 

Lord Thurlow, again 1783 

Lord Loughborough, again 1793 

John Scott, lord Eldon 1801 

Thomas, lord Erskine 1806 

Lord Eldon, again 1807 

J. S. Copley, lord Lyndhurst 1827 

Henry, lord Brougham and Vaux... 1830 

Lord Lyndhurst, again 1834 

C. C. Pepys, lord Cottenham 1836 

Lord Lyndhurst, again 1841 

Lord Cottenham, again 1846 

Thomas Wilde, lord Truro 1850 

Edw. B. Sugden, lord St. Leonard's 1852 

R. M. Rolfe.lord Cranworth 1852 

Chancellor of Ireland — the office created 
by Richard I., and given or sold to Ste- 
phen Ridel 1189 

The following are the later appoint- 
ments : — 

John Fitzgibbon, earl of Clare 1789 

John Mitford, lord Redesdale 1802 

George Ponsonby 1806 

Thomas, lord Manners 1807 

Sir Antony Hart 1827 

William, lord Plunket 1830 

Sir Edw. B. Sugden 1835 

Lord Plunket, again 1S35 

John, lord Campbell 1811 

Sir Edw. B. Sugden, again 18U 

Maziere Brady 184tJ 



CHA 



155 



CHA 



Chancellors of Ireland— continued. 

Francis Blackburn 1852 

Maziere Brady, again 1853 

Chancery, Court of, part of the general 
court instituted by k. Alfred, to receive 
appeals from inferior courts, and assist 
him in the administration of justice, 887 
— a separate jurisdiction given to it by 
William the Conqueror, 1070 — abuses ex- 
posed to the Commons, by Mr. John 
Williams, May 31, 1825— a bill for some 
reforms brought in by lord Cottenham, 
April 28, 1835 — rejected by the Lords, 
May 6. 

Chandernagore, on the Ganges — the 
French fort, taken. March, 28, 1757. 

Chandler, Samuel, b. 1693— tf. 1766. 

Chandos, lord John, serves in the army of 
Edward III., at Crecy, 1346— under the 
Black Prince, at Poictiers, 1356 — com- 
mands the Breton forces at Auray, de- 
feats Bertrand du Guesclin, and takes 
him prisoner, 1364 — in Castile, with the 
Black Prince, 1367- constable of Gui- 
enne, falls in battle, 1370. 

Changarnier, general, puts down an at- 
tempted insurrection at Paris, Jan. 29, 
1849 — displaced from his command, Jan. 
9, 1851 — confined in the castle of Ham, 
Dec. 2 — banished from France, Jan. 10, 
1852. 

Changhiangfu, in Manji (Southern Chi- 
na), Mar-Sackis, a Mestoriari Christian, 
appointed governor by Kublai — builds 
there three churches for his own sect, 
1278. 

Chang-sha-fu, the Chinese insurgents de- 
feated at, Sept. 12, 1852. 

Channing, William Ellery, b. 1780 — d. 
1842. 

Chant. See Grfgory I., pope. 

Chantelauze, ex-minister of Charles X., 
sentenced to imprisonment for life, Dec. 
21, 1830— liberated, and banished from 
France, Oct. 17, 1836. 

Chantrey, Francis, b. 1781 — d. 1841. 

Chapel of Henry VII. See Westmin- 
ster Abbey. 

Chappe, M., b. 1763-d. 1805. See Tele- 
graph. 

Chares, Athenian archon, B.C. 434 and 
472. 

Chares supports the rebellion of Artaba- 
zus against Ochus, but is recalled to 
Athens, B.C. 355. 

Chares, a Rhodian artist, completes the 
Colossus, B.C. 288. 

Charette, a Vendean chief, submits, Feb. 
17, 1795— d. Mar. 29, 1796. 

Cmaribert I. and II. See Franks. 

Chariclides, Athenian archon, b.c. 363. 

Charidemus attempts to recover Amphi- 
polis, and is repulsed by the Olynthians. 
B.C. 360. 



Charilaus, Proclidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
b.c. 8S1-821. 

Charing-cross. See Eleanora of Castile, 
and Bridges. 

Charinus. Athenian archon, b.c. 308. 

Charisander, Athenian archon, B.C. 
376. 

Charitable Trusts Bill, rejected by the 
Commons in consequence of alterations 
by the Lords, Aug. 10, 1836. 

Chariton, patriarch of Constantinople, 
1177. 

Charity-schools, Protestant, founded in 
London, Mar. 25, 1688. See Sunday- 
schools. 

Charlemagne, or Charles I., son of 
Pepin and Bertha, b. 742 — crowned at 
Noyon, Oct. 9, 768. See Carloman. — 
Defeats Hunald, duke of Aquitaine, and 
makes him prisoner, 769 — marries Desi- 
derata, daughter of Desiderius, k. of Lom- 
bardy, 770— -divorces her, and marries 
Ildegard ; sole monarch of France, and 
great part of Germany, 771 — begins his 
long war against the Saxons, 772 — the 
pope invites his protection; he marches 
into Lombardy, and besieges Desiderius, 
in Pavia, 773— takes Pavia, sends Desi- 
derius and his queen prisoners to France 
and visits Rome ; assumes the title of 
k. of Lombardy ; during his absence, is 
attacked by the Saxons, 774 — defeats 
them, and conquers Rodgausus, duke of 
Friuli, 776. See Hadrian I., pope. 

He completes the abbey-church of St. 
Denis, at Paris, 776 — settles a dispute 
between the pope and Leo, abp. of Raven- 
na ; calls the council and Diet of Pader- 
bom, to promote Christianity and peace 
among the Saxons, 777 — conquers the 
northern part of Spain, between the Py- 
renees and the Ebro, and establishes the 
" Spanish March," 778 — recalled from 
Spain by a revolt of the Saxons; on his 
return through the Pyrenees, his army 
is surprised by the Gascons, at Ronces; 
valles, 778 — is bravely resisted by the 
Saxons, under Witikind, 779 — reduces 
them to obedience, and creates among 
them five new bishoprics, 780. 

Visits Rome ; his two sons are crowned 
by the pope ; Thassilon, duke of Bavaria, 
does him homage, 781 — holds a Diet at 
Cologne ; again defeats the Saxons ; en- 
deavours to revive learning; studies 
under Peter of Pisa, and invites Alcuin 
to France, 782 — death of his mother, 
Bertha, and his queen, Ildegard, Apr. 
30, 783- he marries Fastrada, repels an- 
other attack of the Saxons, and corre- 
sponds with Oflfa, k. of Mercia, 783— he 
excludes Venetian merchants from his 
Italian and the papal States, and brings 
the marbles and mosaics of Ravenna to 



CIIA 



156 



CHA 



Charlemagne, or Charles T. — continued. 
decorate his palace at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
784. 

The Saxon chiefs, Witikind and Al- 
boin, submit to him ; he founds the bi- 
shoprics of Bremen, Osnaburg, and Hil- 
desheim ; Girona is surrendered to him, 
785 — represses a revolt in Bretagne ; 
three days of public thanksgiving for 
his victories ordered by the pope, 786 — 
the dukes of Beneventum and Bavaria 
do homage, and give their sons as hos- 
tages ; he receives Egbert at his court ; 
invites from Italy teachers of grammar 
and arithmetic, and singers, who intro- 
duce into France the Gregorian chant, 
787 — releases Grimoald, and makes him 
duke of Beneventum, on condition of his 
acknowledging him as his sovereign 
lord; drives the Avars out of Germany ; 
deposes Thassilon ; adds Bavaria, Friuli, 
and Liburnia to his empire ; refuses to 
give his daughter, Rotruda, in marriage 
to Constantine VI., and repels a Greek 
invasion of Italy, 788. 

Campaign against the Avars, 791 — his 
progress against them is stopped by a 
revolt of the Saxons, and a conspiracy 
of his son, Pepin ; he projects a canal to 
unite the Maine with the Danube, 792 — 
abandons it ; Girona and Narbonne taken 
by the Saracens, 793— the Saxons sub- 
mit : he founds the university of Paris; 
death of his queen, 794— ravages the 
country of the Saxons ; adorns Aix-la- 
Chapeile, and makes it the capital of his 
dominions, 795— drives the Saracens out 
of France, and recovers Girona ; trans- 
plants many thousand Saxons into 
France ; Alcuin obtains their release 
from slavery, 796 — takes Barcelona, Sa- 
ragossa, and Huesca, 797 — final conquest 
of the Avars, or Huns; he puts down 
an insurrection at Rome against pope 
Leo III.; the Balearic isles are under 
his protection, 799. 

Crowned emperor of the West by pope 
Leo, at Rome, Dec. 25— Haroun Al Kas- 
chid sends him the keys of Jerusalem. 
&c, 800— adds his Capitularies to the 
laws of Lombardy ; receives an embassy 
at Pavia from Haroun, 801 — proposed 
marriage with Irene, to unite the two 
empires, 802— makes a treaty with Ni- 
cephorus, to decide the limits of their 
empires ; final submission and pacifica- 
tion of the Saxons, at Salz, in Franconin, 
803 — large colonies of them are trans- 
planted into distant parts of his empire ; 
he is visited at Aix-la-Chapelle by pope 
Leo, 804— attacks the Bohemians, £05 — 
holds a Diet at Thionville, to fix the di- 
vision of the empire to be made at his 
death, 806. 



Another embassy from Haroun Al 
Raschid, 807 — assists Trasicou, k. of the 
Obotrites ; prepares large naval arma- 
ments to resist the Northern pirates ; 
institutes " Missi regii," to watch the 
administration of justice, and assists 
in restoring Erdulf in Northumberland, 
808 — fortifies Hamburg, 809 — makes 
peace with the Spanish caliph, Al Ha- 
kem, and the Greek emperor, Nicepho- 
rus I., 810— with Hemming, k. of South 
Jutland; death of his eldest son, Charles, 
Dec. 4, 811 — effects a general peace ; 
calls upon his prelates for their opinion 
on the rite of baptism, and adopts the i 
treatise of Odelbert, abp. of Milan, 812 — 
his son, Louis, is crowned as his col- 
league and successor ; he calls the five 
Councils, of Aries, Chalons, Rheims, 
Mentz, and Tours, to regulate the 
discipline of the church, 813— d. Jan. 28, 
814. 

Charleroy besieged by mar. BoufHers ; 
relieved by the elector of Bavaria, Oct. 
20, 1692— taken by the French, 1693. 

Charles II., the Bald, k. of France, son of 
the emperor Louis I., b. at Frankfort, 
823 — his father makes another division 
of his States, and gives him a portion, 
with Bernard, duke of Languedoc, as 
guardian, 829 — allots Neustria to him, 
837— forms a league with him and his 
brother, Lothaire, 838 — on their father's 
death, the three brothers divide his em- 
pire into three independent kingdoms, 
and Charles becomes k. of France, 840 
— unites with his brother Louis against 
Lothaire, and defeats him, at Fontenat, 
in Auxerre, June 25, 841 — has an inter- 
view with Louis at Strasburg, to main- 
tain their league, 842 — the three brothers 
agree to the treaty of Verdun, 843 — 
Charles defeated in Bretagne by Nome- 
noi, 845— conference with his brothers, at 
Mersen, 847 — he recovers Aquitaine, 
and imprisons Pepin, 851. See Aqui- 
taine. — He concludes an ignominious 
peace with the Saracens, 852 — visited by 
Ethelwulf, who marries his daughter, 
Judith, 856. See Ethelwulf, k. of Eng- 
land. — While he is at war with the Bre- 
tons and Normans, his brother, Louis, 
invades France, but withdraws 858 — 
his daughter, Judith, returns to him, 859 
— his sons, Louis and Charles, rebel, 
and Judith is carried off by Baldwin, S62. 
See Baldwin I., count of Flanders. — His 
edict, for the destruction of fortified 
castles, is disregarded by his nobles, 864 
— reduces Aquitaine, 865- sends his son, 
Louis the Stammerer, to govern it, 867 
— occupies Lorraine, on the death of Lo- 
thaire, 869— treaty with Louis of Ger- 
many, for the division of Lothaire'* 



CHA 



157 



CHA 



Charles II., a. of France— continued. 
kingdom. 870 — is encouraged by Hinc- 
mar of Rheims to resist the authority 
of the pope over the bishops of France, 
871 — he grants new privileges to the 
church of Rome ; obtains the support of 
pope John VIII., and is acknowledged 
k. of Italy and emperor of the West, 875 
— attempts to dispossess the sona of 
Louis of Germany, but is defeated at 
Andernach, by Louis II., Oct. 8, 876 — the 
pope and Italian princes call on him to 
protect them against the Saracens ; by 
creating hereditary benefices and titles, 
at the Diet of Quiercy-snr-Oise, he raises 
a large army, with which he marches 
into Italy; at Pavia, hearing that Car- 
loman was advancing, he retreats into 
Savoy, and while crossing Mount Cenis 
dies, Oct. 13, 877. 
Chables III., the Fat, son of Louis of Ger- 
many, o. 823 — in the division of his 
father's kingdom, receives East France 
(Franconia and Swabia),876 — k. of Italy, 
879— emperor of the West, 881— k. of 
Germany; gives up Friesland to the 
Danes, 882 — unites France under his 
sceptre with Germany and Italy, 884 — 
protests against the consecration of pope 
Stephen VI. without his consent, 885 — 
pays the Danes to retire from the siege 
of Paris, 886 — deposed by the German 
nobles, 887— d. Jan. 12, 888. 
Charles, son of John, k. of Bohemia, b. 
1316— marquis of Moravia, 1330— elected 
k. of Germany, and crowned at Bonne 
as Charles IV.; escapes from the battle- 
field of Crecy, and inherits his father's 
crown, 1346 — by the death of his com- 
petitor, Louis of Bavaria, he is left un- 
disputed k. of Germany ; attempts to 
conquer the Tyrol, but is defeated by 
Louis, marquis of Brandenburg, 1347 — 
detains Rienzo at Prague, and sends him 
to Avignon, 1351 — introduces a feudal 
constitution in Bohemia ; proceeds to 
Mantua, and refuses to join the league 
against the Visconti, 1354 — crowned k. 
of Italy, at Milan, Jan. 6, and emperor 
of the West, at Rome, Apr. 5, 1355 — 
promulgates the Golden Bull, prepared 
by Bartolo da Sassoferrato, as the funda- 
mental law of the Germanic constitution, 
1356 — treaty of Union between Bohemia 
and Austria, 1364 — he marches into 
Italy, and levies contributions, 1368 — 
returns to Germany, 1369— d. at Prague, 
Nov. 29, 1378. 
Charles V., emperor of Germany. See 
Charles L, k, of Spain. — Visits Eng- 
land, May, 1520 — crowned at A* x -l a - 
Chapelle, Oct. 22 — appoints Flemings to 
offices in Spain, which occasions discon- 



tent; is attacked by Francis T. : they 
command against each other in Flanders, 
1521 — obtains the papacy for his former 
tutor, Adrian VI. ; visits England, and 
by promises and bribes to Wolsey, 
engages Henry VIII. in war against 
France ; arrives in Spain, 1522 — takes 
the constable de Bourbon into his ser- 
vice, 1523— his allies jealous of his suc- 
cess, 1524 — his generals gain the battle 
of Pavia, and take Francis prisoner, Feb. 
24, 1525 — gives his youngest sister, 
Katharine, in marriage to the k. of Por- 
tugal ; loses the alliance of England, 
1525 — marries Isabella of Portugal ; re- 
leases Francis, by the Treaty of Madrid, 
1526 — Rome stormed by his armies, 1527 
— being unpaid, they subsist by plunder 
in Italy, and conquer Naples, 1528 — he 
coucludes treaties of peace with pope 
Clement VII., with Francis I., and Ve- 
nice, and makes, a progress through 
Italy, 1529 — crowned at Bologna as k. of 
Italy, Feb. 22, 1530— and as emperor, 
Feb. 24 — bestows the isles of Malta and 
Gozo, and the city of Tripoli, on the 
Knights Hospitallers, Mar. 23— decides 
the dispute between the duke of Ferrara 
and the popes, Dec. 21 — establishes the 
Medici at Florence, 1530— encourages 
Christian II. to attempt to recover Den- 
mark, 1531 — meets the pope at Bologna, 
and urges him to call a general council, 
1532— dissatisfied with the conference, 
returns to Spain, 1533— successful expe- 
dition against Tunis and Bona, 1535 — 
offers Milan to the duke of Angoulerae ; 
war with France renewed ; invades Pro- 
vence, loses half of his army, and retires, 
1536 — three months' truce with France, 
Nov. 14, 1537 — for ten years, June 18, 
1538— accidental interview with Francis 
atAigues Mortes; league of Nuremberg 
with the Roman Catholic princes of Ger- 
many, 1538 — passes through France on 
his way to suppress an insurrection in 
Flanders, 1539— taxes the Flemings, and 
takes away the franchises of Ghent; 
promises Milan to the duke of Orleans, 
but gives it to his own son, Philip, 1540 
— holds a conference at Lucca, Sept. 10, 
1541, with pope Paul 111., and again 
urges a general council ; disastrous expe- 
dition against Algiers, Oct.-Dec. 1541 — 
renews the war with France ; receives 
from Las Casas a protest against the 
cruelties practised on the native Ameri- 
cans, and institutes courts for their pro- 
tection, 1542 — reconciliation with Henry 
VIIL, and league against France, 1543 
— his league with a heretic disapproved 
by the pope, with whom he has an un- 
satisfactory iDterview at Busseto, June 



CIIA 



158 



CIIA 



C3ABLES V. — continued. 
22 — takes the field against the duke of 
Cleves, ally and general of Francis I., 
1543 — defeat of his army at Ceresnola ; 
he invades France, hut suddenly con- 
cludes a peace, and abandons Henry, 
1544 — promises his daughter, Maria, to 
the duke of Orleans, with Milan for her 
dowry, 1545— deprives the abp. of Co- 
logne of his states, enters into a league 
with the pope, and commences hostilities 
against the Protestants in Germany, 
1546 — defeats them at Miihlberg, Apr. 
24, 1547 — forbids the removal of the 
Council of Trent to Bologna, 1547 — holds 
a Diet at Augsburg, where an Interim 
is prepared, that satisfies neither Pro- 

' testants nor Catholics ; gives the electo- 
rate of Saxony to Maurice ; calls his son 
Philip into Germany, and gives his 

■ daughter Maria in marriage to his ne- 
phew, Maximilian, 1548— protects the 
princess Mary in England ; forms a 

. league with pope Julius III., and endea- 
vours to establish his Interim by force, 
1551— is surprised at Inspruck by the 
elector Maurice, and obliged to take to 
flight, and to revoke the Interim, 1552 
— is driven from the siege of Metz, and 
leaves the French in possession of their 
conquests in that quarter; negotiates the 
marriage of Mary, qu. of England, to his 
son Philip, 1553-gives up Naples and Si- 
cily to him, 1554— the Netherlands, and 
also Sienna, 1555 — concludes a truce with 
France, Feb, 5, 1556— resigns Spain and 
its dependencies to Philip, Feb. 6, and 
the imperial dignity to his brother, Fer- 

. dinand, Sept.; retires to the monastery 
of St. Just, near Placentia, in Spain, 
where he celebrates his own obsequies, 
and soon after dies, Sept. 21, 1558. 

Charles VI., emperor of Germany. See 
Charles, archduke of Austria, aud no- 
minally Charles III. of Spain. — Op- 
poses the intended congress of Utrecht, 
1711 — sends prince Eugene to London, to 
urge a continuance of the war ; carries 
it on by himself unsuccessfully, 1712 — 
inclines to peace, 1713 — adds to his do- 
minions the Netherlands, Naples, Sar- 
dinia, and Milan, 1714— Barrier Treaty, 
1715— alliance with the Southern States, 
to assist Venice against the Turks; 
prince Eugene expels them from Hun- 
gary, 1716— Belgrade taken, 1717— quad- 
ruple alliance with Great Britain.France, 
and Holland, July 22, 1718 -war with 
the Turks, tenninated by the peace of 
Passarowitz, June 24— Spanish aggres- 
sion in Sicily repelled ; East India Com- 
pany founded, at Ostend, which the 
Dutch oppose, 1719 — Sicily i nited to 



Naples, 1720 — his Pragmatic Sanction 
secures the succession in his hereditary 
States to his daughter, Maria Theresa, 
1723 — his alliance with Spain, 1725 — 
causes imputations against him, and ex- 
planations at the Diet of Katisbon, Apr. 
7, 1727 — offended by some of the articles 
of the treaty of Seville, collects an army 
in Milan, 1730 — dissolves his Ostend 
Company, and Great Britain guarantees 
his Pragmatic Sanction, Mar. 5, 1731 — 
joins Russia to influence the choice of a 
king in Poland, 1733 — war with France 
and Spain ; campaign in Italy, and on 
the Rhine, 1734 — peace of Vienna, Oct. 
3, 1735 — marriage of Maria Theresa; 
war with Turkey, 1736 — Orsova taken 
by the Turks, 1738— Wallis defeated at 
Krotzka, July 22, 1739— peace of Bel- 
grade, Sept. 22 ; Charles VI.. last male of 
the House of Habsburg, d. Oct. 20, 1740. 

Charles VII., emperor of Germany. See 
Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria. — 
Maria Theresa protests against his elec- 
tion, invades his States, and takes Mu- 
nich, 1742 — he solicits peace; she rejects 
the preliminaries of Hanau ; he recovers 
Bavaria, 1744— d. Jan. 20, 1745. 

Charles IV., the Simple, son of Louis tht 
Stammerer, b. Sept. 17, 879 — on the death 
of his brother, Carloman, is set aside by 
Charles the Fat, 884 — again, by Eudes, 
888 — proclaimed k. of France by Fulke, 
bp. of Rheiras; driven into Germany by 
Eudes, 892 — Eudes relinquishes the 
eastern province of France to him, and 
recognizes his title, 896— sole king ot 
France, 898 — marries Eadgift, daughter 
of Edw. the Elder, k. of England, 911— 
grants the province, afterwards called 
Normandy, to Rollo (Robert), 912— Ro- 
bert, count of Paris, Herbert of Verman- 
dois, and other nobles of France, conspire 
against him, 920— deposed, and Robert, 
count of Paris, elected k., 922 — Charles 
defeats and slays Robert, at Soissons, 
923— Rudolf, duke of Burgundy, k. of 
France; Charles put to flight, is shut up 
at Pennine ; his queen, Eadgift, and son, 
Louis d'Outremer, take refuge in Eng- 
land, 923 — d. in his captivity at Peronne, 
Oct. 7, 929. 

Charles IV., le Bel, k. of France, son of 
Philip IV., succeeds his brother, Philip 
V. ; unjustly claims Navarre, is resisted 
by the Navarrese in the battle of Beoti- 
bata, 1322 — desires Isabella of England 
to leave his court, 1325— d. Jan. 21, 1328. 

Charles V., the Wise, k. of France, son of 
John II., b. 1336 — escapes, while dau- 
phin,from the battle of Poictiers, and acts 
as regent during his father's captivity, 
1356— rejects the treaty concluded by his 



CHA 



159 



CHA 



father with Edw. III., 1357— his autho- 
rity is disregarded, and France disturb- 
ed by violent commotions and insurrec- 
tions, 1358— succeeds his father, 1364— 
allows Henry de Trastamare to enlist the 
" Companies" in his service, 1365— the 
nobles of Aquitaine appeal to him, 1368 
— he breaks the treaty of peace, by citing 
the prince of Wales, 1369 — recovers 
most of the provinces conquered by the 
English, 1370— avoids a battle with John 
of Gaunt, 1373— concludes a truce with 
England, 1374 — conquers the French 
provinces of Charles the Bad, k. of Na- 
varre, and takes his children prisoners, 
1377 — supports Clement VII. as pope, 
1378— d. Sept. 16, 1380. 
Charles VI., k. of France, b. 1369— suc- 
ceeds his father, Charles V., 1380— during 
his minority, his uncles oppress his sub- 
jects ; he releases his cousins, the fa- 
mily of Charles of Navarre, 1381— col- 
lects an armament at Sluys to invade 
England ; some of his ships are captured, 
and the rest dispersed by a storm, 1386— 
attacked by fits of melancholy madness ; 
his uncles resume the government ; cards 
are introduced for his amusement in his 
lucid intervals, 1392-his eldest daughter, 
Isabella, married to Richard II., k. of 

• England, and a truce for twenty-five years 
concluded between the two countries, 
1396 — the French government endea- 
vours to terminate the schism of the 
church, and withdraws its recognition of 
Benedict XIII., 1398— sends an army to 
besiege him in Avignon, 1399— visit of 
the Greek emperor, Manuel II., 1400— 

- after the death of Richard, Isabella re- 
fuses to marry the prince of Wales, and 
returns to her father, 1401 — struggle for 

• the regency between John, duke of Bur- 
gundy, and the duke of Orleans, 1404— 
the latter assassinated, 1407— the former 
occupies Paris, and drives out the court, 
1408— the Orleans party takes the name 
of Armagnacs ; they and their adversa- 
ries both court the alliance of England, 

• 1410— the duke of Burgundy assisted by 
Henry IV. with an auxiliary force, 1411 
—transferred to the other side, 1412— 
civil war rages violently, 1413— Henry 
V. claims the crown, and receives an in- 
sulting answer, 1414— invades France; 
battle of Agincourt, Oct. 15 — a truce 
concluded, 1415— the emperor Sigismund 
visits Paris, 1416— the queen is impri- 
soned at Tours, and liberated by the 
duke of Burgundy, who becomes master 
of a great part of France, 1417— they 
negotiate with Henry, and obtain pos- 
session of the king's person, 1418— the 
duke of Burgundy assassinated; 1419— 



treaty of Troyes ; Henry declared re- 
gent, and heir of the crown; marries 
Katharine, the king's youngest daughter, 
1420— battle of Bauge, 1421— Charles VI. 
d., Oct. 22, 1422. 
Charles VII., k. of France, son of Charles 
VI., b. 1403— while dauphin, joins the 
Orleans party, and quarrels with his mo- 
ther, 1417 — abets the assassination of 
the duke of Burgundy, 1419 -is disin- 
herited by the treaty of Troyes, 1420— 
driven beyond the Loire by Henry V. 
1421— succeeds his father on the throne, 
1422— crowned at Poictiers ; Henry VI., 
of England, proclaimed k. of France at 
Paris ; John, duke of Bedford, regent ; 
league with the duke of Burgundy re- 
newed ; defeat of the French, at Crevant 
sur Yonne, 1423— at Verneuil, Aug. 27, 
1424— the duke of Britanny withdraws 
from the English alliance ; his brother, 
the count de Rictamont, appointed con- 
stable of France, 1425— the duke of Bed- 
ford reduces Britanny; the earl of War- 
wick compelled to raise the siege of 
Montargis, 1426— the constable de Riche- 
mont retires from court in disgust, 1427 
—siege of Orleans, 1428— battle of Her- 
rings ; Joan of Arc relieves Orleans ; 
the English defeated at Patay ; Charles 
crowned at Rheims, July 17, 1429— Joan 
made prisoner at Comptegne ; Henry 
VI. crowned at Paris, Dec. 17, 1430— 
Joan of Arc barbarously put to death; 
the English power in France declines 
rapidly, 1431— defection of the duke of 
Burgundy, 1432— he obtains many con- 
cessions from Charles in the congress of 
Arras, 1433— treaty of alliance between 
them concluded, 1435— Paris recovered ; 
siege of Calais undertaken and abandon- 
ed, 1436- triumphal entry of Charles into 
Paris, 1437— the Pragmatic Sanction of 
Bourges annuls the pope's fiscal rights in 
France, 1438— revolt of the dukes of Bour- 
bon and Alencon, and many other no- 
bles, 1440— Charles supports the claims 
of Francis I., duke of Britanny, for com- 
pensation from England, and prepares 
to renew the war, 1448 — war renewed : 
he and his generals conquer Normandyj 
1449— the conquest completed, and Gui- 
enne invaded, 1450— the English govern- 
ment, under the influence of qu. Marga- 
ret, allow it to be conquered, 1451— the 
Gascon lords invite assistance to recover 
it, 1452 — Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, 
sent with an inadequate force, is defeat- 
ed and slain ; Calais alone now remains 
to the English in France, 1453 — hostili- 
ties cease, without any formal treaty of 
peace, 1454— Charles VII. d. July 22, 
1461. 



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Charles VIII., k. of France, son of Louis 
XI., b. 1470— proposed marriage with 
Elizabeth of York, 1481 — affianced to 
Margaret, daughter of Maximilian of 
Austria, 1482 — succeeds his fathei*, un- 
der the regency of hi3 sister, 1483. See 
Anne, daughter of Louis XI. — Sends 
back his affianced bride to her father, 
and marries Anne of Britanny, by which 
he annexes that province to France. See 
Anne of Britanny.— Henry VII. of Eng- 
land, and Maximilian, league against 
him, 1491 — he makes peace with Henry, 
by paying 750,000 crowns, and 25,000 an- 
nually, 1492 — with Maximilian, by re- 
storing to him Artois and FrancheComt£, 
and Cerdagne and Rousillon to Spain, 
1493 — sends agents into Italy, and claims 
the crown of Naples ; Florence submits 
to him, 1494— enters Rome, Jan. 1, 1495 
— makes a treaty with pope Alexander 
VII. ; reaches Naples, Feb. 24 ; a pow- 
erful league makes him retire, May 20 ; 
reaches Rome, June 1 } breaks through 
the allied army on the river Taro, July 
6 ; makes a separate treaty with Lodo- 
vico Sforza, at Vercelli, Oct. 10, and re- 
turns to France ; d. of apoplexy, at Am- 
boise, Apr. 7, 1498. 

Charles IX., k. of France, son of Henry 
II,, b. 1550 — succeeds his brother, Fran- 
cis II., Dec. 5, 1560 — his mother, Katha- 
rine de Medici, regent, opposes the Guise 
family, 1560 — he falls into their hands, 
and they compel him to act with them 
against the Huguenots, 1561 — Edict of 
St. Germain in favour of toleration, 
followed by a massacre of the Hugue- 
nots, at Vassy, Mar. 1, 1562 — the civil 
war begins ; assassination of the duke 
of Guise, Feb. 24, 1563 — compromise of 
Amboise between the two parties, Mar. 
19 ; his mother takes him through the 
provinces, 1564 — conference with the 
duke of Alva, at Bayonne, to concert the 
extermination of the Protestants, 1565 
— civil war renewed ; Cond6 and Colig- 
ny fail in an attempt to seize the young 
king, 1567 — peace of Longjumeau, broken 
in six months, 1568 — defeat of the Hu- 
guenots, at Jarnac, Mar. 13, 1569 — duke 
of Cond6 assassinated; Henry of Na- 
varre becomes the head of the party; 
Coligny defeated at Moncontour, Oct. 3; 
treaty of St. Germain en Laye, Aug. 15, 
1570 — marriage of Charles IX. to Isa- 
bella, daughter of the emperor Maximi- 
lian, Nov. 26 ; he deceives the Protest- 
ants by a pretended friendship, 1571 — 
concludes a treaty with qu. Elizabeth, 
Apr. 19, 1572 — Jane, qu. of Navarre, is 
poisoned, June 10 ; the leading Hugue- 
nots are brought to Paris to attend the 



marriage of her son Henry, to Charles' 
sister, Margaret, Aug. 18; massacre of 
St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24 ; the Protest- 
ants take arms again, and save La Ro- 
chelle, June 25, 1573 — a fourth treaty of 
peace grants them the free exercise of 
their religion ; they are joined by the 
duke d'Alencon, and many moderate Ca- 
tholics, tailing themselves Politiques ; 
Charles IX. d. May SO, 1574. 

Charles X., k. of France, son of the dau- 
phin, Louis, and grandson of Louis XV., 
b. Oct. 9, 1757 — while count d'Artois, one 
of the first to emigrate; leaves Paris, 
July 16, 1789— assists in collecting an 
army at Coblentz and Worms, 1791 — 
succeeds his brother, Louis XVIIL, Sept. 
16, 1824 — proposes an indemnity to the 
emigrants, who had lost their property ; 
acknowledges the independence of Haiti,. 
1825— accedes to the treaty for the paci- 
fication of Greece, 1826 — his minister? 
fail in an attempt to restrain the liberty 
of the press ; dissolution of the Chamber 
of Deputies ; seventy-six new peers cre- 
ated, 1827 — hostilities commence against 
Algiers. See Algiers. — Change of mi- 
nisters ; Martignac takes the place of 
De Villele, 1828— fall of his ministry : 
De Polignac called from London to form 
a new cabinet; ultra-royalists and priests 
rule the government, 1829 — the Cham- 
ber of Deputies votes an address hostile 
to the Polignac ministry, Mar. 16, 1830 
— prorogued, 19 ; dissolved, May 16 ; is 
induced by his ministers to dissolve the 
new Chamber before it meets, July 21 ; 
signs and publishes unconstitutional or- 
dinances, July 25; journals suppressed, 
26; popular disturbances; the three days' 
war of the barricades in Paris, July 27 
to 29 ; Charles X. abdicates, Aug. 2 ; is 
conducted to Cherbourg by commissaries 
of the provisional government, 4 ; em- 
barks with his family for England, 16; 
arrives, 17 ; his late ministers brought 
to trial, and sentenced to imprisonment 
for life, Dec. 21 ; liberated and banished 
from France, Oct. 17, 1836— Charles X. d. 
at Goritz, in Austria, Nov. 4. 

Charles I., king of Great Britain, son of 
James I., b. Nov. 19, 1600 — becomes 
prince of Wales by the death of his bro- 
ther, Henry, Nov. 6, 1612 — visits Madrid 
to treat for his marriage with a Spanish 
princess — the treaty broken off, 1620— 
another set on foot with Henrietta Maria, 
daughter of Henry IV., and sister of 
Louis XIII. of France, 1621. 

He succeeds his father, March 27, 1625 
— marries Henrietta Maria, May 1 — quar- 
rels with his first parliament, which is 
dissolved, Aug. 12— alliance with France 









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Charles I., k. ot Great Britain — continued. 
— his fleet refuses to act against the 
Protestants— is crowned, Feb. 2, 1626 — 
his second parliament impeaches Buck- 
ingham, and is dissolved, June 11. See 
Commons, House of. — He endeavours to 
obtain supplies by arbitrary impositions, 
1626 — his measures resisted, 1627 — en- 
gages in a war against France — Buck- 
ingham attacks the Isle de Rhe, 1627 — 
royal assent given to the Petition of 
Eight, 1628 — Buckingham assassinated 
— Charles dissolves his third parliament, 
and governs without one, 1629. 

Peace concluded with France, 1629 ; 
with Spain, 1630— Strafford prime minis- 
ter — the king resorts to violent expedi- 
ents for obtaining money, and sends the 
marquis of Hamilton with an auxiliary 
force to assist in recovering the palati- 
nate, 1630— revives monopolies, sells pa- 
tents and privileges to new companies, 
and imposes a stamp on eards, 1631 — 
gives extended jurisdiction to the council 
of York — renews the orders of Elizabeth 
and James for the nobility and landed 
proprietors to reside on their estates in 
the country, 1632 — patronizes Vandyke, 
1633 — visits Scotland — is crowned, June 
18 — holds a parliament, and obtains sup- 
plies, and Acts favourable to episcopacy ; 
makes Laud archbp. of Canterbury — re- 
publishes bis father's Book of Sports, 
1633. 

Writ for levying ship-money, 1634 — 
Star Chamber persecutions, 1635 — the 
obsolete forest laws enforced — opposi- 
tion to ship-money, by Hampden, 1636 
— severities of the Star Chamber against 
Prynne and others — judgment given 
against Hampden ; he, with Pym, Oliver 
Cromwell, and several more, attempt to 
emigrate, and are prevented, 1637 — 
failure of the attempt to force the Li- 
turgy on Scotland — the king gives way 
to the Covenant, 1638 — threatens to op- 
pose the French and Dutch in Flanders 
— advances to Berwick against the Co- 
venanters — pacification of Dunse, June 
17 — he is forced to disband his army, 1639. 

A parliament assembled, April 13, 1640 
— it complains of grievances, votes no 
supplies, and is dissolved, May 5— the 
Scotch enter England, Aug. 20 — defeat 
Conway at Newbnrn, 28; and occupy 
Newcastle — the king goes to York, 29 ; 
and holds a council of peers, Sept. 24— 
the Long Parliament meets, Nov. 3 — im- 
peaches Strafford, 11 ; and Laud, Dec. 
18— the lord keeper, Finch, escapes to 
Holland, and the secretary, Windebank, 
to France, 1640 — the king adopts con- 
ciliatory measures, 1641 — gives his as- j 



sent to the Act f ;r triennial parliaments, 
Feb. 16- abolishes the Star Chamber- 
assents to the execution of Strafford, May 
11 — visits Scotland, from August to No- 
vember — the Irish rebellion breaks out, 
Sept, 23 — parliament meets, Oct. 20. 

The king attempts to seize lord Kim- 
bolton and five members of the House of 
Commons, Jan. 4, 1642 — leaves London, 
10 — arrives at York, and attempts to 
levy tonnage and poundage by pro- 
clamation, Mar. 19 — Sir John Hotham 
refuses to admit him into Hull, April 
23 — he countermands the order of the 
parliament for calling out the mili- 
tia, May 5 — sets up the royal standard 
at Nottingham, Aug. 22 — Essex collects 
the parliamentary army at Northamp- 
ton, Sept. 2— battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23 
— advances towards London, in Novem- 
ber, but retires, and takes up his winter 
quarters at Oxford, 1642. 

The civil war rages throughout Eng- 
land, 1643 — battle near Gloucester, lord 
Herbert defeated, March 23 — at Bram- 
ham Moor, lord Fairfax defeated, 29 
— Reading surrenders to Essex, April 
26 — the earl of Stamford defeated at 
Stratton, May 16 — the royalist general, 
Goring, taken at Wakefield, 21 — 
Taunton and Bridgewater surrender to 
the parliament, June 5 — the Scotch 
League and Covenant adopted by the 
parliament, June 16 — Hampden wounded 
at Chalgrove, 18 ; d. 24— lord Fairfax de- 
feated on Atherton Moor, June 29; sir 
Wm. Waller, at Lansdown, July 5; and 
at Roundway Down, 13 — prince Rupert 
takes Bristol, 25 — the king besieges 
Gloucester, which is relieved by the earl 
of Essex, Sept. 5— victory of Cromwell 
and sir Thomas Fairfax at Horncastle — 
first battle of Newbury, 20 — the king re- 
tires to Oxford — Pym d., Dec. 8. 

The Scotch army enters England, Jan. 
19, 1644 — the king calls a parliament at 
Oxford, 22 ; and dismisses it, April 16 — 
retires from Oxford, May 22 — prince Ru- 
pert totally defeated at Marston Moor, 
July 3 — York surrenders to the parlia- 
ment, 5 — the queen embarks for France, 
14 — Essex's army surrenders in Corn- 
wall, Sept. 2 — second battle of Newbury, 
Oct. 27 — the king retreats to Walling- 
ford, recovers his artillery, and returns 
to Oxford, Nov. 1 — makes overtures to 
the parliament, who send commissioners 
with high demands — both parties agree 
to treat at Uxbridge, Nov. 1644. 

The peers assent with reluctance to 
Laud's attainder, Jan. 4, 1645 — he is be- 
headed,10 — negotiations carried on,with- 
out result, at Uxbridge, from Jan. 30 to 



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Charles I., k. cf Great Britain — continued. 
Feb. 22— the k. takes Leicester, May 31 
— is totally defeated at Naseby, June 14, 
when his cause becomes utterly despe- 
rate — Montrose takes arms for him in 
Scotland, Sept. 1 — Bristol taken by Fair- 
fax and Cromwell, 9 — prince Rupert 
leaves England — the king attempts to 
relieve Chester, Sept. 23, but soon after 
shuts himself up in Oxford — he enters 
into secret negotiations with the Scots, 
the army, and the parliament, 1645. 

Dartmouth taken by Fairfax, Jan. 18, 
1646— lord Hopton disbands his army, 
March 14 — lord Astley defeated and 
made prisoner at Stowe on the Wold, 21 
— the k. quits Oxford in disguise, April 
26, and gives himself up to the Scots at 
Newark, May 5 — the royal garrisons sur- 
render by his order — Montrose retires 
to the continent, Aug. — the Scots take 
the k. with them to Newcastle ; surren- 
der him to the English parliament, Jan. 
30, 1647— he is brought to Holmby, in 
Northamptonshire, Feb. 16 — seized by 
cornet Joyce, June 4, and conducted to 
the army — rejects the propositions for 
the settlement of the nation, Aug 1 — 
Hampton Court assigned for his resi- 
dence, 16— escapes to Titchfield, Nov. 11, 
and thence to the Isle of Wight, where 
he is confined in Carisbrooke Castle, 
Nov. 14 — four propositions sent to him 
by the parliament, as the basis of a per- 
sonal treaty, which he refuses, Dec. 24 — 
endeavours to escape, 28. 

The parliament vote that no further 
addresses be made to him, Jan. 3, 1648 — 
that of Scotland takes arms in his cause, 
Mar, 10 — risings in his favour in Kent, 
Wales, Lincolnshire, and other parts — a 
part of the fleet in the Downs mounts his 
flag, May 23, and repairs to the prince of 
Wales, in Holland — the Scottish army 
enters England, July 5, and is joined by 
the English royalists ; they are routed 
at Preston and Uttoxeter, Aug. 17 and 20 
— Cromwell marches to Edinburgh, and 
puts down all opposition in Scotland — sir 
Charles Lucas aud sir George Lisle be- 
sieged in Colchester Castle — taken, and 
shot, 28 — negotiations opened with the k. 
at Newport, Sept. 18 till Nov. 27, when 
he agrees to most ot the terms demanded. 

The army remove him to Hurst Castle, 
and demand that he should be brought 
to trial, Nov. 30 — the parliament vote 
that his concessions are a sufficient 
ground for a settlement, Dec. 5 — the 
presbyterian members are excluded by 
"Pride's Purge," Dec. 6 — the king is 
brought from Hurst Castle to Windsor, 
22 — the charges against him drawn up, 



28— he is brought from Windsor to St 
James's, preparatory to his trial, Jan. 
15, 1649— brought before the High Court 
of Justice, he denies its jurisdiction, 20 
■ — he is condemned to death, 27 — is be- 
headed before Whitehall, 30 — buried at 
Windsor, Feb. 8, 1649 — official comme- 
moration of his death, by the lord mayor, 
discontinued, 1773 — his tomb opened in 
presence of the prince regent, April 28, 
1813. 
Charles II., k. of Great Britain, son of 
Charles I., b. May 29, 1630— Hampden 
appointed his tutor, 1641 — escapes to 
Jersey, and thence to Paris, 1646 — part of 
the fleet gives itself up to him in Hol- 
land, 1648 — in exile at the time of his 
father's death, Jan. 30, 1649 — takes the 
title of Charles II., at the Hague— is 
conditionally acknowledged in Scotland ; 
proclaimed by the marquis of Ormond 
in Ireland, March 19 — meets the Scot- 
tish commissioners at Breda, March 
15, 1650 — lands in Scotland, June 23 — 
takes the Covenant, aud is proclaimed 
king, July 15 — defeated by Cromwell 
at Dunbar, Sept. 3. 

Crowned at Scone, Jan. 1, 1651-invades 
England, entering Carlisle, Aug. 6 — 
reaches Worcester, 22 — overtaken by 
Cromwell, and defeated, Sept. 3 — escapes 
his pursuers, concealed in the Boscobel 
oak, and lands at Fescamp, in Normandy, 
Oct 17 — leaves Paris, and retires to Co- 
logne, 1654 — removes from Brussels to 
Calais, Aug. 1, 1659 — to Breda, and 
through sir John Grenville, communi- 
cates with Monk, Apr. 4, 1660— his letters 
are laid before the parliament, and they 
acknowledge him as king, May 1^-he 
is proclaimed in London, 8 ; and in Ire- 
land, 14 — lands at Dover, 25 — makes his 
entry into London, 29 — in all his public 
Acts, dates the years of his reign from 
the day of his father's death. 

Crowned, April 23, 1661 — episcopacy 
revived in Scotland — the League and 
Covenant burnt by the hangman, in 
England, May 22, and many acts of 
parliament — bishops sit again among 
the lords — marries Katharine of Bra- 
ganza, May 21, 1662 — Bombay, Tangier, 
and free trade with Brazil, are part of 
her dowry — the Act of Uniformity comes 
into operation, Aug. 24— Dunkirk sold to 
the French, Oct. 17 — the king withdraws 
his favour from the earl of Clarendon, 
1663 — the Triennial Act remodelled to 
meet his wishes, and the Conventicle 
Act, passed, April 6, May 17, 1664— the 
clergy cease to tax themselves in con- 
vocation, 1664. 

War declared against the Dutch, Mar, 



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Chabi.es II., k. of Great Britain — continued. 
4, 1665 — the plague breaks out in 
London, in April, and rages until De- 
cember, the mortality being estimated 
at 130,000— the Dutch fleet defeated by 
the duke of York, off Harwich, June 3— 
the London Gazette established, Nov. 7 
— war proclaimed against France, Feb. 
10, 1666— sea fight of four days (June 1-4) 
between the English and Dutch fleets — 
the Dutch defeated, July 25. 26 — great 
fire of London, Sept. 2 to 6— the Scotch 
presbyterians take arms against episco- 
pacy, but are defeated at Pentland hills, 
Nov. 27 — the k. suspected of a leaning 
to Romanism, 1666. 

The Dutch sail up the Thames and 
Medway, surprise Sheerness and Chat- 
ham, and destroy some ships, arsenals, 
and stores, June 11, 1667 — the peace 
of Breda concluded, July 10 — the first 
stone of the new Royal Exchange laid 
by the king, Aug. 23 — the earl of 
Clarendon banished by act of parlia- 
ment, Dec. 19 — triple alliance formed 
between England, Holland, and Swe- 
den, against the ambition of Louis 
XIV., Jan. 13, 1668 — the k. recommends 
the union of England and Scotland to 
the parliament, Oct. 19, 1669 — they in- 
quire into the miscarriages of the Dutch 
war, and are prorogued, Dec. 11. 

The government carried on by the 
Cabal, consisting of sir Thomas Clifford, 
lord Ashley (afterwards earl of Shaftes- 
bury), the duke of Buckingham, lord 
Arlington, and the earl of Lauderdale 
— intrigues of Louis XIV. — visit of the 
duchess of Orleans, 1670— secret alliance 
with France, May 15 — influence of Que- 
rouaille, duchess of Portsmouth, the 
king's favourite mistress — he and his 
ministers sell themselves to Louis — he 
obtains subsidies, under pretence of 
carrying out the Triple Alliance — pen- 
sions Blood, who had attempted to steal 
the crown and regalia from the Tower, 
1671. 

Seizes all the money in the ex- 
chequer, and stops the repayment of 
loans and deposits, Jan. 12, 1672 — sus- 
pends the penal laws against the dis- 
senters, March 16 — declares war against 
the Dutch, 17 — battle of Solebay, May 
28 — the k, complies with the remon- 
strance of parliament against his declar- 
ation of indulgence to dissenters, March 
8, 1673 — the Test Acts passed, 29 — 
Shaftesbury dismissed, June 9 — the duke 
of York resigns the command of the fleet 
— three indecisive battles with the Dutch 
fleet, May 28, June 4, Aug. il — par- 
liament complains of the French alli- 



ance and. the Dutch war — prorogued, 
Nov. 4. 

Peace concluded with Holland, Feb. 28, 
1674 — the parliament prorogued, in con- 
sequence of disputes between the Houses, 
June 9, 1675 — fresh disputes occasion 
another prorogation, Nov. 22, which lasts 
for fifteen months — the king, pensioned 
by Louis, retires from London to Wind- 
sor, Feb. 7. 1676 — the parliament re- 
assembles, Feb. 15, 1677, and urges the 
k. to resist the aggrandizement of France * 
— Titus Oates and Dr. Tongue accuse tha 
Jesuits of a conspiracy, called the Po- 
pish Plot, Aug. 12, 1678— sir Edmund- 
bury Godfrey murdered, Oct. 17 — many 
Romish nobles, priests, and others, im- 
prisoned, and an act passed to exclude '* 
Romanists from both houses of parlia- 
ment, Nov. 30— the parliament dissolved, 
after sitting eighteen years, Dec. 30. 

The k. desires his brother, the duke of 
York, to retire abroad, Feb. 28, 1679— 
the Commons protest against the king's 
pardon granted to the earl of Danby, 
March 23 — the k. forms a council of 
equal numbers of Whigs and Tories, 
with the earl of Shaftesbury, the leader 
of the Whigs, as president, April 21 — 
the k. assents to the Habeas Corpus act, 
May 27 — the Scottish Covenanters again 
take arms ; defeat Graham of Claver- 
house at Drum clog, June 1 ; are routed 
at Bothwell Bridge by the duke of Mon- 
mouth, June 22, the k. recalls the duke 
of York, Sept. 2— the Meal-tub Plot de- 
vised by Dangerfield, Oct. 23 — the k. de- 
clines to re-assemble the parliament,. 
1680 — the Scottish Covenanters dis- 
persed, and their leader, Cameron, killed,. 
July 23 — the duke of York presented as 
a popish recusant, and the duchess of 
Portsmouth, as a national nuisance — the 
judges dismiss the grand jury — parlia- 
ment assembles, Oct. 21 — a bill to ex- 
clude the duke of York from the throne 
rejected by the Lords, Nov. 15 — lord" 
Stafford convicted on the testimony or 
Titus Oates and other infamous wit- 
nesses, Dec. 7 ; is executed, 29 — the Com- 
mons resolve to grant no supplies till an 
act be passed to exclude the duke ol 
York from the throne> Jan. 7, 1681 — par- 
liament prorogued, 10— a new parliament 
meets at Oxford, March 21, 1682 — dis- 
solved, .28 — the k. publishes a justifica- 
tion of his proceedings, April 8 — is an- 
swered by Somers, Algernon Sidney, and? 
Jones — Shaftesbury imprisoned, July 2r 
— the indictment against him is thrown* 
out by the grand jury, Nov. 24 — the^ 
duke of York appointed high commis- 
sioner of the Scottish parliamentr-cor 



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porations remodelled by writs of Quo 
Warranto, and juries packed to pervert 
the course of justice, 1682 — Shaftesbury 
retires to Holland, Oct. 19 — the charter of 
London forfeited, June 12, 1683 — the 
Rye-House plot, 14 — lord Wm. Russell 
tried, July 13 — beheaded, 20 — Algernon 
Sidney tried and condemned, Nov. 21-26 
— beheaded, Dec. 7 — the duke of Mon- 
mouth banished, 25— Mr. Hampden fined 
£40,000 for a misdemeanour, 1684 — Tan- 
gier abandoned, and the fortifications 
demolished, April 2 — the king d., Feb. 
6, 1685. 
Charles I., k. of Naples and Sicily, son of 
Louis VIII., k. of France, b. 1220. See 
Anjou, Charles, count of. Offends his 
subjects by his pride and oppression, 
1266 — appointed by pope Clement IV. 
viceroy of Tuscany ; and, by the citizens 
of Florence, governor of their city — 
Baldwin cedes to him the sovereignty of 
Achaia, and the heiress of the principa- 
lity is betrothed to his second son, 
Philip, 1267 — defeats and beheads Con- 
radin — his brother. Louis IX., and the 
pope protest against his barbarous ven- 
geance, 1268 — takes Nocera, throws down 
its Avails, and disperses its Saracen po- 
pulation — the cities of Lombardy decline 
his offered protection, 1269. 

Joins his brother, Louis, at Tunis — 
binds the Tunisian government to pay 
him tribute, and plunders the wrecked 
vessels of his French and Genoese al- 
lies, 1270 — visits Rome, and is present in 
the church when Guy de Montfort mur- 
ders Henry, son of the earl of Cornwall, 
1271 — the Genoese Guelfs apply to him 
for assistance, 1272 — the citizens of 
Genoa, Pavia, and Asti, and the marquis 
of Montferrat, are excommunicated for 
their league to resist his tyranny, 1273 
— his fleets are defeated by the Genoese ; 
the coalesced states, assisted by Al- 
Jfonso of Castile, take Alessandria, 1274. 
John of Procida plots against him 
in Sicily, 1275— jealousy between him 
and Rudolf, emperor of Germany, 1277 
—assumes the government of Achaia, 
n virtue of the betrothal of Isabella to 
lis son, Philip — pope Nicholas III. de- 
sires to check him, and forbids his threat- 
med attack on the Greek empire — death 
>f his son, Philip, he still retains the 
overnment of Achaia, 1278— disaffection 
) him increases in Sicily, 1280 — he pro- 
ures the election of pope Martin IV., 
and leagues, at Orvieto, with him and 
Venice against the Greek empire — pu- 
nishes the disaffection of Sicily by more 
cruel oppression, 1281 — the Sicilian 
Vespers, March 30 — massacre of the 



French, and general revolt of the 
island. 

He besieges Messina-Pedro of Arragon 
and John of Procida arrive with an army 
— he retreats into Calabria — his fleet de- 
stroyed by the Catalan admiral, Roger 
de Loria, 1282 — Philip of France sends 
troops into Italy to assist him against 
Pedro, who invades Calabria and takes 
Reggio, 1283 — naval battle off Naples — 
his son defeated and taken by Roger de 
Loria, 1284 — Charles I. d. at Foggia, 
Jan. 7, 1285. 

Charles II., k. of Naples, son of Charles 
I., b. 1248— prince of Salerno — a prisoner 
at Barcelona, is acknowledged king of 
Naples on his father's death, 1285 — Si- 
cily remains quietly subject to Pedro of 
Aragon — Robert, count d'Artois, regent 
of Naples, prepares an armament against 
the island, which is destroyed by Roger 
de Loria, June 23, 1287— Edward I., of 
England, endeavours to procure the li- 
beration of Charles — released, he re- 
sumes the title of k. of Sicily, which he 
had resigned, 1288— pope Nicholas IV. 
releases him from all the obligations of 
the treaty by which he had regained 
freedom — war renewed — Roger de Loria 
besieges Gaeta — the kings of England 
and France mediate a truce for two years, 
1289-Gerace, in Calabria, taken by the 
Sicilians, 1291— the viceroy defeated by 
Roger, 1292 — treaty of Anagni — James, 
k. of Aragon, resigns Sicily to Charles 
— the people of the island reject him, 
and proclaim James's brother, Frederic, 
1295. See Frederic, k. of Sicily. They 
invade Calabria, and take Squillace, 1296 
— Otranto, 1297 — James recalls Roger de 
Loria to Aragon — peace with Sicily — 
Charles gives his daughter, Leonora, in 
marriage to Frederic, 1302 — and Beatrice 
to Azzo VIII., marquis d'Este, 1305 — 
d. 1309. 

Charles III., k. of Naples, son of Louis, 
duke of Durazzo, and cousin of Joanna 
I., b. 1346 — inherits his father's title, and 
is styled also duke della Pace— enters 
into the service of Louis I., k. of Hun- 
gary, 1375 — is sent by him with an army 
against Venice, and directed by pope 
Urban VI. to claim the crown of Naples, 
1379 — arrives at Rome, on his way to 
attack his cousin, 1380 — takes her and 
her husband prisoners, and proclaims 
himself king — is attacked by Louis, duke 
of Anjou — puts Joanna to death; and 
engages sir John Hawkwood in his ser- 
vice, 1382. See Anjou, Louis, duke of— 
Discord with the pope, 1384 — excommu- 
nicated, and Naples laid under an inter- 
dict — orders the interdiot to be disre- 



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garded, and besieges Urban in Nocera, 
1385 — invited to the throne of Hungary, 
he leaves Naples to his son, Ladislas, 
under the regency of his mother, Mar- 
garet, 1385 — is assassinated in Hungary, 
1386. 

Charles IV., or Carlo, k. of Naples, or 
the Two Sicilies, 1735. See Carlos, 
Don, son of Philip V., k. of Spain, and 
Charles III., k. of Spain. 

Charles I., k. of Navarre; title assumed 
by Charles IV., of France. See Charles 
IV., le Bel, k. of France. 

Charles II., the Bad, k. of Navarre, son of 
Joanna II. and Philip, count d'Evreux, 
6. 1331 — succeeds his mother, and is call- 
ed the Bad, on account of his severities, 
1349 — intrigues to recover Champagne, 
1350. See Champagne. To quiet him, 
John II., of France, gives him his se- 
cond daughter, Joanna, in marriage. 1352 
— treacherously seized and imprisoned in 
France, his brother, Philip, enters into 
alliance with Edward III., of England, 
1355 — escapes from his prison and makes 
active war against France, 1357— Ber- 
trand du Guesclin defeats his army in 
Normandy, and takes its commander, the 
Captal de Buch, prisoner, 1364 — he joins 
against Henry II., k. of Castile, 1370— 
his kingdom is invaded by theCastilians 
— he loses most of his provinces in 
France— his children are captured, and 
sent to Paris, 1377 — peace with Castile, 
1379 — his family liberated, 1381. See 
Castile. — Marriage of his daughter, 
Joanna, to John V., duke of Brittany, 
Sept. 11, 1386 — he is accidentally burnt 
to death, Jan. 1, at Pampluna, 1387 — se- 
cond marriage of Joanna. See Henry 
IV., k. of England. 

Charles III., the Noble, k. of Navarre, son 
of Charles II., b. at Nantes, 1359— edu- 
cated by Blanche, qu. dowager of France 
— his tranquil reign affords no incidents 
— d. 1425. 

Charles I., k. of Spain, son of Philip 
(eldest son of Maximilian I., emperor of 
Germany) and Joanna, daughter and 
heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella of 
Spain, b. at Ghent, Feb. 24, 1500— project 
of marrying him to Mary, youngest 
daughter of Henry VII. of England ; 
treaty of Blois for his betrothal to 
Claude, daughter of Louis XII. of France, 
1504 — annulled by the States General, 
1506 — the proposal of Henry VII. re- 
vived ; no contract signed ; on the death 
of his father, and the insanity of his 
mother, he is declared heir of Spain and 
of the Netherlands, 1506 — ascends the 
tnrone on the death of his grandfather, 
Ferdinand, June 23, 1516 — concludes the 



treaty of Noyon with Francis I. "t 
France, Aug.; leaves the Netherlands, 
and arrives in Spain, where the death of 
cardinal Ximenes throws the weight of 
government upon him, 1517 — is elected 
emperor of Germany on the death of his 
grandfather, Maximilian, 1519. See 
Charles V., emperor of Germany. 

Charles, afterwards Charles II., k. of 
Spain, son of Philip IV., b. Nov. 6, 1661 
— succeeds his father, Sept. 17, 1665 — 
his mother, Maria Anne, of Austria, re- 
gent, is governed by the Jesuit, Nithard ; 
Louis XIV. claims the Netherlands ; 
Spain too weak to resist him, 1667 — the 
independence of Portugal recognized by 
the treaty of Lisbon, 1668 — Don John of 
Austria expels Nithard from Spain, 1669 
— forms a league against Louis, 1672 — 
vainly endeavours to reform the sys- 
tem of governmejit, 1677 — peace con- 
cluded at Nimwegen, Sept. 17, 1678 — 
death of Don John of Austria, the last 
hope of Spain, Dec. 17, 1679 — Charles 
protests against new encroachments of 
Louis, 1682 — they are continued, 1683 — 
submitted to, 1684 — Charles joins the 
League of Augsburg, 1686. For the 
events of the war, see Louis XIV. — 
Spain reduced to a desperate condition ; 
Barcelona saved by the English fleet, 
1694 — taken by the duke of Vendome, 
and restored by the peace of Ryswick, 
1697 — Charles, having no issue, and be- 
ing the last of the Castilian dynasty, a 
treaty is made for giving his States to 
the young prince Joseph Ferdinand of 
Bavaria, 1698 — who dies, 1699 — a secret 
partition treaty assigns Spain to Charles, 
archduke of Austria; Charles II., of- 
fended by this, bequeaths his dominions 
undivided to Philip, grandson of Louis 
XIV., and d. Nov. 1, 1700. 

Charles, archduke of Austria, son of the 
emperor Leopold^ L, b. Oct. 1, 1688 — 
claims the throne of Spain ; the Spanish 
Succession War commences, 1701 — visits 
London ; takes the title of Charles III., 
k. of Spain, and enters that country with 
an English, Dutch, and Portuguese army, 
1703. For the events of the war, see 
Anne, qu. of Great Britain. — Charles is 
received as king in Catalonia and Va- 
lencia, 1705 — proclaimed in Milan, the 
Netherlands, and Madrid, but by his 
want of energy, loses the advantages 
gained for him by his allies, 1706— pro- 
claimed at Naples, 1707 — receives the 
investiture from pope Clement XI ,1708 
— is acknowledged by him k. of Spain, 
1709 — victorious at Almenara and Sara- 
gossa; he enters Madrid again, but is 
soon driven out by Philip, 1710 — elected 



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emperor of Germany, and withdraws 
from Spain, 1711. See Charles VI., em- 
peror of Germany. 
Charles III., k. of Spain, 1759. See Car- 
los, Don, son of Philip V. — Declares 
war against Portugal, June 15, 1762 — his 
minister, Squilaci, offends the people 
by attempting to change the national 
dress ; is dismissed, and replaced by 
count Aranda, 1766 — the Jesuits expel- 
led from Spain, 1767 — disputes with 
Great Britain about the Falkland Isles, 
1770-71 — count Florida Blanca minister, 
1778— war with Great Britain, 1779. See 
George III., king of Great Britain. — 
Charles III. d., Dec. 13, 1788. 

Charles IV., k. of Spain, sou of Charles 
III., b. Nov. 12, 1748— succeeds his fa- 
ther, 1788— joins the coalition against 
France, 1793. See France. — Manuel 
Godoy, favourite of the queen and prime 
minister, 1795. See Godoy, Manuel. — 
War with Great Britain, 1796. — See 
George III., k. of Great Britain. — Sub- 
servient to Napoleon; war with Great 
Britain, 1804. See George III. — A large 
French army admitted into Spain, and 
the best Spanish troops sent to the Bal- 
tic, 1807 — insurrection at Aranjuez ; 
Charles abdicates in favour of his son, 
1808. See Ferdinand VII., k. of Spain, 
and Napoleon I. — Charles IV. d., at 
Rome, Jan. 19, 1819. 

Charles VII., k. of Sweden, son of Sver- 
ker I., succeeds Erik IX., 1160— killed 
by Erik's son, Canute, who usurps the 
throne, 1168. 

Charles VIII., Canutson, regent in Swe- 
den, 1435 — chosen k. of Norway and 
Sweden, 1448 — deprived of the crown of 
Norway, 1450 — expelled from Sweden, 
and retires to Dantzic, 1457 — restored in 
Sweden, 1464 — again expelled, 1465 — 
again restored, 1467 — d. 1470. 

Charles IX., k. of Sweden, duke of Suder- 
mania, youngest son of Gustavus Vasa, 
b. 1550— -regent for his nephew, Sigis- 
mund, 1594 — is encouraged to assume 
sovereign power, and defeats Sigismund, 
who brings an amiy against him from 
Poland, 1598 — called to the throne by 
the people, 1604 — builds Gothenburg, 
Umea, and Uleaborg, and encourages 
industry and commerce, 1605 — he assists 
Vassili Shuiskoy, czar of Russia, against 
the Poles, 1609 — contends with Poland 
for ascendancy in Russia, 1610 — d. 1611. 

Charles X., Gustavus, k. of Sweden, son 
of John Casimir, count palatine of Deux 
Fonts, and Katharine, daughter of 
Charles IX., b. Nov. 8, 1622— recognized 
as the legitimate successor of his cousin, 



qu. Christina, 1650 — on her resignation, 
ascends the throne, 1654 — makes war 
on Poland, 1655 — contracts an alliance 
with the elector of Brandenburg, 1656—- 
the alliance dissolved ; Denmark de- 
clares war against him ; he leaves Po- 
land, and invades Jutland, 1657 — crosses 
the Belts on the ice, appears before Co- 
penhagen, and compels the k. to sign the 
treaty of Roskild, Jan. 3 ; breach of the 
treaty ; he besieges Copenhagen, 1658 — 
compelled to abandon the siege, 1659 — 
d. Feb. 13, 1660. 

Charles XI., k. of Sweden, son of Charles 
X., b. Nov. 24, 1655— succeeds his father, 
under the regency of his mother, Hed- 
wig Eleanor, 1660 — peace restored by 
the treaties of Oliva, May 3, and Copen- 
hagen, June 6, 1660 — Triple Alliance 
with Great Britain and Holland, 1668 — 
league with Great Britain and France 
against Holland, 1672 — war with Den- 
mark and some German States; Charles 
invades Brandenburg ; is defeated by 
the elector, at Fehrbellin, 1675 — defeats 
the k. of Denmark, at Halmstadt, Lund, 
and Landskrona ; victories of the Danish 
admiral, Niels Juel, at Bleking, and 
Ki6ge; Sweden loses the isles of Goth- 
land and Riigen, and all her provinces 
in Germany, 1677 — Charles defeated by 
the Danes, at Uddewalla, 1678 — reco- 
vers his lost territories by the treaty of 
Lund, Sept. 2, 1679 — obtains from the 
Diet of Stockholm absolute power, and 
marries Ulrica Eleanora, daughter of 
Fred. III., and sister of Christian V., k. 
of Denmark, 1680 — discontent of the 
Livonian nobles ; Patkul outlawed and 
banished, 1692 — Charles d., Apr. 15, 
1697. 

Charles XII., k. of Sweden, son of Charles 
XL, b. June 17, 1682 — succeeds his 
father, 1697 — league of Poland, Denmark, 
and Russia, against him, 1699— assisted 
by an English and Dutch fleet, he lands 
in Zealand, Aug. 4; dictates his own 
terms of peace to the k. of Denmark, at 
Travendal, 19 ; proceeds against the Rus- 
sians in Ingria ; lands at Pernau, Oct. 
17 ; battle of Narva, Nov. SO, 1700— takes 
Mittau, expels the Saxons from Livonia, 
conquers Courland, and invades Lithu- 
ania, 1701 — invades Poland, enters Wav- 
saw, defeats the king at Clissau, July 20, 
and demands his deposition, 1702 — de- 
feats him again, at Pultusk, May 1, takes 
Thorn, and calls a Polish Diet at War- 
saw to elect a new king, 1703 — recom- 
mends Stanislas Leczinski, who is 
elected; Augustus surprises Warsaw, 
but flies to Dresden on the approach of 



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Charles XII., k. of Sweden— continued. 
Charles, 1704 — the Swedes fail in an at- 
tack on Petersburg ; defeat the Russians 
at Gemauers, July 28 ; retreat to Riga 
from want of supplies ; the czar recovers 
Mittau, Sept. 14, 1705 — Renschild def . ats 
the Saxons and Russians, at Fraustadt, 
Feb. 6; Charles invades Saxony, and 
dictates the treaty of Altranstadt to 
Augustus, who resigns the crown of Po- 
land, and gives up Patkul, Sept. 14 ; one 
of his armies defeated by Mentchikof, 
at Kalisch, Nov. 19 ; the czar Peter fails 
in an attack on Vyborg, in Carelia, 1706 
— interview with Marlborough, at Leip- 
sic, Apr. 30 ; Charles returns from Sax- 
ony into Poland; on his march, visits 
the elector at Dresden; massacres the 
peasantry of Massovia ; puts Patkul to 
death; treaty with Mazeppa, 1707 — 
marches into the Ukraine, against the 
advice of Piper and Renschild ; gains a 
fruitless victory at Golovtchin, July 4, 
and takes Mohilef ; but one of his armies, 
under Lagercrona, is defeated by Ment- 
chikof, at Dobro, Sept. 20, and he fails 
in his engagement to meet his general, 
Levenhaupt, who loses all his baggage 
and artillery at Leisna, 1708 — Peter col- 
lects his forces, and surrounds the Swe- 
dish army; battle of Pultowa, July 8; 
escape of Charles to Bender, and surren- 
der of the remnant of his army, who are 
sent to Siberia ; all his enemies renew 
their hostilities ; Poland reconquered ; 
his possessions in Germany threatened 
by the combined forces of Russia, Prus- 
sia, Denmark, and Saxony, 1709 — he pre- 
vails on the sultan to declare war against 
Russia, Nov. 20 ; Great Britain and the 
United Provinces offer to mediate, which 
Charles refuses, 1710-1711. See Peter, 
the Great, czar of Russia. — Steinbock 
defeats the Danes, Poles, and Saxons, at 
Gadebusch, 1712 — brfrns Altona ; sur- 
renders, with his army, at T6nningen ; 
Charles resists the sultan's desire for 
his return to Sweden ; is besieged in his 
house at Bender, and conveyed a prisoner 
to Adrianople, 1713 — is removed by the 
Turks to Demotica ; escapes, Nov. 1 ; 
reaches Stralsund, 22, 1714 — besieged 
there, escapes to Sweden; loses the isle 
of Rtigen, Nov. 17, 1715 — invades Nor- 
way, and is repulsed ; enters into the 
intrigues of baron Gortz and Alberoni, 
against Great Britain, 1716 — an English 
fleet sent to the Baltic to watch his pro- 
ceedings, 1717 — he renews his attack on 
Norway ; is killed, while besieging Fre- 
dericshal, Nov. 30, 1718 — Voltaire writes 
a History of his Life, which is prohi- 
bited iu France, 1730. 



Charles XIII., k. of Sweden, duke of Su- 
dermania, son of Adolphus Frederic, b. 
Oct. 7, 1748 — regent during the minority 
of his nephew, Gustavus IV., 1792-6 — 
on his expulsion, called by the nation to 
the throne, June 5, 1809 — concludes the 
peace of Fredericshamm with Russia, 
Sept. 17 ; Christian Augustus, prince of 
Holstein Augustenburg, appointed his 
successor ; d. May 28. 1810— adoption of 
marshal Bernadotte in his place, Aug. 
21 ; compelled to declare war against 
Great Britain, Nov. 17 ; discontented 
with the continental system; assumes 
an independent tone, 1811 — Napoleon 
tak es Swedish Pom erania, 1812 — Sweden 
joins the confederacy against him, and 
Charles John lands with an army to co- 
operate with the allies in Germany, 1813. 
See Napolkon I. — Besieges Hamburg, 
and occupies Holstein ; Norway ceded to 
Sweden by the treaty of Kiel, Jan. 14, 
1814 — the Union voted by the Storthing 
of Christiana, Nov. 21 ;" Charles XIII. 
d., Feb. 5, 1818. 

Charles XIV., or Charles John, k. o 
Sweden. See Bernadotte, andCHARLES 
XIII., k. of Sweden. — Succeeds quietly 
to the throne, 1818 — crowned in Sweden, 
May 11, at Drontheim, Sept. 7; abolishes 
many guilds and restrictions on trade, 
1820 — constructs canals and roads, 1822 
— the Diet forbids the publishing of the 
debates, 1823— the Storthing refuses to 
create an hereditary nobility ; the uni- 
versity of Christiana founded, 1824 — 
the Storthing dissolved, 1836 — the iron 
trade thrown open, 1838 — the council of 
State reformed, 1841 — Charles John d. 
Mar. 8, 1844. 

Charles, archduke of Austria, son of Fer- 
dinand I., emperor of Germany, b. 1540 
— negotiates for marriage with Eliza- 
beth of England, 1568 — sent into Spain 
to dissuade Philip from his cruel treat- 
ment of the Netherlands, but to no pur- 
pose, 1569— d. 1590. 

Charles Robert, k. of Hungary, son of 
Charles Martel. See Charles Martel. 
Supported by the papal influence and 
some magnates, is proclaimed in Dalma- 
tia and Croatia, 1300 — on the death of 
Andrew III., is crowned as his successor, 
1301 — Wenceslas, son of the k. of Bohe- 
mia, claims the crown — renounces it, 
1304 — Otho, of Bavaria, grandson of Bela 
IV., puts forward his claim, 1305 — with- 
draws it, and Charles remains firmly 
seated, 1308 — claims the kingdom of 
Naples, on the death of his grandfather, 
Charles II., 1309 — Dalmatia conquered 
by the Venetians, 1322— his eldest son, 
Louis, acknowledged as his successor. 



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1330 — his second son, Andrew, ananced 
to Joanna, of Naples, 1333 — d. 1342. 

Charles, archduke, son of the emperor 
Leopold II. See Austria, archduke 
Charles. 

Charles, duke of Brunswick. See Bruns- 
wick. 

Charles, duke of Calabria, son of Robert, 
k. of Naples, invested with the govern- 
ment of Florence for five years, 1326— d., 
leaving only two young daughters, Jo- 
anna and Maria, 1328. 

Charles, duke of Durazzo, marries Maria, 
sister of Joanna I., qu. of Naples, 1343 — 
is suspected of being implicated in the 
murder of Joanna's husband, Andrew of 
Hungary, 1345 — put to death by Louis 
I., k. of Hungary, 1348. 

Charles, duke of Durazzo. See Charles 
III., k. of Naples. 

Charles Edward, son of James the Pre- 
tender, b. 1720 — serves in the Spanish 
army under Montemar, 1734 — lands in 
Scotland, and proclaims his father at 
Perth, Sept. 4, 1745— at Edinburgh, 16— 
enters England, Nov. 6 — occupies Man- 
chester, 28 — arrives at Derby, Dec. 4 — 
commences his retreat, 6 — defeats gen. 
Hawley at Falkirk, Jan. 15, 1746— routed, 
and the rebellion crushed, at Culloden, 
April 16— escapes to France— received 
at Rome by pope Benedict XIV., 1747 — 
resists the oi'der to leave Paris — impri- 
soned — submits, and retires to Avignon, 
1748— visits London secretly, 1750 — d. 
March 3, 1788. 

Charles, son of Louis IV., k. of France, b. 
954 — made duke of Lorraine by the em- 
peror Otho II., 977 — claims the crown of 
France, which the nobles give to Hugh 
Capet, 987 — invades France, and takes 
Laon, 988 — Hugh Capet recovers Laon — 
Charles is taken prisoner, and d. 991. 

Charles I., duke of Savoy, second son of 
Amadeus IX., b. 1468 — succeeds his bro- 
ther, Filiberto, 1482 — marries Bianca, 
daughter of William VI., marquis of 
Montferrat, 1487- d. 1489. 

Charles II., John Amadeus, duke of Sa- 
voy, son of Charles I., b. 1488 — succeeds 
his father, with his mother regent, 1489 
— d. 1496. 

Charles III., duke of Savoy, son of Philip 
II., succeeds his brother, Filiberto IL, 
1504 — joins the league of Cambray 
against Venice, 1508— oppresses the Re- 
formers of Geneva, 1519 — endeavours to 
remain neutral in the wars between 
Francis I. and Charles V. ; but his states 
are occupied and desolated by both the 
belligerents, 1524 — besieges Geneva, to 
restore the expelled bishop, 1530 — is 
compelled, by Berne, Zurich, and Frey- 



burg, to retire, 1531— his efforts against 
Geneva again frustrated, 1534 — Francis 
I. attacks him, and takes Turin, 1536 — ■ 
Charles V. sends an army to assist him, 
but friends and foes alike lay waste his 
lands, 1537 — they conclude a truce for 
ten years, each retaining what he occu- 
pies, 1538 — Nice besieged by the French, 
1543— Charles III. d. 1553. 

Charles Emanuel I., duke of Savoy, son 
of Emanuel Filiberto, b. Jan. 12, 1562 — 
succeeds his father, 1580 — failure of his 
projected attack on Genoa, 1582 — he in- 
vades Province, 1590— checked by Les- 
digui^res, 1592 — concludes a truce with 
Fiance, 1595— Savoy conquered by Henry 
IV., 1600 — peace concluded at Lyons, 
1601— he attempts to seize Geneva, but 
fails, 1602-1609 — endeavours to engage 
Henry IV. in an attack on Milan, 1609 — 
claims and invades the duchy of Mont- 
ferrat, 1613— defends himself against the 
Spanish governor of Milan, 1615— again, 
1616— joins the Venetians and Holland 
in a league to check the power of Aus- 
tria, 1619 — alliance with France and Ve- 
nice, 1624 — makes, with Lesdiguieres, a 
fruitless attack on Genoa, 1625 — revives 
his claim to Montferrat, 1627 — invades 
it— in league with Spain and Austria, 
1628 — Louis XIII. and Richelieu enter 
Savoy, and conclude the treaty of Susa, 
1629— they return, and conquer the coun- 
try— Charles d. July 26, 1630. 

Charles Emanuel II , duke of Savoy, se- 
cond son of Victor Amadeus I., b. 1634 — 
succeeds his brother, Francis Hyacinth, 
1638— his mother continues the regency, 
and the alliance with her brother Louis 
XIII. — prince Thomas of Savoy, the 
young duke's uncle, prosecutes his claim 
to the regency, and takes Turin, with 
the assistance of Spain, 1639 — retaken 
by the French gen., D'Harcourt, 1640 — 
tranquillity restored by the regent, Chris- 
tine, 1642 — an incursion of Caracena, the 
Spanish governor of Milan, repulsed, 
1650 — the duke takes the government 
into his own hands, 1653 — his army, com- 
manded by prince Thomas, with French 
auxiliaries, besieges Pavia — he perse- 
cutes the Waldenses, 1655 — prince Tho- 
mas d. Jan, 22, 1656 — by the peace of the 
Pyrenees, the duke recovers full posses- 
sion of his states, 1659 — marries his 
cousin, Francoise de Bourbon, daughter 
of Gaston, duke of Orleans, brother of 
Louis XIII. of France, May 6, 1663— his 
mother, Christine, former regent of Sa- 
voy, d., Dec. 27 — his duchess d. a few 
months after their marriage ; he takes 
for his second, Marie Jeanne Baptista, 
daughter of the duke de Nemours, 1664 — 



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he quarrels with the Genoese — Louis 
XIV. arbitrates, 1672— d. June 12, 1675. 

Charles Emanuel III., k. of Sardinia, son 
of Victor Amadeus II., b. April 27, 1701 
— succeeds, on the resignation of his fa 
ther, Sept. 3, 1730— liberates his states 
from the temporal authority asserted in 
them by the pope, 1731— assists France 
in the war of the Polish succession, and 
conquers Milan, 1733— gains the victory 
of Guastalla, Sept. 19. 1734— peace con- 
cluded, he acquires Novara and Tortona, 
1735 — having guaranteed the Pragmatic 
Sanction, he supports Maria Theresa 
against France and Spain, 1741— attacks 
Reggio and Modena — a Spanish army 
occupies Savoy, but is driven back by 
him into France, 1742 — an Austrian 
army, under count Traun, supports him 
against the Spanish general, de Gages, 
1743— the French and Spanish conquer 
Savoy, 1745 — he drives them out of 
Italy, and invades Provence, 1746 — de- 
feat of the chevalier de Belleisle at 
Exilles, July 8, 1747— a part of Milam 
added to the kingdom of Sardinia by the 
peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748— devotes 
himself to the improvement of his states ; 
d. Jan. 20, 1773. 

Charles Emanuel IV., k. of Sardinia, son 
of Victor Amadeus III., b. 1751 — suc- 
ceeds his father, Oct. 16, 1796— Piedmont 
occupied by the French — he retires into 
Sardinia, 1798 — resigns the crown to his 
brother, Victor Emanuel, June 4, 1802. 

Charles Felix Joseph, k. of Sardinia, sion 
of yictor Amadeus III. — succeeds, on the 
resignation of his brother,Victor Emanuel 
I., March 13, 1821 — an Austrian army re- 
presses the revolutionary movements of 
Santa Rosa ; evacuates the country, 1822 
— the poor, in Piedmont, are forbidden to 
be instructed in reading and writing, 
1825— Charles Felix d. 1831. 

Charles Albert, k. of Sardinia, prince of 
Carignan, succeeds his uncle, Charles 
Felix, 1831 — promulgates a new code for 
his kingdom, 1837— adopts liberal re- 
forms, 1847 — gives his people a free con- 
stitution, Feb. 8, 1848— arrives with his 
army to support the insurgents of Milan 
against Austria, March 27 — takes Pes- 
chiera, and conquers at Goito, May 30 — 
defeated by Radetzky, at Somma Riva, 
July 26 — at Milan, Aug. 5— he retreats 
to Turin, Aug. 6 — opens the Sardinian 
parliament, Feb. 1, 1849 — he renews hos- 
tilities — is totally defeated by Radetzky 
at Novara, March 23 — resigns his crown 
to his eldest son, Victor Emanuel II., 
and leaves Italy, 26— d. at Oporto,July28. 

Charles, duke of Sudermania. See Chas. 
IX. and XIII., kings of Sweden. 



Charles, eldest son of Chai'lemagne, 
named as his snccessor,806— d.Dec. 4, 811. 

Charles, son of Charles the Bald, rebels 
against his father, 862 — receives Aqui- 
taine from him, 866— d. 886. 

Charles, youngest son of Lothaire I., in 
the division of his father's kingdom, 
has Provence, 855 — which, on his death, 
his brothers divide between them, 863. 

Charles de Valois, second son of Philip 
III., k. of France, receives the offer of 
the kingdom of Aragon from pope Mar- 
tin IV., 1283— relinquishes his claim by 
the treaty of Aix, and marries Margaret, 
daughter of Charles II,, k. of Naples, re- 
ceiving Anjou and Maine as her dowry, 
1291 — defeats the Flemings, and takes 
their count, Guy, prisoner, 1300— invited 
into Italy by pope Boniface VIII.— ex- 
pels the Bianchi from Florence, 1301 — 
conducts an expedition against Sicily, 
which ends in a treaty of peace, 1302 — 
is urged by pope Clement V. to lead a 
general crusade against the Turks and 
the Eastern empire, 1306 — d. 1325. 

Charles, prince of Viana, eldest son of John 
II., k. of Aragon, and Blanche, qu. of Na- 
varre—on his mother's death, claims her 
kingdom, which his father retains, 1441 
— the nobles demand that he be declared 
heir to the throne of Aragon — he is im- 
prisoned by his father, 1460 — d. 1461. 

Charles the Bold. See Burgundy. 

Charles the Good, count of Flanders, 
1119— slain, 1127. 

Charles de Blois. See Britanny. 

Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria. See 
Bavaria. 

Charles, third son of Frederic Augustus 
II., k. of Poland, made duke of Courland 
by his father — is displaced by Katha- 
rine II. of Russia, 1763. 

Charles Alexander, duke of Wirtem- 
berg, 1733-37. 

Charles Eugene, duke of Wirtemherg, 
1737-93. 

Charles, or Christian Augustus, crown 
prince of Sweden, d. May 28, 1810. See 
Charles XIII., k. of Sweden. 

Charles Louis, son of Louis the first king 
of Etruria — his mother, Maria Louisa, re- 
gent, 1803 — his kingdom added to that ot 
Italy, and he is made duke of Lucca, 1807 
—receives Parma, 1847 — resigns, 1849. 

Charles Lotus, elector palatine, son of 
Frederic V., and Elizabeth, daughter of 
James I. of Great Britain, inherits his 
father's rights, 1631 — recovers the 
greater part of the palatinate by the 
peace of Westphalia, 1648— establishes 
his claim to the vicai'iate of the empire, 
1657 — challenges Turenne for his de- 
vastation of the palatinate, 1674— d. 1680. 



CHA 



T?T7 



CHA 



Charles II., elector palatine, 1680-5. 

Charles III., Philip, elector palatine, 
1716-43. 

Charles Theodore, elector palatine, 1743 
— inherits Bavaria, 1778. See Bavaria. 

Charles I., duke of Lorraine, 1391-1431. 

Charles II., duke of Lorraine, 1545 — his 
lauds invaded by Henry II., k. of France, 
1552— d. 1608. 

Charles III., duke of Lorraine, 1624 — re- 
ceives the duke of Orleans, banished by 
Richelieu, 1631— is driven from his States 
by Louis XIIL, 1634— recovers them, 
1661— expelled by Louis XIV., 1670— 
enters into the service of the emperor 
Leopold I. ; defends the Rhenish pro- 
vinces against Turenne, 1674 — takes 
Treves, and the French marshal, De 
Crequi; d. Sept. 17, 1675. 

Charles IV. (Charles Louis), duke of 
Lorraine, nephew of Charles III., inhe- 
rits his title, and succeeds him in the 
command of the imperial army, 1675 — 
takes Philipsburg, 1676 — checks the 
French on the Rhine, 1677 — his duchy 
restored to him by the peace of Nim- 
wegen, but on such terms that he never 
revisits it, 1679 — serves against the 
Turks ; assists in the defence of Vienna ; 
conquers at Barkan, and takes Gran, 
16S3— besieges Buda, 1684— recovers a 
great part of Hungary, 1685 — takes Buda 
and other fortresses, 1686 — defeats the 
Turks at Mohacz, and conquers Tran- 
sylvania, 16S7 — called from Hungary to 
defend Germany against Louis XIV., 
1689— d. at Vienna, 1690. 

Charles Louis Frederic, duke of Meck- 
lenburg Strelitz, father of Charlotte So- 
phia, qu. of England, d. 1751. 

Charles M artel, son of Pepin of Heristal. 
See Austrasia. 

Charles Martel, eldest son of Charles 
II., k. of Naples, and Maria, sister of 
Ladislas II. of Hungary, is set up by 
pope Nicholas IV. to' claim the crown of 
Hungary, against Andrew III., 1290 — 
defeated at Zagrab, returns to Italy, 
1292— d. 1295. See Charles Robert, k. 
of Hungary. 

Charles Martel, son of Joanna I., qu. of 
Naples, and Andrew of Hungary, created 
duke of Calabria; taken by Louis, k. of 
Hungary, and brought from Italy by him, 
1348 — d. in Hungary. 

Charles Peter Ulrich, duke of Holstein, 
refuses the crown of Sweden, and is ap- 
pointed by the empress Elizabeth heir 
to that of Russia, 1742 — marries Sophia 
Augusta of Anhalt Zerbst, who takes 
the name of Katharine. See Peter III., 
czar of Russia. 

Charleston, in Carolina, built, 16S0— re- 



pulses an attack of the English fleet 
June 28, 1776. 

Charles-town, a suburb of Boston, burnt 
during the battle of Bunker's Hill, June 
17, 1775. 

Charlevoix, b. 1684— d. 1761. 

Charlotte Sophia, daughter of Charles 
Louis Frederic, duke of Mecklenburg 
Strelitz, b. May 19, 1744 — intercedes with 
Frederic II. of Prussia, not to make her 
country the seat of war, 1759 — marriea 
Geo. III., k. of Great Britain, Sept. 8, 
1761 — crowned, 22 ; Buckingham-house 
settled on her, in exchange for Somer- 
set-house, 1762 — has the care of the 
king's person during the regency, 1810 
— disapproves the duke of Cumberland's 
marriage, 1815— d- Nov. 17, 1818. 

Charlotte, princess of Wales, daughter 
of George IV., b. Jan. 7, 1796 — refuses 
to marry the hereditary prince of Orange, 
1814 — marries prince Leopold, of Saxe- 
Coburg, May 2, 1816— d. Nov. 6, 1817. 

Charlotte, daughter of Frederic Wm. 
III., k. of Prussia, married to Nicholas, 
grand duke of Russia, July 1, 1817. 

Charlotte, Augusta Matilda, princess 
royal, daughter of George III., b. Sept. 
29, 1766 — married to Frederic, duke, 
afterwards k. of Wirtemberg, May 18, 
1797— d. 1828. 

Charmis, Olympic victor, B.C. 668. 

Ckarmouth, in Dorsetshire. See Cerdic. 

Charolais, Charles, count de, son of Phi- 
lip, duke of Burgundy, heads the league 
" for the Public Good" against Louis XL, 
1465 — succeeds his father, 1467. See 
Burgundy, Charles the Bold, duke of. 

Charon, of Lampsacus, hist., fl. b.c. 504. 

Charops, Athenian archon, the first whose 
term of office was limited to ten years, 
B.C. 752. 

Charter of Don Pedro. See Pedro IV., 
k. of Portugal and emperor of Brazil. 

Charter of London. See London. 

Charter, The Great. See Magna Char- 
ta. 

Charter of the Bank. See Bank of Eng- 
land. 

Charter. See East India Company. 

Charter-house, or Sutton's Hospital, 
in London, formerly La Chartreuse. See 
Carthusian monastery. — Granted by 
Henry VII I. to the duke of Norfolk, 1539 
— purchased by Thomas Sutton, and en- 
dowed as a school and hospital, 1611. 

Charters of corporate towns, granted by 
Henry I., give security to industry and 
promote manufactures, 1132 — c\lled in 
and remodelled by Chas. II., 1682— the 
new charter resisted at Nottingham, ac- 
cepted by Plymouth and other corpora- 
tions. 1684-iufluence of the change on 



CHA 



171 



CHA 



the elections of members of parliament, 
1685— the ancient chartei-s restored, 1688 
— revised by royal commissioners, 1833 
— altered by the Municipal Reform Act, 
which comes into operation Nov. 25, 
1835. 

Chartists, a name assumed by large bo- 
dies of ultra-reformers, who demand 
what they call a Charter, granting uni- 
versal suffrage, vote by ballot, annual 
parliaments, and other democratic privi- 
leges, 1832 — proceed to acts of violence ; 
create a riot in the Bull-ring at Bir- 
mingham, and an insurrection at New- 
port, 1839. See Newport. — Encouraged 
by the revolution in France, announce 
an imposing Demonstration on Kenning- 
ton Common, Apr. 10, 1848 — foiled by 
the zealous co-operation of all classes, 
they cease to have any influence. 

Chartres, a town in Normandy, where 
Henry I. of England has an interview 
with pope Innocent II., 1131 — taken by 
the count of Dunois, 1432 — besieged by 
the duke de Cond£, who obtains there for 
the Huguenots the peace of Longj umeau, 
1568. 

Chartres, Louis Philippe, duke of, son of 
the duke of Orleans, serves under Du- 
monrier, and. accompanies him when he 
withdraws from the republican camp, 
Apr. 4, 1793. See Orleans, Louis Phi- 
lippe, duke of. 

Chasse, General. See Antwerp. 

Chateau d'Eu, a marine palace of Louis 
Philippe, where qu. Victoria and prince 
Albert pass a week with the royal fa- 
mily of France, Sept., 1843 — again in 
1845 — Mr. Cobden received there, 1846. 

Chateaubriand, viscount, b. 1769 — pub- 
lishes his Genie du Christianisme, 1802 — 
an bassador at the congress of Verona, 
undertakes that France shall over- 
throw the constitution in Spain, 1822 — 
minister for foreign affairs, 1823— resigns, 
1824— d. 1848. 

Chatel, Jean, attempts to assassinate 
Henry IV. of France, 1534. 

Chatelherault, duke of, title given to 
James Hamilton, earl of Arran, regent 
of Scotland, on his sending the young 
qu. Mary to France, 1548 — resigns the 
regency to her mother, Mary of Guise, 
1558 — joins the Congregation, 1559 — con- 
spires against qu. Mary, and retires to 
France, 1565 — takes up arms for her in 
Scotland ; submits to her son, 1572. 

Chatham, surprised by the Dutch, June 
11, 1667— visited by George III., Apr. 
25, 1778. 

Chatham, William Pitt, earl of. See Pitt, 
William. — Prime-minister, 1766 — his 
popularity and health decline, 1767 — 



retains the privy seal, but is without in- 
fluence, 1768 — resigns office, Oct. 15; 
declares himself favourable to a reform 
of parliament, .Jan. 22, 1770 — urges un- 
successfully conciliatory measures to- 
wards the Americans, Jan. 20, 1775 — 
renews his propositions without effect, 
Feb. 1; brought down to the House of 
Lords wrapped in flannels, makes ano- 
ther ineffectual attempt to stop hostili- 
ties in America, May 30, 1777 — falls 
down in a fit, while opposing the recog- 
nition of the independence of the Ame- 
rican colonies, Apr. 7, 1778— d. May 11 ; 
his public funeral, June 9 ; monument 
to his memory erected in the Guildhall, 
London, 1782. 

Chatham, John Pitt, earl of, eldest son of 
William lord Chatham, b. 1755 — while 
viscount Pitt, resigns his commission in 
the army, declinyjg to fight in an unjust 
cause against the American colonies, 
1776 — master-general of the Ordnance, 
1807— commands the Walcheren expedi- 
tion, 1809 — resigns his office, in conse- 
quence of a parliamentary vote of cen- 
sure, Mar. 2, 1810 — d. the last of the 
Pitts, 1835. 

Chatillon, negotiations at. See Napo- 
leon I. 

Chatillon, Eenaud de, marries Constance, 
widow of Raymond of Poitiers, prince of 
Antioch, and is regent of the princi- 
pality, 1149 — defeated by the emperor 
Manuel I., 1155 — fails in an attempt to 
surprise Mecca and Medina, 1184 — 
breaks the truce in Palestine, is taken 
and put to death by Saladin, 1187. 

Chatillon, the marshal de. See Avein. 

Chatsworth, in Derbyshire ; visit of qu, 
Victoria to the duke of Devonshire at, 
1843. 

Chatterton, Thomas, i. 1752— d. 1770. 

Chatti. See Catti. 

Chaucer, Geoffrey, b. 1329 — writes his 
Canterbury Tales, 1364— d. 1400. 

Chauci, a German people over whom Cor- 
bulo obtains signal victories, 47. 

Chaumont, treaty of, between Great Bri- 
tain and the allies, Mar. 1, 1814. 

Chauvelin, Abbe, denounces the Jesuits 
before the parliament of Paris, 1761. 

Chauvelin, M., the French ambassador, 
requests the mediation of Great Britain 
to avert from his country the hostility 
of other States, May 2, 1792— ordered to 
leave London, Jan. 24, 1793. 

Chauvin. See Calvin. 

Chaves, marquis of, takes arms in favour 
of Don Miguel, in Portugal, 1826 — is 
driven into Spain. 

Chazars, Khazars, or Chozars, a Turk- 
ish tribe, settle on the Lower Wolga 



CHE 



172 



CHE 



Chazars — continued. 

about 600 — allies of Heraclius against 
Persia, 626 — extend their possessions to 
the westward, 679 — carry on an active 
trade between the East and Europe, and 
maintain friendly relations with the 
Greeks, 700 — Justinian II., on escaping 
from Cherson, first seeks a refuge among 
them, 704 — Constantine V. Coproni/mus, 
marries the daughter of their khan, 748 
— his son, Leo IV., has the surname of 
Chazarm, 775 — they build the fortress of 
Sarkel on the Don, 834— are driven from 
many of their possessions by the Rus- 
sians, 862— some of their tribes migrate 
to Hungary, 897— others occupy the 
eastern part of the Crimea, 966— finally 
conquered by the emperor Basil II. and 
. the Russians, 1016. 

Chebron, k. of Egypt, b c. 1699. 

Chedorlaomkr, k. of Assyria, b.c. 1912 
(2070 H.) 

Chelsea. See Cleves, Anne of. 

Chelsea College, founded by James I., 
1609— rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren, 
as a hospital for disabled soldiers, in the 
time of Chas. II.; completed by Wm. 
III., 1690— an Act for the protection of 
the pensioners, obtained by Wm. Pitt, 
while paymaster of the forces, 1754. 

Cheltenham, discovery of its mineral 
waters, 1718 — visit of George III., June 
12, 1788. 

Chenab, battle of ; gen. Thackwell defeats 
the Sikhs, 1848. 

Chenevix, R., d. 1830. 

Chenres, k. of Egypt. See Cenohres. 

Cheops, k. of Egypt, b.c. 1082 — built the 
great Gizeh Pyramid. See Chufu. 

Cherasco, treaty of, between Louis XIII. 
of France and Victor Amadeus I., duke 
of Savoy, Apr. 6, 1631. 

Cherbourg, held by the English, for 
Chas. II. of Navarre. 1377 — taken, and 
its works destroyed by gen. Bligh and 
commodore Howe, Aug. 8. 175S. 

Cherbury, Lord Herbert of, b. 1581-d. 1648. 

Ckeres, k. of* Egypt. See Acherres. 

Cheriton Down, near Winchester, battle 
of; lord Hopton defeated by Sir Wm. 
Waller, Mar. 29, 1644. 

Cherres, k. of Egypt, b.c. 1504. 

Cherry-trees, brought from Flanders and 
planted in Kent, 1540. 

Ckersicrates founds Corcyra (Corfu), b.c. 
734. 

Cherson. a free republic, in the Tauric 
Cliersonesus, near the present Sebasto- 
pol, relieves Diocletian from an attack of 
the Bosporians, about 290— assists Con- 
stantine against the Goths, 332 — Justi- 
nian II. resides there in his banishment. 
695 — escapes, 704 — sends a fleet and 



army to destroy the city; the people 
proclaim Bardanes emperor, conduct him 
to CP., and put Justinian to death, 711 
— reduced to dependence by the emperor 
Theophilus, 830 — Wolodomir, grand 
duke of Russia, married there to Anna, 
daughter of Romanus II., 988 — conquer- 
ed by Alexius I. of Trebizond, 1210. 

Cherson, or Kherson, a new Russian 
town, near the mouth of the Borysthenes, 
or Dnieper, celebrated for the meeting 
of the emperor Joseph II. and Katha- 
rine II., 1787. 

Cheksonesus Cimbrica, the Cimbrian pe- 
ninsula, now part of the kingdom of 
Denmark ; imagined by the Romans to 
have been the original seat of the Cim- 
bri, who attacked Italy, B.C. 113. See 
Cimbri. — Peopled by Saxons, many of 
whom emigrate into Britain, a.d. 449- 
586. See England. 

Chersonesus Taurica, Cimmerian penin- 
sula, now the Crimea, the fabled abode 
of Cimmerian darkness ; gradually civi- 
lized by Greek settlers, becomes an in- 
dependent State, b.c. 480. See Bosporus, 
kingdom of. — The granary of Athens, 
355. See Demosthenes. — Conquered by 
Mithridates, 108 — occupied by Goths, 
a.d. 258 — a Gothic colony planted, and 
the isthmus fortified by Justinian I., 
about 530. See Chazars. — Settlements 
of the Genoese, 1261— a section of the 
Golden Horde establishes an indepen- 
dentkhanate, 1441. See Crimea. 

Chersoxesus Thracica, the western side 
of the Hellespont, subject to the Athe- 
nians; governed by Sfesagorus, and 
after his death, by his brother, Milti- 
ades, b.c. 515 — left by him, 493 — a colony 
sent by Pericles, 437 — fortified by the 
Lacedaemonian general, Dercyllidas, 398 
— recovered by the Athenians, 357 — 
seized by Antiochus Magnus, 196— con- 
quered by Rome, 169 — part of the Latin 
empire of Romania, a.d. 1204 — conquer- 
ed by John Vataces, 1235 — the Venetian 
nobles, Marco Dandolo and Jacomo Vi- 
aro, found the duchy of Gallipoli, about 
1250— held for a time by the Catalan 
Grand Company, 1305 —permanently oc- 
cupied by the Ottomans, under Suleiman, 
son of Orchan, 1354 — the isthmus forti- 
fied by the combined English and 
French army, Apr., 1854. 

Cherusci, a German tribe, near the Vi- 
surgis(Weser), attacked by Drusus, b.c. 
11 — attack M. Vinicius, a.d. 1. 

Chesapeake canal. See Delaware. 

Chesapeakk, American frigate, encounters 
the English ship Leopard, June 21, 1807 
— captured by the Shannon, June 1, 1813. 
See Broke, Sir P. V. 



CHI 



173 



CUT 



Chess introduced into Persia from India 
by Buzurg Mihir, 580. 

Chester, the Deva of the Romans,, and 
station of Legio XX.Victrix. See Caf.r- 
leon. — Destroyed by the Danes ; rebuilt 
by Edward the Elder, 907— recovered by 
him from the Dane, Leofrid, and Griffin 
ap Madoc. prince of West Wales, 924 — 
ravaged by the Danes, 980 — Peter, bp. 
of Lichfield, transfers his see for a time 
to Chester, 1075— the bishopric erected 
by Henry VHP, 1541 — railway to Crewe 
opened. Oct. 1, 1840 — to Holyhead (in 
part), 1847— completed, Sept. 13, 1850. 

Chester, the earl of, besieged by Stephen 
in Lincoln castle, 1140. 

Chesterfield canal, the Norwood tunnel 
opened, May 8, 1775. 

Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 
earl of, b. 1694— d. 1773. 

Chevy Chase. See Otterburne. 

Chiaramonte, cardinal Gregory Barnabas. 
See Pius VII., pope. 

Chi art, battle of— prince Eugene defeats 
Villeroi, Sept. 1, 1701. 

Chiassi. See Classis. 

Chicheley, Henry, archbp. of Canterbury, 
founds All Souls' College, Oxford, 1437. 

Chichester, a Roman station on the Saxon 
shox - e, made the seat of government of 
the kingdom of Sussex, by Cissa, and 
named after him, 540 — the bishopric 
transferred there from Selsea, by Sti- 
gand, 1070 — railway from Brighton 
opened, June 27, 1840. 

Childe Harold. See Byron, Geo., lord. 

Childebert I., son of Clovis. See Franks. 

Childebert II., son of Sigebert I. See 
Venantius Fortunatus. Inherits Gon- 
tran's share of Chlotair's kingdom, 594. 
See Austrasia. 

Childebert III., son of Clovis III. See 
France. 

Childertc I., father of Clovis. See Franks. 

OhildericIL, son of Clovis II. SeeFRANCE. 

Childeric III., son of Chilperic II. See 
France. 

Chili. See Almagro. Convulsed during 
twenty-seven days by an earthquake — 
Santiago nearly ingulfed, 1731 — congress 
held at Santiago, O'Higgins president, 
Feb. 12, 1817 — its independence confirm- 
ed by San Martin, the Buenos Ayres 
general, 1818 — Freyre president, 1823— 
Be.neventi, 1827. 

Chillianwallah, battle of— the Sikhs de- 
feated by lord Gough, Jan. 13, 1849. 

ChillingSvorth, William, b. 1602 — taken 
prisoner by sir Wm. Waller, at Arundel 
Castle— d. 1644. 

Chilon, of Sparta, one of the seven sages 
of Greece, B-.c. 593— Ephor, 556. 

Chilperic. See Burgitndians. 



Chilperic I., son of Chlotair. See Franks 

Chilperic il., son of Childeric II. See 
France. 

Chimney-sweeping, a machine for, in- 
vented by Smart, 1805. 

China, the supposed age of Confucius 
(Kungfutze), lawgiver, philosopher, and 
teacher of religion, b.c. 555 — conference 
between him and Lao-Tseu, another phi- 
losopher, 517— d. 473 — the great wall 
built, 298 — an embassy said to have been 
sent from Rome, a.d. 166 — invaded by 
Dschingis-khan, 1210— the northern part 
conquered by his son, Octai, 1234— Ku- 
blai assisted in his conquest of Manji, 
the southern part, by mangonels, which 
the Polos, Venetian travellers, construct 
for him, 1273 — Marco Polo introduces 
Christian missionaries, 1275. See Chang- 
hian-fu. Its conquest completed by Ku- 
blai, 1-279— threatened by Timour, 1405. 
The Portuguese trade at Macao, 1517 — 
convey the orange-tree into Europe, 1548 
— invasion of the Mantchou Tartars, 1616 
— the present dynasty established by 
them, 1647 — tea introduced into Eng- 
land, 1660— the English East India Com- 
pany opens commercial intercourse with 
Canton, 1680— Jesuit missionaries make 
converts, 1692 — commercial relations 
formed with Russia, 1719, 1727 — the Je- 
suits expelled, 1732 — an English gunner 
put to death for having accidentally 
killed a Chinese, 1785 — lord Macartney's 
embassy. 1792 — death of the emperor 
Kien Long, 1799. 

The monopoly of the Chinese trade 
continued by the East India Company's 
new charter, 1813— lord Amherst pro- 
ceeds on his embassy, Feb. 8, 1816. 
See Amherst. The East India Com- 
pany's monopoly ceases — the trade 
thrown open, 1833 — the opium dispute 
commences, 1834 — the British trade sus- 
pended, and two ships fired upon— demo- 
lition of the Chinese forts — the trade re- 
stored—lord Napier, the superintendent, 
dies, and is succeeded by Mr. Davies, 
Oct. 11. 

Captain Elliot, chief commissioner, 
1836 — he is arrested by the Chinese com- 
missioner, Lin, and the surrender of 
opium demanded, Feb. 24, 1839 — it is 
given up, May 21 — the British leave 
Canton, 24 — hostilities commence, July 
7 — Hong Kong taken, Aug. 23— Chinese 
junks destroyed, Nov. 3 — all trade in- 
terdicted, Dec. 6 — Canton blockaded 
by sir Gordon Bremer, June 28, 1840 
— Chussm taken, July 5 — Lin de- 
graded, Sept. 16 — Kishin concludes a 
truce and treaty, Nov. 6; which the em- 
peror rejects, Feb. 11, 1841 — Chusao 



CHI 



174 



CHN 



China — continued. 
evacuated, 24 — the Bogue forts stormed, 
26 — sir Hugh Gough proceeds against 
Canton, March 18 — besieged and ran- 
somed, May 31 — sir Henry Pottinger 
arrives, and takes Amoy, Aug. 27 — Chu- 
san reoccupied — Ningpo taken, Oct. 13 — 
Chinese attempt to recover it, repulsed, 
Mar. 10, 1842 — the great river Kiang en- 
tered, June 13 — Shanghae taken, 19 — 
landing at Nankin, Aug. 9 — treaty of 
peace concluded, 29. 

Treaty of commerce opens China to 
all nations, July 27, 1843 — sir Henry 
Pottinger resigns, and is succeeded 
by Mr. (afterwards sir John) Davis, 
1844 — the Bogue forts stormed, and 
the Chinese authorities compelled to 
make reparation for their insults and 
aggressions, April 5, 1847 — a rebellion 
breaks out, 1851 — the insurgents defeat 
commissioner Len, June 19, 1852 — re- 
pulsed at Chang-sha-fu, Sept. 12 — the use 
and sale of opium allowed, Feb. 25, 1853 
—the governor of Nankin, applies to the 
foreign consuls for assistance, Mar. 16 — 
the rebels take Amoy, 18 — Nankin, 21 — 
Shanghae, Sept. 7 — expelled from Amoy, 
Nov. 11 — repuisean attack made on them 
at Shanghae, Mar. 20, 1854 — are driven 
by the imperial army from Shanghae, 
Amoy and other places, June, 1855 — 
seizure of seamen on board the " Arrow " 
by Chinese officers, Oct 8, 1856 — the men 
released, 9— satisfaction demanded by 
the British authorities, 22— Canton bom- 

. barded. Jan. 12, 1857 — British trade 
stopped, 14. 

Chin aladanus, k. of Babylon, B.C. 647 — 625. 

Chineta islands, report on their beds of 
guano, Aug. 29, 1853. 

Chinon. See Henry II., k. of England. 

Chintasuinthus, k. of the Visigoths in 
Spain, 641 — wishes to encourage learn- 
ing in Spain, and deputes the bishop of 
Saragossa to obtain from pope Theo- 
dorus the works of Gregory the Great — 
reforms the Visigothic code, 645— d. 653. 

Chintilla recognized k. of the Visigoths 
in Spain, by the council of Toledo, 636 — 
d. 640. 

Chinzirus, k. of Babylon, b.o. 731-726. 

Chion, Athenian archon, b.c. 365. 

Chionides exhibits comedies at Athens, 
B.C. 487. 

Chionis, Olympic victor, B.C. 664, 660 II., 
656 HI. 

Chios, an island of the Archipelago, now 
Scio. See Glaucus and Ion. Revolts 
against Athens, 412. See Philip V., k. 
of Macedon. Conquered by the Vene- 
tians, 1124 — by the Crusadei-s, 1204 — by 
Androaicus III., emperor of the East, 



from the Genoese family of Zacharia 
1329— by the Genoese, 1346— by the Ot- 
tomans, 1459 — massacre of the inhabi- 
tants by the Turks, April 11, 1822. 

Chiozza, one of the islands of Venice, 
taken by the Genoese admiral, Peter 
Doria, 1379 — recovered by the Venetians, 
and the Genoese fleet and army cap- 
tured, 1380. 

Chippawa, battles of ; the American gen. 
Browne, defeats the English gen. Riall, 
July 5, 1814 — is defeated by gen. Drurn- 
mond, July 25. 

Chippenham occupied by the Danes, 879 — 
Election, see Commons, House of, 1742. 

Chitty, Joseph, b. 1776— d. 1841. 

Chivalry, the age of, commences, 778. 

Chlodomir, son of Clovis. See Pranks. 

Chloroform discovered by Dr. Simpson of 
Edinburgh to be an anaesthetic — first ad- 
ministered in London by James Robin- 
son, Dec. 14, 1848. 

Chlotair, son of Clovis — in the division 
of his father's kingdom, inherits Sois- 
sons, 511 ; and, on the death of his bro- 
ther, Chlodomir, a third part of his 
lands, 524 — joins his brothers to seize 
and divide those of the Burgundians, 
534 — acquires the dominions of his ne- 
phew, Theodebald, 554 — makes war on 
the Saxons, 555 -is defeated by them, 
556 — his natural son, Chraranus, rebels 
against him — he inherits his brother, 
Childebert's, kingdom, and becomes sole 
monarch of the Franks, 558 — takes 
Chramnus prisoner, and bums him alive, 
with all his family, 560— d. 561. See 
Franks, and Austrasia. 

Chlotair II., son of Chilperic I., an in- 
fant at the time of his father's murder, 
inherits Soissons — his mother, Frede- 
gonda, governs, 584 — she dies, 598 — he 
affords a refuge to Columbanus — loses a 
large part of his kingdom in war with 
Theodebert II. of Austrasia, 600 — re- 
covers it, and gives it the name of Neu- 
stria, 604— by the death of Thierry II., 
acquires Austrasia and Burgundy ; is 
sole king of the Franks, and puts Brune- 
hild to death, 613— gives up Austrasia to 
his eldest son, Dagobert I., 622— d. 628. 
See Franks, Austrasia, and Neustria. 

Chlotair III., son of Clovis II., b. 651 — 
sole k. of France on his father's death, 
with his mother, Batilda, regent, and 
Ebroin, mayor of the palace, 656 — his 
kingdom divided by the elevation of his 
brother, Childeric II., to the throne of 
Austrasia, 660 — defeated at Asti, in at- 
tempting to recover the crown of Lom 
bardy from Bertaridus, 665— d. 670. 

Chnodomar, chief of the Allemanni, cap- 
tured by Julian, 357 



CHO 



175 



CHE 



Ceobham, camp formed, June 14, 1853— 
review at, 21 — broken up, Aug. 19. 

Choczim, battle of — John Sobiesky, k. of 
Poland, defeats the Turks and Cossacks, 
1673 — taken by the Eussians, 1739— 
again, 1769. 

Chosrephanes, Athenian archon, B.C. 452. 

Chcebilus, the Athenian tragedian, B.C. 
523 — excelled by JEschylus, 499— has ex- 
hibited tragedies forty years, 483. 

Chcerilus of Samos, poet, B.C. 479. 

Choiseul, duc i)E, minister of Louis XV., 
1758 — suggests the Family Compact of 
the Bourbons, 1761 — promotes the con- 
federation of Bar, in Poland, 1768 — ba- 
nished, at the instigation of Madame Du 
Barry, 1770— intrigues against the re- 
forms of Turgot, 1774. 

Cholera spreads from Asia to Moscow, 
Oct. 1830— breaks out in Dantzic, May 
29, 1831 ; and soon after ravages north em 
Germany — quarantine to guard against 
it, established in England, June 13, 
1831 — the first cases occur at Sunderland, 
Nov. 4 — appears at Rotherhithe, Feb. 10, 
1832 — again breaks out, Sept.— thanks- 
giving for its departure, April 14, 1833 — 
rages in Russia and France, 1849 — breaks 
out at Southampton, July 10 — ceases in 
England, Nov. 15 — re-appears in Soho 
and St. James's, Westminster, Aug. 27, 
1854 — rages in Florence, 1856. 

Chon^e. See CoLOSSiE. 

Choniates. See Nicetas. 

Choral competition at the Olympic meet- 
ing, b.c. 508. 

Chorianes leads a Persian expedition 
into Lazica, 550. 

CHOSROES,OrARSACESXXIII.SeePARTHIA. 

Chosroes I., or Nushirvan, k. of Persia, 
t succeeds his father, Cabades, 531 — makes 
peace with Justinian — the philosophers, 
expelled from Athens, seek refuge at his 
court, 532— he receives them coldly, and 
they return, 533 — collects his forces for 
war, 539 — invades Syria, and takes An- 
tioch, 540 — driven back over the Eu- 
phrates by Belisarius, 542— attacks Edes- 
sa, but fails, 544— makes a truce for five 
years with the Romans, 545 — Peter of 
Thessalonica treats with him about 
peace, 550 — surrender of Petra— another 
truce for five years, 551 — puts his gene- 
ral, Nachoragan, to death, 557 — obtains 
the Fables of Pilpay from India, 560 — 
agrees to a peace for fifty years, 562 — 
persecutes the Armenians, which causes 
another war with the Romans, 571 — a 
truce concluded, 574 — a truce for three 
years, 575 — negotiates with Tiberius II., 
678— d. 579. 
Chosroes II., Purvis, k. of Persia, son of 
Hormisdas, or Hormouz II., saved iron 



the massacre of his family, flies to Cir. 
cesium, and puts himself under the pro- 
tection of the emperor Maurice, 590 — re- 
stored by a Roman array under N arses, 
591 — declares war against Phocas, to re- 
venge the death of Maurice, 603 — in- 
vades the Roman provinces, 604 — con- 
quers Mesopotamia, 606 — crosses the Eu- 
phrates, and overruns Syria, Palestine, 
and Phoenicia, 607— master of Asia Mi- 
nor, and penetrates to the Bosphorus, 609 
■ — takes Apamea and Edessa, 611 — Cas- 
sarea in Cappadocia, 612 — Damascus and 
Jerusalem, 614 — refuses to treat with 
Heraclius — his generals conquer Alexan- 
dria and Egypt — with another army he 
encamps before Chalcedon, where he 
flays alive his general, Saen, for intro- 
ducing an embassy from Heraclius, 616 
— takes Chalcedon, 617 — rejects again 
the offers of Heraclius, 618 — takes An- 
cyra, 620 — his army in Cilicia defeated 
by Heraclius, 622— loses Armenia, The- 
barma, Colchis, and Iberia ; but declines 
either to fight or treat for peace, 623 — 
Ispahan taken and plundered ; and his 
general, Sarbaraza, defeated, 624— loses 
Amida, and Samosata, 625— raises three 
armies, one of which, in alliance with 
the Avars, besieges Constantinople, 626 
— Assyria and his palace of Dastagerd 
occupied by Heraclius — his general, 
Rhazates, defeated — his own retreat cut 
off; he flies in consternation, and his son, 
Siroes, rebels, 627— deposed and slain, 
Feb. 28, 628. 

Chozars. See Chazars. 

Chramnus. See Chlotair. 

Chremes, Athenian archon, b.c. 327, H 
326 C. 

Chrestus, the Athenian sophist, 179. 

Christ, Z>., according to " L'Art de Veri- 
fier les Dates," B.C. 7 — Kepler, Pagi, 
Dodwell, 6 — Chrysostom, Hales, Blair, 
Clinton, 5— Sulpicius (Sac. Hist.), Usher, 
Dec. 25, 4 — Clemens Alex., Irenaeus, 
Cassiodorus, 3— Eusebius, Jerome, Epi- 
phanius, Orosius, Scaliger, 2 — Chron. 
Alex., Tertullian, Dionysius, Luther, 1 — 
Norisius and Herwart,A.D.l-Paul of Mid- 
delburg, 2— Lydiat, 3. See Crucifixio*. 

Christ College. See Cambridge 

Christ Church College. See Oxford. 

Christian Church, the first Greek. See 
Antioch. 

Christian, or Vulgar era, Jan. 1, a.d. 1, 
corresponds, in common computation, 
With the following dates : 

Julian Period 4714 

Era of Nabonassar 749 

Olympiad 195.1 

Era of the Seleucidse 313 

Building of Rome, A.U.C 754 



CHR 



176 



CHE 



Christian, or Vulgab Eba — continued. 
N.B. These are the years of the re- 
spective eras, which commence during 
the first year of the Christian. 

Its use introduced by the monk Dio- 
nysius Exiguus, 527 — adopted in Italy 
about 600 — brought into England, and 
found in a charter of Oshere, a tributary 
k. of the Hwiccas, 680 — in France, par- 
tially, 700; generally, 800 — in Catalonia, 
1180— in Aragon, 1350— in Valencia, 1358 
—in Castile, 1393 — in Portugal, 1415. 
This era has been denoted in various 
forms, as the Year of our Lord, the Year 
of Grace, of the Incarnation, of the Na- 
tivity, and of the Circumcision. 

Christian topography. See Cosmus In- 
picopleustes. 

Christian I., k. of Denmark, son of Die- 
trich, duke of Oldenburg, b. 1426— elect- 
ed to the throne by the Danes, 1448 — k. 
of Norway, 1450 — makes war on Charles 
VIII., k. of Sweden, 1451 — expels him — 
restores the Union of Calmar, and is 
crowned at Stockholm, 1457 — inherits 
Holstein and Schleswig, 1460— creates 
the Order of the Elephant, 1462 — offends 
the Swedes, and is dethroned by them, 
1464 — his daughter, Margaret, marries 
James III. of Scotland ; the Orkney and 
Shetland isles are her dowry, 1469 — he 
is defeated by Sten Sture, protector of 
Sweden, 1471 — the union of Calmar re- 
stored, with limitations, 1472 — visits 
Germany and Rome, 1474 — founds the 
university of Copenhagen, 1479— d. 1481. 

Christian II., k. of Denmark, son of John 
I. b. 1481 — acknowledged as his succes- 
sor, 1497 — becomes k. of Denmark, but 
is not acknowledged in Sweden, 1513 — 
marries Isabella of Austria, 1515 — in- 
vades Sweden, 1518 — gains the battle of 
Bogesund, and is crowned at Stockholm, 
Nov. 8, 1520 — his cruel massacres pro- 
voke resistance, and his army is defeat- 
ed by Gustavus Vasa, 1521 — is expelled 
by his subjects, and takes refuge in 
Flanders, 1523 — encouraged by his bro- 
ther-in-law (the emperor Charles V.), 
lands in Norway to recover his throne, 
1531 — captured by the Danes, 1532 — dies 
in prison, 1559. 

Christian III., k. of Denmark, son of Fre- 
deric I., b. 1503 — succeeds his father, 
1534— Lubeck and the Hanse Towns, with 
the duke of Oldenburg, attack him, and 
Copenhagen revolts ; assisted by Gus- 
tavus Vasa, he defeats them at Assens 
and near Bornholm, 1535 — takes Copen- 
hagen, makes peace with the League ; 
restores order in Denmark, and esta- 
blishes the Protestant religion, 1536 — 
Norway a province of Denmark, 1540 — 
league with Francis I. of France, with 



Sweden, and the Protestants of Germany 
1541 — division of Holstein and Schles» 
wig with his brothers, John and Adol 
phus, 1544 — introduces the three crowns 
into his coat of arms, against which Gus- 
tavus Vasa protests, 1548 — d. 1559. 

Christian IV., k. of Denmark, son of Fre- 
deric II., b. 1577 — succeeds his father, 
1588 ; crowned. 1596 — dispute with Eng- 
land on the right of fishing in the North 
Sea, 1599 — visits his sister, Anne, qu. of 
James I. of England, 1607 — Hamburg 
renounces feudal subjection, 1608 — war 
with Sweden, 1611 — by the peace of Sio- 
rOd, North Lapland is yielded to Den- 
mark, and both kingdoms allowed to use 
the three crowns in their arms, 1613 — 
trade with India opened, and settlement 
of Tranquebar formed, 1618— league, with 
the Protestant states, 1625 — Christian 
takes the command of their army in Ger- 
many, and is defeated by Tilly, at Lut- 
ten, on the Barenberg, 1626— his German 
states conquered by Wallenstein, 1627— 
restored to him by the peace of Lubeck, 
1629— jealous of Sweden, he enters into 
a secret alliance with the emperor Fer- 
dinand III., 1642 — the Swedish general, 
Torstenson, reoccupies Holstein, 1643 ; 
Schleswig and Jutland, 1644 — the Danish 
fleet defeated by the Dutch and Swedes, 
off Laaland — treaty of peace concluded 
at Br6msebro, Aug. 13, 1645 — Jamteland 
and other provinces, with the islands of 
Gothland and Oesel, ceded to Sweden — 
Christian d. March 9, 1648. 

Christian V., k. of Denmark, son of Fre- 
deric III., b. 1646 — succeeds him on the 
throne, 1670— compels Christian Albert 
to cede his duchy of Gottorp, and joins 
the confederacy against Louis XIV., 1675 
— inherits Oldenburg, 1676 — invades 
Sweden, 1677. See Charles XI., k. of 
Sweden. — Restores Gottorp, 1679 — mar- 
riage of his sister, Ulrica Eleanora, to 
Charles XI., 1680; and of his brother, 
George, to Anne, afterwards queen of 
Great Britain, 1683 — regains possession 
of Gottorp, 1684 — makes an unsuccessful 
attempt to seize Hamburg, 1686 — is com- 
pelled by Great Britain and Holland 
again to relinquish Gottorp, 1689 — d. 
1699. 

Christian VI., k. of Denmark, son of Fre- 
deric IV., b. 1699 — succeeds his father, 
1730 — founds the Academy of Sciences 
at Copenhagen, 1743 — d. Aug. 6, 1746. 

Christian VII., king of Denmark, son of 
Frederic V., b. Jan. 29, 1749 — succeeds 
his father, Jan. 14, 1766 — marries the 
Mister of George III., k. of Great Britain. 
See Caroline Matilda, daughter of 
Frederic, prince of Wales. — Visits Eng- 
land, and dines with the lord mayor, 



CIIU 



177 



CHE 



Christian VII. — continued. 

sent. 23, 1768 — dismisses count Bern- 
storf and makes Struensee minister, 1770 
— fall and execution of Struensee and 
Brandt — Bernstorf recalled, 1772 — Hoi- 
st e.in obtained in exchange for Olden- 
burg and Delmenhorst, 1773 — stops all 
intercourse between his subjects and the 
British North American colonies, 1775— 
falls into mental imbecility ; his son, the 
crown prince, regent, 1784. See Frederic 
VI., k. of Denmark— d. Mar. 12, 1808. 

Christian VIII., Frederic, k. of Denmark, 
son of Frederic, second son of Frederic 
V., o. Sept. 18, 1786— invited by the Nor- 
wegians to resist their union with Swe- 
den, and proclaimed king, May 17, 1814 
— withdraws, Aug. 14 — succeeds his 
cousin, Frederic VI., on the throne of 
Denmark, Dec. 3, 1839 — incorporates 
Holstein and Schleswig with his king- 
dom — the states of the two duchies claim 
the preservation of their rights as por- 
tions of the Germanic body, 1846 — d. Jan. 
20, 1848. 

Christian I., duke of Brunswick. See 
Brunswick. 

Christian Louis, duke of Brunswick. See 
Brunswick. 

Christian I. and II., electors of Saxony. 
See Saxony. 

Christianity first taught to the Greeks 
in Antioch, 36— Saul (Paul) and Barna- 
bas sent forth by the church there, first 
preach it to the Gentiles of Cyprus, Per- 
ga, and Iconium, 38 — preached in Bri- 
tain, 178 — in Abyssinia, by Frumentius, 
329— to the Goths, by Ulphilas, 376— 
embraced by Clovis, 496 — preached to 
the Saxons of Kent, by Augustin, 596 — 
embraced by Sabert, k. of Essex, 604— 
by Edwin, k. of Northumberland, and 
Eorpwald, of East Anglia, 627 — preached 
to the West Saxons, by Birinus, 634 — 
to the Bavarians, by Emmeran, 651 — in 

, the Isle of Wight, 661— in Germany, 690 
— by Boniface, 715 — supplanted in Afri- 
ca by Mohammedanism, 749 — forced on 
the Saxons by Charlemagne, 785 — 
preached in the North, 826. See Ans- 
gar. — In Russia, 864 — declared by Chief 
Justice Raymond to be part of the law 
of England, Nov. 28, 1729. See Chris- 
tians. 

Christians, a Greek name, adopted by 
the believers in Christ at Antioch, 37 — 
accused of having set fire to Rome, and 
suffer cruel punishments from Nero; 
first persecution, 64 — severely punished 
by Domitian, for refusing to pay a tax 
towards rebuilding the temple of Jupi- 
ter Capitolinus ; second persecution, 95 
—^ompslled, by order of Trajan, to offer 



sacrifices ; those who refuse suffer mar- 
tyrdom ; third persecution, 107— fourth 
persecution, imputed to the emperor Ha- 
drian, 118— persecuted by Barchochebas, 
134. See Barchochebas. — Persecution 
of them forbidden by an imperial edict 
of Antoninus Pius, 151 — renewed, by 
permission of M. Aurelius, 164 — in 
Gaul, 177 — Marcia, the favourite of 
Commodus, protects them, 185 — fifth 
persecution, under Sept. Severus, 202 — 
all persecution ceases in the time of 
Alexander Severus, 223 — sixth per- 
secution, by Maximin, 235— security 
enjoyed under Philip, 248 — seventh 
persecution, by Decius ; several bishops 
martyred, 250 — the wealth and in- 
fluence of the hierarchy introduce many 
conniptions, and fierce contentions for 
the episcopal office ; passive submission 
of the laity, 251 — stricter canons are en- 
forced by Cyprian, through the council of 
Carthage, and the hierarchy made more 
despotic, 252 — eighth persecution, under 
Valerian and Gallienus, 254 — ninth per- 
secution, under Aurelian,270 — the Chris- 
tians unmolested during the first years 
of Diocletian, 284-302— Galerius urges 
him to repress the growing power of the 
hierarchy, for which he orders the tenth 
persecution ; the fiercest and most sys- 
tematic which they have endured, Feb. 
23, 303 — the persecution checked by Con- 
stantine in the West, but continued in 
the East, 307 — Galerius issues an edict 
to stop it, Apr. 30, 311— edict of Con- 
stantine and Licinius in favour of the 
Christians, 313 — of Constantine, to pro- 
tect converts from Judaism, Oct. 18, 315 
— to punish all who exact from Chris- 
tians the observance of heathen ceremo- 
nies, May 25, 323 — he obtains for them, 
in Persia, relief from the persecution 
caused by the Magi, 333— dissensions 
and persecutions of each other. See Do- 

NATISTS, ARIANS, ATHANASIUS, MFLETI- 

us, Damasus, Chrysostom, Theophilus, 
Cyril, Dioscuros, Nestorius,Pelagius, 
Jerome, Rufinus, Vigilantius. — Perse- 
cution in Persia, 420 — Nestorianism pre- 
vails there and in the East, 499 — Chris- 
tians massacred by the Jews of Antioch, 
610 — edict of the emperor Leo III. 
against the worship of images, 726. See 
Iconoclasts. — Christians tolerated by 
the Mohammedans in Spain, 758 — for 
their wars, see Spain. — Punished by 
Abderahnian II. if they speak against 
Mohammed, 850-dispersion of the Pauli- 
cians, 871. See Paulicians.— A Greek 
patriarch received in Russia, 876 — urged 
by pope Gregory VII. to recover the 
Holy Land, 1074. See Crusades.— Ad- 

N 



CHE 



178 



CHE 



mitted to office in Turkey by a firman of 
the sultan, Jan. 8, 1849 — placed on an 
equality with the Mohammedans in Tur- 
key by the sultan, Jan. 26, 1856. 

" Christianismi Restitutio." See Serve- 
tus.— Dr. Mead's new edition, ordered to 
be burnt by Gibson, bp. of London, May 
29, 1723. 

Christie, Sir Archibald, 5. 1774— d. 1847. 

Christie, Mr., kills Mr. Scott, editor of 
the London Magazine, in a duel, 1821. 

Christina, qu. of Spain. See Maria 
Christina. 

Christina, qu. of Sweden, daughter of 
Gustavus Adolphus, b. Dec. 8, 1626— 
succeeds her father, with Oxenstiern as 
regent, 1633 — her father's policy con- 
tinued ; treaty of Heilbron with France ; 
her general, Horn, defeated at Nordlin- 
gen,Sept. 6,1634 — Banner, by his victory 
at Wittstock, retrieves the Protestant 
cause in Germany, 1636 — is driven back 
into Pomerania, 1638 — Torstenson takes 
the command, 1641 — defeats the Austri- 
ans at Breitenfeld, and takes Olmiitz, 
1642— conquers Holstein, 1643 — defeats 
Gallas, and occupies Bohemia, 1644 — 
gains the battle of Janowitz ; resigns 
the command to Wrangel, 1645 — the 
elector of Bavaria compelled to be neu- 
tral, 1646— peace of Westphalia; Sweden 
gains a part of Pomerania, Wismar, 
Bremen, and Verden, 1648— her cousin, 
Charles Gustavus, recognized as her 
successor ; she invites Des Cartes to 
Stockholm, 1654 — resigns the crown, 
June 16, 1654 — Oxenstiern retires, and 
d. — she embraces the Romish faith, and 
is received with great solemnity at 
Rome, Dec. 19, 1655— during a visit to 
Paris, she causes Monaldeschi, one of 
her suite, to be assassinated, 1657 — d. at 
Rome, Apr. 19, 1689. 

Christina, second daughter of Henry IV., 
k. of Fiance, b. 1606 — married to Victor 
Amadeus of Savoy, 1620 — on the death 
of her husband, her title to the regency 
disputed, 1637 — under the protection of 
her brother, Louis XIII., she becomes 
regent for her son, 1642. See Charles 
Emanuel II., duke of Savoy. — Christina 
d., Dec. 27, 1663. 

Christodorus, of Coptos, poet, fl. 511. 

Christophe, assists in driving the French 
out of Haiti, 1803 — joins Petion in as- 
sassinating Dessalines, and divides 
Haiti with him, 1806 — is proclaimed as 
Henry I., k. of Haiti, 1811— kills him- 
self, 1820. 

Christopher I., k. of Denmark, succeeds 
his brother, Abel, 1252 — Erlandson, abp. 
of Lund, raises rebellion against him ; 
he is expelled, and d. in exile, 1259. 



Christopher II., k. of Denmark, succeeds 
his brother, Erik VI., by capitulation 
with the nobles, 1320— expelled, 1329— 
recovers the throne, 1330— d. 1333. 

Christopher III., k. of Denmark, elected 
in the place of his uncle, Erik VII., 1439 
— also in Sweden, 1440 — fails in an at- 
tack on Lnbeck, 1447— d. 1448. 

Christopher, k. of Sweden. See Chris- 
topher III., k. of Denmark. 

Christopher, the Pacific, duke of Wirtem- 
berg, 1550-1568. 

Christopher, chaplain of pope Leo V., 
imprisons him, and makes himself pope, 
903— is deposed by Sergius III.. 904. 

Christopher, son of the emperor Romanus 
I., proclaimed Augustus by his father, 
919— d. 931. 

Christophoros, a Byzantine general, sent 
by the emperor Basil I. against the 
Paulicians, defeats and slays Chryso- 
cheir, 871.' 

Chronica of Dexippus, written, 269. 

Chronicle of Eusebius, ended, 325 — of 
Idatius, begins, 379 — of Jerome, termi- 
nates, 378 — of Marcellinus, begins, 379— 
of Prosper of Aquitaine, concluded, 455 
— of Victor Tununensis, begins, 445. 

Chronicles of St. Denis, presented to 
Philip III. of France, 1274— of Russia, 
written by Nestor, 1077 — of England. 
See Anglo-Saxon, Caxton, Wynkyn de 
Worde, Langtoft, Higden, Holinshed, 
Fabyan, Grafton, Stowe, Speed. 

Chronicon, of Cassiodorus, ends, 519 — 
Paschale, ends, 628. 

Chrysanthus, bp. of the Novatians, 407 — 
d. 419. 

Chrysippus, the Stoic, b. B.C. 280— d. 207. 

Chrysoberges, Lucas, patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, 1155. 

Chrysocheir, son of Carbeas, leader of 
the Paulicians, overruns Asia Minor, and 
pillages Nicomedia, Ancyra, and Ephe- 
sus, 868— falls in battle, 871. 

Chrysoloras, Emanuel, sent by Manuel 
II., emperor of the East, to implore as- 
sistance from the Christians of the West; 
after having completed his mission, he 
is engaged to teach Greek at Florence, 
1396— d. 1414. 

Chrysomachus, Olympic victor, B.C. 596. 

Chuysopolis, battle of; Licinius finally 
overcome by Constantine, Sept. 28, 323. 

Chrysorrhoas. See John of Damascus. 

Chrysostom, Joannes, b. at Antioch, 354 — 
taught by Libanius, 369— ordained dea- 
con at Antioch, 381 — presbyter, 386 — 
appeases, by his preaching, tumults of 
the people of Antioch, 387 — invited by 
Eu tropins, and appointed bp. of Con- 
stantinople, 398 — condemns in a dis- 
course the games of the circus and the 



CHT7 



179 



cic 



theatre, 399 — inveighs against the vices 
of court and church, 400 — Theophilus, 
bp. of Alexandria, intrigues against 
him, 401 — the empress Eudocia favours 
his enemies ; he is banished by the arts 
of Theophilus, and recalled through 
fear of a popular tumult, 403 — again ba- 
nished by a synod, finally leaves O.P., 
June 20, 404 — reaches Cucusus, the 
place of his exile, in Sept. ; removed to 
Arabissus, where he is exposed to the 
inroads of the Isaurians, 406. See Ara- 
bissus. — Ordered by his persecutors to 
be removed to Pityus ; d. on the jour- 
ney, near Comana, Sept. 14, 407 — his 
remains removed from Comana, and ho- 
nourably deposited in Constantinople, 
438. 

Chrysostom, Dio. See Dio Prus^eus. 

Chufu, k. of Egypt, b.c. 3425 L. See Che- 
ops, 1482. 

Chunar, treaty of, between the E. I. Com- 
pany and the nabob of Oude, Sept. 19, 
1781. 

Chunda Saib, nabob of Arcot, slain, 
1752. 

Chunnus. See Bulgarians. 

Church. See Christians ; East, church 
of the ; West, church of the ; England, 
church of; France, church of. 

Church-benefices in Germany, the sale 
of, forbidden by pope Gregory VII., 1073. 

" Church in danger," the cry raised by 
the Tories and Jacobites ; the Lords and 
Commons address qu. Anne, assuring 
her that no such danger exists, 1705. 

Church disputes. See Puseyism. 

Church-lands, which had been alienated 
by Henry VIII., secured to their holders 
by parliament, 1554 — pope Julius III. 
demands the restitution of them ; qu. 
Mary gives up all that are still held by 
the crown, 1555. 

Church-property, protected by a law of 
Theodosius II., Dec. 15, 434— the Com- 
mons of England petition Henry IV. to 
use it for the benefit of the State, 1404 — 
again,. 1410 — taken for the service of the 
State in France, Nov. 2, 1789. 

Church-bates, plan for the abolition of, pre- 
pared by lord Althorpe ; adopted by the 
House of Commons, Apr. 22, 1834 — but 
afterwards abandoned ; refused at Man- 
chester, Sept. 3 ; at Birmingham, Dec. 
13 ; Bill brought in again, Mar. 3, 1837 
— opposed by the bishops, Mar. 9, and 
abandoned by the ministers ; Sir Wil- 
liam Clay's Bill for their abolition in- 
troduced, Mar. 25, 1855 — read a second 
time, May 16. 

Church-services ordered to be read in 
Latin throughout all Christendom by 
pope Vitalianus, 663 — by qu. Elizabeth, 



to be read in English throughout her 
dominions, 1558. 

Church, Gen., appointed commander of 
the Greek army, 1827. 

Churches of Paris shut up, Dec. 1, 1793, 
but soon re-opened. 

Churchill, John, afterwards duke of 
Marlborough, b. 1650 — learns the art 
of war under Turenne, 1674 — deserts 
James II., Nov. 22, 1688. See Marlbo- 
rough, earl and duke of. 

Churschid, grand vizir, takes Janina, and 
puts Ali Pacha to death, 1822. 

Chusan, taken bv Sir Gordon Bremer, July 
5, 1840— evacuated, Feb. 24, 1841— re-oc- 
cupied by Sir Henry Pottinger, Oct. 13. 

Cibalis, in Pannonia, battle of; Licinius 
defeated by Constantine, Oct. 8, 314. 

Gibber, Colley, b. 1671 — poet laureate, 
1730 —d. 1757. v 

Cibo, Francheschetto, married to Madda- 
lena, daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici, 
1487. 

Cicero, M. Tullius, b. at Arpinum, b.c. 
Jan. 3, 106 — a cadet in the army of Cn. 
Pompeius Strabo, 89— pleads for Quinc- 
tius, 81 — for Sextus Roscius, 80 — goes 
to Athens, 79 — resides at Rhodes, 78 — 
returns to Rome, 77 — qusestor in Sicily, 75 
— returns, 74 — orations against Qu. Csaci- 
lius and Verres, 70 — made aedile, 69 — 
praetor ; advocates the Manilian law, for 
giving the command to Pompey, 66 — 
elected consul for the next year, 64 — 
serves the office ; detects Catiline's con- 
spiracy, and delivers his oration pro 
Muraena, 63— pro P. Sylla, 62— excites 
the hostility of Clodius, 61— sends to his 
friend, Atticus, a history of his own con- 
sulship in Greek, 60 — banished by his 
enemy the tribune, Clodius, 58 — recalled 
by his friend the tribune, Milo, 57 — ac- 
cuses Pisoand Gabinius of oppression in 
Macedon and Syria, 56 — replies to Piso, 
and composes his three books, " Be Ora~ 
tore," 55 — writes " De JRepublica" and 
defends Vatinius, Scaurus, and Placi- 
dius, 54 — defends Milo, 52 — proceeds to 
Cilicia as proconsul, 51 — returns to 
Rome, 50— joins Pompey in Greece, 49 — 
reconciled to Caesar, 47 — orations for Li- 
garius and Marcellus ; composes his 
" Brutus" 46" — divorces Terentia ; mar- 
ries Publilia, whom he also divorces ; 
his daughter, Tullia, d. ; he writes "Be 
luctu minuendo" " Orator," " Be Finibus" 
" Academica" 45 — withdraws from Rome 
soon after the death of Caesar, and in his 
retirement writes " Be Bivinatione" " Be 
Fato," " Be Gloi-ia," " Be Officiis," " Be 
Senectute," " Topica," and " Tusculance 
Bisputationes ;" returns to Rome after 
Antony's departure, Aug. 31; first Phi- 
n 2 



CIL 



180 



CIN 



Cicebo — continued. 
lippic, against M. Antony, Sept. 2; se- 
cond written, but never spoken ; third 
and fourth delivered in the senate, Dec. 
20, 44 — his continued Philippics deliver- 
ed between Jan. 1 and Apr. 22 ; irritate 
Antony, and he is murdered, Dec. 7, 43 
—his Life written by his freedman and 
pupil, M. Tullius Tiro, 5 ; his book, Be 
Senectute, printed by Caxton, a.d. 1481. 

Cicero, M. Tullius, the son, educated at 
Athens by Cratippus, B.C. 44 — consul 
suffectus, 30. 

Cicero, Qu. Tullius, brother of the orator, 
gov. of Asia, b.c. 61 — serves in Gaul 
under Caesar ; is defeated by the Ebu- 
rones, 54. 

Cicogna, Pasquale, doge of Venice, 1585-95. 

Cicurinus, C. Veturius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 455. 

Cid, the heroic name of Roderigo Diaz 
del Bivar; b. 1025— distinguishes him- 
self in Spain against the Moors, 1065 — 
restores victory to the arms of Sancho 
II., king of Castile, 1071— rallies the 
Christian forces, defeats the Moors at 
Alcoraza, and takes Huesca, 1087 — takes 
Valencia, 1094 — after defending it five 
years, d. there, and is buried at Burgos, 
1099. 

'• Cid, the," a Spanish poem published, 
1150. See Corneille. 

Cilicia, given to Demetrius Poliorcetes 
by Seleucus Nicator, B.C. 299 — becomes 
an independent piratical State, 125 — at- 
tacked by P. Servilius Vatia, 77— con- 
quered by Pompey, and made a Roman 
province, 67 — after the defeat of Crassus, 
ravaged by the Parthians and Armenians, 
53 — Cicero proconsul, 51 — a part given 
by Antony to Polemo, with the title of 
king, 29 — confirmed to Polemo, the son, by 
Caligula, a.d. 38— and the whole given 
to him by the emperor Claudius, 41 — 
misgoverned by Capito, 57 — afflicted by 
pestilence and famine, 333— ravaged by 
the Isaurians, 404— taken by the Persi- 
ans, 609 - recovered by Heraclius, 622— 
conquered by the Saracens, 832 — John 
Zimisces expels them, 964 — occupied by 
Armenians, expelled from their country 
by Alp Arslan, and called the Reube- 
nian, or Lesser Armenia, 1065 — their 
princes assassinated by Nicephorus III., 
1080 — occupied by the Crusaders ; quar- 
rel of Tancred and Baldwin, 1097. See 
Crusaders. — Subdued by the emperor 
John II., 1137— governed as a tributary 
State by Thoros, 1145-55— conquered by 
Amurath I., 1387. 

Cilly, count, a nobleman of Hungary, 
killed by the eldest Bon of John Huni- 
ades, 1457. 



CiU^, L. Fab. Gab. Septiminus, consul of 
Rcme, II., 204. 

Cimabue, father of the modern school of 
painting in Florence, b. 1240— d. 1300. 

Cimbri, or Cumrhi, a gathering of Celtic 
tribes, in concert with the Gothic Teu- 
tons, advance into Illyrium, and defeat 
the consul, Papirius Carbo, B.C. 113 — 
repulsed by Drusus in Thrace, 112 — are 
refused an allotment of lands to settle 
on ; defeat the consul, Junius Silanus, 
ravage the country, till they are checked 
in Thrace by Minucius Rufus, 109 — are 
victorious over the consul Aurelius 
Scaurus, 108 — force their way into Ro- 
man Gaul, where they defeat the consul 
C. Manlius, and the proconsul, Csepio, 
105 — invade Spain, 104 — driven out by 
the natives, 103 — defeat the proconsul, 
Lutatius Catulus ; force a passage into 
Italy, are totally crushed by Marius at 
Vercellse, July 10; their league dissolved, 
the Cimbri are heard of no more, and 
supposed to be annihilated, 102. 

Cimmerian peninsula. See Chersonesus 
Taurica, and Crimea. 

Cimmerians, the first known Cumrhi, or 
gathering of Celtic tribes, formed to 
resist the Massagetse, by whom they are 
driven from the Araxes, enter Lydia, 
and take Sardis, B.C. 635— driven out of 
Lydia; their league dissolved, and they 
disappear, but settle in the lands after- 
wards called Galatia, 617. See Galatia, 
and Gallo-Gr^eci. 

Cimon, son of Miltiades, takes Scyros, B.C. 
476. See Athens, 475-149. 

Cin^ethon writes poetry at Lacedaemon, 
B.C. 765. 

Cincinn atus, L. Quintius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 460 — called from his plough to be 
dictator, defeats the enemy in sixteen 
days, and returns to his farm, 458. 

Cincinn atus, Cn. Manlius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 480. 

Cincinnatus, L. Quint., military tribune 
of Rome, B.C. 438. 

Cincinnatus, T. Quint., consul of Rome 
B.C. 351. 

Cincinnatus, T. Quintius Pennus, consul 
of Rome, B.C. 431—11. 428 — military 
tribune, 426— II. 420. 

Cincius. See Alimentus, L. Cincius, 
writes Be Re Militari, B.C. 190. 

Cinna, L. Cornelius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
127. 

Cinna, L. Cornelius, consul of Rome, de- 
posed by the senate, calls Marius from 
Africa, raises a body of Italians, and 
reinstates himself in office, B.C. 87 — con- 
sul II., 86— III., 85— IV. 84— raises an 
army to oppose Sylla, is assassinated by 
his soldiers, 84. 



OIT 



181 



CLA. 



Cinna, Cn. Corn. Magnus, consul of Rome, 
5. 

" Cinna." See Corneillb , 

Cinnamus, John, writes his History of the 

Greek empire, 1153. 
Cinqmars, beheaded for a conspiracy 

against Richelieu, 1642. 
Cinque ports, fortified by Wm. I., 1067 — 
receive privileges from Hen. III., 1216 
— the duke of Ormond lord warden, 1713 
— Wm. Pitt, 1806— duke of Wellington, 
1828-1852— marquis of Dalhousie, 1853. 

Cintra. See Alfonso V. and VI., kings 
of Portugal. — Convention of, concluded, 
between Sir Hew Dalrymple and mar. 
Junot, Aug. 30, 1808— causes popular 
dissatisfaction in England; court of in- 
quiry at Chelsea, Nov. 17. 

Circassians, defeat the Russian general. 
Godovin, and destroy all the new forts 
constructed against them, 1840. See 
Schamtl. 

"CiRCfi," the planet, discovered by M. 
Chacornac, at Paris, Apr. 6, 1855. 

Circesium. See Carchemish. 

Circuits ; Henry II. divides England 
into six, through which he sends justices 
in eyre twice a year to administer the 
laws in each county, 1177. 

Circulating library, the first established 
in London, 1740. 

Circumcelliones. See Donatists. 

Circumnavigation op the Globe, first 
accomplished by the ships of Magel- 
haens, 1522— Drake, the first English 
circumnavigator, 1577-80. 

Circus Flaminius, built by C. Flaminius, 
B.C. 220. 

Circus (now the Surrey Theatre) burnt, 
Aug. 12, 1805. 

Circus factions. See Constantinople. 

Cirencester, taken by Ceawlin, k. of 
Wessex, 577 — battle of, followed by 
peace between Cynegils, k. of Wessex, 
and Penda, k. of Mercia, 628. See Ca- 
nute. 

Cirignuola, battle of; the French defeat- 
ed by Gonsalvo de Cordova, and the 
duke de Nemours killed, Apr. 28, 1503. 

Cirrh^ans, engage in the sacred war with 
the Amphictyonic league, b.c. 595 — lose 
Cirrha, 591 — finally overcome, 587. 

Cisalpine republic founded, May, 1797 — 
restored, June 4, 1800. See Italian- 
republic, and Italy, kingdom of. 

Cispadane republic, founded, Oct. 16, 
1796. 

Cissa, k. of Sussex, 514 — conquered by 
Ceawlin, k. of We&sex, 584. 

Citate, the Turks storm the Russian 
camp at, June 6, 1854. 

Citeaux. See Bernard. 

City-cohorts of Rome, overcome the prae- 



torian guards, pursue Commodus to Lav 
nuvium, and kill Cleander, 189. 
Ciudad Real, submits to Sebastiani, Mar. 

27, 1809. 
Ciudad Rodrigo, held by the Portuguese 
against Henry II., k. of Castile, 1370 — 
taken by Ney, July 10, 1810 — stormed 
by Wellington, Jan. 19, 1812. 
Civtdale, pope Gregory XII. holds his 

opposition council at, 1409. 
Civil law. See Law. 
Civil list, arrears, provided for. Mar. 2, 
1769— again paid by a vote of the Com- 
mons, Apr. 9, 1777— the Speaker (Sir 
Fletcher Norton) addresses the king 
thereon, May 7 ; Sir Henry Parnell's mo- 
tion for inquiry into it, causes the re- 
signation of the Wellington ministrv, 
Nov. 15, 1830. 
Civil wars in England and Great Britain : 
Between k. Stephen and Matilda, mother 
of Henry II., 1139-1153. 
Between k. John and the barons, 1214- 

1216. 
Between Henry III. and the barons, 1262 

-1268. 
Between Edward II. and the barons, 

1321-1327. 
Between Henry IV., the earl of Nor- 
thumberland, and Owen Glendower, 
1403-5. 
Between the houses of York and Lan- 
caster, 1455-1471. 
Between Richard III. and Henry VII., 

1485. 
Between Charles I. and the Parliament, 

1642-46. 
Between Charles II. and the Parliament, 

1650-1651. 
Between James II. and the duke oi 

Monmouth, 1685. 
Between James II. and William III., in 

Scotland and Ireland, 1689-90. 
Between George I. and the Pretender, 

1715-16. 
Between Geoige II. and the young Pre* 
tender, 1745-46. 
Civilis, leader cf the Batavi, 70. See Ba- 

tavi and Cerialis. 
Civita C a stellana, battle of ; tire Neapo- 
litans defeated by the French general, 
Macdonald, Dec. 4, 1798. 
Civita Vecchia. See Centumcell^e. — 
Blockaded by commodore Troubridge, 
1799 — gen. Oudinot and the French ex- 
pedition land at, May 25, 1849. 
Civitella, battle of; pope Leo IX. de- 
feated and made prisoner by Robert 
Guiscard, June 18, 1053. 
Clairaut, one of the French Academici- 
ans who go into the north to examine 
the figure of the earth, 1736. 
Clairfait, the Austrian general, defeated 



CLA 



182 



CLA 



in Flanders by Dumourier, Sept. 20. 1792 
— defeats Jourdan at Htichst, Oct. 11, 
1791. 

Clappa, k. of Bernicia, 567-572. 

Clapperton, Hugh, the African traveller, 
b. 1787— d. 1827. 

Clara, Didia, daughter of Didianus Juli- 
anus, proclaimed Augusta, 193. 

Clare, county ; Daniel O'Connell elected 
for, July 5, 1828 — the election declared 
void, and a new writ issued, Mar. 18, 
1829— re-elected after the passing of the 
Catholic Relief Bill, July 30. 

Clare Hall. See Cambridge. 

Clare, John Fitzgibbon, earl of, b. 1749 — 
while attorney-general for Ireland, pre- 
vents the assembly of a national con- 
gress, 1784 — made a peer (first, baron 
Fitzgibbon) and lord chancellor of Ire- 
land, 1789— d. 1802. 

Clare, earl of, d. 1851. 

Clarence, Lionel, duke of, second adult 
son of Edw. III., k. of England, b. 1338 
— marries Eliz. de Burgh, daughter of 
the earl of Ulster ; their only child, 
Philippa, transmits her father's title to 
the crown, which devolves on the duke 
of York, and finally places Edw. IV. on 
the throne. See Mortimer, earl of 
March. — After the death of his first 
wife,, marries Violante, daughter of Ga- 
leazzo Visconte, duke of Milan, 1368 — d. 
1369 — her dowry seized by De Spenser 
and sold. 

Clarekce, Thomas, duke of, second son of 
Henry IV., k. of England, b. 1389— ac- 
companies his brother, Henry V., to 
France, 1415 — killed at the battle of 
Bauge, 1421. 

Clarence, George, duke of, third son of 
Richard, duke of York, and. brother of 
Edw. IV., k. of England; attaches him- 
self to the earl of Warwick, and marries 
his daughter, Isabella, 1466— comes over 
from Calais with him to assist in quell- 
ing an insurrection in Yorkshire, 1469 
— rebels against his brother, escapes to 
France, lands with a French army at 
Dartmouth, drives Edward out of the 
kingdom, and is appointed joint regent 
with Warwick, Oct. 9, 1470 — deserts 
him in the battle of Barnet, and again 
supportshis brother, Apr. 14,1471 — death 
of his wife, 1476 — falls into disgrace 
with the king ; his friends tried and exe- 
cuted, 1477 — condemned and put to death, 
Feb. 18, 1478. 

Clarence, William Henry (afterwards 
duke of), third son of Geo. III., k. of Gt. 
Britain, b. Aug. 21, 1765 — made a post 
captain in the royal navy, 1779— created 
a peer, May 9, 1789 — the publisher of a 
libel on him fined, Feb. 3, 1790— ap- 



pointed admiral of the fleet, 1811— mar. 
ries the princess Amelia Adelaide 
Louisa Theresa, of Saxe-Meiningen, July 
11, 1818 — appointed lord high admiral, 
in the Canning administration, 1827 — 
resigns the office, 1828 — succeeds his 
brother, George IV., June 26, 1830. See 
William IV., k. of Great Britain. 

Clarendon press, at Oxford, the, esta- 
blished with the profits of Clarendon's 
" History of the Rebellion," completed 
and opened in Oct. 1713. 

Clarendon, Constitutions of, enacted by 
an assembly of barons and prelates, con- 
vened by Henry II., k. of England ; con- 
demned by pope Alexander III. ; Tho- 
mas a Becket revokes his promise to ob- 
serve them, 1164 ; excommunicates the 
king and all who conform to them, 1165 ; 
Henry retains them as the law of the 
land, in his accommodation with the 
pope, 1173. 

Clarendon, Edward Hyde, b. 1608, cre- 
ated earl of, and lord chancellor, by 
Charles II., 1660— his daughter, Anne, 
married to James, duke of York, Sept. 
3. See Anne Hyde. — Offends the duch. 
of Cleveland — defeats the earl of Bris- 
tol's attempt to accuse him of high trea- 
son, 1663 — an impeachment against him 
fails, Nov. 12, 1667— he withdraws to 
France, 30 ; is banished by parliament, 
Dec. 19— writes his History of the Re- 
bellion, 1670— d. at Rouen, 1674. 

Clarendon, Henry Hyde, earl of, son of 
Edward, made lord lieutenant of Ire- 
land by James II., 1685— refuses to take 
the new oath of allegiance, 1689 — joins 
in a conspiracy against William III. ; is 
committed to the Tower, and afterwards 
confined to his country-house, 1691. 

Clarendon, George William Frederic 
Villiers, (now) earl of, b. 1801 — moves for 
the repeal of the corn laws, 1838 ; again, 
1842 — appointed lord lieutenant of Ire- 
land, 1847 — resigns, 1852— foreign secre- 
tary, Feb. 21, 1853 — proposes a conven- 
tion in favour of Turkey, July 9 — re- 
monstrates against the proceedings of 
the czar, Dec. 27 — requires the Greek 
government to desist from supporting 
the insurrection in Epirus, Feb. 16, 1854 
— attends the Paris conferences as the 
representative of Great Britain, Feb 16, 
1856. 

Clarke, Dr. Adam, b. 1760— d. 1832. 

Clarke, Samuel, b. 1675 — defends Arian 
doctrines in his controversy with Wa- 
terland, 1712 — accused of heresy by 
the lower house of convocation, is dis- 
missed from his post as chaulain to the 
queen, 1714-cZ. 1729. 

Clarke, Dr. Edward Daniel, b. 1768— re- 



CLA 



183 



CLA 



ceives a travelling fellowship at Cam- 
bridge, 1799 — brings the sarcophagus of 
Alexander the Great from Egypt, 1806 — 
d. 1822. 
Clarke, Mary Anne, examined as a wit- 
ness against the duke of York, 1809. 
Clarkson, Thomas, b. 1760— d 1846. 
Clarus, C. Erucius, consul of Rome, 170. 
Clarus, C Julius Erucius, consul of Rome, 

193. 
Clarus, Septicius, praetorian prefect, 119. 
Clarus, Sex. Erucius, consul of Rome, II. 

146. 
Classe. See Classis. 
Classes of Rome. See Census. 
Classis, the harbour of Ravenna, con- 
structed by Augustus, now Chiassi, or 
Classe — the clergy of Ravenna retire 
there, on a quarrel with their archbishop, 
679 — seized by Faroaldus, duke of Spo- 
leto, 716. 
Clastidium, battle of— the Insubres de- 
feated by Marcellus, B.C. 222. 
Claude, bishop of Turin, writes against 
image worship, 825; and against tran- 
substantiation, 831— d. 840. ■ 
Claude, daughter of Louis XII., of France 
— treaty of Blois for her betrothal to 
Charles of Spain, 1504 — the contract 
objected to by the States General, and 
annulled— affianced to Francis, count of 
Angoul fl me, 1506 ; married to him, 1514 
— queen of France — retains Anne Boleyn 
in her service, 1515. 
Claude Lorraine. See Lorraine,Claude. 
Claudia, daughter of Nero and Poppaea, 
b. 63 — proclaimed Augusta — d. within 
four months. 
Claudia, daughter of Crispus, brother of 
the emperor Claudius II., marries Eu- 
tropius, a noble of Dardania, about 240 ; 
they are the parents of Constantius 
Chlorus. 
Claudia, Aqua. See Aqua Claudia and 

Claudius I. 
Claudian addresses his first poem to the 
consuls of the year, 395 — publishes his 
poem against Rufinus, 396 — Epithala- 
mium and Gildonic War, 398— celebrates 
the Gothic War, 403 ; his patron, Sti- 
licho, 405— d. 408. 
Claudius I., Tiberius Claudius Caesar, 
son of Drusus, 6. at Lyons, Aug. 1, b.c. 
10; proclaimed by the Praetorian guards 
emperor of Rome, a.d.41; consul of Rome, 
II. 42 — goes to Britain — consul III. 43 — 
returns and celebrates asplendid triumph 
at Rome, 44 — reverses the orders issued 
by Cassiu3 Longinus, governor of Judaea, 
45 — allows the empress, Messalina, to 
pursue her licentious and vindictive 
course, 46 — stops the victorious progress 
of Corbulo on the Rhenish frontier — 



takes the census of Rome, and celebrates 
the secular games — consul IV. 47 — pub- 
lishes the census, showing 5,984,072 adult 
citizens — divorces Messalina, and puts 
her to death — is governed by Narcissus 
and Pallas — gives additional territories 
to Agrippa, 48 — marries Agrippina, dau. 
of Germanicus, and widow of Cn. Domi- 
tius Ahenobarbus, 49^prevailed on by 
her to exclude his own son, Britannicns, 
and adopt her son, Nero, as his succes- 
sor, 50 — consul V. 51 — completes the 
aqueducts of Aqua Claudia and Lake 
Fucinus, 52— marries his daughter, Oc- 
tavia, to Nero, 53— poisoned by Agrip- 
pina, Oct. 13, 54, 

Claudius II., b. 214 — serves under the em- 
peror Decius, and stops the Goths at 
Thermopylae, 250 — commands against 
them, under Gallienus, on the Danube, 
267 — is proclaimed emperor by the army 
— takes Milan, and puts Aureolus to 
death — defeats the Allemanni near Lake 
Benacus, 268 ; and the Goths, at Naissus, 
in Mcesia, 269— again defeats them, and 
soon after d. of the plague, at Sirmium, 
270. 

Claudius, Appius. See Appius, Sp., and 
Decemvirs. 

Claudius, Appius, consul of Rome, b.c. 349. 

Claudius, Appius Caecus (the Blind), cen- 
sor of Rome, introduces many changes ; 
constructs the Via Appia, the first aque- 
duct, and a canal through the Pontine 
marshes, B.C. 312— consul, 307 ; II. 296. 

Claudius, Appius, sent as an ambassador 
to Tigranes, B.C. 71. 

Claudius, Appius Rufus, consul of Rome, 
B.c 268. 

Claudius, C Quintius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
271. 

CLAUDrus, Appius. See Caudex, Ap. CI. 

Claudius, Pub. Pulcher, consul of Rome — 
defeated by Adherbal in a naval battle, 
off Drepanum, b.c. 249. 

Claudius Eusthenius writes the history 
of Diocletian and his colleagues, 293. 

Claudius, Servius, an eminent teacher at 
Rome, b.c. 100. 

Clauzel, marshal, sent into Algeria 
against Abd el Kader, 1835. 

Claverhouse. See Graham. 

Clavigo, near Calagurris (Calahorra), 
battle of — the Saracens are defeated by 
Ramiro I., the Gothic king, 844. 

Clavius, Christopher, completes the new 
or Gregorian calendar, 1582. 

Clay, Henry, b. 1777— d. 1852. 

Clay, Sir William, introduces a bill for 
the abolition of church rates, March 29, 
1855. 

Claypole, Mrs., Cromwell's daughter, d. 
Aug. 6, 1658 — her body is removed froci 



CLE 



184 



CLE 



"Westminster Abbey to the churchyard, 
Sept. 12. 1661. 

ClazomenjE, a city of Ionia, founded by 
emigrants from Colophon, b.c. 656— birth- 
place of Anaxagoras, 500— recovered by 
the Persians, 497. 

Cleander, a favourite of Commodus, rules 
tyrannically, 187— put to death. 189. See 
City Cohorts. 

Clearchus, consul of Rome, 384. 

Clemangis, Nicholas de, rector of the uni- 
versity of Paris, publishes his " De 
Ruina Ecclesice," 1394 — urges, in the 
council of Basle, the reform of the church, 
1431. 

Clemens, bp. of Utrecht, 696. See Wil- 

BRORD. 

Clemens, Alexandrinus, writes his " Stro- 
mata," 194 — his Platonic philosophy 
adopted by Origen, 206. 

Clemens, M. Arricinius, consul of Rome, 
94 H. 

Clemens, Tineius, consul of Rome, 195. 

Clemens, T. Flav., nephew of Domitian, 
consul of Rome — put to death, 95. 

Clement I.,bp.of Rome, 91-100— addresses 
an Epistle to the church of Corinth, to 
heal their divisions, 94. 

Clement II., Suidger, bp. of Bamberg, 
elected pope, 1046— d. Oct. 9, 1047. 

Clement III., antipope, Guibert, archbp. 
of Ravenna, elected by a council at 
Brixen, convened by the emperor Henry 
IV., 1080 — consecrated at Rome, and 
crowns the emperor, March 31, 1084— ex- 
pelled by Robert Guiscard, he returns 
into Lombardy, 1084 — resigns his pre- 

i tensions to the papacy, 1089— his party 
still hold the castle of St. Angelo— his 
title is still asserted by Henry, 1092 — 
d. 1100. 

Clement III., pope, cardinal Paul Scolaro, 
bp. of Palestrina, elected Dec. 12, 1187— 
sends cardinal-legates to move all the 
states of Europe to the crusade — again 
makes Rome the papal residence by a 
treaty with the senate, 1188 — d. March 
27, 1191. 

Clement IV., pope, Guy Foulquois, arch- 
hp. of Narbonne and cardinal-bp. of Sa- 
bina, elected Feb. 5, 1265— by a Bull 
claims the disposal of benefices in Chris- 
tian lands, and their revenues while va- 
cant, 1266 — appoints Charles of Anjou 
viceroy of Tuscany, 1267 — a reformation 
of the calendar is proposed to him by 
Roger Bacon, 1267 — protests against the 
cruelties of Charles of Anjou, in Naples 
— d. at Viterbo, Nov. 29, 1268. 

Clement V., pope, Bertrand de Goth, arch- 
bp. of Bordeaux, elected, through the in- 
fluence of Philip IV. of France, June 15 



— summons the cardinals to meet him at 

Lyons — he restores the cardinals della 
Colonna, whom Boniface VIII. had de- 
graded, 1305 — revokes the Bulls of Boni- 
face against Philip — urges a general 
crusade, and demands a tenth of all ec- 
clesiastical revenues for the purpose — 
Philip advises him to be less exorbi- 
tant, 1306 — conference between them at 
Poitiers, 1307 — removes the papal see to 
Avignon — declares Ferrara to be a fief 
of the church, and excommunicates the 
Venetians, 1309 — restrained by Philip 
from excommunicating Robert, k. of 
Naples, 1313— appoints Robert senator of 
Rome and viceroy of Italy, 1314— d. Apr. 
20, 1314 — discord among the cardinals 
keeps the papal see vacant two years and 
four months. 

Clement VI., pope, Peter Roger, archbp. 
of Rouen, elected May 7, 1342— an em- 
bassy sent to him from Rome, accompa- 
nied by Cola de Rienzo, 1342 — he renews 
the excommunication of the emperor 
Louis IV., and makes such arrogant de- 
mands that the Diet rejects them indig- 
nantly, and resolves to resist strenuous- 
ly, 1343 — his interference in England in 
benefices and livings is forbidden by par- 
liament, 1344 — he employs Roberto Del- 
fino to preach a crusade against the 
Turks, but without effect, 1345— induces 
some princes to elect foremperor Charles, 
marquis of Moravia, son of John, late k. 
of Bohemia — excommunicates Walde- 
mar III., k. of Denmark, for having un- 
dertaken a pilgrimage to the Holy Land 
without his permission — gives Louis, 
count of Clermont, licence to conquer the 
Canary or Fortunate islands, and to take 
the title of king, 1346 — threatens to ex- 
communicate Charles Robert, k. of Hun- 
gary, who defies him, 1347 — Joanna, qu. 
of Naples, sells Avignon to him; he 
gives her husband the title of king, 
1348 — he declares the Flagellants to be 
heretics, and issues a Bull against them, 
1349 — mediates a treaty between Hun- 
gary and Naples — he repeats the jubilee 
at Rome, 1350 — John Visconte having 
obtained possession of Bologna, Clement, 
after threats of excommunication and 
interdict, accepts a sum of money, and 
grants the investiture — Rienzo is trans- 
ferred to his custody at Avignon, 1351 — 
d. Dec. 6, 1352. 

Clement VII., anti-pope, Robert de Ge- 
neve, bp. of Cambray, elected Sept. 21, 
1378, in opposition to Urban VI., when 
the schism of the West begins — they ex- 
communicate each other — Clement re- 
sides at Avignon; France adheres to 



CLE 



185 



CLE 



him, 1378 — they come to open war, and 
his Bretons are defeated by Urban, 1379 
— he gives the dominions of Joanna of 
Naples in Provence to the duke of An- 
j»u, 1381 — joiued by two cardinals, who 
escape from the violence of Urban, 1386 
— he crowns Louis of Anjou k. of Naples, 
at Avignon, 1389— d. Sept. 16, 1394. 

Clement VII., pope, Julius de' Medici, 
archbp. of Florence, cousin of Leo X , 
elected Nov. 19, 1523 — makes a secret 
treaty with Francis I., 1524 — a party to 
the Holy League, 1526 — made prisoner 
by the troops of Charles V. — receives 
Dr. Knight in S. Angelo — escapes in dis- 
guise, Dec. 8, 1527 — temporizes in the 
affair of Henry VIII.'s divorce, 1528 — 
makes a treaty with the emperor, June 
29 ; meets him at Bologna, Nov. 5, 1529 
— favours the poet Vida— crowns Charles 
V., 1530— gives up Modena,Oct. 12,1531 
— has a conference with the emperor at 
Bologna, Dec. 8, 1532 — reverses Cran- 
mer's decision in the matter of Henry's 
divorce — meets the k. of France at Mar- 
seilles, Oct. 13, 1533 — issues a decree 
against Henry, March 23 — d. Sept. 25, 
1534. 

Clement VIII., anti-pope, Giles de Mug- 
noz, a canon of Barcelona, elected, by two 
cardinals to continue the schism, 1424 — 
abdicates, and is appointed, by Alfonso 
V. of Aragon, bp. of Majorca, which puts 
an end to the schism, 1429. 

Clement VIII., pope, cardinal Hippolito 
Aldobrandini, elected Jan. 30, 1592 — he 
refuses to let the ambassador of Henry 
IV. of France enter Rome, and obliges 
the Venetians to give up Marco Sciarra, 
who had sought their protection, 1592 — 
refuses to grant absolution to Henry, 
1593 — reconciled to him, 1595 — invites 
Tasso to be crowned in the Capitol — he 
deputes Alexander de' Medici to protest 
against Henry's alliance with Elizabeth 
qu, of England, 1596— on the death of Al- 
fonso d'Este. claims the duchy of Fer- 
rara, and excommunicates Csesar, the 
rightful heir, 1597 — attempts to settle the 
an ti- Jesuit controversy, afterwards call- 
ed Jansenist — Csesar d'Este is compelled 
to relinquish Ferrara to him, 1598 — d. 
Mar. 4, 1605. 

Clement IX., pope, cardinal Julius Ros- 
pigliosi, elected June 22, 1667 — condemns 
a French translation of the Scriptures, 
1667— d. Dec. 9, 1669. 

Clement X., pope, cardinal John Baptist 
Emilius Altieri, elected April 29, 1670— 
acknowledges the sovereignty of the 
house of Braganza, and gives up his 
claim to the appointment of bishops in 
Portugal, 1670— d. July 22, 1676. 



Clement XL, pope, cardinal John Francis 
Albani of Urbino, elected Nov. 23, 1700 
— threatens to resist theemp. Joseph I. by 
arms — overawed by the imperial general 
Daunandthe English fleet, disbands his 
troops, submits to the emperor's de- 
mands, and grants the investiture of 
Naples and Sicily to Charles III., 1708— 
makes farther concessions to the em- 
peror, and acknowledges Charles III. k. 
of, Spain, 1709 — claims Sicily, and issues 
a Bull against Victor Amadeus II., 1714 
— d. March 19, 1721. 

Clement XII., pope, cardinal Lorenzo Cor- 
sini, bp. of Frescati, elected July 12, 
1730— his claim to Parma and Placentia 
set aside, 1731 — Charles Emanuel li- 
berates his states from the temporal au- 
thority asserted in them by the pope, 
1731— Clement d. Feb. 6, 1740. 

Clement XIII. a pope, cardinal Charles 
Rezzonico, elected July 9, 1758— forbids 
the civil power in Portugal to proceed 
against the Jesuits, 1759 — he is resisted 
by the marquis de Pombal, 1760 — re- 
fuses to comply with the demand of Louis 
XV. for the suppression of the order, 
1761 — protests against his suppression of 
them in France, 1764 — receives them 
when expelled from Spain and Naples, 
1767— his Bulls in defence of them are 
disregarded — Louis XV. takes posses- 
sion of Avignon and the Venaissin, and 
the k. of Naples of Benevento, 1768 — all 
the Bourbon princes demand of him the 
total suppression of the order — he calls 
a consistory to meet Feb. 3, but d. on the 
2nd, 1769. 

Clement XIV., pope, John Vincent An- 
tony Ganganelli, elected May 19, 1769 — 
conciliates the powers whom his prede- 
cessor had offended, and appoints a com- 
mission to investigate their complaints 
— abolishes the Society of Jesuits, July 
21, 1773— his liberal use of power makes 
Italy tranquil and flourishing — he pre- 
sents a splendid copy of the works of 
Piranesi to George III., k. of Great Bri- 
tain — d., supposed to have been poisoned 
by the ex-Jesuits, Sept. 22, 1774. 

Clement, Francis, a Benedictine, publishes 
the first volume of " L'Art de verifier 
les Dates apres Jesus Christ," 1783. 

Clement, Jaqnes, assassinates Henry III., 
k. of France, at St. Cloud, July 31, 
1589. 

Clementi, Muzio, b. 1751 — d. 1832. 

Clementina Sobieski, daughter of the late 
k. of Poland, marries James Edward 
Francis, the Pretender, 1719. 

Clementjnus, consul of Rome, 513. 

Clementinits, Sex. Catius, consul of Rome, 
230. 



CLE 



186 



CLE 



Cleobulus, of Lindus, one of the seven 

sages of Greece, b.o. 593. 
Cleobury, battle of — Leofgar, bishop of 
Hereford, defeated and slain by the 
Welsh, under Griffith, 1056. 

Cleocritus, Athenian archon, B.C. 413. 

Cleomantis, Olympic victor, B.C. 336. 

Cleombrotus I., Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
B.C. 380 — invades Boeotia, 378 ; again, 376 
— carries the war intoPhocis, 375 — slain 
at the battle of Leuctra, 371. 

Cleombrotus II., Agidan k. of Lacedie- 
mon, b.c. 244 — deposed by Leonidas II., 
240. 

Cleomenes I., Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
b.c. 520 — deposes his colleague, Dema- 
ratus, and d. soon after, 491. 

Cleomenes II., Agidan k, of Lacedsemon, 
b.c. 370 ; after a tranquil reign, d. 309. 

Cleomenes III., Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
b.c. 236 — endeavours to restore the laws 
of Lycurgus, which his father, Leonidas 
II., had opposed — involves the Lacedse- 
monians and the Achsean league in war, 
227 — effects a reform at Lacedsemon, 226 
— puts Archidamus V. (the last of the 
Proclidae) to death, 224— totally defeated 
at the battle of Sellasia, and retires to 
Egypt, 222-d. 219. 

Cleon, Olympic victor, B.C. 608. 

Cleon, an Athenian general, killed in 
battle with the Lacedaemonians, b.c. 422. 

Cleondas. Olympic victor, b.c. 616. 

Cleonymus, attempts to supplant Areus 
at Lacedsemon, but fails, B.C. 272. 

Cleopatra, daughter of Antiochus III., 
k. of Syria, married to Ptolemy Epi- 
phanes, k. of Egypt, b.c. 193— regent for 
their son, Ptolemy Philometor, 181— d. 
173. 

Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy Epi- 
phanes, marries her brother, Ptolemy 
Philometor, about B.C. 170 ; and, on his 
death, her second brother, Ptolemy 
Physcon, 146; by whom she is soon 
afterwards repudiated. 

Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy Philo- 
metor, married to Alexander Bala, k. of 
Syria, b.c. 150; and, after his death, to 
his successor, Demetrius Nicator, 146 — 
on his being taken prisoner by the P.ar- 
thians, she marries his brother, Antio- 
chus Sidetes. 137 — returns to him on his 
liberation, 128 — murders him and their 
son, Seleucus, and opposes the succession 
of their second son, Antiochus Grypus, 
125— is put to death by Grypus, 121. 

Cleopatra, another daughter of Ptolemy 
Philometor, is forcibly married to her 
uncle and father-in-law, Ptolemy Phys- 
con, when he repudiates her mother, 145 
— on his death she contends for a share 
of power with her son, Ptolemy Soter II., 



11> ■ -drives him to Cyprus, and places 
his Drother, Alexander, on the throne, 
107 ; who puts her to death, 89. 

Cleopatra, or Berenice, daughter of 
Ptolemy Soter II., qu. of Egypt. See 
Berenice. 

Cleopatra, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, 
b. b.c. 69 — succeeds him on the throne 
of Egypt, and marries her eldest bro- 
ther, Ptolemy, 51 — Csesar is captivated 
by her ; jealousy and death of her hus- 
band, 48— confirmed on the throne, and 
married to her second brother, another 
Ptolemy, 47 — poisons him, and visits 
Home, 44 — summoned before Antony, at 
Tarsus, 41. See Antony, Mark. d. 30. 

Cleopatra, daughter of Antony and Cleo- 
patra, marries Juba, the historian, about 
B.C. 20. 

"Cleopatra." See Jouelle, Etienne. 

Cleoph, k. of Lombardy, 573 — assassin- 
ated, 574. 

Cleophon, advises the Athenians to reject 
the Lacedsemonian offers of peace, b.c 
406. 

Cleoptolemus, Olympic victor, B.C. 684. 

Clepsina, C. Genucius, consul of Home, 
B.C. 276, 270, II. 

Clepsina, L. Genucius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 271. 

Clepsydra, or water-clock, introduced at 
Rome by Scipio Nasica, B.C. 159 — sent by 
Theodoric to Gundibald, k. of the liur- 
gundians, a.d. 503. 

Clergy. See Church, and Hierarchy. 
Obtain from the emperor Gratian more 
extended immunities, 377 — those of Ra- 
venna quarrel with their archbp., and 
secede to Classe ; they are reconciled by 
the exarch, Theodosius, 679. See Celi- 
bacy. Taxed a tenth of their incomes 
for a crusade, by pope Innocent IV., 1243 
— protest of those of England, 1245— the 
same tax again imposed, 1267 — resist a 
papal tax for a crusade against the Turks, 
1518 — the English, reformed and regu- 
lated by acts of parliament, 1529 — in- 
dicted for having infringed the statute of 
Provisors — implore the mercy of Henry 
VIII. , and acknowledge him Head of 
the Church, 1531 — allowed to marry, 
1549 — made subject to the general taxes 
of the country ; cease to tax themselves 
in convocation, 1664 — provision made for 
those of London, in the parishes destroy- 
ed by the Fire, 1671 — meeting of, to 
protest against the interference of 
the privy council in the Gorham case, 
March 18,1850 — second meeting, July 
23. 

Clermont (Clarus Mans), Cr« ancient Ger- 
govia of the Averni, where Csesar was 
repulsed and lost his sword, b.o. 52 ; af- 



CLI 



187 



CLO 



terwards the capital of Auvei'gne— Sido- 
nius Apollinaris bp., ad. 469 — the citi- 
zens repel Euric, k. of the Visigoths, 
470 — submit to him, 474 — betrayed to 
Childebert I., 531— a great council held 
there by pope Urban II., to promote the 
first crusade, Nov. 18, 1095— another, by 
pope Innocent II., 1130. 

Clermont, Robert, count of, sixth son of 
Louis IX., and founder of the Bourbon 
family. See Bourbon. 

Clermont, Louis, count of, grandson of Al- 
fonso de Cerda, receives a grant of the 
Canary Islands from pope Clement VI., 
1346 — abandons the enterprise, 1348. See 
Canary Islands, and Catalonia. 

Clermont, the count de, disperses the En- 
glish reinforcement at Formigny, 1450. 

Clermont, the count de, defeated at Cre- 
veld, 1758. See Creveld. 

Cleveland, Barbara Palmer, duchess of. 
one of the mistresses of Charles II. — of- 
fended by the earl of Clarendon; under- 
mines him in the king's favour, 1663. 

Cleves, struggle in Germany for the duchy 
of, 1610 — assigned to the elector of Bran- 
denburg, 1666. 

Cleves, the duke of, an ally and gen. of 
Francis I., is attacked in his States by 
the emperor Charles V., 1543. 

Cleves, the duke of, joins a league against 
Louis XIV., 1672. 

Cleves, Anne of, married to Henry VIII., 
Jan. 6, 1540— divorced in six months, but 
remains in England— d., in her palace at 
Chelsea, July 17, 1557. 

Clidicus, Athenian archon, B.C. 732. 

Clifford, lord, slain at the battle of St. 
Alban's, May 23, 1455. 

Clifford, lord, kills the earl of Rutland at 
the battle of Wakefield, Dec. 24, 1460. 

Clifford, lord, takes his seat in parlia- 
ment after the passing of the Catholic 
Relief Act, April 28, 1829. 

Clifford, Sir Robert, betrays the counsels 
of Perkin "Warbeck's adherents, 1493. 

Clifford, Sir Thomas, one of the Cabal, 
1670 — made a peer for suggesting to 
Charles II. the seizure of the money in 
the exchequer, 1671 — he refuses the 
test, resigns, and d. soon after, 1673. 

Clifford, lord George, and other adven- 
turers, molest the coasts of Spanish Ame- 
rica, 1598. 

Clift, conservator of the Hunterian Mu- 
seum, b. 1772— d. 1849. 

Clint, G. b. 1770-d. 1854. 

Clinton, Sir Henry, becomes commander- 
in-chief in America, Apr. 14, 1778. 

Clinton, Colonel, takes Madeira, July 24, 
1801 — general, commands the British 
auxiliaries sent to Lisbon, Dec. 17, 1826. 

Clinton, Henry Fynets, b. 1780 — com- 



mences the publication of his Fasti Hel- 
lenici(vol. II.), 1824— completes the Fasti 
Romani, 1850— d. 1852. 

Clissau, battle of; Charles XII. defeats 
the k. of Poland, July 20, 1702. 

Clisthenes, Athenian archon, b.c. 512. 

Clitomachus succeeds Carneades in the 
chair of the New Academy, b.c. 129. 

Cliton, Olympic victor, b.c. 328. 

Clitus, the friend of Alexander the Great, 
d. b.c. 328. 

Clive, Robert, 5.1725 — distinguishes him- 
self in India ; takes Arcot ; repulses the 
assault of Rajah Saib, Oct. 14 ; defeats 
the French and their Indian allies, at 
Aranie, Dec. 3, 1751— M. D'Anteuil sur- 
renders to him, and major Lawrence, 
1752 — proceeds with adm. Watson up the 
Ganges, to recover Calcutta, 1756 — re- 
takes it, Jan. 1,1757— takes Chanderna- 
gore, Mar. 29", gains the battle of Plassy, 
June 23 ; returns to England, and is pro- 
moted to the rank of general, 1760 — made 
a peer, and appointed commander-in- 
chief and gov. of Bengal, May 3, 1765 — 
concludes the treaty of Allahabad ; re- 
turns from India, July 15, 1767— charges 
brought against him in the House of 
Commons, May 7, 1773 — commits suicide, 
Nov. 22, 1774. 

Cloaca Maxima of Rome, constructed by 
Tarquin the Elder, B.C. 588. 

Clock, a public, erected in Genoa by John 
Visconte, 1353. See Clepsydra. 

Clodianus, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, con- 
sul of Rome, B.C. 72. 

Clodion, k. of the Ripuarian Franks ; de- 
feated by Aetius, and expelled from the 
territories on which he had encroached, 
428— d. 448. 

Clodius, becomes notorious by his vices 
and hostility to Cicero, B.C. 61 — tribune 
of the people, banishes Cicero, 58 — 
sedile, 56 — killed in a fray between his 
retinue and that of Milo, 52. 

Clogher, Jocelyn, bp. of, absconds, and is 
degraded from his see, 1822. 

Ci.oncuery, Lord, b. 1773— d. 1853. 

Clont a rf, battle of; the Danes defeated 
by Brian Boroimhe, 1039 — a meeting 
called there by O'Connell, prohibited by 
the Irish government, Oct. 9, 1843. 

Clonmel, special commission at, for the 
trial of Smith O'Brien and his associates, 
Oct. 1843. 

Cloots, Anacharsis, a leader of the French 
Revolution, executed by Robespierre, 
Mar. 24, 1794, 

Closter Sf.ven, convention of, Sept. 8, 
1757 — disavowed by the British govern- 
ment. 

Clothworkers' Company, London, esta* 
Wished, 1482. 



CLT 



188 



COB 



Clotilda, daughter of Chilperic, a younger 
brother of G.undibald, k. of the Burgun- 
dians, married to Clovis I., k. of the 
Franks, 493. 

Clotilda, daughter of Clovis, married to 
Amalarich, k. of the Spanish Visigoths, 
528. 

Cloveshoo, council of, 742— another, which 
decrees that portions of the liturgy 

. should he taught to the people in En- 
glish (Anglo-Saxon), 747 — synod of, sup- 
presses the archbishopric of Lichfield, 
803. See Cealchyth. — Other synods, 
822-824. 

Clovis I. (or Chlodwig, the original form 
of Louis), son of Childeric I., b. 466 — 

. succeeds his father as k. of the Franks, 
481 — conquers the territories of Syagrius, 
in the battle of Soissons, 486 — marries 
Clotilda, 493. See Clotilda. — Conquers 
the Allemanni at Tolbiac (Zulpich); is 
converted to Christianity, and baptised 
by Remigius, bp. of Rheims, 496— re- 
ceives a letter from Theodoric, k. of Italy, 
497, and an expert harper, 498 — defeats 
the Burgundians at Dijon, 500 — prepares 
for war with Alaric II., k. of the Visi- 
goths; Theodoric mediates between 
them, 506 — defeats and kills Alaric at 
the battle of Vougle, and conquers a great 
part of Aquitaine, 507 — defeated near 
Aries, by Hibba, Theodoric's general, 
508 — sets aside the Ripuarian and other 
Frank princes, and adds their lands to 
his own; makes Paris his residence; re- 
ceives the ensigns of consulship from 
Anastasius, but his name does not appear 
in any list of consuls, 510 — d. at Paris, 
Nov. 27, 511. 

Clovis II., son of Dagobert I., on his fa- 
ther's death inherits Neustria and Bur- 
gundy, 638— d. 656. 

Clovis III., son of Thierry III., succeeds 
his father as nominal k. of Neustria, 691 
— d. 695. 

Clubs, French, formed, 1789 — the Legisla- 
tive Assembly elected under their influ- 
ence, 1791 — La Fayette in vain demands 
their dissolution, June 28, 1792 — all sup- 
pressed, Sept. 30, 1795 — formed again in 
Paris, 1848— abolished by the National 
Assembly, Mar. 20. 1849. 

Clubs in London. See Athenaeum. 

Clubs, Orange, formed in Ireland, 1795. 

Clugny, the Benedictine abbey of, in Bur- 
gundy, founded, 910 — conference at, be- 
tween Louis IX. of France and Innocent 
IV., 1246. 

Clusium, taken by the Oeltse or Gauls, B.C. 
389. See Allia. — Defeat the Romans ; 
again defeated by them, 225 — taken by 
Belisarius, a.d. 538. 

Clyde and Forth, Agricola's wall between 
them built, 84. See Ayr, Steamer. 



Cnidians and Rhodians found Lipari, b.c 
579. 

Cnidus, in Caria, battle of ; the Lacede- 
monian fleet defeated by Conon, b.c. 394. 
See Eudoxus. 

Cniva, k. of the Goths, by whom the em- 
peror Decius is defeated, 251. 

Cnobersburg. See Burgh Castle. 

Cnossijs, in Crete. See Epimenides. 

Coaches first used in England, 1585. 

Coachmakers' Hall, meeting of the Pro- 
testant Association in, May 28, 1780. 

Coal first discovered in Newcastle, 1233 — 
forbidden to be burnt in England, 1273— 
the nobility and gentry of London peti- 
tion against the use of it, 1306. 

Coal Exchange, the New, London, opened 
by Prince Albert, Oct. 30, 1849. 

Coalition, Secret, the first formed, for an 
equal division of power among Caesar, 
Pompey, and Crassus, b.c. 60. See Tiu- 

UMVIRATE. 

Coalition Ministry of 1744 ; see Broad 
Bottom. — Of Fox and North formed, 
Apr. 2, 1783— dismissed, Dec. 18 ; of 1S52 ; 
see Aberdeen, earl of. 

Coalition of European States against 
France; the first formed, 1793— the se- 
cond, 1798— the third, 1805— the fourth, 
1806— the fifth, 1809— the sixth, 1813. 

Coates, Robert (Romeo), b. 1773— d. 1848. 

Cobbett, William, b. 1762 — commences his 
political career by publishing " Peter 
Porcupine" at Philadelphia, 1792 — leaves 
America, 1801 — soon after, publishes his 
" Porcupine" in London, and commences 
his " Weekly Register ;" convicted of a 
libel on the Irish government, May 26, 
1804— fined and imprisoned for a libel on 
the flogging of soldiers, July 2, 1810 — 
sells 50,000 copies of his "Political Re- 
gister" weekly ; alarmed by the suspen- 
sion of the Habeas Corpus Act; goes to 
America, Mar. 15, 1817 — returns, Dec. 3, 
1819— fined for libels on Mr. Wright, 
1820 — carries his petition at the Nor- 
folk county meeting for an "equitable 
adjustment of contracts," appropriation 
of a part of the wealth of the church to 
relieve the public burdens, and the repeal 
of the taxes on the produce of the land, 
Jan. 3, 1823— proposes the same in Here- 
fordshire, where it is rejected, 17 — re- 
ceives a silver medal for his plaited 
grass — tried for a libel and acquitted, 
July 7, 1831 — returned to parliament for 
the borough of Oldham, 1832 — moves re- 
solutions on the currency, which are ne- 
gatived, and the proceedings expunged 
from the " Minutes" of the House, May 
16, 1833 — a public dinner given to him 
at Dublin, Nov. 17, 1834— d. 1835. 

Cobden, Richard, b- 1801— commences his 
agitation against the Corn-Laws, and is 



COD 



189 



COI 



elected a member of the new parliament, 
1841 — objects to Sir Robert Peel's pro- 
posed modifications, Feb. 9, 1842 — na- 
tional subscription for him, 1846 — visits 
Paris, Aug. 7 — afterwards Spain — incul- 
cates everywhere the principles of free 
trade — differs from his constituents on 
the policy of the war against Russia, 
Jan. 17, 1855. See Anti Cobn-Law As- 
sociation. 
Cobham, Lord. See Oldcastle, Sir John. 
Cobham, Lord, implicated in a conspiracy 
against James I., condemned, and par- 
doned, 1603. 
Cobham, Viscount, Richard Temple, b. 1675 
— created a peer by Geo. I., 1714 — cap- 
tures Vigo, Oct. 1, 1719 — dismissed from 
his command, 1733 — restored, 1744 — d. 
1749. 
Coblentz, the ancient Confiuentes, at the 
meeting of the Rhine and Moselle — 
Edward III. has an interview therewith 
the emperor Louis of Bavaria, 1338 — the 
French emigrant princes and nobles re- 
side there, July, 1789 — collect troops 
there, Jan., 1791. 
Cobubg, Frederic Josiah, prince of— defeats 
the Turks at Fokshani, July 31, 1789— 
at Martinesti, Sept. 18 — defeats Dumou- 
rier at Neerwinden, Mar. 18, 1793 — is 
defeated by Jourdan at Wattignies, Oct. 
15— d. 1815. 
Cochran, earl of Mar, the favourite of 
James III., is hanged on Lauder Bridge, 
1482. 
Cochrane, Thomas, lord, assists in the de- 
struction of a French fleet in the Basque 
Roads, Apr. 12, 1809 — convicted of a par- 
ticipation in a Stock Exchange fraud, 
and expelled the House of Commons— 
the people of Westminster re-elect him, 
1814— presents numerous petitions, pray- 
ing for parliamentary reform, Feb. 6, 
1817 — seconds Sir Francis Burdett's re- 
solution for annual parliaments and uni- 
versal suffrage, 1818 — becomes high 
admiral of the Greek navy, 1827. 
Cockburn, Lord of Session in Scotland, b. 

1779— d. 1854. 
Cockburn, Sir George, general, b. 1763— d. 

1847. 
Cockburn, Admiral Sir George, b. 1772 — 

d. 1853. 
Cock-lane ghost, great excitement created 

by the imposture of the, 1762. 
Code, Roman, of Theodosius II., published, 
438— proclaimed in the Western Empire 
by Valentinian III., 443 — of Justinian I. 
commenced, 528 — promulgated to be in 
force, Apr. 16, 529 — Pandects and Insti- 
tutes published, 533 — first Novelise, 535 
— revised by the Basilika of Basil I„ 877 
modified by Leo VI., 887-893. 



Code, Burgundian (Loy Gambette), framed 
and issued by Gundibald, 501. 

of Alaric II., for the Visigoths, 506. 

Anglo-Saxon, of Ethelbert, for Kent, 

606 -of Ina, for Wessex, 692— of Edward 
the Confessor, for all England, 1065. 

Salic, brought into use in France 



by Clovis I., 500— digested by Dagobert 
I., 637— reformed by the "Establish- 
ments" of Louis IX., 1270. 

of Lombardy, given by Rotharis, 

643 — revised and extended by Grimoald, 
668 — the Capitularies of Charlemagne 
added, 801. 

of Waldemar, for Denmark, 1240. 

of Casimir III. — the first given to 

Poland, 1347. 

Napoleon, adopted May 18, 1804: — 

restored by Louis Napoleon, while Pre- 
sident, on suspending martial law, Mar. 
28, 1852. 
Codomanus. See Darius III. 
Codrjngton, Sir Edward, b. 1771— com- 
mands the allied fleet at Navarino, Oct. 
20, 1827 — concludes a treaty at Alexan- 
dria for the evacuation of Greece by the 
Egyptians, Aug. 6, 1828— d. 1851. 
Codrington, Sir William, appointed to the 
command of the British army in the 
Crimea, Nov. 11, 1855. 
Codrus, k. of Athens, B.C. 1065 (1092 H.) 

d. 1044 (1070 H.) 
Coehoun, the Dutch gen., destroys the 

French magazines at Givet, 1696. 
Ccelosyria, recovered by Ptolemy Philo- 
pater from Antiochus, B.C. 217 — conquer- 
ed by Antiochus, 198— restored to Egypt, 
193. 
Cceuvrks, the marquis de, with a French 
army, takes possession of the Valteline, 
1624. 
Coffee in use at Venice, 1615. 
Coffee-houses, in London, closed by royal 
proclamation, Jan. 8 ; popular discon- 
tent ; the order revoked, 1676. 
Cogan, Dr., b. 1736— d. 1818. 
Cognac, treaty of, or Holy League, be- 
tween Francis I. and the Italian states, 
May 22, 1526 ; which is joined by Henry 
VIII. of England— besieged by Condi, 
and relieved by the count D'Harcourt, 
1651. 
Coimbra, the Conembrica of Roman times, 
desolated by an earthquake 467 — taken 
by Almansor, 988 — by Ferdinand I., k. 
of Castile, 1040 — university brought from 
Lisbon by Dionysius, k. of Portugal, 1308 
— murder of Inez de Castro in the con- 
vent of Santa Clara, 1354. 
Coinage, the first silver at Rome, B.C. 269 — 
first Mohammedan, by Abdalmelik, a.d. 
695 — of gold florins, at Florence, 1252 — 
of ducats, at Milan, by duke Azzo Vis- 



COL 



190 



COL 



conte, 1330 — of gold florins, in England, 
by Edward III., 1337 — of guineas, by 
Charles II., 1673 — new silver of George 
III.. Oct. 21, 1816 — of sovereigns, first 
issued, July 5, 1817. 

Coins of Hadrian, commemorate the pro- 
vinces visited by him, 133. 

Coke, Sir Edward, b. 1550— solicitor- gene- 
ral, and speaker of the House of Com- 
mons, 1593 — as attorney-general, prose- 
cutes lord Cobham and the other conspi- 
rators, 1603 — chief justice of the Common 
Pleas, 1606 — debates with Sir F. Bacon 
the question of the union between Eng- 
land and Scotland, 1607 — chief justice 
of the King's Bench, 1613 — quarrels with 
George Villiers, and is displaced, 1615 — 
imprisoned for his freedom of speech in 
parliament, 1622— d. 1634. 

Colbert, John Baptiste, b. 1619 — appointed 
comptroller-general of France, 1661 — im- 
proves the finances, manufactures, com- 
merce, marine, and colonial system of 
France, 1663 — invites Cassini to Paris, 
1669— d. Sept. 6, 1683. 

Colborne, Ridley, b. 1779 — created a peer, 
1839— d. 1854. 

Colburn, Zera, exhibits his extraordinary 
powers of calculation. 1812. 

Colchester Castle surrendered to Fair- 
fax — Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George 
Lisle taken and shot, 1648. 

Colchester railway, from London, open- 
ed, March 29, 1843; to Ipswich, June 15, 
1846 ; to Bury St. Edmund's, Dec. 24. 

Colchester, Lord, d. 1829. See Abbott, 
Charles. 

Colchis, invaded by the Persians, 550-556 
— defended by Justin, 557 — re-conquered 
by Heraclius, 623. 

Colding taken by the Prussians and Hol- 
steiners, April 23, 1849. 

Coldingham Monastery burnt, 679— de- 
stroyed by the Danes, 875. 

Coleridge, Hartley, d. 1849. 

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, b. 1772 — d. 1834. 

Colet, Dr., founds St. Paul's school, Lon- 
don, 1509— d. 1519. 

Colignt, admiral, takes arms with Conde" 
to resist the edict of Charles IX. against 
the Huguenots, 1561 — collects his forces 
at Orleans — is supported by English 
auxiliaries — Havre de Grace given up to 
him, 1562 — fails in an attempt to seize 
the king— defeated at St. Denis, Nov. 10, 
1567 — escapes from a design to arrest 
him, 1568— -is defeated at Moncontour, 
Oct. 3, 1569— murdered in the massacre 
of St. Bartholomew, 1572. 

Collard, Koyer, chosen president of the 
French Chamber of Deputies, Feb. 1, 
1829. 

Collatinus, L. Tarq., elected one of the 



fi.st consuls of Rome, resigns the office, 
B.C. 509. 

Collesa, Sex. Pompeius, consul of Rome, 
93. 

Colleges of Canons, sixty in Rome, 988. 

Colleges for the education of the English 
Romanists formed at Rome, Douay, and 
Rheims, 1580. 

Colleges, Queen's, in Ireland. See Bel- 
fast, Cork, and Galway. Opposed by 
the Roman Catholic prelates ; the ques- 
tion referred to the pope, Nov. 19, 1845. 

Collieries, the employment of females in, 
prohibited by lord Ashley's Act, 1842. 

Colliers, riot of, at Stourbridge, on ac- 
count of the high prices of provisions, 
Nov. 14, 1767— strike of, at Dudley, June 
1, 1842. 

Collingwood, Cuthbert, b. 1748 —succeeds 
lord Nelson at the battle of Trafalgar, 
Oct. 21, 1805 — co-operates with the Span- 
ish patriots, and captures the French 
fleet at Cadiz, June 4, 1808 — captures 
the Ionian Islands, Oct. 1, 1809— d. 1810. 

Collins, Antony, b. 1676— d. 1729. 

Collins, William, b. 1720— d. 1759. 

Collot d'Herbois instigates the massacres 
at Paris, Aug. 10, 1792. 

Colman, bp. of Lindisfarne, 660 — his opi- 
nion is overruled at the synod of Whitby 
about the time of celebrating Easter — he 
retires into Scotland, 664. 

Colman, George, b. 1733— d. 1794. 

Colmar. See Argentaria. 

Colocotroni routs the Turks in the Morea, 
1822. 

Cologne (Colonia Agrippina), on the 
Rhine, founded by the empress Agrip- 
pina, 50. See Sylvanus.— Diet of. held 
by Charlemagne, 782— plundered by the 
Danes or Northmen, 851 — occupied by 
them, 882. See Edward, son of Ed- 
mund Ironside, and Albert the Great. 
— Cathedral founded, 1248 — university 
founded, 1388 — Mary de' Medici, widow 
of Henry IV. of France, driven from 
Paris by Richelieu, retires there, and d. 
July 3, 1642— cardinal Mazarine takes 
refuge there from the Fronde, 1651 — 
Charles II., of Great Britain, retires 
there from Paris, 1654 — the bishopric dis- 
puted between Wilhelm von Fiirstenburg 
and Clement of Bavaria, 1688 — popular 
commotions at, March 3, 1848; renewed, 
May 10, 1849. 

Cologne, Gunther, archbp. of, supports 
Lothaire's divorce, in the council of Aix- 
la-Chapelle, against the pope and Hinc- 
mar of Rheims, 862 — excommunicated by 
Nicholas I., 863 — Philip, archbp. of, ac- 
companies the emperor Henry VI. to tho 
siege of Naples, and d. there, 1191— th* 
archbp. combines with those of Menti 



COL 



191 



COL 



and Treves to elect Henry of Thiiringen 
emperor of Germany, 1246. 
Cologne, archbp. of, deposed by pope Eu- 
genius IV., for adhering to the council of 
Basle, 1445 — the electors of Germany 
demand his restoration, 1446 ; the pope 
complies, 1447 — the archbp., brother of 
the elector of Bavaria, admits French 
garrisons into his fortresses, 1702— put 
to the ban of the empire, and deprived of 
his dominions, 1706— relieved from the 
ban of the empire, and restored, 1712 — 
archbp. resists a decree of the king of 
Prussia, respecting marriages between 
Protestants and Roman Catholics, 1838. 
Coloman, k. of Hungary, 1095 — stops the 
passage of the first crusaders, 1096 — con- 
quers Croatia and Dalmatia,1102 — d. 1114. 
Colombia, the republic of, formed by 
uniting New Granada with Venezuela, 
Bolivar president, 1819 — independence 
of, acknowledged by Great Britain, 1825 
— its congress refuses to accept Bolivar's 
resignation, 1827. See Bolivar. 
Colombo. See Ceylon. 
Colonia Agrippina. See Cologne. 
Colonia Commooiana. See Commoous. 
Colonies, American, oppose the Grenville 
Act, for taxing them, 1764 — and the 
Stamp Act, 1765 — the Act repealed, Mar. 
14, 1766 — new duties imposed, June 2, 
1767, and resisted by them — general 
Gage sent to coerce them, 1768— their 
resistance becomes more violent, and the 
taxes are all repealed except the duty 
on tea, Mar. 5, 1770 — commotions, and 
extensive smuggling, 1772 — general 
Gage sent with reinforcements, 1774. 
See American Congress and United 
States. 
Colonna family, its rising importance 
checked by pope Pascal II., 1104 — fa- 
voured by Nicholas IV., 1288— excom- 
municated by Boniface VIII., and all 
their property confiscated, 1297— crusade 
against them, 1298 — Palestrina, their 
impregnable fortress, capitulates — Bo- 
niface breaks his word, refuses the 
promised amnesty, and the Colonna 
are dispersed in various countries, 1299 
— recalled by Benedict XI., 1304— seven 
of them slain by Rienzo, 1347 — disturb 
the jubilee by an insurrection, 1400 — pro- 
moted to many offices by Martin V., 1418 
— deprived of them by Eugenius IV., 
1431— persecuted by Sixtus IV., 1484— 
despoiled by pope Paul IV., and their 
lands given to his relations, 1555. 
Colonna, Fabrizio and Marco, pledge their 
word for the safety of Alfonso, duke of 
Ferrara, and release him when detained 
by pope Julius II., 1512. 
Colonna, Jacopo and Pietro, the cardinals 



deposed by pope Boniface VIII., 1297 — 

restored by Clement V., 1305. 
Colonna, Marco. See Colonna, Fabrizio. 
Colonna, Marco Antonio, commands the 

pope's galleys at the battle of Lepanto, 

1571. 
Colonna, Otho. See Martin V., pope, 

1417; 

Colonna, Pietro. See Colonna, Jacopo. 
Colonna, Prosper, commands the army of 
Alexander VI., and assists Ferdinand II. 
to recover Naples, 1495 — defeats the Ve- 
netians near Vicenza, 1513 — drives Lau- 
trec from Milan, 1521 — defeats him at 
Bicocca, Apr. 22, 1522 — takes Genoa, 
May 30— tf. Dec. 30, 1523. 
Colonna, Sciarra, a leader of the Ghibe- 
lins, assists Wm, de Nogaret's attack on 
pope Boniface VIII., at Anagni, 1303 — 
defends Rome against Robert, k. of Na- 
ples, 1327— d. 1628. 

Colonna, Stephen, the younger, driven 
from Rome by Rienzo, and slain in at- 
tempting to force an entrance, 1349. 

Colophon. See Antimachus. 

Colosseum, the great Roman amphithe- 
atre, commenced by Vespasian, 75 — com- 
pleted by Titus, and magnificent games 
celebrated in it, 80. 

Colossje, or Chonje, a town of Phrygia, 
to the church of which Paul's Epistle is 
addressed, 62 — birth-place of Nicetas. 
See Nicetas. 

Colossus, of brass, erected in front of the 
Capitol atRome,made of partof the spoil 
of the ruined Samnite towns, B.C. 293. 

Colossus of Rhodes, completed by the 
native artists, Chares and Laches, B.C. 
288— thrown down by an earthquake, 227 
— the fragments carried away, a.d. 653. 

Colquhoun, Patrick, I. 1745— d. 1820. 

Colton, C. C, d. 1832. 

Columba, founds the monastery of Iona, 
565. 

Columbanus founds the monastery of Lux- 
ovium, 578 — expelled by Thierry II., k. 
of Burgundy, takes refuge with Chlotair 
II., k. of Neustria, 598— visits Theode- 
bert II., k. of Neustria, and is protected 
by him, 606— reproves Thierry, escapes 
from him, and receives from Agilulph, 
k. of Lombardy, the valley where he 
founds the monastery of Bobium, 612 — 
d. there, 614. 

Columbia, a federal district of the Ameri- 
can Union, round the city of Washington, 
abolishes slavery, 1850. 

Columbus, Bartholomew, brother of Chris- 
topher, tries to arouse maritime enter- 
prise in England, 1489 — founds the city 
of St. Domingo in Hispaniola, 1496. 

Columbus, Christopher, i. 1442— applies in 
vain to John II. of Portugal foi means 



com: 



192 



COM 



to explore the Western Ocean, 1484— 
opens his views to Ferdinand of Spain, 
1485— to Henry VII. of England, 1489— 
at length obtains from Ferdinand the 
means of undertaking his voyage of dis- 
covery, sails from Palos, Aug. 3, 1492 — 
leaches one of the Bahama islands, Oct. 
12— and subsequently Cuba and Hispa- 
niola — arrives at Lisbon, Mar. 4, 1493 — 
is received by Ferdinand and Isabella 
at Barcelona, Apr. 15 — commences his 
second voyage, Sept. 25, 1493 — discovers 
Jamaica, May 3, 1495 — returns from his 
second voyage, 1496 — discovers Trini- 
dad, 1498 — is brought back to Spain a 
prisoner, 1500 — on his fourth voyage 
reaches the isthmus of Panama, 1502 — 
returns from his fourth and last voyage, 
1504— d. at Valladolid, May 20, 1506. 

Columbus, Diego, son of Christopher, ap- 
pointed governor of Spanish America, 
1509. 

Columella writes " De Re Rustica," 46. 

Columna E03TRATA, erected at Rome to 
commemorate the great naval victory off 
Myhe, B.C. 260. 

Comachio, or Commachio, a town and 
March at the mouth of the Po, part of 
the exarchate of Ravenna, conquered by 
Astolfo, k. of Lombardy, 752 — taken 
from him by Pepin, k. of France, and 
added to the territories of the church, 
755 — naval battle of— a fleet sent by the 
Greek emperor, Nicephorus I., to recover 
the exarchate, repulsed, 809 — taken by 
the Venetians, 857 — annexed to their do- 
minions, 935. 

CoMANA,in Cappadocia, the temple of, plun- 
dered by L. Mursena, B.C. 83 — its wealth 
seized by Constantine, about a.d. 330. 
See Chrysostom. 

Comans. See Cumans. 

Comazon, Eutychianus, consul of Rome, 
220. 

Combats, athletic, introduced by Fulvius, 
B.C. 186. See Gladiatoks. 

Combats, Judicial — Wager or Trial of 
Battle, first allowed by the Burgundian 
Loy Gambette, 501 — by Dagobert I., in 
the, Salic law,637— in Lombardy, by Liut- 
prand, 722— on horseback before Louis 
I. at Aix-la-Chapelle, 820— in England, 
by William Rufus, 1096— by Godfrey, in 
the Assise de Jerusalem, 1099 — abolished 
in the East by the emperor Michael Pa- 
laaologus, 1261 — in France, by Louis IX., 
1270 — the law not having been repealed 
in England, Thornton, an atrocious mur- 
derer, takes advantage of it, and escapes 
punishment, 1818— an Act is immedi- 
ately passed for its abolition, 1819. 

Combe, Harvey Christian, d. 1818. 

Combebmere, Lord, Sir Stapleton Cotton 



created, 1814 — commands the British 
army in India, 1824 — storms Bhurtpore, 
Jan. 18, 1826. 

Combination laws repealed, 6 Geo. IV., 
c. 129, 1825. 

Combinations of weavers, to obtain ad- 
vance of wages, by destroying work on 
the looms, Aug. 1829. 

Comedy, in a rude form, first introduced at 
Athens by Susarion and Dolon, b.c. 562 
— improved at Syracuse by Epicharmus, 
father of the Old Comedy, 500 — at 
Athens, by Chionides, and by Dinolo- 
chus at Syracuse, 487 — by Cratinus, 454 
— by Crates, 450 — prohibited at Athens, 
440 — the prohibition repealed, 437— Cra- 
tinus receives the prize, 436 — Plato, 428 
— forbidden to ridicule the archon, 424. 
See Aristophanes, 427-388 — Phry- 
nichus, 414 — Hegemon, 413 — the prize 
gained by Archippus, 415 — and by Ce* 
phisodorus, 402 — restrained from sa- 
tirizing individuals by name, 390 — 
Antiphanes, 387 — Eubulus, father of 
the Middle Comedy, 375 — Araros, son of 
Aristophanes, Anaxandrides, and Alexis, 
375-356 — their licentiousness censured 
by Isocrates, 356— Philippides, father of 
the New Comedy, 335 — comedies repre- 
sented in Alexander's camp, on his return 
from India, 327— Sopater, 326 — Timocles 
in his, ridicules the Athenians, who had 
taken bribes from Harpalus, 324 — Me- 
nander's first produced, 321 — Posidippus, 
289 — introduced at Rome by Livius An- 
dronicus, 240 — written by Plautus, 200 — 
by Statius Csecilius, 179 — by M. Teren- 
tius, 166-160 — and by L. Afranius, at the 
same time. 

English — the first written by Ni 

cholas Udal, about 1540 — the first in 
prose, by George Gascoigne, before 1577. 
See Drama. 

French — the earliest written by 

Margaret, qu. of Navarre, before 1549. 
German, founded by Hans Sachs, 



of Nuremberg, 1520-76. 

Italian, originated by Nicolo Ma- 

chiavelli, about 1520. 

Portuguese, by Gil Vincente, 

about 1550. 

Spanish, by Garcilaso de la Vega, 

who d. 1536. 

Comentiolus appointed by the emperor 
Maurice to resist the Avars, 587 — placed 
at the head of the Roman army in the 
East against the Persians, 589 — defeated 
by the Avars, 599 — supersedes Prisons 
in the command against them, 600 — put 
to death by Phocas, 602. 

Comet, a wandering star, of which more 
than 600 are recorded to have been 
seen — the following are the dates jf 



COM 



193 



COM 



Comet — contiuued. 

the most remarkable : bo. 130, sup- 
posed to be the first observed appearance 
of that called " Halley's," which is cal- 
culated to return in about 75J years — 
a.d. 60, mentioned by Seneca as having 
been visible during six months — 399, 
supposed re-appearanoe of Halley's 
comet — 432-530 — one of large dimensions, 
visible above forty days in Sagittarius, 538 
— visible from August to October, 678 — 
729— appears at Easter-time, 837 — seen, 
892— Oct. 20, 905— 975— seen in the north, 
disappears, and afterwards returns in 
the west, 990— appears, 995—1003—1005 
— appears, Apr. 24, and remains visible 
more than twenty days, 1066 — appears, 
Oct. 1, 1097— in the S.W., Feb. 16, 1106 
— at the end of May, 1114 — another ap- 
pearance of a comet, supposed to be Hal- 
ley's, 1305 — one of a remarkable charac- 
ter appears, 1337— another, 1402 — a large 
comet, believed to be Halley's, seen in 
June and July, 1456 — the same is said of 
others, observed by Apion in 1531 — and 
by Kepler and Longomontanus, in 1607 
— a large one visible twenty-eight days, 
1619— another observed by Hevelins in 
1661 — the period of this calculated by 
H alley to be 129 years, but it has never 
been seen again — another, Dec. 24, 1664 
— the attention of astronomers excited by 
the brilliant comet of 1680 — Halley 
founds his calculations on data furnished 
by that of 1682 — which appear to be ve- 
rified by that of 1759— the largest ever 
seen is that of 1769, observed by Maske- 
lyne, Bessel, and Messier, and its period 
calculated to be 2100 years — M. Lexell 
assigns to that of 1770 an orbit of 5J 
years, but it has not returned — ninety- 
seven seen between 1792 and 1806— Sir 
Win. Herschel observes that of 1807 — 
and another, of unusual magnitude, which 
is visible three months, from Sept. to 
Dec, 1811 — these two he finds to be self- 
luminous, but that of 1812, an opaque 
body, reflecting, like a planet, the light 
of the sun, and having no tail — M. Pons 
discovers, Nov. 26, 1818, that which now 
bears the name of " Encke's Comet" — it 
has returned regularly since, in rather 
more than three and a quarter years — in 
each revolution its eccentricity has di- 
minished so as to bring it nearer to a pla- 
netary state — Biela's comet discovered, 
Feb. 28, 1829— this has also come back 
again in about six and a half years — a 
comet, supposed to be Halley's, seen in 
1835. 

Comet, steamer. See Aye. 

Comias, Athenian archon, B.C. 566 II. 

Comines, Philip de, the historian, enters 



the service of Louis XI. of France, 1472 
—sent by Charles VIII. into Italy, 1494 
— d. 1509. 

Cojdiachio. See Comachio. 

Commagene, made a Roman province by 
Vespasian, 72. 

Commander-in-Chief, or Captain-Gene- 
ral, the duke of Marlborough appointed, 
1702— succeeded by the duke of Ormond, 
1711 — the office restored to Marlborough 
by George I., 1714— held by the duke of 
Cumberland, 1744 — resigned by him, 
1757 — the duke of York appointed, 1795 
— resigns, and Sir David Dundas suc- 
ceeds, 1809 — the duke of York again ap- 
pointed, 1811 — the duke of Wellington, 
1827 — resigns, and lord Hill succeeds, 
1828 — the duke of Wellington reappoint- 
ed. 1842 — succeeded by lord Hardinge, 
1852— the duke of Cambridge appointed, 
1856. 

Commerce, treaty of, between Sweden and 
the United States, 1783 — between Great 
Britain and France, Sept. 26, 1786; dis- 
cussed in the Commons, and approved, 
Feb. 12, 1787— between Great Britain 
and Russia, March 25, 1793— with the 
United States, Nov, 29, 1794— a fresh 
treaty, Dec. 31, 1806 — with China, 1843. 
See China. — With Belgium and the Ger- 
man Union, Sept. 2, 1844 — with the Two 
Sicilies, June 25, 1845. 

Commercial code of France, a proposal 
for its reform rejected by the National 
Assembly, June 28, 1851. 

Commercial distress. See Panic. 

Commercial union. See Zollverein. 

Commission, royal, to visit and investigate 
municipal corporations, Sept. 24, 1833 — 
to inquire into the revenues of the dio- 
ceses of England and Wales, Feb . 3, 1835 — 
to report on a general system of railways 
for Ireland, Oct. 19, 1836— of inquiry, 
into the English Universities. See Ox- 
ford and Cambridge. — Into the London 
Corporation, holds its first meeting, Nov. 
1,1853. 

Commissioners appointed by parliament to 
exercise the royal power in England. 
See Edward II., k. of England. — Appoint- 
ed to treat for the union of England and 
Scotland, Oct. 22, 1702 — appointed to 
treat for a reconciliation with the Ame- 
rican colonies. See United States. 

Committee of safety, formed by the of- 
ficers of the army, after the retirement 
of Richard Cromwell, Oct. 29, 1659— of 
public safety, installed at Paris, April 6, 
1793. 

Commodus, Licius Aurelius, son of the 
emperor Marcus Aurelius, b. at Lanu- 
vium, Aug. 31, 161 — his vices, encou- 
raged by his father's ever- indulgence, 
o 



COM 



194 



COM 



CoiiMODUS — continued. 
159 — assumes the toga virilis, and is 
admitted into the college of priests, 175 
— invested with the trihunitian power, 
made consul, and marries Crispina, dau. 
of Bruttius Prsesens, 177— consul II., 179 
— becomes emperor, 180— surrounded by 
the evil counsellors whom his father had 
banished — consul III., 181 — conspiracy 
and exile of his sister, Lucilla — consul 
IV., 183— his baths erected, 184— his fa- 
vourite, Marcia, protects the Christians, 
185 — the empress, Crispina, is banished 
to Caprese, and soon put to death— many 
of the most eminent persons in Rome 
fall victims to his wanton cruelty — con- 
sul V., 186 — degrades himself by fight- 
ing with wild beasts in the circus, and 
acting as a gladiator, 187— pursued by 
the city cohorts to Lanuvium; places 
a head of himself on a statue of Apollo, 
1S9 — attempts to substitute the name 
of Colonia Commodiana for that of Rome 
— consul VI., 190— assumes the name of 
Hercules, 191— consul VII.— suspects all 
who surround him, and puts so many to 
death, that Marcia and the praetorian 
prefect murder him, Dec. 31, 192. 

Commodus, L. Aurel., consul of Rome, 154, 
161. II. See Verus, Lucius, emperor 
of Rome. 

Commodus, L. Ceionius, consul of Rome, 78. 

Common Council of London. See London, 
and Corporation of London.— Send a 
deputation to William, prince of Orange, 
Dec. 11, 1688— vote silver cups to alder- 
men Crosby, Wilkes, and Oliver, Jan. 
22, 1772 — erect a monument in Guild- 
hall to aid. Beckford, June 11— refuse to 
raise a regiment by subscription, Jan. 
16, 1778— place a monument in Guildhall 
to William Pitt, earl of Chatham, 1782— 
vote their thanks to his son, Wm. Pitt, 
1784 — petition for the abolition of the 
slave trade, Feb. 1, 1788— resolve to sup- 
port the Corporation and Test Acts, Feb. 
25 1790— vote a monument to Lord Nel- 
son, 1805— to William Pitt, Feb. 8, 1806 
— petition for parliamentary reform, and 
the abolition of sinecures, March 9, 1808 
— against the suspension of the Habeas 
Corpus Act, Feb. 26, 1817— against the 
"' Six Acts," Dec. 6, 1819— present a con- 
gratulatory address to qu. Caroline, on 
her return to England, June 14, 1820— 
decide to rebuild London Bridge, May 30, 
1823 — vote a monument to the duke of 
Wellington, in Guildhall, Oct. 27, 1852. 

Common Hall, in London, petitions for 
peace, Feb. 19, 1800 — held to consider the 
distress of the people, Jan. 31, 1817— pe- 
titions against an indemnity to minis- 
ters, for their proceedings during the 



suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, 
Feb. 24, 1818. 
Common Pleas, or Nisi Prius, Court of, 
constituted by Magna Charta a separate 
and permanent Court, with its own 
judges, to hear and decide disputes be- 
tween subjects of the realm, 1215. See 
Entails of land, for decision on, 1472. — 
The following have been the most emi- 
nent chief justices of this Court. For 
notices of them, and of important judg- 
ments given by them, refer to their re- 
spective names : — 
Sir Francis Gawdy, 1605. 
Sir Edward Coke, 1606—1613. 
Sir Henry Hobart, 1613—1626. 
Sir Thomas Richardson, 1626—1631. 
Sir John Finch, 1634-1639. 
Sir Edward Lyttleton, 1639-1640. 
Oliver St. John. 1648—1660. 
Sir Orlando Bri'dgman, 1660—1668. 
Sir Francis North (lord Guildford), 1675 

—1683. 
Sir Francis Pemberton, 1683. 
Sir Henry Bedingfield, 1686—1687. 
Sir Henry Pollexfen, 1689—1692. 
Sir Thomas Trevor (lord Trevor), 1701— 

1714. 
Sir Peter King (lord King), 1714—1725. 
Sir John Willes, 1737—1761. 
Sir Charles Pratt (lord Camden), 1761— 

1766. 
Sir John Eardly Wilmot, 1766—1771. 
Sir William de Grey (lord Walsingham), 

1771—1780. 
Alexander Wedderburne (lord Loughbo- 
rough, earl of Rosslyn), 1780—1793. 
Sir James Eyre, 1793—1799. 
Sir John Scott (lord Eldon), 1799—1801. 
Sir Richard Pepper Arden (lord Alvan- 

ley), 1801—1804. 
Sir James Mansfield, 1804—1814. 
Sir Vicary Gibbs, 1814—1818. 
Sir Robert Dallas, 1818—1824. 
Sir Robert Gifford, 1824 (3 months). 
Sir William Draper Best (lord Wynford), 

1824 1829 

Sir Nicholas Conyngham Tindal. 1829— 

1846. 
Sir Thomas Wylde (lord Truro), 1S46— 

1850. 
Sir John Jervis, 1850. 
The following were noted Puisne Judges: 
Sir William Blackstone, d. 1780. 
Sir Thomas Noon Talfourd, d. 1S54. 
The privilege of pleading in this Court, 
long exclusively restricted to Serjeants 
at law, was extended to all barristers by 
a vote of the House of Commons, Apr 
25, 1834. 
Common law. See Law, 
Common Prayer, Book of, or Liturgy, 
adopted, 1549— revised, and the use of it 



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enforced by the Act of Uniformity, 1551 
—abolished by Mary, 1553— re-establish- 
ed by Elizabeth, 1559 — reviewed at 
Hampton Court, 1604 — abolished by the 
parliament, and the Directory ordained 
in its place, 1643 — again reviewed, but 
no alterations agreed upon, at the Savoy 
conferences, 1662. 
Commons, House of — the Provisions of Ox- 
ford direct each county to send four 
knights of the shire to meet the next 
parliament, 1258 — they begin to assem- 
ble in a separate House, and oppose the 
proceedings of the barons, 1259 — two 
knights summoned from each shire, and 
deputies from cities and boroughs, consti- 
tute the first distinct House of Commons, 
1265— their attendance irregular, till Ed- 
ward I. convenes them to vote supplies, 
1295 — annex conditions to their grant of 
money to Edw. III., 1339— attain to great 
importance in his reign — petition him 
to employ no churchmen in offices of 
State, 1371 — lawyers declared ineligi- 
ble to sit in their house, 1372 — petition 
the king to remove from court his mis- 
tress, Alice Pierce, and his brother, John 
of Gaunt, 1376. 

Richard II. — Elect their first speaker, 
Peter Delamere, banish Alice Pierce, 
and confiscate her property, 1377 — im- 
peach the earl of Suffolk, 1386 — refuse to 
vote subsidies to Henry IV. before re- 
ceiving an answer to their petitions, 1401 
— petition him to apply the revenues of 
the church to the service of the State, 
1404 — appoint their own treasurers, to 
account to them for the application of 
their subsidies, 1405 — repeat their at- 
tack on the revenues of the church, and 
desire to mitigate the laws against here- 
tics, 1410 — recommend Henry V. to seize 
the church lands, and require that no 
statute be enacted till it had passed 
through their house as a Bill, 1414. 

Henry VI. — The elective franchise in 
counties limited to forty-shilling free- 
holders, 1429-31 — the Commons petition 
the k. not to allow cardinal Beaufort, the 
papal legate, to attend any council in 
which affairs are discussed relating to 
the see of Rome, 1445 — impeach the 
duke of Suffolk, 1450 — petition for the 
removal of the duke of Somerset and his 
colleagues, 1451 — appoint Dudley their 
Speaker, and vote a subsidy to Henry 
VII., who is not in want of money, 1504. 

Henry VIII. — Sir Thomas More, 
Speaker— supplies sparingly granted, 1523 
— the k. attempts to raise money with- 
out their sanction, 1525— they impeach 
Wolsey — Cromwell, one of their body, 
Asfends him, 1529 — prefer complaints] 



against the ecclesiastical courts, and re- 
fuse their assent to a Bill framed by the 
k., for regulating wardships, 1532 — order 
the release of Ferrars, one of their mem- 
bers, imprisoned for debt, and obtain, by 
Act of Parliament, security from arrest, 
1542. 

Edward VI. — Reject the poor-law in- 
troduced by the Lords, and insist upon 
their right to originate all money-bills, 
1552 — Northumberland, by corrupt in- 
fluence in the elections, obtains a new 
house, subservient to his will, 1553 — 
dissolved by Mary, for protesting against 
her marriage with Philip of Spain, 1554 
— refuse to vote her a supply demanded 
of them, 1556 

Elizabeth.— Great preponderance of 
Protestants in the new house, elected 
after the accession of Elizabeth, 1559 — • 
vote her a sttbsidy, and entreat her to 
marry, or settle the succession to the 
crown, 1563 — repeat their request — their 
debates become very animated, in which 
Paul Wentworth takes the lead, 1566 — 
they are reproved by the queen for their 
urgency, Jan. 2, 1567 — claim liberty of 
speech, and resist her interference with 
individual members, 1571 — the spirit of 
independence gains ground among them, 
but of their own act they imprison Peter 
Wentworth, for a speech which they 
deem too bold, 1576 — are reprimanded by 
Elizabeth for their petition against the 
ecclesiastical court, 1584 — vote her a 
double subsidy after the defeat of the 
Spanish Annada, and submit to her re- 
strictions on their freedom of debate, 
1589 — Sir Edward Coke, Speaker — the 
queen, more imperious, commits Peter 
Wentworth, and three other members, 
to the Tower and the Fleet Prison, 1593 

— Yelverton, Speaker — three subsidies 
voted — petition against monopolies, 1597 
— pass the poor-law, obtain from the 
queen the abolition of monopolies, and 
vote her four subsidies, 1601. 

James I. — Claim for themselves the 
right to decide on the validity of elec- 
tions, and freedom from arrest — vote 
no supply to James I. on his acces- 
sion, 1604 — are more liberal after the 
Gunpowder Plot — protect the Puritans, 
1606— the importance of the House; in- 
creases, and its journals are regularly 
kept, 1607 — restrict the supplies, and 
begin to limit the royal prerogative, 
1610 — vote no supplies — their attempt 
to abridge the power of the crown 
causes James I. to dissolve them in 
anger, and imprison some members, 1614 

— they remonstrate, and protest that 
their liberties are the birth- right of the 

o 2 



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196 



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Commons, House of — continued. 
people — he sends for their journals and 
tears out the entry, 1621 — he dissolves 
them, imprisons Sir Edw. Coke, Selden, 
and Pym, and sends others to Ireland, 
1622— he conciliates them by many con- 
cessions, and they vote him a supply, 
1624. 

Charles I. — Quarrel with the k., and 
are dissolved, 1625— the same repeated, 
1626— they obtain his assent to their Pe- 
tition of Right, 1628 — complain of the Ar- 
minianism of the church — pro test against 
the levying of tonnage and poundage, 
and when informed of the king's inten- 
tion to dissolve them, force the Speaker, 
Sir John Finch, to remain in the chair, 
while they pass their Remonstrance, 
1629 — after an interval of eleven years, 
are again assembled, Apr. 13, 1640— -com- 
plain of grievances, vote no supplies, and 
are dissolved, May 5. 

16 Charles I. — A new House be- 
gins the Long Parliament, Nov. 3, 1640 
— by the king's conciliatory measures, 
(see Charles I., k. of Great Britain,) 
they are induced to grant subsidies — 
pass a Bill of attainder against lord Straf- 
ford — appeal to the people by their Re- 
monstrance in defence of their proceed- 
ings, Nov. 22, 1641 — vote the. king's 
attempt to impeach five of their mem- 
bers to be a breach of privilege, 1642. 
(For the events of the civil war, see 
Charles I.) — adopt the Scotch League 
and Covenant, June 15, 1643 — pass the 
Self-denying Ordinance, 1644— vote that 
the army be disbanded — the leading Pres- 
byterians are ejected, 1647 — vote that no 
addresses be made to the king, Jan. 3, 
1648 — resolve to treat with him, Dec. 5 — 
the remaining Presbyterians are expel- 
led by " Pride's Purge," 6. 

Commonwealth. — Vote themselves 
competent to act without the concur- 
rence of the Lords, and abolish the 
Upper House, Feb. 6, 1649 — forcibly dis- 
missed by Cromwell, 1653— a new House 
summoned by him, consisting of 400 
members for England, 30 for Scotland, 
and 30 for Ireland — Lenthal, Speaker, 
Sept. 3, 1654 — their refractory spirit 
causes him to dissolve them, Jan. 22, 
1655 — another convened by him, and all 
obnoxious members excluded, Sept. 17, 
1656 — they offer the crown to him, Apr. 
13, 1657— and frame their Humble Peti- 
tion and Advice — another called by him, 
Jan. 20, 1658 — refuse to acknowledge the 
new House of Lords, which he had cre- 
ated — i - evoke the Humble Petition and 
Advice — and are angrily dissolved by 
him, Feb. 4— another assembled, by 



Richard Cromwell, Jan. 27, 1659— agi- 
tated by vehement debates — dissolved 
by him, Apr.22 — the remaining members 
of the Long Parliament, the Bump, re- 
assemble with Lenthal, Speaker, May 6 
— set Richard aside, and grant him a 
pension, 25— quarrel with Lambert, and 
the chiefs of the army, Oct. 12 — supported 
by Monk, Nov. 2— by Fairfax, Dec. 24— 
admit the excluded Presbyterians to 
their seats, Feb. 21, 1660 — dissolve them- 
selves, and issue writs for a new, or con- 
vention parliament, Mar. 16 — which 
meets, and chooses Sir Harbottle Grim- 
stone Speaker, Apr. 25 — declares for the 
restoration of royalty, May 1— consents 
to the House of Lords resuming its func- 
tions, 8. 

Charles II. — The Commons reserve 
the right of providing for the public 
revenue — dissolved, Dec. 29 — Sir Ed- 
ward Turner, Speaker of the next elect- 
ed House, May 8, 1661 — the members 
required to take the sacrament, address 
the king against any indulgence to 
Dissenters, Feb. 27, 1663 — grant a 
large supply, Nov. 24, 1664— declare it 
to be illegal in judges to tine juries for 
their verdicts, Aug. 16, 1667 — resist any 
mitigation of the laws against Non-con- 
formists, inquire into the miscarriages of 
the Dutch war, and dispute with the 
Lords on questions of privilege, 1669 — 
vote considerable supplies to carry out 
the Tri pie Alliance, 1670 — in consequence 
of the injury done to Sir John Coventry, 
one of their members, they originate an 
Act against malicious maiming and 
wounding, Mar. 6, 1671 — resist altera- 
tions made by the Lords in a tax on 
sugar, and claim the exclusive power of 
framing money-bills, Apr. 17. 

13 Charles II.— Annul elections dur- 
ing the recess by writs under the great 
seal, and order the Speaker to issue 
new writs, Feb. 10, 1673 — address the 
king against his declaration of indul- 
gence, 19 — and against the marriage 
of James, duke of York, with Mary Bea- 
trice of Modena, Aug. 20 — while pre- 
paring an address against a standing 
army, the French alliance and the Dutch 
war, are stopped by a prorogation, 1673 — 
examine Buckingham and Arlington at 
their bar, on the schemes of the Cabal, 
Jan. 14, 1674 — pass resolutions against a 
standing army, Feb. 7— prorogued, 11 — 
proceed against the duke of Lauderdale, 
Apr. 13, 1675— disputes with the Lords 
cause prorogation, June 9, Nov. 22 — urge 
the king to resist the aggrandisement of 
France, and promise to support him f 
May 8, 1677 — pass vehement resolutions 



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Commons, House of— continued. 

against the Romanists, Oct. 31, 1678— 
dissolved, after sitting eighteen years, 
Dec. 30. 

19 Charles II. — A new House sum- 
moned, Jan. 25, 1679— meets, Mar. 6 — dis- 
pute with the king on the choice of a 
Speaker — compromised hy the appoint- 
ment of Gregory — protest against the par- 
don granted by the k. to the earl of Danby, 
Mar. 23 — resolution passed against the 
duke of York, Apr. 27 — Bill prepared to 
exclude him from the throne, May 15 — 
Dangerfield examined on the alleged 
Meal- tub plot, Oct. 26, 1680— pass the Ex- 
clusion Bill, Nov. 2 — which the Lords re- 
ject, 15 — resolve to grant no supplies till 
it is passed, Jan. 7, 1681 — pass other 
strong resolutions, and are prorogued, 
10 — assembled at Oxford, introduce the 
Bill again, Mar. 21 — dissolved, 28. 

James II. — Under the new charters, a 
packed House of Commons elected, May 
19,1685 — choose Sir John Trevor, Speaker 
—vote supplies, and adjourn, July 2 — 
offend the k. by requesting him not to 
appoint recusant officers in the army, 
Nov. 17— dissolved, July 2, 1687 — a new 
House elected in compliance with circu- 
lar letters from the prince of Orange to 
the constituencies, form part of the con- 
vention, Jan. 22, 1689 — resolve, that 
James II. having broken the original 
compact between king and people, and 
abdicated the government, the throne is 
vacant, 28. 

William and Mary. — Vote an ad- 
dress for war against France, June 25 — 
appoint a committee to inquire into the 
judicial murders of lord William Russell 
and Algernon Sidney, Oct. 19, 1689— dis- 
solved, Feb. 6, 1690 — the Tories predomi- 
nate in the new House, Mar. 21 — the 
House sanction the borrowing of moDey 
on the credit of the revenue — vote larger 
supplies, Oct. 9 — inquire into the foreign 
treaties, and the management of the war, 
and vote an increase of the army, Dec. 
20, 1693 — remonstrate against the refusal 
of the royal assent to a Bill excluding 
placemen from parliament, Jan. 25, 1694 
— the Triennial Act passed, Dec. 2. 

7 William III. — The House inquire 
respecting bribes received by members, 
March 7 — and expel the Speaker, Sir 
John Trevor, Mar. 12, 1695 — dissolved, 
Oct. 11 — the Whigs prevail in the new 
House, Nov. 22 — reject a Bill for licens- 
ing the press, 1696 — reduce the army con- 
trary to the king's wishes, Dec. 11 — fix 
the civil list at 700,0002., 1697— address 
the king for the discouragement of the 
woollen, and the promotion of the linen, 



manufacture in Ireland, June 10, 1698 
— refuse to grant the request of Win, 
III. for retaining his Dutch guards, Mar. 
24, 1699 — resolve to apply the forfeited 
estates in Ireland, and the revenues of 
that country, to the public service, Dec. 
14. 

12 William III.— Present these reso- 
lutions to the king, Feb. 21, 1700— tack 
them to the Land Tax Bill, Mar. 9 — sud- 
denly prorogued, while preparing a reso- 
lution, requesting the king to dismiss 
his foreign councillors, 11 — dissolved, 
July 19 — a new House elect Mr. Har- 
ley, Speaker, Feb. 10, 1701— pass a re- 
solution on which the Act of Settlement 
and Hanoverian Succession are founded, 
Mar. 12 — address the king to remove 
lord Somers, and other ministers, by 
whom the Partition Treaties were advised, 
Apr. 22 — impeach them, May 14 — vote 
the Kentish Petition, and Defoe's Pam- 
phlet, to be seditious and libellous — dis- 
solved, Nov. 11 — the Whigs prevail, and 
in their address to the king, respond to 
his indignation against Louis XIV., Dec. 
30. 

Anne.— Dissolved July 2, 1702 — meet 
again, Harley, Speaker, Oct. 20 — dis- 
pute with the Lords on the public ac- 
counts, Feb. 4, 1703 — a new House, 
Oct. 25, 1705— contest for the Speaker- 
ship— elect a Whig, Mr. John Smith — 
join the Lords in an address to assure 
the queen that the church is in no danger, 
Dec. 14— first United House assemble 
Oct. 23, 1707— inquire into the miscar- 
riages of the Spanish campaign, and vote 
a supply of six millions, Nov. 19 — elect 
Sir Richard Onslow, Speaker, Nov. 18, 
1708— impeach Sacheverel, Dec. 15, 1709 
— a new House, Nov. 25, 1710 — the Tory 
majority make Mr. Bromley Speaker, re- 
fuse to vote thanks to Marlborough, and 
treat him with contempt and derision — 
fix qualifications for knights of the 
shire, and representatives of cities and 
boroughs — inquire the cause of the dis- 
asters in Spain, Feb. 2, 1711 — accuse the 
late Whig ministry of mismanagement, 
June 4— expel Robert Walpole and Car- 
donnel, Dec. 21^-complain that undue 
burdens were imposed on Great Britain 
by the other allies during the war, Mar. 4, 
1712-appoiut Sacheverel to preach before 
them, Apr. 29, 1713— address the queen 
to have James Francis Edward, the Pre- 
tender, removed from Nancy, where he 
had been received by Stanislas, June 25 
— a new House appoint sir Thomas Han- 
mer, Speaker, Feb. 16, 1714— expel Rich- 
ard Steele,. March 11. 

Geokge I. — Another, called under the 



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Commons, House of — continued. 
predominance of the whigs, give the 
office of Speaker to Mr. Spencer Comp- 
ton, March 17, 1715 — impeach the duke 
of Ormond and the lords Oxford, Boling- 
broke, and Strafford, July 9 — expel 
Forster, leader of the rebellion at Preston, 
Jan. 10, 1716— Septennial Act passed, 
May 7 — create a sinking fund, June 22, 
1717— reject the Peerage Bill, Dec. 7, 
1719 — expel Aislabie and other members 
implicated in the South Sea scheme, 
March 8, 1721 — under the influence of 
Walpole, vote an increased number of 
seamen, March 24, 1726. 

George II. — A new House, Arthur 
Onslow, Speaker, Jan. 23, 1728— prohibit 
the publication of their debates, Feb. 28, 
1729 — cause Walpole to abandon his 
proposed Excise law, 1733 — negative a 
motion for the repeal of the Septennial 
Act, March 14, 1734 — approve the Spa- 
nish convention by a small majority, 
March 4, 1739— resolve that the publica- 
tion of their debates is a breach of privi- 
lege, April 20 — they are prepared for the 
Gentleman's Magazine by Samuel (Dr.) 
Johnson, 1740— defeat, by a large ma- 
jority, a motion for the removal of Wal- 
pole, Feb. 3, 1741 — a new House unfa- 
vourable to him ; defeat him on the 
question of the Westminster election, 
Dec. 4; on that of the Chippenham elec- 
tion, Feb. 2, 1742 — cause his resignation, 
11 — appoint a committee to inquire into 
the conduct of his government, March 23 
— negative motions for the repeal of the 
Septennial Act, April 15— and for annual 
parliaments, Jan. 24, 1745— vote £40,000 
a year to the duke of Cumberland, May 
14, 1746 — summon Edward Cave to the 
bar, and censure him for publishing their 
debates, April 30, 1747 — reduce the rate 
of interest on the national debt, 1750 — 
inquire into the proceedings at the 
Westminster election, and commit Mr. 
Murray to Newgate, 1751— vote £100,000 
to relieve the sufferers by the Lisbon 
earthquake, 1755. 

George III. — Mr. Onslow more than 
thirty years Speaker, retires, March 18, 
1761 — a new House appoint Sir John 
Cust to the chair, Nov. 3— approve, by a 
large majority, the articles of the preli- 
minai'y treaty of peace, signed at Fon- 
tainebleau, Noy. -35, 4762— expel John 
Wilkes, ?Tan. 20, 17£* — debate vehe- 
mently on the legality of general war- 
rants, Feb. 16-17 -u,'the ministers, by 
adjourning, evade - l decision; a*sert 
their right to $x the colonies, Apr.— 
vote the reduction of the land-tax, Mar. 
2, 1767 — resolve to impose duties on 



articles imported into the colonies, 
June 2. 

8 George III. — A new House, June 10, 
1768— exclude strangers ; expel Wilkes, 
Feb. 2, 1769 — provide for the arrears of 
the civil list, March 2 — continue the 
struggle with Wilkes, and the electors 
of Middlesex, till the prorogation, May 9 
— sir John Cust resigns the speakership, 
and is succeeded by sir Fletcher Norton, 
Jan. 17, 1770— join the Lords in an ad- 
dress to the king, deprecating the re- 
monstrances which had been made to 
him in the case of Wilkes, March 23 — 
negative Burke's resolutions, condemn- 
ing the course pursued towards the Ame- 
rican colonies, May 8 — attempt to pre- 
vent the publication of their debates in 
the newspapers, Feb.8, 1771 — commit the 
London magistrates to the Tower, 26 — 
they are liberated, May 8 — and the pub- 
lication of the debates in parliament has 
from this time been uninterrupted. 

12 George III. — The House reject a 
petition for relief from subscribing the 
Thirty-Nine Articles, Feb. 6, 1772— pass 
a bill for the relief of Dissenters, which 
the Lords reject,May — negative a motion 
to shorten the duration of parliaments, 
Jan. 26, 1773 — refuse to modify the 
Thirty-Nine Articles, Feb. 23 — hear 
charges against lord Clive, May 7 — 
summon the rev. John Home to their 
bar for his letter to the Speaker, Feb. 
11, 1774 — vote thanks to John Howard 
for his benevolent exertions, March 4— - 
negative a motion on the tea duty, sup- 
ported by Burke's celebrated oration, 
April 19 — pass a bill to amend the Copy- 
right Act, which the Lords reject, June 2. 

15 George III. — Anew House opened 
— Wilkes allowed to take his seat, Nov. 
29 — refer to a commercial committee the 
London merchants' petition against the 
American war, Jan. 23, 1775 — reject 
Burke's conciliatory resolutions, March 
22 ; again, Nov. 16 — negative Wilkes's 
motion for reform, March 20, 1776 — pay 
the arrears of the civil list, April 9, 1777 
— the Speaker, sir Fletcher Norton, ad- 
dresses the king on the grant, May 7 — 
Bills brought in by Sir Geo. Saville, and 
passed, to mitigate the laws against 
Koman Catholics, receive the royal as- 
sent, May 28 — adopt Mr. Dunning's Re- 
solutions on the "Influence of the 
Crown," April 6, 1780 — reject the peti- 
tion of the Protestant Association. June 
2. 

21 George III. — A new House, Oct. 
31 — ministerial influence deprives sir 
Fletcher Norton of the Speakership, and 
gives it to Mr. Cornwall — reject Burke's 



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Commons, House of— continued. 
proposed reforms, Feb. 27, 1781— and a 
motion of Ghas. J. Fox, supported by 
Wm. Pitt, for terminating the war, June 
12— falling-off of the ministerial majo- 
rity, Dec. 12; again, Feb. 22, 1782 — 
causes Lord North's resignation, March 
19— under the Rockingham administra- 
tion, Acts passed to exclude contractors 
from the House, disqualify government 
officers for voting at elections, and re- 
form the civil list— the Middlesex elect- 
ion resolutions erased from the Jour- 
nals, May 6— Pitt's motion for reform, 
supported by Fox, negatived by a ma- 
jority of twenty, 7. 

23 George III.— An amendment to 
the address adopted, Feb. 17, 1783— 
causes the resignation of lord Shelbume, 
21— and the accession of the coalition 
ministry to office, April 2— Pitt's motion 
for reform again rejected, May 7— the 
House pass Fox's India Bills, Dec. 9— 
oppose the new Pitt ministry, and re- 
ject its India Bill, Jan. 1784 — vote an 
address to the king for its dismissal, 
Feb. 20— and a representation to the 
throne for the same purpose, March 8— 
dissolved, 25 — new House meet, May 
18 — re-appoint Mr. Cornwall Speaker, 
and support the Pitt ministry by large 
majorities ; pass its India Bills, July- 
reject his motion for reform by a majo- 
rity of 74, April 18, 1785. 

26 George III. — Reject by the 
Speaker's casting vote the ministerial 
plan for fortresses, Feb. 27, 1786 — adopt 
the Sinking Fund proposed by Pitt, 
March 29— decide not to proceed on the 
Rohilla charge agaiustWarren Hastings, 
June 1 ; adopt the Benares charge, 3 ; 
that for his treatment of the Begums of 
Oude, moved by Sheridan, Feb. 7, 1787— 
the House discuss and approve the 
Treaty of Commerce with France, 12— 
reject Beaufoy's motion for the relief of 
dissenters, March 28— impeach Warren 
Hastings, May 10— pay the debts of the 
prince of Wales, 21 — resolve to take 
the African slave-trade into consider- 
ation during the next session, May 9, 
1788— after warm debates on the regency, 
carryPitt's resolutions, Dec. 16— on Mr. 
Cornwall's death elect Mr. Wm. Gren- 
ville to the chair, Jan. 5, 1789 — ne- 
gative Beaufoy's second motion, May 
8 — Mr. Grenville appointed Secretary 
of state, and Mr. Addington, Speaker, 
June 8. 

30 George III. — Debates on the 
French Revolution, Feb. 9, 1790— pass 
a Bill to relieve more Catholic disabili- 



ties, Feb. 21, 1791 — vote the gradual 
abolition of the slave-trade, April 26, 
1792— pass Fox's Libel Bill, 30— refuse 
inquiry into the conduct of the Birming- 
ham magistrates, May 21 — debate on the 
king's warlike message, Jan. 28, 1793 — 
negative the pacific propositions of Fox, 
Feb. 18; and Mr. Grey's motion for Re- 
form, May 6 — negative a motion for the 
mitigation of sentences on political of- 
fenders, Feb. 4, 1794 — vote subsidies to 
Prussia, Holland, and other states, April 
28 — negative a pacific amendment to 
the address moved by Wilberforce, and 
supported by Bankes, Dec. 30 — disre- 
gard the London petition against in- 
terference with the internal government 
of France, Jan. 26, 1795 — make a liberal 
settlement on the prince and princess of 
Wales, April. v 

37 George III. — A new House, Oct. 6, 
1796 — decline to censure unconstitution- 
al advances of money to Austria, not 
sanctioned by parliament, Dec. 7 — after 
having investigated the affairs of the 
Bank of England, report in favour of a 
Restriction Act, March 2, 1797— secession 
of Fox and his friends from the House, 
Nov, 2 — treble the assessed taxes, Jan. 
4, 1798— negative Wilberforce's motion 
on the slave-trade, March 3 — introduce 
the income tax, Dec. 4: — approve, by a 
large majority, the rejection of the 
French overtures, Jan. 22, 1800. 

41 George III.— The first United Brit- 
ish and Irish House meet, Jan. 22, 1801 
— Mr. Addington, prime minister, is suc- 
ceeded as Speaker by Sir John Mitford, 
March 17 — Home Tooke allowed to sit 
for Old Sarum, but by a new Act per- 
sons in holy orders are for the future ex- 
cluded from the House, May 17 — Charles 
Abbott, Speaker, Feb. 10, 1802 — the 
House pay the debts of the Civil List, 
March 29 — resist the claim of the prince 
of Wales on the arrears of the duchy of 
Cornwall, 31 — repeal the income tax, 
April 5 — approve the treaty of Amiens 
by a very large majority, May 13 — throw 
out the Bill for the abolition of bull- 
baiting, 24 — negative Canning's motion 
to stop the importation of slaves into 
Trinidad, 27— vote £10,000 to Dr. Jenner, 
and £1200 to Greathead, June 3. 

43 George III.— A new House, Nov. 
16— pay the debts of the prince of Wales, 
Feb. 16, 1803— approve the renewal ot 
war against France, May 23— impose the. 
property-tax, June 13 — displace the Ad- 
dington ministry, May 7, 1804— pass 
Wilberforce's Slave-trade Bill, June 28, 
which the Lords reject — commit the 



COM 



200 



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Commons, House of — continued. 
sheriffs of London to Newgate for par- 
tiality in the Middlesex election. March 
11, 1805 — reject the Catholic petition 
presented by Fox, May 13— impeach lord 
Melville, June 25— vote a public funeral 
to Pitt, Jan. 27, 1806— pay his debts, Feb. 
3 — assent to Fox's motion for the aboli- 
tion of slavery, June 10— anew House, 
Dec. 15— postpone lord Howick's Bill for 
granting commissions in the navy and 
army to Catholics, March 18, 1807. 

49 George III. — A new House, June 
26— supports the Portland administra- 
tion by a majority of 350 to 155— refuse 
to inquire into the attack on Copenhagen, 
Feb. 3, 1808— approve marquis Welles- 
ley's Indian administration, March 9 — 
receive Mary Ann Clarke's evidence on 
the charges of colonel Wardle against 
the duke of York, Jan. 27, 1809— dis- 
miss charges brought against lord Cas- 
tlereagh and Mr. Perceval, of having 
trafficked in parliamentary seats, April 
25 — inquire into the Walcheren expe- 
dition, Jan. 26, 1810 -exclude strangers, 
Feb. 21 — commit John Gale Jones to 
Newgate ; censure lord Chatham for 
misconducting the expedition, March 2 
—negative lord Porchester's resolutions, 
21— commit sir F. Burdett to the Tower, 
April 6 — negative Mr. Brand's motion 
for reform, May 21 — pass resolutions for 
the Regency Act, Dec. 20. 

51 George III. Regency 1.— Vote gold 
and paper money to be of equal value, 
in opposition to Mr. Horner's motion 
for resuming cash payments, May 13, 
1811 — the Speaker's power of committal 
declared by the judges to be legal, 17 — 
a pi'oposed duty on raw cotton resisted 
and withdrawn^ 20— resolve to take the 
laws against Catholics into consideration 
during the next session, June 22, 1812 — 
a new House opened by the prince re- 
gent, Nov. 30 — approve his assertion 
of maritime rights, Feb. 18, 1813— re- 
solve to inquire into the claims of the 
Catholics, 22 — apply part of the sinking 
fund to the service of the year, March 
3 — throw out the Bill for the relief of 
Catholics, May 24 — expel lord Cochrane 
for alleged participation in a fraud on 
the Stock-Exchange, June 21, 1814 — 
adopt Mr. Robinson's Corn-law, Feb. 17, 
1815— refuse a grant to the duke of 
Cumberland on his marriage, July — ne- 
gative Brougham's motion for a copy 
of the Holy Alliance treaty, Feb. 9, 1816 
— repeal the property-tax and additional 
malt-duty, March 19 — reject sir John 1 
Newport's motion on the state of Ireland, 

. Apr. 23 — make a settlement on the j 



princess Charlotte of Wales and prince 
Leopold, May 2. 

57 Geqrge III. Regency 7. — Receive 
numerous petitions for economy and re- 
form, Feb. 6, 1817 — negative Grattan's 
motion on the Catholic question, May 9; 
and sir F. Burdett' s, for Reform,20— elect 
Mr. C. Manners Sutton Speaker, 30 — re- 
fuse inquiry into the alleged employ- 
ment of spies by the government, June 16 
— make provision for other royal mar- 
riages, but again refuse a grant to the 
duke of Cumberland, Apr. 13, 1818 — de- 
feat sir R. Heron's motion for the repeal 
of the Septennial Act, May 19 ; and sir 
F. Burdett's, for annual parliaments 
and universal suffrage, June 1 — a new 
House, Jan. 14, 1819 — receive many pe- 
titions against the severity of the cri- 
minal laws ; appoint a committee to in- 
quire into them, Mar. 2 — defeat the Ca- 
tholic question again, May — vote £10,000 
a-year to the duke of York, for taking 
care of his father's person — refuse in- 
quiry into the Manchester massacre, 
Nov. — receive petitions from all parts 
of the country, complaining of distress — 
commit Mr. J. C. Hobhouse to Newgate, 
for his pamphlet, Dec. 15. 

George IV. — A new House, April 27, 
1820 — refuse inquiry into the droits of 
the Admiralty, May 5 — receive a mes- 
sage from the queen, June 7 — refuse to 
inquire into the expenses of the Milan 
commission, July 6— settle an annuity of 
£50,000 on her, Jan. 31, 1821— negative 
Hume's motion for a reduction of the 
army, March 1 — pass Plunkett's Bills in 
favour of the Catholics, 10, which are 
thrown out by the Lords — reject Hume's 
resolutions for retrenchment, June 27 — 
reduce the interest on the Navy Five 
per Cents., Feb. 25, 1822— discontinue the 
two junior lords of the Admiralty, Mar. 
1 — negative lord John Russell's motion 
for Reform, 29 — pass Canning's Bill to 
admit Catholics to sit in the House of 
Lords ; rejected by them — appoint a 
committee on agricultural distress — 
adopt lord Normanby's resolution for 
only one postmaster-general instead of 
two, May 2 ; and Mr. Vansittart's plan 
for reducing the " Dead weight" of pen- 
sions, 24— resolve to maintain the stand- 
ard of the currency, June 11 — summon 
to its bar two parties concerned in scur- 
rilous publications for political purposes, 
22 — relieve the distress of Ireland by a 
vote of £300,000. 

4 George IV. — Condemn the policy 
of government towards Spain, May 1, 
1823 — resolve to prepare the slaves in 
the colonies for emancipation, 16 — re- 



COM 



201 



coir 



Commons, House of — continued. 
duce the interest on the Four per Cent. 
Stock, Feb. 23, 1824— approve Mr.Huskis- 
son's measures for improving the silk 
manufacture, March S ; and Canning's, 
for training the slaves in Trinidad, 16 — 
refuse to inquire into the treatment of 
missionary Smith, in Demerara, June 1 
— agree to the resolutions moved by sir 
F. Burdett, in favour of the Catholics, 
Mar. 1,1825 — vote £2000 to M'Adam, 
May 13 — augment the salaries of the 
judges, and abolish fees and the sale of 
offices, 31 — decide to support Mr. Hus- 
kisson's free trade policy, Feb. 24, 1826 
— negative lord John Russell's motion 
against bribery at elections, March 2. 

7 George IV. — A new House, Nov. 14 
— institute inquiry into Jhe proceedings 
of the Arigna Company, Dec. 5 — reform 
the criminal code, 27-31 — adopt Can- 
ning's resolutions on the Corn-laws, 
March 1, 1827 — appoint two law com- 
mittees,Feb. 7, 1828; a finance committee, 
15 — agree to lord John Russell's motion 
for the repeal of the Test and Corporation 
Acts, 26; to sir F. Burdett's, for a com- 
mittee on the Catholic claims, May 8 — 
regulate the corn-duties by a sliding 
scale — election of D. O'Connell for Clare, 
July 5 — third reading of the Relief Bill 
Mar. 30, 1829 — further reduction in the 
duties on raw silk — the marquis of 
Blandford's motion for Parliamentary 
Reform negatived, June 3 — the House 
originate the metropolitan police, reduce 
the public expenditure, and remit the 
duties on fur and leather, Feb. 15, 1830 
— extend the franchise of East Retford to 
the hundred — refuse to inquire into the 
salaries and emoluments of privy coun- 
cillors, May 14. 

William IV. — A new House ; opened, 
Nov. 2 ; said by the duke of Welling- 
ton to need no reform — terminate his 
ministry by their vote on the Civil List 
question, 15 — agree to lord Althorp's 
proposed retrenchments and reduction 
of taxation, Feb. 11, 1831 — after a debate 
of seven nights, read the Reform Bill 
the first time, Mar. 8 ; carry the second 
reading by a majority of one, 22; defeat 
it in committee by adopting gen. Gas- 
coyne's motion, April 18— a new House, 
June 14 — pass the Reform Bill by large 
majorities, and take it to the Lords, Sept. 
19, by whom it is rejected; pass it again, 
March 23, 1832 ; after a fierce struggle 
it overcomes the opposition of the Lords, 
and receives the royal assent, J une 7. 

3 William IV.— The new reformed 
House meet, and continue Mr. C. M. 
Button in his office of Speaker, Jan. 29, 



1833 — admit Joseph Pease, a Quaker, on 
his affirmation, Feb. 14— adopt morning 
sittings for private business, 20 — nega- 
tive Cobbett's motion on the currency, 
and expunge the proceedings from their 
minutes, May 10 — reform the Irish 
church ; abolish colonial slavery, and 
grant a compensation of £20,000,000 ; 
open the trade with China; pass Robt. 
Grant's bill for removing the civil dis- 
abilities of the Jews, which the Lords 
reject, Aug. 1 — negative Hume's motion 
on the Corn-laws, Mar. 1, 1834; and one 
for the abolition of military flogging, 
14 — amend the Poor Laws, April 17 — 
adopt, but afterwards abandon, lord Al- 
thorp's plan for abolishing church-rates 
— annul the exclusive right of serjeants- 
at-law to plead in the Court of Common 
Pleas, 25 — negative, by an overwhelm- 
ing majority, O'Connell's motion for the 
Repeal of the Union, 27 — reduce the in- 
terest on Four per Cent. Stock, May 3 — 
reject Mr. Tennyson's motion for shorter 
parliaments, 15 — appoint a committee to 
inquire into the Irish church, 27 — reduce 
more taxes, July 25. 

5 William IV. — A new House, called 
on the appointment of Sir R. Peel's mi- 
nistry ; displace Mr. C. M. Sutton and 
make Mr. Abercrombie Speaker, Feb. 9, 
1835 — by their votes restore the Mel- 
bourne ministry, April 8 — introduce Mu- 
nicipal Reform, June 5— appoint a com- 
mittee to inquire respecting Orange 
lodges in the army, Aug. 11 — pass the 
Irish Tithe Bill, with the appropriation 
clause, which the Lords reject, Sept. — 
appoint a committee on agricultural dis- 
tress, Feb. 8, 1836— introduce the Ge- 
neral Registration and new Marriage 
Laws, 12 ; the Irish Constabulary Bill, 
18 — reduce the newspaper-stamp duty, 
Mar. 15 — pass the Irish Municipal Bill, 
28 — apply a surplus of revenue to re- 
duce taxes, May 6 — abandon the Irish 
Municipal Bill, because mutilated by the 
Lords, June 3 ; the same with the Irish 
Tithe Bill, Aug. 2 ; and the Charitable 
Trusts Bill, 10 — introduce the Irish 
Municipal Bill again, Feb. 7, 1837 ; the 
Irish Poor Law, 14; and the Church- 
rates Bill, Mar. 3 — reject Mr. G rote's 
motion for the Ballot, 7— abandon the 
Church-rates Bill in consequence of the 
opposition of the bishops, 9 — pass re- 
solutions on the disturbed state of Ca- 
nada, April 24 — bring the Irish Tithe 
Bill forward the fifth time, May 1, which 
is again defeated by the Lords ; as also 
the Municipal Bill. 

Victoria. — A new House opened, Nov. 
20 — inquire into the pension list, Dec. i 



COM 



202 



COM 



Commons, House of— continued. 
— negative Mr. Villiers's motion on the 
Corn Laws, Mar. 15, 1838 — in opposition 
to a vote of the Lords, approve the Irish 
policy of the government, April 15, 1839 
— pass the Jamaica Bill by so small a 
majority that ministers resign, May 7 
— on Mr. Abercrombie's resignation, 
elect Mr. Shaw Lefevre Speaker, 15 — in- 
troduce a uniform rate of postage, at 
first fourpence, July 6— agree to modifi- 
cations of the Irish Municipal Act, which 
is passed, Aug. 10, 1840— reject the mi- 
nisterial plan for the Sugar Duties, May 
18, 1841 — pass a vote of want of confi- 
dence in ministers, 24 — dissolved, to take 
the sense of the country, June 23. 

5 Victoria. — A new House, Aug. 18 
—defeat ministers, who resign, 30 — in- 
crease of bribery at elections confessed 
by all parties, Sept. 30— commence the 
discussion on the Corn-laws; adopt sir 
R. Peel's proposed modifications, Feb. 9, 
1842; reject those proposed by lord John 
Russell, 14; and Mr. Villiers's motion for 
free importation, 22 — approve sir R. 
Peel's financial plans, March 21 — reject 
the People's Petition for universal suf- 
frage, and other points of the " Charter," 
May 2 — vote the revival of the Income 
tax — agree to serjeant Talfourd's Copy- 
right Bill; and to lord Ashley's, for pro- 
hibiting the employment of females 
in mines and collieries, Aug. — abandon 
a Bill for the reform of the Ecclesiastical 
Courts, Feb. 1843 — reject lord John Rus- 
sell's motion to condemn the Irish policy 
of ministers, Feb. 22, 1844 — reduce the 
interest on the Three-and-a-Half per 
Cent. Stock, Mar. 8 — inquire into the 
practice of opening letters at the Post- 
office, Aug. 5. 

8 Victoria. — Reduce more duties, and 
continue the Income tax, Feb. 14, 1845 
— vote an additional grant to Maynooth 
College, April 18 ; refuse to provide it 
out of the revenues of the Irish church, 
24 — endow the Queen's Colleges in Ire- 
land, July — read the Corn-importation 
Bill a third time. May 15, 1846— reject 
the ministerial Bill for the protection of 
life in Ireland, June 25 ; which causes 
the resignation of Sir R. Peel, 29 — re- 
ject lord George Bentinck's plan for 
railways in Ireland, Feb. 14, 1847 — vote 
£10,000,000 to relieve the suffering Irish 
— appoint a committee on the Naviga- 
tion Laws, Feb. 6. 

11 Victoria. — A new House, Nov. 18 
— read, for the first time, a Bill to admit 
Jews to sit in parliament — abandon a 
proposed increase of the Income tax, Feb. 
28, 1848 — pass the Jewish Disabilities 



Bill, May 4, which the Lords reject- 
continue the existing Income tax three 
years longer — disfranchise the freemen 
of Great Yarmouth — agree to alter the 
Navigation Laws, Apr. 23, 1849 — ap- 
prove the reduction of the sugar duties, 
May 31, 1850 — pass a vote of confidence 
in ministers, in opposition to the Lords, 
June 28 — vote a monument to Sir R. 
Peel in Westmiuster Abbey, July 12 — 
negative Mr. D' Israeli's motion on agri- 
cultural distress, Feb. 13, 1851 — agree 
to Mr. Locke King's, on the franchise. 
20 ; which causes the resignation of mi- 
nisters, followed by their return to office 
— censure the Commissioners of Woods 
and Forests by a majority of one, Mar. 
11 — grant the Income tax for one year, 
May 2 — reject a vote of censure on lord 
Torrington's government of Ceylon, 29 — 
pass the Jewish Disabilities Bill again; 
and the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill, July 
4 — negative a motion for inquiry re- 
specting the Borneo pirates, 10 — refuse 
to hear Mr. Salomons or the electors of 
Greenwich at their bar, 28— adopt lord 
Palmerston's amendment on the Militia 
bill, which leads to lord John Russell's 
resignation, Feb. 21, 1852 — reject Mr. 
Locke King's motion on the county fran- 
chise, Apr. 27. 

16 Victoria. — A new house, Nov. 4 
— decline to support the earl of Derby's 
ministry, and cause him to resign, Dec. 
28 — confirm the grant to Maynooth Col- 
lege, Mar. 2, 1853— pass the Jewish Dis- 
abilities Bill, April 15, which the Lords 
again reject — continue the Income tax 
till 1860, and extend it to Ireland, May 
2 — extend the legacy duty to real pro- 
perty, July 18 — repeal the duty on ad- 
vertisements, 21 — disapprove a new Re- 
form Bill introduced by lord John Rus- 
sell, which is withdrawn, April 11, 1854 
— demand inquiry into the management 
of the war in the Crimea, Jan. 29, 1855, 
which causes the earl of Aberdeen and 
his colleagues to resign — thank sir De 
Lacy Evans for his services, Feb. 2 — 
vote the second reading of a Bill for 
the abolition of Church-rates, May 16 
— receive the report of the Crimean com- 
mittee, June 18 — in compliance with a 
strong manifestation of the popular feel- 
ing, abandon lord R. Grosvenor's Bill to 
prevent Sunday trading, July 2 — nega- 
tive Mr. Roebuck's motion of censure on 
the late government, 19 — vote £10,000 
to captain M'Clure and his crew for dis- 
covering the N.W. passage, and a monu- 
ment to sir John Franklin, 31. 
Commonwealth. See England, and Crom- 
well, Oliver. 



COM 



203 



CON 



Communion* Service, the English, intro- 
duced, 1548. 

Communists, or Socialists, strive for mas- 
tery in Fiance ; a mob of them invades 
the Hall of the National Assembly, May 
15, 1848 — raise an insurrection in Paris, 
June 23-26 — their leaders arrested or 
dispersed, Aug. 25. 

Comnena. See Anna, daughter of Alex- 
ius I. 

Comnena, Anna, or Anachoutlou, daughter 
of Alexius Ii. of Trebizond, made by a 
revolt the fourteenth sovereign of ttiat 
state, 1341 — strangled during another 
revolt, 1342. 

Comnena, Eudocia, sister of Alexius I., 
marries Nicephorus Melissenus, who re- 
bels against Nicephorus III., 1080. 

Comnena, Theodora, sister of Alexius I. 
See Constantine, Diogenes. 

Comnena, Theodora, youngest daughter of 
Alexius I. See Constantine, Angelus. 

Comnena, Theodora, daughter of Isaac 
Comnenus, grandson of Alexius I., mar- 
ries Baldwin III., k. of Jerusalem, about 
1150 — after his death, elopes with her 
cousin, Andronicus, 1163 — seized at Tre- 
bizond, and conveyed to Constantinople, 
about 1170. 

Comnenus. For the emperors of the East, 
and of Trebizond, and others of this fa- 
mily, see Alexius, Andronicus, Bash, ! 
emperors of Trebizond, David, Isaas, ( 
John, and Manuel. 

Como, conquered by the Visconti, 1276- 
1335 — lake of, see Anspkando. 

Comorn, the peace of, concluded with the 
Turks by the emperor Rudolf, 1616— in- 
vested by the Austrians; surrenders, 
1849. 

Compact, Family. See Bourbons. 

Companies of disbanded soldiers harass 
and plunder France, 1364 — enlist in the 
service of Hemy de Trastamare, 1365 — 
the Black Prince recalls them, 1367. 

Companies, Commercial. See Steel- yard 
Society, Merchant Adventurers, East 
India, and South Sea. 

Companies chartered for Settlement in 
Virginia, 1606. 

Companies of London. There are 91 in all, 
of which the principal were founded in 
the following years : — 

(Those called the 12 great companies 
are marked with an asterisk). 

Weavers 1164 'Mercers 1393 

Saddlers 1280 Cordwainers 1410 

Barber Surg. 1308 Cutlers 1417 

•Goldsmiths . . .1327 * Vintners 1437 

'Skinners 1327 'Drapers 1439 

Carpenters ...1344 *Haberdashersl447 

'Grocers 1345 Girdlers 1448 

'Fishmongers 1384 'Ironmongers 1464 



'Merch. Tailors 1466 'Salters 1558 

Pewterers 1474 Apothecaries 1617 

*Clothworkers 1482 Spectaclemak. 1630 

Lorimers 1488 Pinmakers 1636 

Coopers 1501 Needlemakers 1656 

Watermen 1550 Pattenmakers 1670 

Stationers 1556 

Compass, The Mariner's. See Birger, Jarl. 
— Said erroneously to have been invent- 
ed at Amain, by Flavio Gioja, 1302. 

Compiegne, the residence of the Carlovin- 
gian kings, where the last of them, Louis 
V., le Faineant, dies, y87. See Joan of Arc 

COMPLUTENSIAN POLYGLOT BlBLE, publish- 
ed, 1520. See Bible. 

Complutum. See Alcat.a de Henares. 

Compostella. See Santiago. 

Compton, Henry, b. 1632, bp. of London, 
objects to the jurisdiction of the ecclesi- 
astical commission, Aug. 31, 1686 — sus- 
pended by Jatnes II., Sept.9 ; reinstated, 
1688— crowns William and Mary, 1689— 
d. 1713. 

Comtat Venaissin. See Venaissin. 

Comus I. and II. See Constantinople, 
patriarchs of. 

Comvn, or Cummin, John, regent of Scot- 
land, 1302 — submits to Edward I. of Eng- 
land, 1304— is killed by Robert Bruce, 
1306. 

Conan I., IT., III., and IV. See Britanny. 

Conant, Sir N., the magistrate, b. 1745 — 
d. 1822. 

Conception built, for the seat of govern- 
ment in Chili, 1550. 

Concha, general, raises an insurrection at 
Madrid, 1841 — supports the Spanish in- 
surgents, 1854. 

Concini, marshal d'Ancre, adviser of Mai y 
de' Medici, queen regent of France, 1612 
— assassinated, 1617. 

Concord, temple of, built by Camillus,B.c. 
368 — another, by Cn. Flavius, 305 — by 
Diocletian, in the Isle of Elephantine, 
a.d. 297 — destroyed by Justinian, 531. 

Concordat of Worms, between the empe- 
ror Henry V. and pope Callistus II., 
1122 — of Nuremberg, between the elec- 
tors of Germany and pope EugeniusIV., 
1447— modified by another at Vienna, be- 
tween the emperor Frederic IV. and pope 
Nicholas V., 1448 — between Francis I. of 
France and pope Leo X., to annul the 
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 1515 — 
between Charles V., as k. of Spain, and 
pope Clement VII., 1526— between Fer- 
dinand VI. of Spain and pope Benedict 
XIV., 1753 — between Bonaparte, first con- 
sul, and pope Pius VII., to restore the 
Catholic church in France, July 15, 1801 
—adopted by the legislative body, April 
8, 1802 — inaugurated in the church ol 
Notre Dame, 18 — another, concluded be- 



CON 



204 



CON 



tween Louis XVIII. and pope Pius VII., 
but not carried into effect, 1S17— between 
Frederic William III. and pope Pius 
VII., for the regulation of the Catholics 
of Prussia, July 16, 1821. 

CondxUiine, the French traveller, Z>. 1701 
— d. 1774. 

Coxde, Louis, duke de, fifth son of Charles, 
duke de VendSme. See Bourbon. — Ar- 
rested through the influence of the Guises, 
and released, 1560 — takes up arms, in de- 
fence of the Huguenots, with Coligny, 
at Orleans, 1562 — is defeated and made 
prisoner at Dreux, Dec. 19 — fails in an 
attempt to seize the king — defeated at 
St. Denis, Nov. 10, 1567 — escapes from 
;in attempt made to seize him, 1568 — 
assassinated, 1569. 

Coxde, Henry, prince de, son of Louis, ob- 
tains assistance from queen Elizabetb, 
and, with an English fleet, relieves La 
Rochelle, 15S5-<Z. 15S8. 

Coxde, Henry II., prince de, son of Henry 
I., places himself at the head of the Hu- 
guenots, 1615 — he is arrested and impri- 
soned, 1616; released, 1619— fails in an 
attempt to take Dole, 1636 — d. Dec. 26, 
1646. 

Coxde, Louis II., prince of. son of Henry 
II., b. 1621 — while duke d'Enghien, com- 
mands the French army in the Nether- 
lands, defeats the Spanish governor, De 
Melio, at Rocroy, and annihilates his 
veteran troops, May 19, 1643 — in con- 
junction with Turenne, overcomes the 
imperial general, Mercy, at Rothweil 
and Freyburg, and takes Mentz and 
Philipsburg, 1644 — assists Turenne to 
gain his victory at Nordlingen, 1645 — 
inherits his fathers titles, 1646— fails in 
his attempt on Lerida, 1647 — defeats 
the archduke Leopold at Lens, Aug. 20, 
1648 — forms a new Fronde, 1649 — is ar- 
rested, 1650 — released, and joins the 
Spaniards— in concert with them, lays 
siege to Cognac, which the count d'Har- 
court compels him to abandon, 1651 —de- 
feats Turenne near the Faubourg St. 
Antoine, and enters Paris, July 2, 1652 
— quits Paris, and goes to the Spanish 
Netherlands, Oct. 18 — is defeated by 
Turenne at Arras, 1654 — campaign of 
1656 — is defeated at the Dunes, June 14, 
165S — is restored to his dignities and 
possessions, 1659 — conducts the war in 
the Netherlands, 1667 — conquers Franche 
Comte, 1668 — assists the invasion of 
Holland by Louis XIV., 1672 — gains the 
battle of Senef, Aug. 1, 1674 — retires 
from active service, 1675— d. 1686. 

Conde, Louis Joseph, prince of, b. 1736 — 
takes flight from Paris, July 1. 1789— d. i 
1818. i 



Coxde, Louis Henry Joseph, prince of, 5. 
1755— d. Aug. 27, 1830. 

Coxde, a fortified city in the Netherlands, 
taken by Louis XIV., 1676; by the 
allies, 1793 ; by Pichegru, 1794. 

Coxde, Dr. J. A., publishes his History of 
the Arabs in Spain, 1S20-21. 

Coxdianus, Sex. Quintilius, consul of 
Rome, 151, 160 — murdered by Conimo- 
dus, 184. See Quixtilius. 

Condillao, Etienne B., d. 1780. 

Condorcet, a member of the Committee 
of the Constitution, Sept. 29, 1792 — com- 
mits suicide, April, 1794. 

Conoottieki, conductors or leaders of mer- 
cenaries, who act a conspicuous part in 
the intestine wars of Italy during the 
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries ; the 
first condottiere company, formed by the 
disbanded soldiers of Mastino dalla 
Scala, is employed by Lodrisio Visconte 
in an attempt to surprise Milan, 1339 ; 
they become so numerous that all the 
states in Italy league against them, 
1342. See Bkaccio, Carmagnola, 
Fortebraccio, Hawkwood, Sir John ; 
Moxgardo, Arichino di j Mori ale, Fra ; 
Sforza, Warner. 

Confederation of the Rhine. See Na- 
poleon I. and Germany. 

Conference. See Common Prayer. 
Hampton Court, and Savoy, The. 

Confession of Augsburg. See Augsburg 
Confession. 

Confession. See Auricular Confession. 

Coxi i.axs, treaty of, between Louis XL of 
France and the League, " for the Public 
Good," 1465. 

Conflans, the French Admiral, defeated 
by sir Edward Hawke, near Belleisle, 
Nov. 20, 1759. 

Coxfrekie de la Passion, licensed by royal 
letters patent to exhibit sacred dramas 
or mysteries in France, 1402. 

Coxfucius (Ivungfutze), the Chinese phi- 
losopher, supposed era of, B.C. 555 — an 
interview between, and Lao-Tseu, 517 — 
death of, 479. 

CoNGiARiuM,a distribution of money by the 
emperors to the people of Rome. See 
Hadrian, 118. 

Congleton, its silk manufacture increased 
by Mr. Huskisson's measures, 1829. 

Congo, settlement formed at, to supply 
Brazil with slaves, 1578. 

Congregation, a name assumed by the 
Protestants in Scotland, 1557 — French 
troops are brought to repress them ; they 
apply to Elizabeth for assistance, 1559 — 
she sends a fleet and army, by which tha 
French are obliged to withdraw, 1560, 

Congregation of St. Maui'. See Bene- 
dictjnes. 



COtf 



205 



CON 



Congress of Laced sem on, B.C. 432 ; another, 
371 — under the mediation of Persia, 368. 

Congress of Pavia ratifies the treaty be- 
tween Berenger and Lambert, 897. " 

Congress of Ferentino, assembled by pope 
Honorius III., 1223. 

Congress. See American Congress. 

Congress of Cambray, proposed, 1722 — 
meets, 1724 — dissolved, 1725. 

Congress of Soissons, June 1, 1728— trans- 
ferred to Fontainebleau, Dec. 18; ter- 
minated by the treaty of Seville, Sept. 
28, 1729. 

Congress of Reichenbach, June 27, 1790. 

Congress of Rastadt, Dec. 9, 1797: Ap. 8, 
1799. 

Congress of Prague, July 5— Aug. 9, 1813. 

Congress of Chatillon, Feb. 4— March 18, 
1814. 

Congress of Vienna opened, Nov, 1, 1814 
— its Act completed and signed, June 9, 
1815. 

Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 29 — 
Nov. 22, 1818. 

Congress of Carlsbad, Aug. 1819— re-as- 
sembles at Vienna, Nov. 25. 

Congress of Troppau, Oct. 1820 ; continued 
at Laybach, 1821. 

Congress of Verona, decides to overthrow 
the Spanish constitution, Aug. 1822. 

Congress of Paris, fixed, Jan. 16, 1856 — 
opened, Feb. 25 ; concludes the treaty of 
peace, April 29. 

Congreve, Win., the dramatic writer, b. 
1672— d. 1729. 

Congreve, Sir William, b. 1772 — invents 
his rockets, 1803— they are used in an 
attack on Boulogne, Oct. 8, 1806 — in the 
siege of Copenhagen, Sept. 2-5, 1807— 
d. 1828. 

Coni besieged by the French under De 
Feuquieres, relieved by prince Eugene, 
1691 — repulses the French and Spaniards, 
1744 — surrendered to Bonaparte, 1796 — 
recovered by the Austrians, Dec. 4, 1799 
— given up to the French after the battle 
of iMarengo, 1800. 

Connecticut granted to Lords Say and 
Broke, 1631 — one of the first Thirteen 
United States of America, 1774. 

Conon, hist. See Archelaus, k. of Cappa- 
ducia. 

Conon elected pope, Oct. 686, d. Sept. 21, 
. 687. 

Conon defeats Callicratidas off the Argi- 
nussse, B.C. 406 — escapes to Cyprus after 
the defeat of the Athenian fleet, 405 — 
defeats the Lacedaemonians near Cnidus, 
394 — harasses the maritime districts of 
the Peloponnesus, 393 — rebuilds the 
long walls of Athens, 393 — excites the 
jealousy of the Persians; retires into 
Cyprus, and dies there, 392. 



Conon, Athenian archon, b.c. 462 — another, 
a.d. 56. 

Conrad, count of Franconia, on the failure 
of the Carlovingian line, elected king of 
Germany, 911— d. 918. 

Conrad II., duke of Franconia, elected k. 
of Germany, 1024 — cedes Schleswig to 
Canute, 1025— dissipates a conspiracy of 
count Guelf and other German nobles, 
and is crowned king of Italy, 1026 — 
crowned emperor of the West at Rome ; 
Canute and Rudolf, k. of Burgundy, at- 
tend the ceremony, 1027 — giants the 
Normans a license to defend Southern 
Italy against the Greeks, 1027 — his se- 
cretary, Wippo, writes his Life, 1027 — his 
son, Henry, crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
1028 — war with Stephen of Hungary, 
1030 — Rudolf bequeaths to him the king- 
dom of Burgundy, 1032 — overcomes 
Eudes, count .of Champagne, who claims 
Burgundy ; Henry also defeats Udalric, 
duke of Bohemia 1034 — marriage of his 
son, Henry, to Canute's daughter, Gun- 
hild, 1036 — battle of Campo Malo ; Con- 
rad arrives in Italy to repress the disor- 
ders, 1036. See Aribert, abp. of Milan. — 
Siege of Milan ; commotions at Parma ; 
in his absence Eudes seizes Bar le Due, 
is defeated and slain, 1037 — dispossesses 
Pandulfof Capua, and gives ittoGnimar; 
confirms the Normans in their fortress 
of Aversa, 1038 — his army is attacked by 
disease, which forces him to return to 
Germany ; death of Gunhild, 1038— Con- 
rad d. at Utrecht, June 4, 1039. 

Conrad III., duke of Franconia, b. 1095— 
crowned k. of Italy at Milan, excommu- 
nicated by pope Honorius II. U28 — ex- 
pelled from Italy by Lothaire II., em- 
peror of Germany, 1132— elected king of 
Germany, and founds the Hohenstaufen 
dynasty; from his castle of Wiblingen 
his party take the name of Ghibelins, 
which is extended to all their supporters 
in Italy, 1138— he defeats duke Guelf at 
Weinsberg, 1140 — his son, Henry, de- 
clared his successor; he undertakes the 
crusade, with an unfortunate result, 1147 
— prepares to leave Palestine 1148 — 
makes peace with duke Guelf; death of 
his son, Henry, 1151 — d. at Bamberg, Feb. 
15, 1152. 

Conrad IV., second son of the emperor 
Frederic II., b. 1228— k. of the Romans, 
1237 — collects an army to support his 
father against pope Innocent IV. 1246 — 
succeeds him as king of Sicily, and is 
elected king of Germany, 1250 — acknow- 
ledged by most of the temporal princes ; 
his rival, William of Holland, obtains 
but little authority ; his natural brother, 
Manfred, regent of Sicily in his absence^ 



CON 



206 



CON 



1250 — excommunicated by pope Innocent 
IV., who excites rebellions in Sicily and 
Apulia, which Manfred quells, 1251— he 
crosses into Italy, 1251 — passes into 
Apulia, having made pacific overtures, 
which are rejected by the pope ; attacks 
the adherents of the papal party, takes 
Capua, and lays siege to Naples, 1252 — it 
surrenders to him, 1253— d. May 21, 1254. 

Conrad, son of Henry IV., emperor of Ger- 
many, b. 1074 — receives from his father 
Lower Lorraine, 1076— crowned as his 
successor, 1087 — rebels against him, and 
is crowned king of Italy at Milan, 1093 
he marries Matilda, daughter of Roger, 
count of Sicily, 1095 — is excluded bv the 
diet of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1099— d. 1101. 

Conrad I. and II. See Bohemia.— Conrad 
II. accompanies the emperor Henry VI. 
into Italy, and d. at Naples, 1191. 

Conrad I. and II. See Bavaria, 1047, 
1054. 

Conrad, abp. of Treves, assassinated by 
the people, 1066. 

Conrad, duke of Masovia, attempts to con- 
vert the pagans of Prussia, 1207 — invites 
the assistance of the Teutonic Knights, 
1226 — fails in an attempt to make him- 
self regent of Poland, during the minor- 
ity of Boleslas V., 1228. 

Conrad, landgrave of Thuringen, grand- 
master of the Teutonic Knights, builds 
Elbing, 1239. 

Conrad appointed by Lothaire II. marquis 
of Tuscany, in opposition to the pope, 
1127. See" Albert. 

Conrad, k. of Burgundy, 937-993. See 
Burgundy, Lower. 

Conrad, marquis ofMontferrat, on his way 
to Palestine, marries Theodora, sister of 
Isaac Angelus, emperor of the East, and 
saves Constantinople from the Bulgari- 
ans, 1186 — repels an attack of Saladin on 
Tyre, 1187— defends Tripoli, 1188— mar- 
ries Isabella, daughter of Amalric, k. of 
Jerusalem, and is elected king, 1190 — 
assassinated, 1191. From him the titular 
kingdom of Jerusalem has descended to 
the kings of Sardinia. 

Conrad of Marburg, a Dominican, the first 
Inquisitor in Germany, put to death for 
his cruelty, 1233. 

Conradin, son of Conrad IV., emperor of 
Germany, b. 1252 — proclaimed k. of Si- 
cily — his guardian, Berthold, marquis of 
Homburg, resigns the trust to Manfred, 
1254— pope Urban IV. resists the propo- 
sal of some German princes to elect him 
k. of the. Romans, 1262— and gives Sicily 
to Charles of Anjou, 1263. See Anjou, 
Charles, count of. — Invited by the Ghi- 
beline party, and the discontented sub- 
jects of Charles, enters Italy with a large 



army — a large part of Sicily declares in 
his favour, 1267 — joined by Henry of 
Castile, and other nobles — is defeated at 
Tagliacozzo, Aug. 23 — made prisoner, 
and behsaded at Naples, Oct. 29 — the fa- 
mily of Hoheustaufeu, or Swabia, ends 
with him, 1268. 

Consarbruck, battle of — the marshal de 
Crequi defeated by the allies, 1675. 

Conscience, liberty of, proclaimed by Jas. 
II., Apr. 4, 1687. 

Conscription of 350,000 men in France, 
ordered by Napoleon after his Russian 
campaign, Jan. 11, 1813 — another for 
300,000 men, after the battle of Leipzic, 
Dec. 11. 

Consentia, now Cosenza. See Alaric, the 
Visigoth. — Destroyed by the Saracens, 
988. 

Consols, 3 per cent. See Funding System. 
— Price of, at critical periods : — 
1780; Sept., 56. 

1792 ; June and Julv, 91— Dec, 74. 
1797; May, 46— July, 52. 
1801 ; January, 55— October, 67. 
1815 ; April, 56— December, 62. 
1S17; November, 82. 
1842; December, 94$. 
1844 ; December, lOOf . 
1845; November, 96$. 
1853 ; January, 100£— September, 91£. 

Constable, Archibald, b. 1776 — involved, 
with Sir Walter Scott, in the commercial 
wreck of the year 1826— d. 1827. 

Constance, Council of, 1094. See Ade- 
laide, empress of Henry IV. — Peace of, 
between the emperor Frederic Barbaros- 
sa and the Lombard cities, 1183— Council 
of,(Seventeenth General,) opened by pope 
John XXIII., Nov. 5,1414— his two rivals 
refuse to attend— all three are deposed, 
1415 — John Huss, and Jerome of Prague, 
treacherously condemned and burnt, 1416 
— the Council elect Otho Colonna pope, as 
Martin V., 1417— closed, 1418. 

Constance, daughter of Roger I., k. of Si- 
cily, 6. 1155 — heiress of her nephew, 
William II. — married to Henry, son of 
the emperor Frederic I., and crowned 
with him at Milan, 1186 — Tancred, na- 
tural son of Roger, opposes them, 1189 — 
she is made prisoner at Salerno, and re- 
leased by him, 1191— regent for her son, 
Frederic 1., in Sicily, till her death, 
1198, 

Constance, daughter of Manfred, k. of Si- 
cily, marries Pedro, son of James I., k. 
of Aragon, 1261 — regent in Sicily for her 
son, Frederic II., 1295. 

Constance, daughter of William, count of 
Aries, married to Robert, k. of Fiance, 998. 

Constance, daughter of Philip I., k. of 
France, married to Bohemond, 1106. 



COS 



207 



CON 



Constance, daughter and heiress of Conan 
IV., duke of Britanny, betrothed to Geof- 
frey, third son of Henry II., k. of Eng- 
land, 1158 — soon after his death, gives 
birth to their son, Arthur, and governs 
Britanny in his name and her own, 1185 
— urges Philip Augustus to maintain her 
son's right to the English crown, 1199— 
she d. 1201. 

Constance, daughter of Pedro II., k. of 
Aragon,marriedtoFredericI.,k.of Sicilv, 
1209— becomes empress, 1220— d. 1222. * 

Constance, daughter of Manfred, count of 
Chiaramonte, in Sicily, married to Ladis- 
las, k. of Naples, 1389. 

Constance, daughter of Peter the Cruel, 
k. of Castile, married to John of Gaunt, 
who in her right claims Castile, 1369 — 
d. 1394. 

Constans I., the youngest son of the empe- 
ror Constantine, b. 320 — receives the title 
of Csesar, 333 — on his father's death, di- 
vides the empire with his two sur- 
viving brothers, Constantine II. and 
Constantius II., 337 — meets them in Pan- 
nonia to settle their respective domi- 
nions,338 — consul of Rome, 339 — acquires 
Constantine's share, by his defeat and 
death near Aquileia, and reigns over all 
the West of Europe, 340 — resisted by the 
Franks in Gaul, 341 — compels them to 
retire, and sue for peace — consul II,, 342 
— receives the sophist, Proseresius, at 
his court — makes an expedition into 
Britain, 343 — favours the adherents of 
the Nicene creed, who meet at Milan — 
consul III., 346 — threatens to restore 
Athanasius by force, 349 — takes flight 
from the rebel Magnentius into Spain, 
where he is murdered, near Helena (II- 
liberis), Feb. 27, 350. 

Constans II., son of Constantine III., and 
grandson of Heraclius, b. 629 — on the 
death of his father, is declared emperor 
of the East, 641 — consul of Rome, 642 — 
favours the Monothelites, 645 — issues his 
" Type," or Model of Faith, 648— orders 
the new exarch, Olympius, to force the 
adoption of it by the Western Church, 
649 — plunders many orthodox churches 
in Italy — his attempt on that of St. Mi- 
chael is repelled by Grimoald, duke of 
Beneventum, 650 — recalls Olympius, 
who had failed to introduce the " Type," 
and re-appoints Theodorus exarch of Ra- 
venna, 652— is defeated by Moawiyah in 
a naval battle off the coast of Syria, 655 
— takes the field against the Slavonians, 
and repulses them — condemns the abbot, 
Maximus, to amputation of his tongue, 
and banishment, for his opposition to 
Monothelism, 658 — rejects the terms of 
peace offered by Moawiyah, 659— com- 



pels his brother, Theodosius, to be or- 
dained a deacon, and puts him to death, 
660 — finding himself universally detest- 
ed, leaves Constantinople and goes to 
Italy, 662 — invades Beneventum — re- 
treats on the approach of Grimoald — is 
attacked and defeated by Micola, count 
of Capua — visits Rome, and carries 
away the brazen tiles of the Pantheon, 
and whatever he can seize, and retires 
to Syracuse, 663 — distresses Sicily, and 
Southern Italy, by heavy taxes, 665 — de- 
clares Maurus bp. of Ravenna, exempt 
from the authority of Rome, and instructs 
Gregory, the exarch, to enforce his edict, 
666— assassinated in a bath at Syracuse, 
July 15, 668. 

Constans, Fl., consul of Rome, 414. 

Constans, son of the rebel emperor Con- 
stantine, proclaimed Caesar by his father, 
407 — sent by him to reduce Spain, where 
he overcomes the uncles of Honorius, 408 
— made prisoner and put to death by 
Gerontius, 411. 

Constant, Benjamin, ft. 1767— votes against 
giving the imperial title to Bonaparte, 
1804— d. 1830. 

Constantly, sister of the emperor Con- 
stantine, marries his colleague, Licinius, 
313 — obtains from her brother a promise 
to spare her husband's life, 323 — which 
promise he violates, 324. 

Constantia Postuma, daughter of Con- 
stantius II., i. after the death of her 
father, 361 — carried by her mother, 
Faustina, to the camp of the rebel Pro- 
copius, 365 — married to Gratian, son of 
the emperor Valentinian, 374. 

Constantiantts, Comes Stdbuli, sent from 
Dalmatia to command in Ravenna, 540 — 
ambassador from Justinian I. to Persia. 
543 — concludes a truce with Chosroes, 
545. 

Constantlna, daughter of Constantine I., 
married to her cousin, Hannibalianus ; 
spared when he is murdered by her 
brothers, 338 — married to another cousin, 
Gallus, when he is appointed Caesar, and 
sent to govern the East, 351 — commits 
great cruelties at Antioch, 353 — d. on her 
journey to Milan, 354. 

Constantina, daughter of Tiberius IL, 
married to Maurice, 582 — tortured and 
then beheaded by Phocas, 605. 

Constantine I., or the &reat, son of Con- 
stantius Chlorus, b. atNaissus, inMcesia, 
Feb. 27, 274 — accompanies Diocletian to 
the Persian war, 297 — joins his father in 
Britain, on whose death he is proclaimed 
emperor, July 21, 306 — takes possession 
of Gaul, checks the persecution of the 
Christians in the West, meets Maxi- 
mian at Aries, and marries his daughter 



COIN" 



208 



con 



Constantine I.— continued. 
Fausta ; consul of Home, 307 — acknow- 
ledged as Augustus by Galerius; allows 
Maximian to hold nominal power at Ins 
court, 308— averts from Gaul the inroads 
of the Franks and Allemanni, and alle- 
viates the weight of taxation, 309 — de- 
feats an attempted usurpation of Maxi- 
mian, who is made a prisoner and put to 
death — hears the 6th Panegyric of Eu- 
menius at Autun, 310 ; and grants a re- 
mission of taxation to that city, 311. 

Defeats Maxentius, enters Rome, dis- 
bands the praetorian guards, and is mas- 
ter of all Western Europe— consul II., 
312 — enters into a league of amity with 
Licinius at Milan, and gives him his 
sister, Constantia, in marriage — consul 
III., 313 — at war with him ; defeats him, 
Oct. 8, at Cibalis, in Fannonia, and after- 
wards on the plains of Mardia, in Thrace; 
and, by a treaty of peace, acquires most 
of his provinces in Europe, 314 — issues 
an edict against infanticide, May 12, at 
Naissus — another, Oct. 18, at Margillus, 
by which he condemns to be burnt alive 
any Jews who persecute converts from 
their sect to Christianity — consul IV., 
315 — decides in favour of Cajciliau 
against the Donatists, 316— gives to his 
sons, Crispus and Constantine, the title 
of Csesar, 317 — takes the command on 
the frontier of the Danube, where the 
Goths threaten irruption — consul V., 
319— consul VI., 320 — defeats them and 
the Sarmatians at Campona, Margus, 
Bononia, and other places — for his edict 
of March 8, see Aruspices. — By two 
others, of March 7 and June 2, prescribes 
the observance of Sunday as a day of 
rest and religious worship, 321. 

Repairs the bridge of Trajan; pur- 
sues the repulsed tribes into the former 
province of Dacia, and compels them to 
make peace, 322 — renews hostilities with 
Licinius; defeats him near Hadrianople, 
July 3; and at Chrysopolis, Sept. 28 — 
compels him to resign, and remains sole 
emperor — by an edict, issued at Sirmium, 
May 25, inflicts punishment on all who 
exact from Christians observance of hea- 
then ceremonies. 323 — puts Licinius to 
death. See Constantia. — Founds Con- 
stantinople, 324 — attends at some de- 
bates in the council of Nice ; sanctions 
the creed adopted there ; punishes the 
Arians; and, by a law, enacted at Be- 
rytus, Oct. 1, prohibits combats of gla- 
diators, which are nevertheless con- 
tinued, 325 — celebrates, at Rome, the 
completion of 20 years of his reign — 
orders his son, Crispus, to be put to 
death on false accusations, and the son 



of Licinius — consul VII., 326— the em- 
press, Fausta said to have been put to 
death f doubted byGibbonandNiebuhr) — 
Drepanum, in Bithynia.made a city, and 
named Helenopolis, in honour of his 
mother, Helena, 827 — relaxes the severe 
laws against the Arians, 328 — consul 
VIIL, 329 — dedicates Constantinople, 
May 22, 330— sends his son, Constantine, 
to protect the Sarmatians against the 
Goths, 332. See Araric. 

Gives the title of Csesar to his son, 
Constans ; obtains for the Christians in 
Persia relief from the persecution caused 
by the Magi : and, by an edict of Sept. 27, 
exempts medical men and professors of 
literature from military service and. 
public offices, 333 — grants settlements in 
Thrace and Macedon to Sarmatian re- 
fugees, 334 — gives the title of Cajsar to 
his nephew, Dalmatius, and makes an- 
other nephew, Hannibalianus, king of 
Pontus: has an interview with Athana- 
sius at Constantinople ; and dedicates a 
church at Jerusalem, 335 — is baptized 
by Eusebius, the Avian bishop of Nico- 
media, and soon aftev d., near that city, 
in the village of Achyrona, May 22, 337. 
His Life written ; see Eusebius of Cae- 
savea. — His pvetended gift to the bishop 
of Rome, first alleged, 1105. 

Constantine II., son of Constantine I., 
proclaimed Csesar, 317 — consul of Rome, 
320; consul II., 321; consul III., 324; 
consul IV., 329— defeats the Goths, 332 
— on his father's death, divides the em- 
pire with his brothers, Constantius II. 
and Constans, 337 — meets them to settle 
the limits of their respective portions, 
and concurs with them in putting their 
cousins to death, 338 — dissatisfied with 
his shave, attempts to gain more by force 
of arms, and is defeated and slain by 
Constans, neav Aquileia, 340. 

Constantine, a pvivate soldiev, vevolts in 
Bvitain, and is acknowledged emperor — 
proclaims his son, Constans, Csesar, and 
acquires those parts of Gaul -which are 
not occupied by the Germans, 407 — 
sends his son to reduce Spain, 408— is 
attacked by Gerontius, 409— besieged by 
him in Aries; surrenders to Constan- 
tius, the general of Honorius, is sent to 
Ravenna, and executed, 411. 

Constantine III. (called also Heraclius 
II.), emperor of the East, son of Hera- 
clius I., b. May 3, 612 — crowned Au- 
gustus by his father, 613 — consul of 
Rome, 617— driven out of Syria by the 
Saracens, 638 — on his father's death, 
reigns conjointly with his half-brother, 
Heracleonas, Feb. 10, 641 — poisoned, 
May 24. 



CON 



209 



CON 



Constantine, another son of Heraclius I., 

so called, b. 615. 
Constantine IV., Pogonatus, emperor of 
the East, son of Constans II., crowned 
Augustus by his father, 654 — succeeds 
him on the throne, 668 — arrives in Sicily 
with a fleet and army ; subdues and kills 
the rebel Mecezius — from the growth of 
his beard, during this expedition, is 
called Pogonatus, 669- treats his brothers 
cruelly ; gives the title of Augustus to 
his son, Justinian; and obtains the fa- 
vour of the church by remitting the pay- 
ment made on the election of a new 
pope, 681 — sends to Rome locks of hair 
of his two sons, in token of their adop- 
tion by the church, 684— d. 685. 
Constantine V., Copronymus, son of Leo 
III., b. 718-crowned by his father, 720 
— marries a Tartar or Turkish princess, 
who takes the name of Irene, 733 — be- 
comes emperor, and is troubled by the 
rebellion of Artavasdus, 741 — finally de- 
feats him ; forbids theworship of images, 
to which the Western church neverthe- 
less adheres ; but Rome still maintains 
allegiance to him in civil matters, 743 — 
defeated by the Bulgarians at Batagaba 
— birth of his son, Leo, 750 — gives him 
the title of Augustus, 751 — he makes 
fresh efforts to abolish image-worship, 
and check the increase of monasteries, 
752 — calls a council at Constantinople, 
to remove images from churches, 754 — 
sends a fruitless embassy to claim the 
exarchate of Ravenna, 755 — courts the 
favour of Pepin, and sends him the first 
organ known in France, 757 — threatens 
to recover by force his lost Italian pro- 
vinces, 761 — his persecution of image- 
worshippers vainly protested against by 
pope Paul I., 762 — sends an embassy to 
Pepin relative to image worship, 764: — 
loses by shipwreck a large fleet convey- 
ing troops to oppose the Bulgarians, 766 
— d. Sept. 14, 775. 
Constantine VI., emperor of the East, 
son of Leo IV., b. 771 — succeeds his fa- 
ther, with his mother, Irene, regent, 780. 
See Irene. — Affianced by her to Rotru- 
dis, daughter of Charlemagne, 781 — com- 
pelled by her to break the contract, and 
marry Maria, a Paphlagonian, whom he 
dislikes, 788— divests Irene of all power, 
and puts her minister, Stauracius, to 
death, 790— divorces Maria, and marries 
Theodota, one of her attendants, 795 — 
having made himself unpopular by this 
marriage, Irene deposes him, puts out 
his eyes, and usurps the throne; from 
which time he lingers many years in 
obscurity, 797. 
Constantine VII., emperor of the East, 



a son of Theophilus, known only on coins. 
See Constantine X. 
Constantine VIII., son of the emperor 
Basil I., crowned by his father, 868- d. 
879. 
Constantine IX., emperor of the East, son 
of Romanus 1 , Lecapenus, proclaimed 
by his father, on the death of his brother, 
Christopher, 931 — deposes his father, 
and is himself deposed by Constantine 
X., 944. 
Constantine X., or VII., or XL, PorpTiyro- 
genitus, emperor of the East, son of Leo 
VI., b. 905 ; (called by his historians and 
chronologists Constantine V1L, by nu- 
mismatists, X. and XL; he is placed 
here according to Eckhel)— succeeds his 
father, with his uncle, Alexander, as 
acting colleague, 911. See Alexander, 
emperor of the East.— His mother, Zoe, 
assumes the regency, 912. See Zoe.— 
Romanus Lecapenus confines her in e 
convent, makes himself joint emperor 
with Constantine, to whom he gives 
his daughter, Helena, in marriage , 
and gives the title of Augustus to his 
three sons, who take precedence of Con- 
stantine, 919. See Romanus I., and Con- 
stantine IX.— Marriage of his son, Ro- 
manus, to Bertha, natural daughter of 
Hugh, k. of Italy, 943— assumes the im- 
perial power, and appoints his own son, 
Romanus, his colleague, 944-his brother- 
in-law, Lothaire, applies to him for pro- 
tection against Berenger, who sends 
Liutprand on an embassy to him, 948 — 
supposed to be poisoned, Nov. 15, 959. 
Constantine, Ducas, rebels against Con- 
stantine X., and is slain in the contest, 912. 
Constantine, Diogenes, son of Romanus 
IV., b. before his lather's elevation to 
the throne ; marries Theodora C'omnena ; 
sister of the future emperor, Alexius I. 
— slain in battle agaiust the Seljuk 
Turks in Syria, 1078. 
Constantine XI. (called also VII., IX., 
and XII.), son of Romanus II., and Theo- 
phano, b. 959; proclaimed with his bro- 
ther, Basil, colleague of John Zimisces, 
969. See Basil II. — Joint emperor with 
his brother, 976 — sole emperor, 1025 — 
sends an expedition against Sicily, which 
fails, 1026— d. Nov. 12, 1028. 
Constantine XII., Monotnachus (called 
also IX., X., and XIIL), a Byzantine 
noble ; marries Zoe, daughter of Con- 
stantine XL, and is made emperor of 
the East, 1042 — revolt of Maniaces — he 
is driven out of Italy, and slain at 
Durazzo — the fourth attack of the Rus- 
sians on Constantinople, repulsed, 1043 
— the catapan, Eustasius, defeated by 
the Normans at Trani, 1046 — Constan- 
p 



CON 



210 



CON 



tine is urged by pope Leo IX. to check 
their progress, and direct3 Argyrus to 
oppose them, 1051— d. 1054. 

Uomstantine XIII., Ducas (called also X., 
XI., and XIV.), selected by Isaac I., 
Comnenu8. to succeed him as emperor of 
the East, 1059— employs Michael Psellus 
to educate his son, 1063— d. 1067. 

Constantine, Dncas, son of Constantine 
XI II., and nominal colleague of his bro- 
ther, Michael VII. ; is called by some 
Constantine XII., 1071— proclaimed em- 
peror by a part of the army, delivered up 
to Nicephorus III., and immured in a 
monastery, 1078. 

Constantine, Ducas, Porphyrogenitus. son 
of Michael VII., affianced to Helena, 
daughter of Robert Guiscard; the con- 
tract broken by his father's dethrone- 
ment, 107S — betrothed afterwards to 
Anna Comnena; d. before they are mar- 
ried. 

Constantine, Angelus, a noble of Phila- 
delphia, and founder of the family great- 
ness, marries Theodora Comnena, young- 
est daughter of Alexius I.— commands 
the Byzantine fleet, and is defeated by 
the Sicilians, 1152. 

Constantine XIV., Palseologus (called 
also XI., XII., XIII., and XV.), son of 
Manuel IT., and brother of John VI., 
emperor of Constantinople, appointed 
despot of Clarentza, in the Morea, 1427 
— he sends Phranza to treat for the sur- 
render of Athens and Thebes, 1435 — 
visits Constantinople, and is selected by 
his brother heir to the imperial throne, 
1436 — employs Phranza to treat with the 
sultan Amurath, 1437 — attacked by 
Amurath ; deputes Chalcocondylas to 
propose terms of peace, 1445— he is al- 
lowed to retain his despotat as a tribu- 
tary of the Porte, 1446 — succeeds his 
brother as emperor of Constantinople, 
1448— sends Phranza to Trebizond and 
Georgia to negotiate a marriage for him, 
1451 — Mahomet II., sultan of the Otto- 
mans, prepares to attack C.P., 1451 ; and 
erects a fort at Asomaton, 1452 — Constan- 
tine makes preparations for defence, 
1452 — Mahomet forms the siege, Apr. 6; 
takes the city, May 29 — death of Con- 
stantine, last emperor of the East, 1453. 

Constantine, k. of Scotland, 862-880. 

Constantine III., k. of Scotland, 904 — re- 
cognises the supremacy of Athelstan, 
926— retires into a monastery, 944. 

Constantine IV., k. of Scotland, 994. 

Constantine, elected pope, Mar. 25, 708 — 
sets out for Constantinople by order of 
Justinian II., 710 — is honourably re- 
ceived by the emperor, and dismissed 
back to Rome. 711— d. Sep* 8, 715. 



Constantine, surreptitiously occupies the 
papal chair, 767 — deposed, 768— his acta 
are annulled by the council of Rome — he 
is blinded by the people, led into the as- 
sembly, insulted and beaten, 769. See 
Anti-popes. 

Constantine I., II., III. and IV. See 
Const anti ople, Patriarchs of. 

Constantine, governor of Spoleto, attempts 
to assassinate Belisarius, and is put to 
death, 538. 

Constantine, Paulowitz, grand duke of 
Russia, second son of the czar Paul I., b. 
May 8, 1779 — signs a secret renunciation 
of his claims to the throne in favour of 
his next brother, Nicholas, 1822 — is 
driven from Warsaw by the Polish in- 
surgents, Nov. 29, 1830, d. at Minsk 
June 27, 1831. 

Constantine, Sylvanus, founds the Pauli- 
cian sect, 651 — is put to death by Con- 
stantine Pngonatus, 678. 

Constantine, a town in Algeria, besieged 
by the duke de Nemours, and the gov.- 
gen. Damremont, Oct. 1, 1837 — the latter 
killed ; gen. Valee takes the place, 13— 
the bey Achmet escapes. 

Constantinople. See Byzantium.— 
Founded by Constantine I.. 324— dedi- 
cated, May 22, 330 — a council held at, 
re-admits Arius into the church, 336 — 
in the first division of the empire, allot- 
ted to the eldest brother, Constantine II., 
337— relinquished by him to Constan- 
tius II. 338 — violent commotions and 
bloodshed in opposition to the appoint- 
ment of Macedonius as bishop, 352 — the 
cathedral of St. Sophia dedicated, 360 — 
the second general council a scene of 
turbulence and ambitious strife, May to 
July 30, 381 — tumults caused by the 
persecution of Arians, 3S8 — council of. to 
decide the claims of Agapius and Ba- 
gadius to the bishopric of Bostra, 394 — 
a council deposes Chrysostom, June 20, 
404. See Chrysostom, Joannes. 

A fire rages for three days, 433— Circus 
factions slaughter each other, 445— the 
city is devastated by five, pestilence, and 
famine, 446 — the misery is aggravated by 
an earthquake, which throws down a 
part of the walls and towers, 447 — a 
council against Eutyches, Nov. 8-22, 448 
— he is formally condemned by another, 
Aug. 449— a fire, Sept. 2, 465 — an earth- 
quake during forty days, Sept. 24, 480 — 
successive tumults — the Hippodrome 
burnt, 491 — the statues of Anastasius 
thrown down, 493 — a sedition raised, 498 
— the circus factions slaughter 3000, 
501. 

Anastasius builds the long wall— re- 
newed bloody encounters of the circus fac- 



CON" 



211 



CON 



Constantinople — continued. 
tions. 507 — an extensive and destructive 
fire, 509 — blockaded by Vitalianus, 514 
— a riotous council condemns all here- 
tics, July 15, 518— another displaces and 
restores many bishops, March 26, 519 — 
the blue faction, or Veneti, favoured at 
court, commit many acts of violence — 
another council appoints Epiphanius 
bishop, Feb. 25, 520 — the violent sedition 
called Nike, quelled by the military 
forces of Belisarius and Mundo; the 
church of St. Sophia destroyed by the 
insurgents, 532— rebuilt by Justinian I., 
and consecrated, 538 — a council deposes 
the bishop Anthimus, and appoints 
Menas, 536 — the fifth general council 
condemns Origen, and the " Three 
Chapters," 553. 

Earthquakes, 554 and 557 — by which 
part of the dome of St. Sophia is over- 
thrown ; restored by Justinian, and re- 
dedicated, 562 — threatened by the Bul- 
garians, and saved by Belisarius, 559 — 
renewed tumults of the blue and green 
factions, Nov. 561, and May, 562 — be- 
sieged by the Persians, under Chosroes 
II., at Chalcedon, and by the Avars, who 
break through the long wall ; but aban- 
don the siege, Aug. 8, 626 — besieged by 
the Mahonimedans, under Yezid, son of 
Moawiyah, 668 — they repeat their at- 
tacks yearly— the Greek fire is used suc- 
cessfully against them, 673 — the siege 
is finally abandoned, 675. 

The sixth general council confirms all 
previous decisions against the Monothe- 
lites, and reconciles, for a time, the east- 
ern and western churches, Nov. 1, 680, to 
Sep. 16, 681— council of, called " Quini- 
sextum in Trullo," not acknowledged by 
the western church, 691 — again besieged 
by the Mahommedans, under Mosleimah, 
brother of the caliph Soliman, 716— de- 
fended by the emperor Leo III., 717 — 
the siege again abandoned, 718— a coun- 
cil ordains the removal of images from 
churches, 754 — another, called in favour 
of image worship, is violently dispersed 
by the citizens and military, 786— ano- 
ther annuls all decrees against Icono- 
clasts, 815— besieged by Thomas, a Cap- 
padocian slave, 822. 

A council called by the empress The- 
odora, restores the worship of images, 
Feb. 19, 842 — another, in favour of Ig- 
natius, the deposed patriarch, and against 
Fhotius, 858 — first attack of the Rus- 
sians dispersed by a storm, 865 — a council 
called by Photius excommunicates pope 
Nicholas I., 867 — another, Nov. 23, de- 
poses Photius — the eighth general coun- 
cil reinstates Ignatius, and anathema 



tizes all Iconoclasts, Oct. 5, 869, to Feb. 
8, 870 — attacked by the Russians with a 
large naval force, 904— besieged by the 
Bulgarians, 923 — third attack of the Prus- 
sians under Igor I., repelled by Romanus 
I., 941 — attacked a fourth time by the 
Russians, 1043— attacked by Nicephorus 
Botaniates, from the East; and Nicepho- 
rus Bryennius, from the West, 1077 — 
taken by Alexius Comnenus, Apr. 1, 
1081. 

The gates shut against the first cru- 
saders, 1097 — insulted by George Anti- 
ochenus, the Sicilian admiral, 1148 — 
disturbed by the combats of the Pisan and 
Genoese traders within its walls, 1162^ 
tumults, and murder of the emperor Au 
dronicus I., ,1185 — attacked by the Bui 
garians and Wallachians, and saved by 
Conrad of Montferrat, 1186. See Conrad, 
marquis of Montferrat. — Taken by the 
adventurers of the fourth crusade, July 
18, 1203 — tumults of the Greeks, who 
elect Mourzoufle emperor — besieged, and 
taken again by the Latins, Apr. 9, 1204 
— the Greek population offended by the 
procedings of the papal legate, Pelagius, 
1211 — John Vataces approaches and 
threatens to recover the city from the 
Latins, 1235— besieged by Michael Pa- 
lseologus, 1260 — taken by surprise by 
Strategopulus, July 25, 1261. 

Taken by Andronicus, the youngei*, 
from his grandfather, 1328 — John Can- 
tacuzene advances to the gates, 1346. 
See Cantacuzene, and John V. and 
VI., emperors of the East. — Saved by 
the approach of Timour from the pro- 
jected attack of Bajazet I., 1400— be- 
sieged by the sultan Amurath II., the 
siege raised, 1423 — Mahomet II. pre- 
pares for the siege, and Constantine 
XIV. for the defence, 1451-52 — besieged 
by Mahomet, April 6 — taken by assault, 
May 29, 1453 — destruction of 12,000 
buildings, and 7000 lives lost, by a fire, 
Sep. 27, 1729— revolution at, 180S. See 
Turkey. — Massacre of the Greeks ; their 
patriarch put to death, 1821— suppression 
and massacre of the janizaries, 1826. 
Constantinople, bishops and patriarchs 
of: Metrophanes, bp. of Byzantium, d. 
326, when 

1. Alexander is appointed first bishop 
of the new capital. 

2. Eusebius of Nicomedia, 340- Sue 
Eusebius. 

3. Paulus L, 342. See Paulus. 

4. Macedonius I., 342. See M^CEno- 

NIUS. 

5. Eudoxius, 359. See ANTiocH,bps.of. 

6. Demophilus, 370. See Demuphii.vs 

7. Evagrius, 370. See Evagrius. 

v 2 



CON 



212 



C02T 



Constantinople— continued. 

8. Gregory of Nazianzus, 380. See 
Gregory. 

9. Nectarius, 381. See Arians. 

10. Joan. Chrysostom, 398. See Chry- 
sostom. 

11. Arsacius, 404-406. 

12. Atticus, 406-426. 

13. Sisinnius, 426. See Sisinnius. 

14. Nestorius, 428. See Nestorius. 

15. Maximianus, 431-434. 

16. Proclus, 434-447. 

17. Flavianus, 447. See Flavian. 

18. Anatolius, 449-458. 

19. Gennadius, 458-471. 

20. Acacius, 471. See Acacius. 

21. Fravitta, 489, d. in three months. 

22. Euphemius, 489 — deposed and ba- 
nished by Anastasius I., 496. 

23. Macedonius II., 496 — deposed and 
banished by Anastasius I., 511. 

24. Timotheus, 511-518. 

25. John II., 518-520. 
Epiphanius, 520-535. 
Anthimus obtains the patriarchate 

through the influence of the empress 
Theodora, 535. See Anthimus. 
Menas, 536-552. 

Eutychius, 552 — deposed by Justin 
II., 565— restored, 577-582. 
John III., 565-577. 
John IV., 582-595. 

32. Cyriacus, 595. See Cyriacus. 

33. Thomas, 607-610. 

34. Sergius, 610. See Sergius. 

35. Pyrrhus, 639 — deposed, 641 — re- 
stored, 655— d. in five months. 
Paulus II., 641-655. 
Peter, 655-666. 
Thomas II., 666-668. 
John V., 668-674. 
Constantine I., 674-676. 

41. Theodore I., 676— deposed, 678— re- 
stored, 683-686. 

42. George I., 678-683. 

43. Paulus III., 686-693. 

44. Callinicus I., 693— deposed and ba- 
nished by Justinian II., 705. 

45. Cyrus, 705 — ejected by Philippicus, 
712. 

46. John VI., 712-715. 

47. Germanus I., 715 — deposed by the 
emperor Leo III., 730. 

48. Anastasius I., 730-754. 

49. Constantine II., 754-766. 

50. Nicetas I., 766-780. 

51. Paulus IV., 780 — induced by the 
empress Irene to resign, 784. 

52. Tarasius, chief secretary, made pa 
triarch by Irene, to assist in restor- 
ing image worship, 784— d. 806. 

53. Nicephorus, 806. See Nicephorus. 

54. Theodotns MeUssenus, appointed 



26. 

27. 



28. 
29. 

30. 
31. 



36. 
37. 

38- 
39. 
40. 



by the emperor Leo V., holds a coun« 
cil to annul all decrees against Ico- 
noclasts, 815-821. 

55. Antonius I., 821-832. 

56. John VII., 832. See John the 
Grammarian. 

57. Methodius I., 842. See Methodius. 

58. Ignatius, 846. See Ignatius. 

59. Photius, 857. See Photius. 

60. Stephen I , brother of the emperoi 
Leo VI., 886-893. 

61. Antonius II., 893-895. 

62. Nicholas I., 895 —excommunicates 
the emperor Leo VI., for having 
married a fourth wife, and is de- 
posed, 905 — restored after Leo's 
death, 911-925. 

63. Euthymius I., 905-911. 

64. Stephen II., the eunuch, translated 
from Amasia, 925-928. 

65. Tryphon, 928— deposed, 932— and 
the see remains a year vacant. 

66. Theophylact, son of the emperor 
Rom anus I., 933 — killed by one of his 
horses, 956. 

67. Polyeuchus, 956-970. 

68. Basil I., a monk of Mount Olympus, 
appointed by John Zimisces, 970 — 
accused of treason, deposed and ba- 
nished to a monastery on the Sea- 
man der, 974. 

69. Antonius III., abbot of Studion, 
974-5 — the see vacant. 

70. Nicholas II., 983-995. 

71. Sisinnius II., 995-999. 

72. Sergius II., 999-1019. 

73. Eustathius, 1019-1025. 

74. Alexis or Alexius, 1025-1043. 

75. Michael I., Cerularius, or Kerou- 
laiius, 1043. See Michael Ceru- 
larius. 

76. Constantine III., Leichudes, prime 
minister, made patriarch by Isaac 
Comnenus, 1059-1063. 

77. John VIII., Xiphilin, 1063-1075. 

78. Comus L, 1075-1081. 

79. Eustratus Garidas, 1081 — deposed 
by Alexius Comnenus for favouring 
Platonic opinions, 1084. 

80. Nicholas III., the grammarian, 1084 
condemns Basil, the Bogomilian he- 
retic, 1110— d. 1111. 

81. John IX., 1111-1134. 

82. Leo Stypiota, 1134-1143. 

83. Michael II., 1143-1149. 

84. Comus II., or Kosmas Atticus, 1146 
—deposed for heresy, 1147. 

85. Nicholas IV., 1147-1151. 

86. Theodore II., 1151-1154. 

87. Constantine IV., 1154-1156. 

88. Lucas Chrysoberges, 1156-1159. 

89. Michael III., 1159-1177. 

90. Chariton, 1177- 1178. 



CCXN" 



213 



cox 



Constantinople— continued. 

91. Theodosius Borradiotes, .1178. See 

BORRADIOTES. 

92. Basil II., 1183-1186. 

93. Nicetas II., 11S6-1190. 

94. Leontius Thootocites, 1190-1191. 

95. Dositheus, 1191-1193. 

96. George II., Xiphilin, 1193-1198. 

97. John X., Kamateros, brother of the 
empress Euphrosyne, 1198— on the 
taking of Constantinople by the 
Latins; retires to Didymoteichos (De- 
motica), 1204— resigns the patriarch- 
ate, 1206. 

98. Thomas Morosini, first Latin patri- 
arch, 1204 — excommunicates his 
Greek clergy. 

99. Michael IV., Greek patriarch at 
Nicsea, 1206-1213. 

100. Theodore III., 1213-1215. 

101. Maximus I., 1215. 

102. Manuel I., 1215-1221. 

103. Germanus II., 1221-1240. 

104. Methodius II., 1240-1244. 

105. Manuel II., 1244-1255. 

106. Arsenius, a lay brother, in a mo- 
nastery, appointed patriarch by 
Theodore Lasearis II., and crowns 
him at Nicaea, 1255. See Arsenius. 
— Banished by the emperor Michael 
to Proconnesus, 1266. 

107. Germanus III., 1266— resigns, 1267. 

108. Joseph I., confessor of Michael 
VIII., made patriarch ; grants him 
absolution, 1267 — refuses to sanction 
the union of the Greek and Latin 
churches, and is deposed, 1274 — re- 
stored by Andronicus II., 1282— d, 
1283. 

109. John XL, Veccus, 1274 — deposed, 
1282. 

110. Gregory II., (George of Cyprus), 
1283 — writes a tract, which is con- 
demned as heterodox, and he is com- 
pelled to resign, 1289. 

111. Athanasius I., a rigid monk, 1289 — 
attempts to reform the church, of- 
fends court and clergy, and resigns, 
1293 — restored, 1303— resigns again, 
1311. 

112. John XII., 1293— forced to abdicate, 
1303. 

113. Niphon I., bp. of Cyzicus, after a 
vacancy of two years, 1313 — deposed 
for simony, 1314. 

114. John XIII., Glukus, 1316 — resigns 
on account of ill health, 1320. 

115. Gerasimus, a deaf and ignorant 
monk, 1320— d: 1321. 

116. Isaiah, 1323— imprisoned for refus- 
ing to omit the name of Andronicus 
the younger in the public prayers, 
1327— released by him, 1328— d. 1333. 



117. John XIV., of Apri, 1333— tutor of 
John, son of Andronicus III., 1339— 
supports the regent Anne of Savoy 
against Cantacuzene, 1341 — deposed 
by a council of bishops for discredit- 
ing the light of mount Thabor, 1347. 

118. Isidore L, 1347-1350. 

119. Callistus I., 1350— connives at the 
misappropriation of the money sent 
from Kussia to repair the church of 
St. Sophia; deposed for refusing to 
crown Matthew Cantacuzene, 1354 — 
restored by John V., 1355-1362. 

120. Philotheus crowns Matthew Canta- 
cuzene, 1354 — deposed, 1355 — re- 
stored, 1362. 

121. Macarius, 1376-1379. 

122. Nilus, 1379-1387. 

123. Antonius IV., 1387-1396. 

124. Callistus II., 1396-1398. 

125. Matthew I., 1398-1410. 

126. Euthymius II., 1410-1416. 

127. Joseph II., 1416— attends the em- 
peror John VI. to Ferrara and Flo- 
rence, 1438— d. 1440. 

128. Metrophanes II., of Cyzicus, at- 
tempts in vain to complete the 
union of the two churches, 1440-1445. 

129. Gregory III., 1445-1453. 

130. Gennadius II., (Georgius Scolarius, 
who had attended the council of Fer- 
rara, and on his return reprobated 
the union), is allowed, by Mahomet 
II. to be appointed patriarch, 1453. 
His successors are little known, and 
no general interest attaches to them. 

Constantinus, PL, Praetorian prefect, re- 
pairs the injury done to Augusta (Augs- 
burg) by an earthquake, 447, consul of 
Borne, 457. 

Constantius I. Chlorus, receives from 
Diocletian the title of Caesar, and is ap- 
pointed to administer the affairs of 
Thrace and Illyricum, 292 — consul of 
Rome, 294 — resettles the government of 
Britain; consul II., 296— consul III., 300 
—consul IV., 302 — takes the title of Au- 
gustus after the resignation of Diocletian 
and Maximian, consul V., 305 — consul 
VI. — joined by his son Constantine in 
Britain; d. at York, July 21, 306. 

Constantius II., son of the emperor Con- 
stantine I., o. 317 — appointed Caesar, Nov. 
8, 323 — consul of Rome, 335— married to his 
cousin, (her name not known), daughter 
of Julius Constantius and sister of 
Julian, 336 — on his father's death be- 
comes joint Augustus with his two bro- 
thers, 337 — meets them in Pannonia to 
settle their respective jurisdictions ; re- 
ceives Constantinople as part of hia 
share; takes the lead in the massacre 
of their uncles and cousins, and of hia 



CON 



214 



COtf 



Constantius II. — continued. 
father's ministers, 338 — unsuccessful 
campaign against the Persians ; consul 
1 1 ., 339— issues a decree at Antioch, Mar. 
31, prohibiting marriage between uncles 
and nieces as incestuous, and making it 
a capital crime, 339 — consul III., 342 — 
exempts all ecclesiastics and their pro- 
perty from new imposts, 343 — consul IV., 
346 — prepares to resume hostilities 
against Sapor; hears the first oration of 
Themistius at Ancyra, 347 — favours the 
Arians; is compelled by the threats of 
Constans to allow the return of Athana- 
sius to Alexandria, 349 — revolt of Mag- 
nentius ; Vetranio sent against him, 
assumes the purple ; Constantius has an 
interview with Vetranio, and persuades 
him to lay down his arms ; the death of 
Constans leaves him sole emperor ; be- 
comes jealous of Julian, and sends him 
to Nicomedia, 350 — gives his cousin, 
Gallus, the title of Caesar, makes him 
take the name of Constantius, and de- 
putes him to govern the East at Antioch ; 
defeats Magnentius at Mursa, in Panno- 
nia, Sep. 28, 351— consul V., 352— totally 
defeats Magnentius, who kills himself; 
marries Eusebia ; consul VI., 353 — orders 
Gallus to be beheaded ; repulses the 
Allemanni. See Allemanni.— Consul 
YLL, 354 — is persuaded by Eusebia to 
recall Julian, and appoint him Csesar, 
with the command in Gaul, 355. — Consul 
VIII., 356— visits Rome, and presents to 
the city an obelisk from Egypt ; thence 
proceeds into Rhsetia ; consul IX., 357 — 
crosses the Danube, and again concludes 
paace with the Quadi and Sarmatians, 
358 — sends Ursicinus into the east, 359 — 
sets out to take the command against 
Sapor ; orders a part of the army in 
Gaul to join him ; the troops unwilling 
to obey, proclaim Julian emperor ; is 
repulsed by Sapor at Bezabde, and win- 
ters at Antioch ; consul X., 360 — rejects 
the pacific overtures of Julian, and d. 
on his march to Europe at Mopsucrene, 
Nov. 3, 361. 

Constantius, Julius, brother of the em- 
peror Constantine I., father of Gallus, 
Julian, and of the first wife of Constan- 
tius II.; consul of Rome, 327 — murdered 
by his nephews, 338. 

Constantius, Flavius, the name given to 
Gallus, 351 — consul of Rome, 352; II., 
353 ; III., 354. See Gallus. 

Constantius, general, of Honorius, over- 
comes Gerontius and the rebel-emperor 
Constantine, 411 — consul of Rome, 414 — 
marries Placidia ; consul II., 417 — birth 
of his son, afterwards the emperor Va- 
lentinian ill., 419 — proclaimed joint em- 



peror with Honorius ; d. seven months 
after, 421. 

Constantius, a Gaul, recommended to At- 
tila, the Hun, by Aetius, as secretary, 
negotiates at Constantinople, and ob- 
tains a wealthy wife, 447. 

Constitution, American frigate, takes the 
Guerriere, an Knglish ship of inferior 
force, Aug. 19, 1812. 

Constitutions of Clarendon. See Cla- 
bendon. 

Constitutions of Lothaire, regulate the 
laws of Italy, 824. 

Constructive treason, trials for, Oct. to 
Dec, 1794. 

Consular law of Rome suspended, in 
order that Scipio JEmilianus may be 
elected, and undertake the Numantine 
war, b.c. 134 —again, that Marius may 
take the command in Gaul, 104. 

Consuls of Rome first elected, b.c. 509 — 
violent contests respecting their election, 
482 — summoned by the tribunes to give 
an account of their conduct to the people, 
475 — superseded by decemvirs, 451 — 
again elected, 449 — superseded by mi- 
litary tribunes, and in three months re- 
stored, 444 — again superseded, 438 — 
again restored, 437 — military tribunes, 
433 — consuls again, 432 — displaced by 
military tribunes, 426 — restored again, 
423 — again set aside, 422 — reinstated, 
421 — military tribunes, 420— consuls, 413 

, — military tribunes, 408 — consuls, 393 — 
military tribunes, 391 — dictator, 389 — 
military tribunes, 388 — plebeian tribunes, 
375 — military tribunes, 371 — dictator, 
368 — plebeian tribunes, 367 — consuls 
again, 366 — dictator with a master of the 
horse, 309 — consuls again, 308 — dicta- 
tors, 301 — consuls, 300— two set aside for 
procuring their election by bribery, 65 — 
Pompey sole consul, 52 — C<vsar dictator, 
47 — consuls again elected, 43 — super- 
seded by the tribunitian power of the 
emperors ; but the office continues, as a 
nominal dignity, to mark the succession 
of years, 27 — discontinued by Justinian, 
after the consulship of Basilius, a.d. 541 
— revived by Justin II., 566 — irregularly 
continued by his successors, till Constans 
II., 642 — after which the dating of years 
by consulships ceases. 

N.B. The whole series of consuls from 
B.C. 509 to a.d. 642, is given in the volume 
of . Chronological Tables; the name ot 
each may be found in its alphabetical 
place in this Index. 

Consuls, commercial, appointed by Great 
Britain to the South American Repub- 
lics, 1825. 

Contareno, Andrea, doge of Venice. 1367- 
1382. 



cox 



215 



COP 



Contareno, Domemco I., doge of Venice, 

1043-1071. 
Contareno, Domenico II., doge of Venice, 

1659—1675. 
Contareno, Jacopo, doge of Venice, 1275- 

1279. 
Contarino, Carlo, doge of Venice, 1655- 

1656. 
Contarino, Francesco, doge of Venice, 

1623-1625. 
Contarino, Luigi, doge of Venice, 1676- 

1684. 
Contarino, Nicolo, doge of Venice, 1630- 

1631. 
Conti, Armand, prince de. second son of 
Henri II., prince de Conde, arrested 
with his brother Louis, prince de Conde, 
1650 — released, but continues hostile to 
the court, 1651— d. 1666. 
Conti, Francis Louis, prince de, second 
son of Armand, candidate for the throne 
of Poland, 1696. 
Conti, Michael Angelo dei, cardinal, and 
brother to the duke di Poli, chosen 
pope, May 8, 1721. See Innocent XIII., 
pope. 
Continental system, promulgated by Na- 
poleon I., in his Berlin decree for the 
blockade of England, Nov. 21, 1806— en- 
forced by his Milan decree,Nov. 11, 1807 — 
answered by British orders in council, for- 
bidding all trade between ports occupied 
by France, Jan. 7-Nov. 21, 1807— joined 
by the emperor Alexander, July, 1807 — 
abandoned by him, 1810— causes the ab- 
dication of Louis in Holland, and great 
commercial embarrassment in England 
and other countries, 1810 — causes great 
discontent in Sweden, 1811 — overthrown, 
1812-13. 
Contractors, excluded from the House of 

Commons, 1782. 
Control, Board of. See Board. 
Conventicle Act, passed, May 17, 1664. 
" Convention, British," meets at Edin- 
burgh, Aug. 4, 1793. 
Convention Parliament. See Commons, 
• House of, 1660 and 1689.— Meets in Scot- 
land, Mar. 14, 1689. 
Convention, National. See France. 
Convicts. See Botany Bay and Cape of 

Good Hope. 
Convocation, first called by Edw. I., 1295 
— objects to some writings of Dr. Hoad- 
ley, bp. of Bangor, and ceases to meet 
for real business, 1717 — meeting to ad- 
dress the queen for its revival, Jan. 14, 
1851 — meets, and is prorogued, Feb. 4, 
1852 — attempts to revive its active 
powers opposed by the London clergy, 
Nov. 8, 1852— assembles, Feb. 1, 1854, 
snd continues sitting for the dispatch 
of business. 



Conway, Lord, ro ited by the Scotch, at 

Newburn, Aug. 28, 1640. 
Conway, General, brings forward a motion 
against the American war, which is ne- 
gatived by a majority of only one, Feb. 
22, 1782. * 

Coxwulf, bp. of Lindisfame, 737. 
Cook, James, b. 1728 — sails in the Endea- 
vour from Deal, on his first voyage of 
discovery, Aug. 6, 1768— anchors in Bo- 
tany Bay, Apr. 28, 1770 — returns, July 
13, 1771, and is promoted to the rank or 
captain — commences his second voyage, 
with the Resolution and Adventure, Apr. 
9, 1772— returns to Portsmouth, July 31, 
1775 — sails on his third voyage, 1776 — 
discovers Nootka Sound, Jan. 15, 1778 
— discovers the Sandwich Islands, 
Nov. 26— is killed at Owyhee, Feb. 14, 
1779. 
Cooke, G. F., -the actor, b. 1765— d. 1812. 
Cooke, W. B., the engraver, b. 1778— d. 

1855. 
Cooper, Antony Ashley, b. 1621. See 
Ashley, lord, and Shaftesbury, earl of. 
Cooper, Antony Ashley, b. 1671— earl of 
Shaftesbury, and writer of the "Charac- 
teristics" — d. 1713. 
Cooper, Sir Astley, d. 1841. 
Cooper, Bransby, b. 1780— tf. 1853. 
Cooper, J. Fennimore, b. 1798— d. 1851. 
Coorg, the rajah of, defeated by col. Lind- 
say, and deposed, Apr. 10, 1834. 
Coote, Col., afterwards Sir Eyre, defeats 
Lally, and takes Arcot, Feb. 9, 1760— 
besieges Pondicherry, Dec. 8, 1760 — cap- 
tures it, Jan. 16, 1761 — defeats Hyder 
Ali, July 1, 1781— and June 2, 1782. 
Coote, Gen., attacks Ostend, and destroys 

the sluices and canal, May 19, 1798. 
Cope, Sir John, defeated by the Highland- 
ers at Preston Pans, or Glaidsmuir, Sept. 
21, 1745. 
Copenhagen, built by Waldemar I., k. of 
Denmark, 1157 — treaty of, between Mar- 
garet and the Teutonic Knights, 1398 — 
university founded by Christian I., 1479 
— surrenders to Christian III., 1536— be- 
sieged by Charles Gustavus, k. of Swe- 
den, 1658 — the siege abandoned, 1659— 
treaty of, restores peace between Den- 
mark and Sweden, June 6, 1660 — great 
part destroyed by fire, Oct. 20, 1728— 
Bank established, 1733— attacked by 
Nelson, Apr. 2, 1801 — besieged and taken 
by the English, Sept. 5, 1807— calls on 
the k. of Denmark for reforms, 1830. 
Copenhagen-fields, meeting of the Lon- 
don Corresponding Society held in, Oct. 
26, 1796— of the Trades' Union, Apr. 21. 
1834: — the cattle-market opened in, June 
13, 1855. 
Copernicus, Nicholas, b. at Thorn, 1473— 



COR 



216 



COB 



studies the true system of the universe, 
1534 — in fear of persecution, defers till 
his last days the publication of his work, 
De Orbium Ccelestium Revolutionibus — d. 
1543— his system condemned by a Bull 
of pope Paul V., 1616 — Galileo com- 
pelled by the Inquisition to reject it, 
1633— the Bull revoked by Pius VII., 
1821. 

Copleston, Dr., bp. of Landaff, d. 1849. 

Copley, J. S., the artist, b. 1738-tf. 1815. 

Copley, John Singleton, son of the artist, 
b. 1772 — defends Watson, arraigned for 
high-treason, June, 1817 — made solicitor- 
general, 1819 — sums up the evidence 
against qu. Caroline, 1820 — attorney-ge- 
neral, 1S23— created a peer, May, 1827. 
See Lyndhurst, lord. 

Coponius, Roman gov. of Judea, 7-9. 

Copper coin first issued from the mint in 
London, 1609. See Wood. 

Copronymus. See Constantine V. 

Coptos destroyed by Diocletian, 297. 

Copts, the Jacobite or Monophysite, assist 
Amrou in the conquest of Egypt, 639. 

Copyholds, enfranchisement of, by 4 and 
5 Vict., c. 35, 1841. 

Copyright Act, the first, passed, 8 Anne, c. 
19, 1709 — decided by the Court of Chan- 
cery, in the suit against Taylor, 1770 — pe- 
tition of the Loudon booksellers for its 
amendment, 1774— the Commons pass a 
Bill for that purpose, which is thrown 
out by the Lords, June 2 — engravings 
protected, 1775 and 1777 — dramatic writ- 
ings, by Act of 3 Wm. IV., c.15, 1833— ge- 
neral copyright secured in certain cases 
by an Act passed, July 11, 1838 — extend- 
ed to designs for manufactures, 1839— 
a new Act, 4 and 5 Victoria, c. 45, passed, 
1842 — international, with France, Ger- 
many, and other countries, established 
by treaties, 1850. 

Coram, capt, originator of the Foundling 
Hospital, d. 1751. 

Corax, k. of Sicyon, b.c. 1455 (1392 C.) 

Corbet, Sir John, imprisoned for resisting 
the arbitrary impositions of Charles I , 
1626. 

Corbet, Miles, one of the Judges of Chas. 
I., seized at Delft, in Holland, and 
brought to England, Apr. 16 — executed, 
Apr. 19, 1662. 

Corbiere, count, b. 1767 — d. 1853. 

Corbinian, bp. of Utrecht, 730. 

Corbulo, Domitius, commands in Arme- 
nia, 54 — expels Volagases, and gives Ti- 
ridates royal authority there, 58 — ap- 
pointed to succeed Quadratus in Syria, 
60 — again in Armenia, to oppose the 
Parthiats, 62 — his services excite the 
iealousy )f Nero, and he commits suicide, 
67. 



Corcyra (now Corfu) — the town founded 
by Chersicrates, B.C. 734 — sea-fight be- 
tween its people, and the Corinthians, 664 
— war with Corinth, 435 — implores the 
assistance of the Athenians, who send 
a fleet for its protection, 433 — sea fight, 
which preludes the Peloponnesian war, 
432— a faction attempts to break off the 
alliance with Athens, 427 — the Athenians 
send a fleet, under Timotheus, 374 — Mna- 
sippus arrives with a Lacedaemonian- 
fleet, 373 — is defeated and slain — con- 
quered by the Romaus, 230. See Corfu. 

Cord ay, Charlotte, 6. 1768— assassinates 
Marat, July 14,1793 — is guillotined, July 
17. 

Cordeliers, party in the French revolu- 
tion, Hebert, Anacharsis Cloots, and 
others, executed, Mar. 24, 1794. 

Coeper, William, executed, at Bury St. 
Edmund's, for murder, Aug. 8, 1828. 

Cordova, the ancient Corduba — M. Clau- 
dius Marcellus, Roman consul, winters 
at, b.c. 132 — makes a vigorous defence 
against the Saracens, but is finally taken 
by a Roman captive and proselyte, 711— 
taken by Abderahman, 755 — and made 
capital of his new kingdom, 757 — the 
great mosque, and the Aljama, built by 
him, 786 — decorated with fountains, 
bridges, and palaces, by his son, Hixem, 
793 — many of the citizens put to death 
for a plot against Al Hakem, S06-- -dis- 
affected to him and his son, 815 — nume- 
rous emigrations to Africa, 817 — paved 
by Abderahman II., 850 — revisited by 
Mohamad, after suppressing an insur- 
rection, 854 — embassy arrives from Con- 
stantinople, 949 — eminence of its medical 
school— Sancho I., k. of Leon, resorts to 
its physicians for advice, 957 — concourse 
of learned men from all parts, 989 — be- 
sieged by Suleiman, in his civil war, 1011 
— and taken, 1012 — claimed by Yahye, 
son of Ali, 1018— Al Casim expelled, 
1019 - shared between them, 1020 — Al 
Casim is expelled by the people, 1021— 
first entry of the caliph Hixem III., 
1028— given up to him by Gehwar, 1031 
— taken by treachery, by Muhamad Al- 
muatedid, 1060 — rebels against Ali Ben 
Yusef, 1121— taken by the Almohades, 
1148— conquered by Ferdinand III., k.ot 
Castile and Leon, 1236 — seized by San- 
cho, son of Alfonso X., of Castile, 1281 — 
captured by the French marshal, Mor- 
tier, 1809 — abandoned by him, 1813. 

Cordova, Gonsalvo Fernandez de, the 
Spanish general, assists Ferdinand II. 
to recover Naples, 1495 — partitions the 
country with France, 1501 — defeats the 
French at Cirignuola, Apr. 28, 1503— and 
again on the Garigliano, Dec, 28— re- 



COE 



217 



cos 



turns to Spain, 1507— d. at Granada, Dec. 
2, 1515. 

Cordus, Cremutius, writes a history of the 
civil wars of Rome, which the senate 
order to he hurnt — it is secx-etly pre- 
served — the author starves himself to 
death, 25. 

Cordus, Valerius, a preceptor of Alexi- 
anus (Alexander Severus), 220. 

Cordwainers' company (workers in Spa- 
nish leather from Cordova), founded in 
London, 1410. 

Corfe Castle. See Edward II., k. of the 
Anglo-Saxons. 

Corfu, attacked hy Bohemond, 1081 — 
plundered by Roger, k. of Sicily, 1146 — 
recovered by the Venetians, 1149 — at- 
tacked by the Turks, 1537— again, 1716. 
See Ionian, or Seven Islands. 

Coria, taken by Ordonio, k. of Leon, 861. 

Corinth, institution of the Isthmian 
Games at, by Sisyphus,B.c. 1326 — Aletes, 
son of Hippothus, one of the Heraclidse, 
establishes his dynasty, 1068— succeeded 
by Ixion, 1033— Agelas, 996— Prumnis, 
959— Bacchis, 925— Agelas, 889— Eude- 
mus, 859 — Aristodemus, 834 — Agemon, 
799— Alexander, 783 — Triremes invent- 
ed ; Telestus, 758 — governed for ninety 
years by an annually elected magistrate, 
called Prytanis, 745 — teaches the Sami- 
ans to construct triremes, 704 — war 
with Corcyra, 664 — Cypselus usurps the 
sovereignty, 655 — Periander, one of the 
seven sages of Greece, succeeds, 625 — 
mediates between Athens and Mitylene, 
606 — d. 586— Psammetichus, his nephew, 
becomes k., 586 — d., the last of the Cyp- 
selidse, and Corinth regains freedom, 581 
— sends forty ships to Artemisium and 
Salamis, 480 — and 10,000 men to Platsea, 
479— war with Athens — victorious in a 
sea-fight at Halise— defeated at Cecry- 
phalse, 458— battles in the Megarid, 457 
— war with Corcyra, 435. See Corcyra, 
and Athens. — Joins Athens, Argos, and 
Thebes, in a league against Sparta, 395 
—battle of, the allies defeated by the 
Lacedaemonians, 394 — again, at Lechse- 
um — civil discord inCorinth, 393 —makes 
peace with Thebes, 366 — Timoleon un- 
dertakes his Sicilian expedition, 344. See 
Timoleon. — The Greek States assembled 
at, by Philip of Macedon, to declare war 
against Persia, 337 — Diogenes dies at, 
323— battle of; Areus I., k. of Lacedse- 
mon, defeated and slain, 265— set free by 
Aratus, and joins the Achaean league, 
243— the Achw ans, defeated by Metellus, 
make their la*t stand within its walls, 
147 — taken and destroyed by Mummius, 
146 — rebuilt by Julius Caesar, 46 — the 
first epistle of Paul addressed to its 



church, a.d. 56— the second, 58 — another, 
from Clement, bp. of Rome, to heal its 
divisions, 94 — another, to the senate and 
people, by the emperor Julian, 361 — 
taken by Alaric, 396 — plundered by Ro- 
ger, k. of Sicily, and its silk-weavera 
taken to Palermo, 1146 — taken by Wil- 
liam de Villehardouin, prince of Achaia, 
1246 — the barony of, granted to Niccolo 
Acciaiuoli, 1358 — his son, Angelo, mort- 
gages it to his relation, Nerio, 1370 — the 
emperor Manuel attempts to fortify the 
isthmus of, 1415 — the sultan, Amurath, 
breaks through the fortified hexamilion 
of, 1446— taken by the Venetians, 1687— 
retaken by the Turks, 1715 — taken by 
Demetrius Ipsilanti, and recovered by 
the Turks, 1822— again taken by the 
Greeks, 1823, and remains part of their 
new kingdom. 

Coriolanus, C. Marcius, named from the 
taking of Corioli, (time uncertain,) with- 
draws from Rome to the Volscians, b.c. 
490 — urges the Volscians to war, and 
leads their army to besiege Koine, 489 — 
yields to the entreaties of his wife and 
mother, and withdraws, 488, (placed at 
457 by Mebuhr). 

CoRirPus celebrates the praises and con- 
sulship of Justin IL, 566. 

Cork, Perkin Warbeck lands at, 1492 — 
taken from the partisans of James II., 
by the earl of Marlborough, Sept. 21, 1690 
— riot at, June 4, 1842 — Queen's College 
at, endowed by Act of parliament, 8 and 
9 Victoria, c. 56, 1845— visit of Queen 
Victoria, Aug. 3, 1849— exhibition at, 
opened, June 10, 1852 — railway from 
Dublin completed, 1850 — to Bandon, 
1851. 

Corn, distribution of, to 150,000 poor citi- 
zens of Rome, B.C. 50 — provision is 
made for obtaining supplies from the 
other provinces of Africa, in consequence 
of the frequent commotions at Alex- 
andria, a.d. 186 — scarcity of, in England ; 
acts passed to relieve it, 1757 — embargo 
on the exportation of, 1766 — act of in- 
demnity for the advisers, Dec. 16 — free 
trade in, permitted, during the scarcity 
in France, 1768 — the importation of, pro- 
hibited by Mr. Robinson's Act, till the 
price of wheat is eighty shillings per 
quarter ; popular tumults in London, 1815 
— in bond, discretionary power granted 
to release, May 5, 1826 — foreign, the duty 
on, regulated by a "sliding scale," Act 
9 George IV., c. 60, 1828 — agitation 
against it begins, 1841. See Anti-Corn- 
law Association. —A new "sliding scale" 
introduced by Sir R. Peel, 1842 ; suspend- 
ed, 1847 — Importation Bill introduced 
1846 — read a third time by the Com 



COE 



218 



COR 



mons, May 15 — read a second time by the 
Lords, May 28— receives the royal assent, 
June 26. 

Corn Exchange, the new, opened June 24, 
1828. 

Cornaro, Francesco, doge of Venice, 1656. 

Cornaro, Giovanni I., doge of Venice, 
1625-1630. 

Cornaro, Giovanni II., doge of Venice, 
1709-1722. 

Cornaro, Marco, doge of Venice, 1365- 
1367. 

Corneille, Peter, I. 1606 — composes his 
first comedy, " Melite," 1629— produces 
his "Cid,"atthe Theatre Francois, 1636— 
" Cinna" and " Horace" brought out, 1639 
— first performance of the " Polyeucte," 
1640-d. Feb. 17, 1684. 

Cornelia, chief of the Vestals, is buried 
alive for having broken her vows, 91. 

Cornelianus, consul of Rome, 237. 

Coknelianus, Atidius, the Roman go- 
vernor of Syria, defeated by Volagases,162. 

Cornelius, bp. of Home, 250. 

Cornelius, bp. of Antioch, 129-143. 

Cornelius, a Roman Gens, for which, see 
Cinna, Gallus, Lentulus, Nepos, Ru- 
finus, Scipio, Sylla. 

Cornicen, Postumius ^Ebutius, consul of 
Rome, B.C. 442. 

Corxicola, Felice, master of the military 
at Venice, 738. 

Cornificius, L., a Latin poet, and consul of 
Rome, B.C. 35. 

Cornish, alderman, unjustly condemned 
for high treason, Oct. 19, 1685. 

Cornwall, with the western side of the 
Island, remains in possession of the Bri- 
tons, 586 — its tin-mines flourish, 1233 — 
insurrection in, 1497. See Audley, lord. 
— Some Spaniards land in, and are de- 
feated, 1595— the Stannary courts abo- 
lished by the Long Parliament, 1641. 

Cornwall, Richard, earl of, second son of 
k. John, b. Jan. 6, 1209— sent by his bro- 
ther, Henry III., to assist in defending 
Poitou and Gascony, 1225 — quarrels with 
him for a manor belonging to his earl- 
dom, 1227 — visits Palestine, redeems Je- 
rusalem, and induces the sultan to con- 
clude a truce, 1240 — employed by the 
emperor Frederic II. to negotiate with 
pope Gregory IX., 1241 — refuses the 
crown of Sicily, offered to him by pope 
Alexander IV., 1255— elected k. of the 
Romans, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
1257 — returns to England, and swears to 
observe the " Provisions of Oxford," 
1259 — taken prisoner by the barons in 
the battle of Lewes, 1264— released, 1265 
— visits Germany, and regulates the tolls 
on the Rhine, 1369— d. at Berkhamstead, 
Dec. 12, 1271. 



Cornwall, duke of, Edward the Bla^- 
Prince, created by his father, 1337 ; tl$ 
title, and the revenues of the duchy 
have since descended to the heir appa 
rent of the Crown ; the arrears of these, 
claimed by George, prince of Wales, and 
refused by the House of Commons, 1802. 

Cornwall, Mr., appointed Speaker of the 
House of Commons, Oct. 31, 1780 — d. 
Jan. 2, 1789. 

Cornwallis, Charles (afterwards marquis 
of), b. 1738 — takes Philadelphia, Sept. 
26, 1777 — defeats Gates at Camden, Aug. 
16, 1780 — defeats Green at Guildford, 
March 16, 1781 — surrenders to Washing- 
ton, at Yorktown, Oct. 29 — appointed 
governor-general of India, Feb. 24, 1786 
— defeats Tippoo Saib, May 15, 1791 — 
again defeats him, and compels him to 
make peace, March 19, 1792 — retires 
from office, 1793— receives the freedom 
of London, and a pension of £5,000 a-year 
from the East India Company, 1794 — 
appointed viceroy of Ireland, June 20, 
1798 — publishes an amnesty, and dis- 
courages the violence of the Orange- 
men — reappointed governor-general of 
India, 1804— datGhazipore, Oct. 5, 1805. 

Corosbus, Athenian archon, B.C. 306. 

Corosbus, Olympic victor, b.c. 776. See 
Olympiads. 

Coron taken from the Venetians by the 
Turks, 1500— retaken by the Venetians, 
1685. 

Coronation banquet, discontinued by 
William IV., 1831. 

Coronation Oath settled in a new form 
for William III. and Mary, 1689. 

Coronation-stone, from Scone, placed in 
Westminster Abbey, 1296. 

Coronea, battles of — the Athenians de- 
feated by the Boeotians, b.c. 447 ; and the 
Grecian confederates, by AgesilausIL, k. 
of Lacedsemon, 392. 

Coronus, k. of Sicyon, according to Pausa 
nias, b.c. 1560. 

Corporation Act, passed, Dec. 20, 1661— 
rigorously enforced, 1662 — meeting of 
dissenters, to petition for its repeal. Jan. 
5, 1787. See Beaufoy, and Commons, 
House of. — Repealed, 1828. 

Corporations. See Charters. 

Corpus Christi College. See Oxford. 

Corpus Christi, or Benedict College 
See Cambridge. 

Corregio, Antonio Allegri, head of the 
school of Parma, b. 1494— d. 1534. 

Corresponding Society, London. See Co- 
penhagen Fields. — The committee ar- 
rested, Apr. 20, 1798. 

Corry, admiral, sails from Spithead witk 
the second division of the Baltic fleet, 
March 16, 1854. 



COR 



219 



cos 



Corsica, the ancient Cyrnos, subject to 
Carthage, B.C. 550— attacked by L. Corn. 
Scipio, consul of Rome, who carries off 
many captives and rich spoil, 259 — given 
up to the Romans, 238 — strives to throw 
off the yoke, 234— finally subjugated, 231 
— a Roman prsetor appointed for, 227 — a 
Vandal fleet destroyed on its coast by 
Ricimer, a.d. 456— attacked by the Sa- 
racens, who are repulsed, 807-809 — again 
attacked by them : defended by Boni- 
face of Tuscany, 828 — taken by them, 
when many thousand refugees are plant- 
ed by Pope Leo IV. in the deserted 
city of Porto, 852. See Adalbert, 
son of Berenger. — Taken by the Genoese, 
1050— given by pope Boniface VIII. to 
James II. of Aragon, but never occupied 
by him, 1297 — great part of, conquered 
from the Genoese by the French and 
Turks, 1553 — recovered by Andrew Do- 
ria, 1554 — revolts against the Genoese, 
1730 — an independent republic erected 
by Hiacinto Paoli, 1735— baron Neuhof, 
a Prussian, arrives, and is chosen king, 
by the title of Theodore I., 1736— French 
auxiliaries, invited by the Genoese, ar- 
rive, and put him to flight, Hiacinto 
maintains the contest, 1738 — the French 
reduce nearly the whole island, 1739— 
Pascal Paoli heads a new revolt, 1754 — 
death of Theodore, 1756 — the island 
ceded by Genoa to France, 1768— brought 
by Pascal Paoli under the dominion of 
Great Britain, June 18, 1794- a parlia- 
ment assembled, Feb. 9, 1795 — insurrec- 
tion, June 8, 1796 — abandoned by the 
British, Aug. 22, 1796 — re-occupied by 
the French, Oct. 22. 

Corsini, Lorenzo, cardinal, elected pope, 
July 12, 1730. See Clement XII., pope. 

Cortenuov a, battle of; the Milanese de- 
feated by the emperor Frederic II., Nov. 
27, 1237. 

Corte Real, a Portuguese navigator, ex- 
plores the gulf of St. Lawrence and La- 
brador, as far as Hudson's Bay, 1500. 

Cortes, the Portuguese, assemble under 
the charter of Pedro IV., Oct. 30, 1826— 
apply to Great Britain for assistance 
against the Absolutists ; suppressed by 
Miguel, 1828— restored, 1833. 

Cortes, the Spanish, a faint image of 
the ancient Gothic Councils of Toledo. 
See Councils. — Preserved by the refu- 
gees of the Asturian mountains. See 
Asturias. — Gradually developed, first in 
Castile, and then in the other Spanish 
kingdoms, consisted generally of Three 
Estates, Clergy, Nobles, and Citizens — in 
Castile, cities send deputies, 1169 — 43 
are represented, 1188 — only 12 in 1422— 
dissolved by the emperor Charles V ., 1539 



— gradually abolished by Philip 1II.,1598 
— convoked by the Spanish Junta, Feb. 1, 
1810 — assemble at Cadiz, Sept. 24 — pro- 
claim a free constitution for Spain, Mar. 
19, 1812— abolish the Inquisition, 1813 — 
dissolved by Ferdinand VII., 1814— con- 
voked by him ; meet, July 9, 1820— un- 
able to offer effectual resistance to the 
French, retire to Seville, and thence to 
Cadiz— give Ferdinand liberty, Oct. 1, 
1823— again abolished, Nov. 7— restored, 
1834— proclaim qu. Isabella of age, Nov. 
8, 1843. 

Cortez, Fernando, attacks Mexico, 1519 — 
takes the city, and puts the emperor 
Montezuma to death ; but is obliged to 
abandon it, 1520— completes the conquest 
of the country, 1521. 

Corticella, battle of; Eccelino da Ro 
mano defeats the papal forces, Aug. 30, 
1258. 

Cortona, Pietro da, the painter, b. 1596- 
d. 1669. 

Coruncanius, Tib., consul of Rome, b.c. 
280. 

Corunna (the Groyne), John of Gaunt 
lands at, to invade Castile, July 25,1386 
—British troops land at, Oct. 25, 1808— 
battle of; sir John Moore defeats the 
French marshal, Soult, but falls in the 
engagement; his army re-embarks, Jan. 
14, 1809. 

Corvee, or forced labour ; unsuccessful 
attempt of the emperor Joseph II. to 
relieve the peasantry from, 1775 — abo- 
lished in France, 1789. 

Corvinus, consul of Rome, 45. 

Corvinus, M. Valerius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 289. 

Corvinus, M. Valerius Messalla, b. b.c. 60; 
studies at Athens, 45— proscribed by the 
second triumvirate, 43 — defeats the Sa- 
lassi, 34— consul of Rome 31 — the last of 
the old republican party— d. a.d. 11. 

Corvinus. See Matthias Corvinus, k. of 
Hungary. 

Corvus, M. Valerius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
348,346,11.; 343, III. — commands against 
the Samnites, 342 — appeases plebeian 
commotions, 341 — consul, 335, IV. — dic- 
tator, 301— consul, 300, V. 

Cosa, in Etruria, colonized by the Ro- 
mans, B.C. 273. 

Cosenza. See Consentia. 

Cosmas Indicopleustes writes his " Chris- 
tian Topography," 548. 

Cosmo. See Medici, De' ; Florence, and 
Tuscany. 

Cospatric, earl of Northumberland, rebels 
against William the Conqueror, 1069. 

Cossacks, first entry of, into Russia, 1444 
— support a pretender in Russia, 1609 — 
the Cossacks c' the Don take Azof from 



COT 



220 



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the Turks, 1637 — oppressed in. Poland, 
place themselves under the protection 
of Russia, 1654 — overran Poland, 1655 — 
make inroads into Poland, 1667-1672 — 
defeated at Choczim by John Sobiesky, 
1673 — claim the Ukraine, 1678— treaty 
of their hetman, Mazeppa, with Charles 
XII. of Sweden, 1707 — they abandon 
him, and choose another hetman, 1708 — 
support the rebellion of Pugatchef, 1773. 

Coss^ei, a people of Persia, against whom 
Alexander makes a winter campaign, 
b.c, 325. 

Cossova, or Kossova, battle of— John Hu- 
niades is defeated by the sultan, Amu- 
rath II., 1448. 

Gossus, A. Cornelius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
428— another, 342, 332, II. 

Cossus, Cn. Cornelius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
409. 

Cossus, Cn. Corn. Lentulus, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 1. 

Cossus, L. Cornel. Malug., consul of Rome, 
B.C. 459. 

Cossus, M Cornelius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
413. 

Cossus, Com., master of the horse, slays 
Tolumnius, k. of the Veientes, and dedi- 
cates the second spolia opima, b.c. 437. 

Cossus, Serv. Corn. Malug., consul of Rome, 
b.c. 485. 

Cossus, P. Cornelius, military tribune of 
Rome, b.c. 415, 395. 

Cossus, P. Cornel. Rutilus, military tribune 
of Rome, B.C. 406. 

Cossus, A. Cornelius, plebeian tribune of 
Rome, b.c. 367. 

Cotignuola. See Sforza. 

Cotta, C. Aurelius, consul of Rome, de- 
feats the Carthaginians in Sicily, and 
obtains a triumph, b.c. 252, 248 II. — other 
consuls of the same name, 200, and 75. 

Cotta, L. Aurelius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
144 — others, 119 and 65. 

Cotta, M. Aurelius, consul of Rome, de- 
feated by Mithridates, B.C. 74 — another 
consul, a.d. 20. 

Cottenham, Lord. See Pepys, Sir Charles. 
— Brings in a Bill for some reforms in 
the Court of Chancery, Apr. 28, 1836— 
resigns his office, 1841 — re-appointed, 
1846— resigns, June 19, 1850— d. 1851. 

Cottian Alps, restored to the church of 
Rome by Aribert, k. of Lombardy, 707. 

Cottin, Madame, d. 1808. 

Cottle, Joseph, b. 1769 —d. 1853. 

Cot ion, Sir Charles, procures the surren- 
der of a Russian fleet in the Tagus, Sept. 
3, 1808. 

Cotton, Sir Robert, the collector of the 
Cottonian Library, b. 1570— d. 1631. 

Cotvs, appointed by Caligula k. of the 
Lesser Armenia, 38. 



Cotys, k. of Thrace, assassinated, b.c. 360k 

Council, Orders in. See Continental 
System. 

Council of Ten. See Venice. 

Councils, General — the First, held at 
Nice, by the emperor Constantine, con- 
demns the doctrines of Arius, and adopts 
the Nicene creed, June 10 to Aug. 25, 
325. 

The Second, at Constantinople — a 

scene of turbulence and ambitious strife, 
from May to July 30, 381— causes Gre- 
gory Naz. to resign his patriarchate in 
disgust. 

The Third, at Ephesus, where the vio- 
lence of Cyril obtains the deposition of 
Nestorius, June 2 to July 31, 431. 

The Fourth, called by the emperor 

Marcian, at Chalcedon, transferred to 
Nice — annuls the Acts of the "Robber 
Synod," and deposes andbanishes Diosco- 
rus, 451. 

The Fifth, (second of Constantinople), 

condemns the works of Origen, and the 
" Three Chapters," from May 4 to June 
2, 553. 

The Sixth, at Constantinople, con- 
firms all previous decisions against the 
Monothelites, and for a time reconciles 
the Eastern and Western churches, from 
Nov. 7, 680, to Sept. 16, 681. 

The Seventh, at Nice, decrees the 

worship of images, from Sept. 24 to Oct. 
23, 787. 

The Eighth, at Constantinople, con- 
firms the deposition of Photius, and 
anathematizes all Iconoclasts, from Oct. 
5, 869, to Feb. 28, 870. 

The Ninth, (the eighth Lateran,) con- 
firms the agreement made at Worms, be- 
tween the emperor Henry V. and pope 
Callistus II., from Mar. 18 to Apr. 5, 
1123. 

The Tenth, (the ninth Lateran,) Apr. 

20, 1139. 

The Eleventh General, or third La- 
teran, (the eleventh held there), decrees 
that the true pope must be elected by 
two-thirds of the cardinals, Mar. 5-19, 
1179. 

The Twelfth, fourth Lateran, (the 

twelfth held there,) against the Albi- 
genses— decrees transubstantiation to be 
a doctrine of the church, and enforces 
auricular confession, Nov. 11-30, 1215. 

The Thirteenth, held by pope Inno- 
cent I V., at Lyons, to depose the emperor 
Frederic II. — deputies from England de- 
clare k. John's Act of Submission to bo 
invalid, June 8 to July 17, 1245. 

The Fourteenth, at Lyons, receives 

ambassadors from Michael Palseologus 
— forms a temporary union of the Greek 



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221 



COTJ 



Councils, General — continued. 
and Latin churches, and regulates the 
future proceedings of the conclave in 
electing a pope, May 7 to July 17, 1274. j 

■ The Fifteenth, at Vienne, in Dau- ' 

phiny, proscribes the Knights Templars 
— condemns the Beghards and Beguines, 
and refuses to hear the charges of Philip 
IV. against Boniface VIII., from Oct. 16, 
1311, to May 6, 1312. 

• The Sixteenth, called by the car- 
dinals at Pisa, to heal the Schism of the 
West — deposes Benedict XIII. and Gre- 
gory XII., and elects Alexander V. — 
three rival popes, Mar. 25 to Aug. 7,1409. 

The Seventeenth, at Constance, 1414 

-1418. See Constance. 

The Eighteenth, at Basle, 1431 to 

1443. See Basle. 

The Nineteenth, (not considered a 

General Council by some,) opened in the 
Lateran by pope Julius II., May 3, 1512 
— continued by Leo X.— reverses all the 
Acts of the Councils of Constance and 
Basle, and closes, Mar. 16, 1517. 

The Twentieth, (or Nineteenth, ac- 
cording to some,) opened at Trent, Dec. 
13, 1545— finally closed, Dec. 4, 1563. See 
Trent. 

Councils, not General — held at 

Adramyttum, or Adrymettium, on 

the Arsenite schism in the Greek church, 
1283. 

Agde, by Alaric II., the Visigoth, 

to check the growth of monachism, and 
regulate the discipline of the clergy, 506. 

Aix-la-Chapelle, or Aquisgrana, 809 

— to regulate the Benedictine priories, 
816 — on the marriage of Lothaire II., 
862. 

Alexandria, against Arius, 321 — to 

ordain Athanasius, 326 — by Cyril, against 
Nestorius, 430. 

Ancyra, respecting apostates, 314. 

Antioch, to depose Paul of Samosata, 

264 — to adopt an Arian creed, 341 — to 
depose Meletius, 361 — to restore him, 
363 — to depose all Arian bishops, 380. 

Aquileia, by Ambrose of Milan, to 

depose the Arian bishops, Palladius and 
Secundianus, 381. 

Ariminum. See Rimini. 

Aries, against the Donatists, 314 — to 

condemn Athanasius, 353 — called by 
Charlemagne, 813. 

Autun, excommunicates Philip I. of 

France, 1094. 

Baccancelde, or Beckenham, 694. 

Bari, by Urban II., to condemn the 

doctrines of the Greek church, 1098. 

Bourges, to order another crusade 

against the Albigenses, 1225— to frame 
the Pragmatic Sanction, 1438. 



Councils, not G-jneral— continued. 

Brixen, by the emperor Henry IV., to 

depose pope Gregory VII., Jan. 25, 1080. 

Csesarea, in Palestine, by the Arian 

prelates, to depose Athanasius, 334. 

Calne, by Dunstan, 978. 

Carthage, by Cyprian, to enforce 

stricter canons, 252 — another, which pro- 
vokes angry disputes, 256 — against the 
Donatists, 403, 405, 411 — against Pela- 
gius, 416, 418 — against appeals to the bp. 
of Rome, 425 — to support Arianism, 484 
— to claim restitution of church pro- 
perty, 535. 

Chalcedon, AdQuercum (Synod of the 

Oak), against Chrysostom, 403. 

Chalons, surSaone (Cabillonum), called 

by Charlemagne, 813. 

Cividale. See Civid-ale. 

Clermont, by Urban II., to originate 

the first crusade, 1095 — by Innocent II., 
against the anti-pope, Anacletus II., 
1130. 

Cloveshoo, 747, 803, 822, 824. See 

Cloveshoo. 

Constance, 1094. See Adelaide, em- 
press of Henry IV. 

Constantinople, to restore Arius, 336 

— to dedicate the church of St. Sophia, 
and support Arianism, 360 — to decide on 
the claims to the bishopric of Bostra, 394 
— to expel Chrysostom, 404 — against Eu- 
tyches, 448, 449 — a riotous meeting to 
condemn heretics, 518 — to depose Anthi- 
mus, 536— to publish the Ecthesis of 
Heraclius, 638 — the " Quinisextum in 
Trullo,"not acknowledged by theWestem 
Church, 691 — by the emperor Constan- 
tine V., to ordain the removal of images 
from churches, 754 — by Irene, in favour 
of image-worship ; violently dispersed 
by the people and soldiers, 786 — to annul 
all decrees against Iconoclasts, 815 — by 
Theodora, to restore the worship of 
images, Feb. 19, 842 — by Photius, to ex- 
communicate pope Nicholas I., 867 — ■ 
another, Nov. 23, deposes Photius — to 
anathematize the papal legates, 1054— 
to annul the re-union of the churches 
concluded at Florence, 1450. 

Diospolis, against Pelagius, Dec. 20, 

415. 

Duren, on the Roer, decrees the pay- 
ment of tithes throughout the dominions 
of Charlemagne, 779. 

■ Emerita (Merida), or Ildefonso, 666. 

Ephesus, the "Robber Synod," 449. 

Ferrara, called by Eugenius IV., to 

oppose the Council of Basle — the Greek 
emperor, John VI., invited to attend, 
1437 — opened by cardinal Nicholas Al- 
bergati, Jan. 8, 1438 — removed to Flo- 
rence, 1439. 



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•?00 



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Councils, not General — continued. 

Florence — continuation of the Council 

of Ferrara — formal union of the Greek 
and Latin churches, signed July 6, 1439. 

■ Francfort on the Maine, condemns 

Felix of Urgel, and Eliprand, arehbp. 
of Toledo, 794 — condemns the proceed- 
ings against heretics, instituted by the 
Inquisition, 1234. 

■ Friuli, on the Trinitarian controversy, 

796. 
Gaza, to depose Paulus, hp. of Alex- 
andria, and appoint Zoilus, 541. 

■ Heathfield, or Bishop's Hatfield, 

Herts, concurs in the decrees against 
M onothelites, 680. 

Hippo Regius, to ordain Augustin 

bishop, 395. 

Illiberis, in Spain, about 305. 

Ingelheim, on the conversion of Jut- 
land, 826. 

Jerusalem, against Athanasius, 335 — 

against Pelagius, 415. 

• Lambeth, to confirm the marriage of 

Henry 1. to Margaret of Scotland, 1100. 

First Lateran, ordains the celibacy of 

the clergy, 649— the second, 864 — third, 
900 — fourth, canonizes Udalric, bp. of 
Augsburg, Jan. 31, 993— fifth— Pascal II. 
resigns to the emperor Henry V. the 
right of investiture, Feb., 1111 —sixth, 
annuls the concession, Mar. 1S-23, 1112 
— seventh, excommunicates the empe- 
ror, 1116 — tenth, excommunicates the 
emperor Frederic I., 1167. 

Leptines (now Estines, in Hainault), 

held by Boniface, 743. 
London, makes decrees for the celi- 
bacy of the clergy, which Henry I. dis 
penses with, 1129 — publishes the abso- 
lution of k. John, and revocation of the 
interdict, 1213 — against the papal extor- 
tions, 1246, 1255 — condemns the doctrines 
of Wickliffe, 1382, 1396, 1401, 1413. 

f Lyons, conference between Arians 

and Catholics, 501. 

Mantua, resists the interference of 

the emperor in the election of a pope, 
and rejects Cadalo, 1067 — by Pius 11., 
to form a league against the Turks, 
1459. 

Mentz, condemns the doctrines of the 

monk Gottschalk, 848— to annul the mar- 
riage of the emperor Henry IV., 1069 — 
acquits the Templars, 1310. 
Milan ; the bishops of the West de- 
clare their adherence to the Nicene 
creed, 346 — deposes Athanasius, and all 
bishops holding his faith, 355. 
— — Mopsuesta, 550. 

Mouson, deposes Gerbert, bishop of 

Rheims, 995 — transferred from Tours 
and Pisa, 1511. 



Xarbonne, calls on Raymond of Too' 

louse to expel the Albigenses, 1211. 

Northampton, condemns Thomas a 

Becket, 1164 — publishes the Bull of In- 
nocent III. against k. John, 1212 — con- 
demns the adherents of de Montfort, 
1265. 

Oak, the (Ad Quercum). See Chal- 

cedon. 

Orleans, regulates ordination and the 

use of litanies, July 10, 511 — condemns 
thirteen Manichseans to be burnt, 
1022. 

Palestine, in favour of Arius, 321. 

Paris, encouraged by the emperor 

Julian to oppose the Council of Rimini, 
360 — in favour of image-worship, 825 — 
condemns Berenger of Tours, 1050 — con- 
demns fourteen heretics, and the works 
of Aristotle, to be burnt, 1210— by Louis 
VIII., against the Albigenses, 1225 — by 
Philip IV., to hear his charges against 
Boniface VIII., 1303— against the Tem- 
plars, Oct. 11—26, 1310— on the schism of 
the church, renounces Benedict XIII., 
May 22, 1398 — on the schism again, 
Aug. 11 to Nov. 5, 140S— against Luther. 
1528. 
Pavia (Ticinum), supports the anti- 
popes, Clement III., 1081, and Victor 
IV., 1160 — Martin V., when elected at 
Constance, having promised to hold a 
council at Pavia, calls it in 1430, and 
transfers it to Sienna. 

Perpignan. See Perpignan. 

Philippopolis, by the Arian seceders 

from Sardica, 347. 
Pisa, transferred from Tours aud ad- 
journed to Milan, 1511. 

Placentia, by Urban II., to prepare 

for a crusade, March 1, 1095. 

Quiercy, against Gottschalk, 849. 

Quinisextum. See Constantinople. 

Ratisbon, condemns Felix of Urgel. 

792. 

Ravenna, acquits the Templars of the 

charges brought against them, 1310. 

Rheims, excommunicates Philip I. ot 

France, for his marriage, 1094 — held by 
Callistus II., 1119— by Eugenius 111., 
who lays England under an interdict, 
because king Stephen refuses to send 
bishops, 1148. 

Rimini, or Ariminum, on the Arian 

controversy, 359. 

■ Rockingham, decides that the arehbp. 

of Canterbury shall not obey the pope, 
without the king's consent, 1094. 

Rome, to support Athanasius, 342 — by 

Felix III., to excommunicate Acacius of 
Constantinople, 484 — declares the pope 
to be amenable to no human authority. 
503— for the reunion of the Greek and 






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223 



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*Jousc ls, not General — continued. 
Latin churches, 679 — annuls all the acts 
of pope Constantine, declares laymen 
incapable of being bishops, and excom- 
municates all who condemn the worship 
of images, 769— condemns simony, and 
declares no election of a pope valid with- 
out the emperor's sanction, 1047 — against 
Berenger of Tours, 1050 — against simony 
and the licentious lives of the priests, 
1063— decrees that all ecclesiastical ap- 
pointments must be made by the pope, 
1075— by Gregory VII., to depose the 
emperor Henry IV., March 9, 1080 — by 
Urban II., to excommunicate all his ad- 
versaries, 1099— repeated by Pascal II., 
1102— by Boniface VIII., asserts the 
right of the pope to appoint and depose 
sovereigns, 1302 — against the writings 
of Wickcliffe, excommunicates John 
Huss, and all who harbour him, 1413. 

Salamanca, acquits the Templars, 

1310. 

Saragossa (Caesar-Augusta), against 

Priscillian, 380. 

Sardica, on the Arian controversy, 

secession of the Arians to Philippopolis, 
the two councils excommunicate each 
other, 347. 

Seleucia in Isauria, on the Arian con- 
troversy, 359. 

Sens", against Abelard, 1140. 

Side, in Pamphylia, 383. See Amphi- 

lochius. 

Sirmium, against Photinus, 351. 

Soissons, presided over by Pepin, 744 

—condemns Abelard to burn his writings, 
1122. 

Toledo, readmits many Priscillianists 

into the church, Sep. 7, 400 — condemns 
them, 447 — king Recared and the Visi- 
goths abjure Arianism, 589 — fixes the 
succession in the family of Chintilla, 636 
— the eighth, composed of bishops and 
nobles, enacts laws in concurrence Avith 
k. Rechesuinthus, for church and state, 
653 — the ninth, Nov. 2, 655 — recognizes 
Ervigius as king, Jan. 9-25, 681 — the fif- 
teenth, held by Egica, May 11, 688— the 
seventeenth and last, persecutes the 
Jews, 696. 

Toulouse, forbids laymen to read the 

scriptures, and organizes an Inquisition 
for the suppression of heresy, 1229. 

— — Tours, held by Alexander III., a re- 
fugee in France, condemns all the acts 
of his adversaries, and frames severe 
laws against the heretics of Southern 
France, 1163. 

i Troyes, by Pascal II., to urge a new 

crusade, 1107. 
- — Tyre,against Athanasius,335— against 
Nestorianism, 449. 



— — Utrecht, excommunicates pope Gre* 

gory VII., 1079. 
Valence, to which Raymond of Tou- 
louse submits, after the crusade against 
him, 1209. 

Vercelli, in defence of Transubstan- 

tiation against Berenger of Tours, 1050. 
Verona, by pope Lucius III., excom- 
municates the people of Rome and the 
Wa 1 denses ; and claims the lands of the 
countess Matilda for the papal see, 1184. 

Whitby, on the Paschal controversy, 

664. 

Winchester, deposes Stigand, and 

elects Lanfranc to be archbp. of Canter- 
bury, 1070 — acknowledges the empress 
Matilda as queen of England, 1141. 
County Banks, many stop pavment, 1797, 

and Dec. 1825. 
County Courts established, 1846. 
County franchise*; Mr. Locke King's mo- 
tion on the, agreed to by the Commons, 
Feb. 20, 1851— rejected, April 27, 1852. 
County meetings against the government 

policy in regard to America, 1781. 
Coup d'etat, by which the French Repub- 
lic is overthrown, Dec. 2, 1851. 
Cour, M. de la, ambassador from France, 
arrives at Constantinople, April 6, 1853 
— objeets to the Russian propositions, 
April 9. 
Courier newspaper, the editor and others 
connected with, fined and imprisoned for 
anLnadveisions on the emperor Paul, 
May 30, 1799. 
Courland conquered by Waldemar II., k. 
of Denmark, 1218 — by the Livonian 
Knights of the Short Sword, 1230— cru- 
sade against its remaining pagans, 1254 
— erected, with Semgallen, into a duchy 
by Gotthard Kettler, Livonian grand 
master of the Teutonic knights, 1561 — 
retained by Stephen Bathori, king of 
Poland, 1582 — conquered by Charles 
XII. of Sweden, 1701 — Anne, empress of 
Russia, procures the election of Ernest 
John Biren to be duke, 1737. See Bi- 
ren, Ernest John, and Peter. — Charles., 
third son of Frederic Augustus II., king 
of Poland, made duke of Courland by 
hisfather,is displaced by Katharine II., 
of Russia, to restore Biren, 1763— annexed 
to Russia, March 18, 1795. 
Court-days, Calendar of. See Flavius Cn. 
Court. See Buhoessfs, Chancery, Com- 
mon Pleas, Exchequer, King's Bench, 
Central Criminal, County. 
Court of Requests instituted in London, 

1493. 
Courtenay, Peter de, count of Auxerre, 
husband of Yolande, the sister of the 
emperors Baldwin I. and Henry, on the 
death of tt« latter is elected emperor of 



I 



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224 



CRA 



tlie East, 1216 — crowned at Rome by 
pope Honorius III. in the church of 
St. Lorenzo, April 9, 1217 — on his way 
to the East is seized and detained by 
Theodore Comnenus, despot of Epirus— 
d. in his captivity, 1219. 

3ourtenay, Philip de, count of Namur, 
eldest son of Peter and Yolande, refuses 
the imperial crown on his father's death, 
1219. 

Courtenay, Robert de, their second son, 
elected emperor, 1220. See Robert, em- 
peror of the East. 

Courtenay, Baldwin de. See Baldwin 
II., emperor of the East. 

Courtenay, Joscelin de, succeeds Baldwin 
da Bourg, as count of Edessa, 1118. 

Courtenay, William, b. 1341 — archbp. of 
Canterbury, 1381 — condemns the doc- 
trines of Wickliffe, 1382— d. 1396. 

Courtenay, Edward, created earl of De- 
vonshire by Henry VII., 1485. 

Courtenay. See Exeter, marquis of, and 
Devonshire, earl of. 

Courtrai, battle of. See Artois, Robert, 
count of. — Taken by the French, 1646 
— occupied by Lonis XIV., 1684— prince 
Waldeck forces the lines of, 1689. 

Oourvoisier executed for the murder of 
lord William Russell, July 6, 1840. 

Coutras, in Guyenne, battle of; Henry 
of Navarre defeats the royal army under 
the duke de Joyeuse, Oct. 20, 1587. 

Coutts, Thomas, the rich banker, b. 1735 
— d. 1821 — his great wealth devolves by 
his will to his widow, (formerly Miss 
Mellon, the actress), 1822. See Burdett, 
Miss. 

Cove of Cork, queen Victoria lands at, 
and gives it the name of Queenstown, 
Aug. 3, 1849. 

Covenant, the, signed in Scotland, 1638 
— adopted by the English parliament, 
June 15, 1643 — assented to by Charles 
II. to gain the support of the Scotch, 
1650 — burnt by the hangman all over 
England, May 22, 1661. 

Covenanters assisted with money by 
Richelieu, raise an army, commanded 
by Lesley, earl of Leven, 1639— enter 
England and negotiate with Charles I., 
1640. 

Covent Garden Theatre, first built by- 
Sir Win. Davenant, 1662— burnt, Sept. 
20, 1808 — first stone of a new edifice 
laid by the prince of Wales, Dec. 31 — 
opened, Sep. 17, 1809—0. P. resistance 
to the advanced prices of admission. 
See Anti Corn-law League. — Opened 
for the performance of Italian Operas, 
1847— burnt, March 5, 1856. 

Coventry, held by Leofric ; he and Godiva 
(Godgyfu) are noted for their liberality, 



1052— said to have given rise to the 
fable of "Peeping Tom," 1057— Mary, 
queen of Scots, is removed to, 1569 — its 
gates are .-".hut against king Charles I., 
Aug. 20, 1642— its walls destroyed, 1662 
— railway to Leamington opened, Dec. 2, 
1844— to Nuneaton, 1850. 

Coventry, Sir John, a member of the 
House of Commons, outraged, by the 
duke of Monmouth, and other courtiers, 
Dec. 25, 1670 — an act passed in conse- 
quence, called the Coventry Act, against 
maliciously maiming, 1671. 

Coverdale, Miles, b. 1487 — afterwards 
bp. See Bible.— d. 1568. 

Covilham, Peter, sent by prince Henry of 
Viseu, to explore India, 1461 — detained 
in Abyssinia, 1469 — advises an embassy 
to the Portuguese in India, 1508. 

Cowan, John, lord mayor of London, cre- 
ated a baronet, Nov. 1837. 

Cowley, Abraham, b. 1618— d. 1667. 

Cowley, Henry Wellesley, lord, b. 1775 — 
d. 1847. 

Cowper, William, b. 1670— appointed lord 
keeper, 1705 — created a peer, and lord 
chancellor, 1707 — resigns, 1710 — re-ap- 
pointed by George I., 1714 — resigns, 1718 
— opposes the South-sea scheme, 1719 — 
d. 1723. 

Cowper, William, the poet, b. 1731— d. 
1800. 

Cow-pox, its anti-variolous influence first 
noticed by Jenner, 1776. See Jenner, 
Edward, and Vaccination. 

Cox, Fort, repulse of the Caffres near, 
Jan. 30, 1851. 

Coxe, William, b. 1747 — archdeacon of 
Wilts, publishes Travels in Switzerland, 
1779— Memoirs of the duke of Marl- 
borough, lS17-19-fZ. 1S28. 

Coxe, general, surrenders Almeida to 
marshal Massena, Aug. 27, 1810. 

Crabbe, George, b. 1754— d. 1832. 

Cracow, a bishopric made subject to the 
archbp. of Gnesna, by the emperor Otho 
III., 1000— given by Boleslas III. to his 
son Ladislas, and made supreme over 
the rest of Poland, 1138 — ravaged by the 
Mongols, 1256 — taken by Premislas, 
duke of Posen, 1290— Ladislas Loktok, 
on regaining his authority, crowned 
there as king, 1320 — university estab- 
lished by Casimir III., 1347 — and high 
court of justice, 1356 — treaty of, by 
which Sigismund I. recognizes Albert of 
Brandenburg as duke of Prussia, 1525 — 
taken by Ernest, archduke of Austria, 
1588 — by Charles Gustavus of Sweden, 
1655— by Charles XII., 1702— occupied 
by Kosciusko, March 24, 1794 — taken by 
the Prussians, June 15 — made a free 
republic by the congress of Vienna, 1815 



CRA 



225 



CEB 



—seized by Austria, 1846 — a large part 
destroyed by fire, July 18, 1850. 

Cbaig, general, and admiral Elphinstone, 
take the Cape of Good Hope, 1795. 

Cbanaus, k. of Athens, B.C. 1506 (1508 H., 
1383 C.) 

Cbane, Sir Francis, assisted by James I. 
to establish a manufactory of tapestry 
at Mortlake, 1619. 

Cbanfield, a London merchant, created 
earl of Middlesex, and lord treasurer — 
impeached, fined, and displaced, 1624 — 
his fine remitted by Charles 1 , 1625. 

Cbaniology. See Gall, Dr., and Spubz- 
heijvi. 

CeaiImeb, Thomas, b. 1489 — fellow of Jesus 
College, Cambridge— introduced to Hen. 

. VIII., 1529 — conveys to the pope the opi- 
nions of the universities, 1530— appoint- 
ed archbishop of Canterbury, 1532 — 
holds his consistorial court at Dunstable 
— declares Henry's marriage with Ka- 
tharine invalid, and ratifies that with 
Anne Boleyn ; his proceedings declared 
null and void by the pope, 1533; but 
confirmed by the parliament, 1534 — em- 
ployed on an English version of the 
Scriptures, 1536 — his Bible published, 
1539— defeats Gardiner's attempt to re- 
strict reading it, 1542 — is permitted to 
publish an English Litany, 1544 — pro- 
tected by Henry, 1546— his first book of 
Homilies published, 1547 — yields to the 
entreaty of Edward VI., and signs the 
patent for giving the crown to lady Jane 
Grey ; is committed to the Tower by qu. 
Mary, 1553 — removed to Oxford, 1554: — 
cited to Rome to answer for his heresy, 
and condemned there as contumacious, 
1555— burnt at Oxford, Mar. 21, 1556. 

Cbanon, battle of, b.c 322. See Athens. 

Ceanwobth, lord, sir R. M. Rolfe, created, 
and made vice-chancellor, 1851 — lord 
chancellor, Dec. 28, 1852. 

Cbassus. L. Furius Camillus, consul of 
Rome, defeats the Senones, b c. 349. 

Cbassus, C .Licinius, consul of Rome, B.c.168. 

Crassus, L. Licinius, the orator, b. 140 — 
taught by Cselius Antipater, 123 — be- 
gins his career by accusing Papirius 
Carbo, the consul of the preceding year, 
119— defends Licinia, the Vestal, 114 — 
in Greece, as quaestor, 111 — tribune of 
the people, 107 — supports the judicial 
reform proposed by Servilius, 106— con- 
sul of Rome, 95 — as censor, issues an 
edict against rhetoricians, 92— d. 91. 

Cbassus, L. Papirius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
436, 430. 

Cbassus, L. Papirius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
336, 330 II. 

Cbassus, M. Licinius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
30 ; others, 14, and a.d. 27. 



Cbassus, M. Licinius, prsetor of Rome, de- 
feats Spartacus, b.c 71 — consul with 
Pompey ; reconciled to him, they restore 
the power of the tribunes, and repeal 
the obnoxious laws of Sylla, 70 — cen- 
sor, 65— one of the first triumvirate, 60 
— consul II. — meets Caesar and Pompey 
at Lucca — Syria is again voted to him 
by the Roman people, 55 — in his first 
campaign, plunders the temple of Jeru- 
salem, and proceeds against Parthia, 54 
—totally defeated and slain at Carrhse, 
in Mesopotamia, June 9, 53. 

Cbassus, M. Otacilius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
263, 246 II. 

Cbassus, M. Papirius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
441. 

Cbassus, P. Licinius, Dives, Pontifex Maxi- 
mus, B.C. 212 — censor ; abdicates on the 
death of his colleague, L. Veturius, 210 
—consul, 205W. 183. 

Cbassus, P. Licinius, consul of Rome, con- 
ducts the war against Perseus without 
advantage, b.c 171. 

Cbassus, P. Licinius, Mucianus, Pontifex 
Maximus, b.c 133 — conjul, 131. See Abis- 

TONICUS. 

Cbassus, P. Licinius, consul of Rome, b.c 
97. 

Cbassus, Sp. Papirius, military tribune of 
Rome, B.C. 381. 

Cbassus, T. Otacilius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
261. 

Cbateeus, after the death of Alexander, 
contends for a share of his empire — as- 
sists Antipater in Greece, b.c 322 — 
killed in Asia Minor, while making war 
on Eumenes and Antigonus, 321. 

Cbates, poet of the Old Comedy, fi. B.C. 450. 

Cbates, the academic philosopher, fl. b.c 
287. 

Cbatinus, Olympic victor, b.c 652. 

Cbatinus, of the Old Comedy, b. B.C. 519, 
writes comedies, 454— receives the first 
prize, 436; the second after Aristo- 
phanes, 424— d. 422. 

Cbatippus, preceptor of Cicero's son at 
Athens, B.C. 44. 

Ceaven, lady. See Anspach, margravine 
of. 

Cbayfoed, battle of— Hengist gains a vic- 
tory over the Britons, 457. 

Cbeation of the World, 120 different 
epochs assigned for, from B.C. 6984 to 
3616; the date commonly assumed for 
the purposes of chronology is 4004 

Cbeation of the World, the mystery of 
the, exhibited by the parish clerks of 
London during a grand tournament, 1409. 

Cbebillon, De, b. 1674— d. 1762. 

Ceecs-, battle of, Aug. 25, 1346. See Ed- 
wabd III., k. of England. 

Ceeeds, the Nicene, 325 : the first of Sir- 

Q 



CUE 



226 



CEI 



miura (Avian), 351 ; the second, 358 ; the 
third, 359; of Constantinople (addition 
to the Nicene), 380 ; Athanasian, sup- 
posed to have heen made, 434 ; of Friuli, 
another addition to the Nicene, 796. 

Orema, taken by Azzo Visconte, 1335. 

Cremeka, the Pabii take up a position 
near the, B.C. 478 — battle of the ; the 
Fabii surprised and slaughtered by the 
Veientes, 477. 

Cremona, founded by the Romans, b.c. 
221— the people of, defeat the Milanese 
at Castelnuovo, 1150 ; and at Castiglione, 
1213 — ruled by the marquis Uberto 
Pelavicino, 1262 — a meeting of deputies 
from the cities of Lombardy called at, 
by Charles I. of Sicily, 1269— besieged 
by Galeazzo Visconte, 1321 — surrenders, 
1322 — re-annexed to Milan, 1420 — Bianca, 
widow of Francesco Sforza, retires into 
a convent there, and d. 1468. See Bianca. 
— Acquired by the Venetians, 1499— 
surprised by prince Eugene, 1702. See 
Villeroi, marshal. 

Creon, the first annual Athenian archon, 
B.C. 683. 

Creon, k. of Thebes, B.C. 1276 (1213 C.) 

Ckequi, the duke and marshal de, French 
ambassador at Rome, insulted by the 
papal guards, 1662 — takes Dinant; is de- 
feated at Consarbruck, and taken pri- 
soner at Treves, 1675. 

Crescens, the cynic philosopher, and 
enemy of Justin Martyr, fl. 153. 

Crescentius, son of Theodora, acquires 
influence in Rome, and styles himself 
consul — puts to death Benedict VI. ; 
drives the anti-pope, Boniface VII., to 
Constantinople, and makes Domnus II. 
pope, 974— expels John XV., 987— ba- 
nished by the emperor Otho III., 996 — 
returns, and sets up the anti-pope, John 
XVI. ; is excommunicated by pope Gre- 
gory V. ; besieged by Otho in the castle 
of St. Angelo, 997— taken, and beheaded, 
Apr. 8, 998. 

Crkscenzago, the monastery to which 
Matteo Visconte retires, and d. June 27, 
1322. 

Cuesphontes, one of the Heraclidse, on 
their return into the Peloponnesus, oc- 
cupies Mycenae, B.C. 1103. 

(Jrespy, treaty of peace between Charles 
V. and Francis I., Sept. 18, 1544. 

Cressy. See Crecy. 

Crete, the poet Epimenides born at 
Cnossus, in, b.c. 659 — attacked by the 
maritime prefect, M. Antonius, 74-^Me- 
tellus sent to conduct the war in, 69 — con 
queredby him, 67— the Greeks, expelled 
from Carthage by Hassan, retire there, 
and elect Absimar emperor of the East, 
a.d. 698 — the expatriated Andalusian 



Saracens settle there and build Candia, 
which gives its name to the whole island, 
822 — recovered from them by Nicepho- 
rus Phocas, 960— sold to the Venetians, 
by Boniface, k. of Thessalonica, 1205 
— attacked by the Genoese, 1208 and 
1294. See Candia. — Conquered by the 
Turks, 1645-69. 

Creticus, Qu. Csecilius Metellus, consul 
of Rome, b.c. 69 ; another, a.d. 7. 

CrevantsurYonne, battle of; the French 
and Scotch defeated by the earls of Salis- 
bury and Suffolk, 1423. 

Creveld, battle of; prince Ferdinand of 
Brunswick defeats the French, under the 
count de Clermont, June 23, 1758. 

Criasus, k. of Argos, B.C. 1642 (1572 C.) 

Crichton, sir William, regent of Scotland, 
in the minority of James II.. 1437. 

Cridda found s Mercia, the last Anglo-Saxon 
kingdom, 586 — slain, by Ceolric, king or 
Wessex, 593. 

Crimea, or Grim Tartary. See Cher- 
sonesus Taurica. — An independent 
khanate, 1441 — Caffa and the Genoese 
possessions taken by the Turks, to whom 
the khan, Mengheli Kerai, becomes tri- 
butary, 1475 — ravaged by the Russians, 
1736— conquered by them, 1771 — divided 
by two parties, the Russian and the 
Turkish, each having its own khan, 1777 
— occupied by a Russian army, 1778— 
Potemkin takes possession, and massa- 
cres the people, 1783 — it is formally 
given up by Turkey, 1784 — the Allied 
armies land, Sept. 14, 1854. See Alma, 
Balaklava, Inkermann, Sebastopol. 

Crimean medals, public distribution of, 
by the queen, in St. James's park, May 
18, 1855. 

Cbim Tartary. See Crimea. 

Crimesus, a river in Sicily— battle of the; 
Timoleon of Corinth defeats the Car- 
thaginians, b.c. 339. 

Criminal Laws, many petitions against 
their severity in England presented to 
the House of Commons; a committee 
appointed on them, sir Jas. Mackintosh 
chairman, March 2, 1819 —Bills to miti- 
gate them brought in by him, May 9, 
1820— reformed by Peel's Acts, 7 Geo. IV. 

c. 27-31, 1826. 

Cripps. J. M., b. 1780; the companion of 
Dr. Edward Clarke's travels, 1799-1806 
— d. 1853. 

Criso, Olympic victor, B.C. 448. 

Crispina, daughter of Bruttius Prsesens, 
married to the emperor Commodus, 177 
— banished to Capreae and put to death, 
186. 

Crispinus, Tib. Quinctius, consul of Rome, 
drawn into an ambuscade by Hannibal, 

d. of his wounds, B.C. 208. 



CEO 



227 



CEO 



Crispikus, consul of Rome, 187 — another, 
224. 

Crjspinus, C. Clodius, consul of Rome, 113. 

Crispinus, L. Quinctius, consul of Rome, 
44 II. 

Cbispo, Francis, assassinates the duke of 
Naxos, Nicholas III., and seizes the 
duchy, 1381— d. 1414. 

Crispo, James IV., the last duke, expelled 
by the Turks, 1566. 

Cbispus, son of the emperor Constantine, 
b. 300— receives the title of Caesar, 317— 
educated by Lactantius, 317 — watches 
the Franks on the frontier of the Rhine, 
319— gains his first victory against them, 
and the Allemanni, 320— a naval victory 
over the fleet of Licinius, in the Helles- 
pont, 323 — put to death by his father on 
false accusations, 326. 

Crispus, brother of the emperor Claudius 
II. See Claudia. 

Crispus. See Priscus. 

Critias, Athenian archon, B.C. 604 (594 H.) 

Critolaus, the philosopher, sent on an 
embassy from Athens to Rome, B.C. 155. 

Croatia, conquered by Coloman, k. of 
Hungary, 1102 — ceded to Bela, brother of 
Stephen IV., 1164 — recovered by Bela 
III., 1181— Charles Robert, son of Charles 
Martel, proclaimed k. there, 1300— in- 
vaded by the Turks, 1469, 70, 76, 1521— 
united with Hungary to Austria, 1526. 

Crocodile, fossil remains. See" Dodd- 
ridge. 

Crocynas, Olympic victor, B.C. 404. 

Crcesus, son of Alyattes, k. of Lydia, b. 
b.c. 595— succeeds his father, 560 — so- 
licits the aid of Greece against Cyrus, 555 
— conquered by him, 546. 

Cboft, Sir Herbert, b. 1751— d. 1816. 

Croft, Sir Richard, attends the accouche- 
ment of the princess Charlotte of Wales, 
Nov. 6, 1817 — commits suicide, Feb. 14, 
1818. 

Croker, Thomas Crofton, b. 1797— d. 1854. 

Cromwell, Elizabeth, daughter of Rich- 
ard, and grand-daughter of Oliver, b. 1649 
— d. 1731. 

Cromwell, Henry, second surviving son 
of Oliver, b. 1627 — lieutenant of Ireland, 
1657 — submits to the parliament, June 
22, 1659— d. Mar. 24, 1674. 

CR0MWELL,01iver,&.1599 — declaims in the 
House of Commons against Arminianism, 
1629 — intends to emigrate to America, 
and is prevented, 1637 — distinguishes 
himself in a battle at Horncastle, 1643 — 
also at Marston Moor, July 2, 1644, and 
at Naseby, June 14, 1645 — assists in 
taking Bristol, Sept. 10, 1645 — heads the 
Independents, rules the army, and re- 
fuses to lay down his arms, 1647 — defeats 
a rising of the royalists in Wales, 



under col Langhorne, May 8, 1648 
— another, at Preston, under Sir Mar- 
maduke Langdale and Sir Philip Mu<- 
grove, Aug. 17 — marches to Edinburgh, 
and puts down all resistance in Scot- 
land — returns to England with his army, 
Nov. 20 — comes to London, and receives 
the thanks of the Commons, Dec. 7 
— lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Aug. 16, 
1649 — takes Drogheda, and massacres 
the garrison, Sept. 11 — returns from Ire- 
land, and resides in St. James r s palace, 
May 31, 1650 — passes the Tweed, July 
22 — victorious at Dunbar, Sept. 3 — takes 
Edinburgh castle, Dec. 24— crosses the 
Forth, takes Perth, and advances to the 
north, July 31, 1651— pursues Chas. II. 
into England — overtakes him, Aug. 28 
— battle of Worcester, Sept. 3 — Hampton 
Court, and a large estate, voted to him 
by the Commons, Sept. 12 — marches a 
file of musqueteers into the House of 
Commons, takes the mace from the table, 
pulls the Speaker out of the chair, dis- 
misses the members, and locks the doors, 
Apr. 20, 1653 — by his own summons, 
collects the assembly or council, called 
"Barebones' Parliament," July 4 — the 
council of officers draw up " The Instru- 
ment," and appoint him " Lord Protec- 
tor," Dec. 16— Louis XIV. of France 
treats for an alliance with him, and all 
his demands are conceded by the United 
Provinces — he stipulates that the prince 
of Orange shall not be appointed stat- 
holder, 1654— a new parliament meets, 
Sept. 4 — Fleetwood marries his daugh- 
ter ; the parliament refuses to make 
the Protectorate hereditary; death of 
his mother, Nov. 17 — dissolves the par-* 
liament, Jan. 22, 1655 — makes war on 
Spain — Jamaica taken, May 3 — sends 
out a fleet under Blake, which commands 
the Mediterranean ; obtains redress 
from the grand duke of Tuscany ; com- 
pels Algiers and Tunis to give up their 
English captives and desist from piracy ; 
subjects the press in England to a 
licenser ; imprisons Vane, Bradshaw, 
and other leading republicans; a Spa- 
nish fleet destroyed by Blake near Cadiz, 
Sept. 1656 — summons a new House of 
Commons — they pass an Act, making it 
treason to attempt his life, Oct. 27 — de- 
bate on offering him the title of king — 
detection of Syndercombe's plot to as- 
sassinate him, Jan. 19, 1657 — treaty of 
alliance with France against Spain, Mar. 
23 — the crown offered to him — his officers 
petition him not to accept it — he finally 
refuses it, May 8 — a Spanish fleet de- 
stroyed by Blake in the harbour of 
Santa Cruz, April 20; marriage of the 



CRO 



228 



crtt 



Cbomwei.l, Oliver — continued. 
Protector's youngest daughter to Mr. 
Rich, a grandson of the earl of Warwick, 
Not. 11— and of his daughter Mary, to 
viscount Faulconbridge, Nov. 17 — creates 
anew Hauseol Lords, Dec. 11 — assembles 
the Houses, and opens their proceedings 
by a speech, Jan. 20, 1658— di ssolves them, 
Feb. 4— a plot against him discovered, 
Mar. 17— sends a force to co-operate with 
the French in Flanders ; they defeat the 
Spaniards in the battle of the Dunes, 
June 14— Dunkirk surrenders, and is 
given up to the English— projects the 
partition of the Spanish Netherlands 
with France ; attacked by illness, at 
Hampton Court, Aug. 12— removes to 
Whitehall, where he d., Sept. 3, 1658— 
buried with great pomp in Henry VII.'s 
chapel, Nov. 23 — his body removed, ex- 
posed on the gibbet at Tyburn, and bu- 
ried there, Jan. 30, 1661. 

Cromwell, Oliver, a lineal descendant of 
the Protector, b. 1742-d. 1821. 

Cromwell, Richard, eldest living son of 
Oliver, b. 1622— appointed Protector, 1658 
—dissolves the parliament, Apr. 22, 1659 
— withdraws to Hampton Court, and cea- 
ses to exercise authority; the government 
still carried on in his name ; he submits 
to the parliament, and receives a pen- 
sion, May 25, 1659— retires to France, 1660 
— returns to England, and leads a quiet 
life till his death, at Cheshunt, 1712. 

Cromwell, Susan, the last of the Protec- 
tor's family, b. 1744— d. 1834. 

Cromwell, Thomas, defends cardinal Wol- 
sey in the House of Commons, 1529— se- 
cretary of State, 1534 — vicar-general; 
conducts a general visitation of the mo- 
nasteries, 1535 — made a peer ; promotes 
the marriage of Henry VIII. to Anne of 
Cleves, 1539— falls into disgrace, is at- 
tainted, and executed, July 28, 1540. 

Cronslot, or Cronstadt, fortified by the 
czar Peter, 1704 — the Russian Baltic 
fleet collected under the protection of its 
forts, June 12, 1853. 

Cropredy Bridge, near Banbury; battle 
of; Sir W. Waller defeated by the royal 
army, June 29, 1644. 

Crosbie, Sir Edward, executed as concern- 
ed in the Irish rebellion, June 4, 1798. 

Crosby, Brass, lord mayor of London, com- 
mitted to the Tower by the House of 
Commons, Mar. 26, 1771 — a silver cup 
presented to him by the common council, 
Jan. 22, 1772. 

Crosby Hall, Bishopsgate, palace of Rich- 
ard, duke of Gloucester, 1480— restored, 
1836. 

Crotch, Wm., M.D., b. 1775— d. 1847. 

Cbotoka, a town in Italy, founded by the 



Achseans, b.c. 710— the people of, destroy 
Sybaris, 511 — taken by the Romans, 27t 
— by Hannibal, 216 — by Belisarius, a.d. 
548. 

Crotopus, k. of Argos, B.C. 1507 (1480 C.) 

Crowland Abbey. See Croyland. 

Crown Point, taken by gen. Johnson, 
Aug. 8, 1755 — again taken by the En- 
glish, Aug. 1, 1759 — surprised by the 
American colonists, May 17, 1775. 

Crown and Sceptre of Scotland brought 
to London by Edw. I., 1296. 

Croya seized by Scanderbeg, 1443 — Amu- 
rath I., 1447. 

Croydon canal commenced, 1801 — railway 
from London opened, June 1, 1839 — to 
Epsom, May 17, 1847. See Harris. 

Croyland, or Crowland, an island in the 
ancient estuary of the Wash, where 
Ethelbald, k. of Mercia, having been 
sheltered in the hermitage of Guthlac, 
founds an abbey, 718— Felix writes its 
history, 730— plundered by the Danes, 
869 — restored, and a peal of bells intro- 
duced by the chancellor Thurcytel, 945 
— he endows it, and becomes its abbot, 
948— Ingulf, abbot, writes its history, 
1075. 

Crucifixion of Jesus, assigned to various 
dates — to 

29, Mar. 25, by Lactantius and many an- 
cients — by Clinton among moderns. 

30, by Africanus. 

31, by Prosper's Chronicle and Epipha- 
nius, who are followed by Hales. 

32, Mar. 24, by the Paschal Chronicle. 

33, Apr. 3, by Eusebius— the date ap- 
proved by Usher and Blair, and now 
generally adopted. 

Crudkn, Alexander, b. 1701— d. 1770. 

Cruikshank, George, b. 1794. 

Crunnus, k. of Bulgaria. See Bulgaria. 

Crus, L. Cornelius Lentulus, consul of 
Rome, ordered by a decree of the senat6 
to see that the republic receives no de- 
triment, b.c. 49. 

Crusade, the first prepared by the pil- 
grimage of Siegfried and other bishops, 
1064 — pope Gregory VII. suggests the 
idea, 1074 — preached by Peter the hermit 
by order of Urban II. — great excitement 
at the councils of Placentia, March 1, 
and of Clermont, Nov. 18, 1095— the first 
sets out, 1096. See Crusaders.— A new 
crusade urged by pope Pascal II., 1107 
— pope Eugenius III. employs Bernard 
to preach another, 1146 — the second cru- 
sade undertaken by the emperor Conrad 
III.,Louis VII. of France, auddukeGuelt 
of Bavaria,1147 — they totally fail and re- 
turn, 1148. See Bernard. — Another, 
urged by pope Alexander III., 1180 — 
preached in France, 1185. — the third 



CRU 



229 



CEU 



Chus ade —continued. 
commenced by the emperor Frederic I., 
1189— Richard I. of England, and Philip 
Augustus of France follow, 1190. See 
Crusaders.— Fulk of Neuilly employed 
by pope Innocent III. to preach a fourth 
crusade. 1198-preparations for it, 1201 
— Boniface of Montferrat chosen general; 
departure of the fleet from Venice, Oct. 
% 1202. See Crusaders. — Innocent ex- 
acts from the emperor Frederic II. a 
promise to undertake a crusade, 1215 — 
pope Honorius III. requires Andrew II. 
of Hungary to begin the fifth, 1217 — re- 
quires Frederic to perform his promise, 
1220. See Andrew II.— The emperor 
pledges himself to proceed on the cru- 
sade within two years, 1223 — obtains 
another delay of two years, 1225 — is 
again vehemently urged by pope Gre- 
gory IX. — he embarks, but soon again 
lands, and is excommunicated for it, 1227 
— finally embarks on the sixth crusade ; 
when he is again excommunicated, and 
a crusade proclaimed against him in his 
Italian States by the pope, 1228. See 
Crusaders. — The seventh crusade ori- 
ginated by pope Innocent IV. at the 
council of Lyons ; Louis IX. of France 
pledges his nobles against their will to 
join it, 1245 — they depart, and winter in 
Cyprus, 1248. See Crusaders.— The 
eighth and last crusade projected by 
Louis, 1267 — preached by the papal le- 
gate to the English parliament at North- 
ampton, 1269— Louis, prince Edward of 
England, and Charles, king of Naples, 
proceed, 1270. See Crusaders. — Gre- 
gory X. urges the emperor Rudolf to ano- 
ther, 1275 — Nicholas IV. vainly endea- 
vours to arouse Europe to another, 1291 
— Boniface VIII. appoints James II. of 
Arragon to command it, 1297 — pope Cle- 
ment V. urges a general crusade, 1306 — 
pope Callistus III. fails to organize one 
against the Turks, 1456. 

Crusade. See Albigenses, Apulia, Co- 
loxna family, and Prussia. 

Crusaders, four bands of, depart for Pa- 

. lestine, led by Peter the hermit, Walter 
de Pexejo, Walter the Pennyless, the 
priest Gottschalk, and William the Car- 
penter ; most of them perish in Hungary 
and Bulgaria, some return, some pass 
the Bosphorus, and are massacred by 
Kilidsch Arslan, 1096 — a regular mili 
tary force proceeds under Godfrey de 
Bouillon, duke of Lorraine, Hugh de j 
Vermandois, Raymond of Toulouse. 
Stephen of Chartres,Bohemond, prince of 
Tarentum,andhis cousin Tancred, Robt. 
count of Flanders, Robert, duke of Nor- 
mandy, and Godfrey's brothers Eustace 



and Baldwin, 1096— the emperor, Alex- 
ius Comnenus, suspicious of them, ob- 
tains from their chiefs an oath of fealty, 
1097— they conquer Nicrea, June 20— 
gain the battle of Dorylseum, July 4. 
See Baldwin, count of" Hainault.— Be- 
siege Antioch, Oct. 21 — it surrenders, 
June 3, 1098— they defeat Kerboga, June 
28— besiege Jerusalem, June 7, 1099. — 
take it, J uly 15. See Godfrey of Bouil- 
lon, and Jerusalem, kingdom of. — De- 
feat the Fatimite army from Egypt, at 
Ascalon, Aug. 12 — a large reinforcement 
sets out under Anselm, archbp. of Milan, 
the bp. of Pavia, and Count Albert of 
Biandrate, 1100— another is led by Guelf, 
duke of Bavaria, and William, duke of 
Aquitain ; their united forces are met by 
Kilidsch Arslan, and are all cut to pieces 
or dispersed ; Anselm d. at Constantino- 
ple, and Gueif in Cyprus, 1101— Erik, k. 
of Denmark, sets out, 1103— -d. in Cyprus, 
1105— Bohemond stipulates with Alexius 
for a free passage for all crusaders by 
land, 1108. See Bohemond, son of Ro- 
bert Guiscard.— Tyre taken by them, 
1124— Edessa by the Turks, 1144— de- 
feated by Noureddin, near the Orontes, 
1149— Damascus taken by him, 1153 — 
Jerusalem by Saladin, 1187— Acre sur- 
renders to the leaders of the third 
crusade, 1191— they defeat Saladin at 
Arsouf, and take Joppa and Ascalon; 
conclude a treaty with Saladin, and 
leave Palestine, 1192— the fourth cru- 
saders take Zara, and winter in Dalma- 
tia ; Innocent threatens to excommuni- 
cate them; are urged to restore Isaac 
Angelus, 1202— his son Alexius joins 
them, they take Constantinople, July 8, 
1203— again, April 9, 1204. See Con- 
stantinople, and Latin empire of the 
East.— The fifth crusaders are led by 
John de Brienne into Egypt, where they 
take the port and outworks of Damietta, 
1218— take the city, and threaten Cairo, 
1219— the legate Pelagius makes them 
reject favourable terms of peace offered 
by the sultan, 1220— he. overrules the 
advice of John de Brienne ; the Chris- 
tian army is totally ruined, and Dami- 
etta given up, 1221— the sixth crusaders 
under the emperor Frederic II., land 
at Acre; the knights Hospitallers and 
Templars are forbidden, by the pope, to 
join them ; Jerusalem and other cities 
are restored to them by the sultan, and 
Frederic hastens back to recover the 
States, which the papal crusaders had 
taken from him in his absence, 1229 — 
the seventh crusaders land in Egypt, 
and take Damietta, 1249— are defeated 
at Mansourah, April 5, 1250 — are mado 



cue 



230 



CUM 



Cbitsaders — continued. 
prisoners, restore Damietta, bind them- 
selves to cease hostilities, and retire to 
Acre— Louis returns to France, 1254 — 
leads the eighth crusaders against Tunis, 
and d. there of the plague ; his fleet 
wrecked and plundered by Charles of 
Sicily, 1270 — the English, under prince 
Edward, relieve Acre, and take Naza- 
reth, 1271 — conclude a truce with Bi- 
bars for ten years, and leave Palestine, 
1272 — Acre, Bey rout, and Tyre, the last 
remnant of the crusaders' conquests, 
taken from them by Chalil, 1291. 

Crystal Palace, in Hyde Park, com- 
menced, Sept. 22, 1850. See Exhibition, 
the Grand. — Purchased by the Brighton 
Railway Company, May 13, 1852; re- 
erected at Sydenham, Aug. 5 — leave 
obtained to place Cleopatra's needle 
there, Nov. 9 — opened by the queen, 
June 10, 1854. 

Crystal Palace, the Parisian, ordered to 
be erected in the Champs Elys^es, March 
30, 1852 — the building commenced, Sept. 
6. See Exhibition of Paris. 

Ctesias, a Greek, made prisoner by the 
Persians at the battle of Cunaxa, resides 
at the court of Artaxerxes Mnemon, B.C. 
401 — writes his History, which termi- 
nates at 398— leaves the court of Arta- 
xerxes, 384. 

Ctesicles, Athenian archon, B.C. 334. 

Ctesiphon, built by the Parthian Arsa- 
cidse about B.C. 150 — taken by Trajan, 
a.d. 116 — again taken by the generals 
of M. Atirelius and Verus, 165— taken 
by Sept. Severus, 198 — made by Arta- 
xerxes, the capital of the new Persian 
empire, 226 — taken by Odenathus, 264 — 
by Carus, 283 — threatened by Heraclius, 
627 — plundered by the Saracen Said, and 
thenceforth deserted, 637. 

Ctistes. See Mithridates. 

Cuba discovered by Columbus, 1492 — the 
Dutch admiral, Hein, captures a richly 
laden Spanish fleet off, 1628 — conquered 
by lord Albemarle and admiral Pococke, 
1762 — enterprises of American adven- 
turers against, prohibited by president 
Taylor, Aug. 11, 1849 — they persist, 
under general Lopez, land, May 17, 1850 
— fail and retire, 25 — an attempted re- 
volution under Aguero ; the Spanish 
troops defeated ; independence declared, 
July 4, 1851 — Lopez returns; general 
Enna killed, Aug. 17 — the insurgents de- 
feated; Lopez hanged, Sept. 1 — the other 
invaders expelled, 7. 

Cubitt, Mr., the architect of the Crystal 
Palace, knighted, Oct. 1851. 

Cublai. See Kublai. 

Cucuaus. See Chrysostom. 



Cuddalore, the siege of, abandoned by 
the English, on the conclusion of peace 
with France, 1783. 

Cudworth, R., b. 1617— d. 1688. 

Cufa, a city founded by the Saracens out 
of the ruins of Ctesiphon, 637 — revolts 
against the caliph Othman, 655. 

Cuichelm, son of Cynegils, king of Wessex. 
See Bf.andune. — Is bap ized, and d.636. 

Cujacius, the French jurist, d. 1590. 

Culen, k. of Scotland, 965-970. 

Cullen, Dr. William, b. 1712— d. 1790. 

Cullen's Wood, near Dublin, the scene 
of a frightful massacre of English peo- 
ple, by some wild Irish, Mar. 30, 1209. 

Culloden, battle of; the Pretender de- 
feated by the duke of Cumberland, Apr. 
16, 1746. 

Culmbach. See Brandenburg, and Al- 
bert. 

Cujle, an ancient city of Italy, taken by 
Narses, 553 — destroyed by an earth- 
quake, 1538. 

Cumans, Comans, Komans or Kumans, an 
Asiatic tribe, arrive in Europe and ha- 
rass the Russians, 1055 — repelled by the 
Hungarians, 1091 — some are allowed by 
Stephen II. to settle in Hungary, 1120 — 
in alliance with the Russians are totally 
defeated and dispersed by the Mongols 
in the battle of the Kalka, June 16. 
1224 — the fugitives are received in Hun- 
gary by Bela IV., 1239— are converted 
to Christianity by Ladislas III., 1279 — 
are greatly favoured by him, so that he 
has the surname of the Cuman — but at 
last offends some, by whom he is assas- 
sinated, 1290. 

Cumberland, named from the united 
British Cymri, who occupy it, 586 — 
granted by Edmund I. as a fief to Mal- 
colm J., king of Scotland, 945— Canute 
exacts the Danegeld for it from Malcolm 
II., 1031— taken from Malcolm Canmore 
by William the Conqueror — and re- 
stored to him (except Carlisle) on his 
doing homage, 1072 — resigned to Henry 
II. by William the Lion, after his defeat 
and captivity at Alnwick, 1175 — finally 
annexed to England by Henry III., 1237. 

Cumberland, Ernest Augustus, (after- 
wards) duke of, fifth son of George III., 
b. June 5, 1771 — created a peer, April 
23, 1792 — attacked and wounded, May 
31, 1810 — marries Frederica Caroline, 
widow of the prince of Salms-Braunfels, 
Aug. 29, 1815 — a parliamentaiy grant on 
his marriage, refused, July 11, 1815 
and April 13, 1818— birth of his son, Geo. 
Frederic, (now k. of Hanover), May 27, 
1819 — becomes k. of Hanover, June 20, 
1S37. See Ernest Augustus, k. of Ha- 
nover. 



CUB 



231 



CUT 



Cumberland, Henry Frederic, ("after- 
wards) duke of, fourth son of Frederic, 
prince of Wales, b. Nov. 7, 1745 — is 
amerced in £10,000 damages, to lord 
Grosvenor, for crim. con., 1770 — marries 
lady Anne Horton, daughter of lord 
Irnham, Oct. 4, 1771 — received at court 
for the first time after, June 15, 1780 — 
d. Sept. 18, 1790. 

Cumberland, William Augustus, duke of, 
second son of George Augustus, prince 
of Wales, afterwards George II., 5. April, 
1721 — serves under sir John Norris, 1740 
— at the hattle of Dettingen, 1743— takes 
the command of the allied army in Flan- 
ders, April 9 — is defeated hy marshal 
de Saxe at Fontenoy, 30, 1745— returns 
from the Netherlands with part of his 
army, to oppose the young Pretender — 
arrives at Lichfield ; Carlisle surrenders 
to him, Dec. 30— gains the battle of Cul- 
loden, April 16— arrives at Edinburgh, 
1746 — the Commons vote £40,000 a year 
to him, May 14 — defeated by Marshal 
Saxe at Laffeld, June 20, 1747 — com- 
mands the allied army in Hanover, 1757 
— allows the French, under marshal 
D'Estr£es,topass the Weser, July 10 — is 
defeated by him at Hartenbeck, 25— he 
capitulates at Closter Seven, Sep. 8 — 
resigns his commissions, Oct. 11 — d. Oct. 
13, 1765. 

Cumberland, Kichard, b. 1731, d. 1811. 

Cumrhi. See Cimmerians, Cimbri, and 
Cymri. 

Cunaxa, battle of; Cyrus the younger de- 
feated and slain in his rebellion against 
his brother Artaxerxes Mnemon, b.c. 
401. 

Cunegonda, of Luxemburg, queen of 
Henry II. of Germany, 1004. 

Cunegonda. See Gunhild. 

Cunegonda, sister of Guelf, count of Ca- 
rinthia, first wife of Albert Azzo II., 
marquis of Lombardy, and mother of 
Guelf IV., the progenitor of the Bruns- 
wick family, 1047. 

Cunersdorf, battle of, Frederic, king of 
Prussia, defeated by the Russian gen. 
Soltikow, and the Austrian marshal 
Laudohn, Aug. 12, 1579. 

Cunibert, son of Bertaridus, reigns jointly 
with his father over Lombardy, 678 — 
becomes sole king, 688 — quells the re- 
bellion of Alachis, duke of Trent and 
Brescia, 690— d. 700. 

Cunimund, k. of theGepidse. falls in battle 
against the Longobardi, 567. 

Cunningham, Allan, b. 1786— d. 1842. 

Curacoa, taken by the Dutch, 1634— 
taken from them by the British, 1807. 

Curdistan. See Kurdistan. 

Cureton, general, slain in a battle against 



the Sikhs, on the river Chenab, Nov. 22, 
1848, 

Curfew-bell, introduced by William I., 
1068. 

Curio, C. Scribonius, consul of Rome, b.c 
76 — succeeds Ap. Claudius Pulcher ii: 
Macedon, 75. 

Curran, John Philpot, b. 1750 — opposes 
the Union in the Irish House of Com- 
mons, 1800-d. 1817. 

Currency Act, Peel's. See Bank of Eng- 
land. 

Curry, admiral, b. 1772— d. 1855. 

Cursor, L. Papirius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
333 — dictator; threatens to punish Qti. 
Fabius for gaining a victory in his ab- 
sence, 325— dictator II. 309. 

Cursor, L. Papirius, consul of Rome ; places 
the first sun-dial at, on the temple of 
Quirinus, B.C. 293— consul II. 272. 

Cursor, L. Papirius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
324; 11.320; III. 319 ; IV. 315; V. 313. 

Curtis, Sir Roger, assists in defending 
Gibraltar, Sept. 13, 1782. 

Curtis, Sir William, b. 1752 ; sheriff of 
London, 1788 ; lord mayor, 1795— d. 1829. 

Curtis, William, the botanist, b. 1746— a. 
1799. 

Curubis. See Cyprian, bp. of Carthage. 

Curule, jEdile, the office of, created, B.C. 
366. See Flavius, Cn. 

Curvus, L. Fulvius, consul of Rom«, B.C. 
322. 

Curwen, W. C, b. 1756; long M.P. for 
Cumberland— d. 1828. 

Curzola, an island of Dalmatia, naval 
battle of; the Venetian fleet, under An- 
drea Dandolo, destroyed by the Genoese, 
under Lamba Doria, Sept. 8, 1298. See 
Polo, Marco. 

Cushan, k. of Mesopotamia, conquers the 
Israelites, B.C. 1413 (1565 H., 1558 C.) 

Cust, Sir John, chosen Speaker of the 
House of Commons, Nov. 3, 1761 — re- 
signs, Jan. 17, 1770 — d. Jan. 22. 

Custine, general, takes Spires, Worms, 
and Mentz, 1792 — the last retaken by 
the Prussians, July 22, 1793 — he is exe- 
cuted for its loss, Aug. 28. 

Customs, consolidation of the, by William 
Pitt, Feb. 26, 1787. 

Customs' Duties Bill (Sir R. Peel's) 
receives the royal assent, June 26, 
1846. 

Custom-house, London, the first, built, 
1559 ; burnt, and rebuilt, 1718 ; burnt, 
Feb. 12, 1814 — the new edifice opened, 
May 12, 1817 — the floor of the Long 
Room there gives way, Jan. 26, 1825. 

Custrin, a Prussian fortress, taken by the 
Russians, 1758 — occupied by the French, 
1808. 

Cutha, brother of Ceawlin, k. of Wessex, 



cttt 



232 



CTP 



and father of Ceolric and Ceolwulf, falls 
in the battle of Fethanlea, 584. 

Cuthbert, bp. of Lindisfarne and Hex- 
ham, 685— d. 687. 

Cuthbert, archbp. of Canterbury, 741— d. 
758. 

Cuthburga, sister of Ina, k. of Wessex, 
founds the monastery of Winburn, 718. 

Cuthred, son of Cuichelm, baptised by 
Birinus, 639— receives a grant of land 
from his uncle, Kenwalk, k. of Wessex, 
648— d. 661. 

Cuthred, k. of Wessex, resists Ethel- 
bald, k. of Mercia, 741— defeats him at 
Burford, 752 — at Avar with the Britons, 
753— d. 754. 

Cuthred, k. of Kent, 796-805. 

Cuvier, Frederic, b. 1773-d. 1838. 

Cuvier, George, b. 1769 — publishes his 
" Comparative Anatomy," 1799 — d. 1832. 

Cuvier, French steamer, destroyed by the 
spontaneous combustion of coals, Jan. 23, 
1848. 

Cuzco conquered by Cortex, 1533. 

Cyaxares, k. of Media, B.C. 632 — expels 
the Massagetae from his kingdom, 607 — 
war between him and Alyattes, k. of 
Lydia, 603— d. 594. 

Cyclades, islands of the ^Egean, rebel 
against the emperor Leo III. ; their 
fleet is destroyed hy the Greek fire, and 
the mock Augustus beheaded, 726. 

Cyme, a town of iEolia, founded B.C. 
1033 — regained by the Persians, 497. 

Cyjiri (Lat. Camoria), the Cumrhi or 
league of the Britons, when they unite 
against the Saxons, 586 — defeated by 
Ethelfrid, k.of Northumberland, at Caer- 
legion (Chester). 603 — at Beandnne, by 
Cynegils, k. of Wessex, and his son Cui- 
chelm, 614 — Kentwin, k. of Wessex, ex- 
tends his kingdom into their lands, 682 
— Egfrid, k. of North umberland, attacks 
them in Strath-cluyd — is defeated and 
slain, May 20, 685. 

Cynegils, k. of Wessex, 611— defeats the 
Cymri at Beandune, 614— baptised, and 
makes Birinus bishop of Dorcic, 635. 
See Birinus.— d. 643. 

Cynegius, consul of Rome, 388. 

Cynewolf, bp. of Lindisfarne, resigns his 
see, 780— d. 782. 

Cynewulf, k. of Wessex, 755 — defeated at 
Bensington by Offa, k. of Mercia, 777 — 
slain in battle, 7S4. 

Cynoscephal,e, battles of, b.c. 364. See 
Alexander of Pheis, and Pelopidas — 
Flaminius and his iEtolian allies defeat 
Philip V. of Macedon, 197. 

Cynossema, naval battle of; the Lacedae- 
monian fleet, under Mindarus, defeated 
by the Athenians, b.c. 411. 

Cynbic, son of Cerdic, arrives in Britain 



with his father, 495 — succeeds him on 
the throne of Wessex, 534— defeats the 
Britons at the battle of Searobyrig (Sa- 
rum), 552 — gains a victory at Beranby- 
rig (Banbury), 556. 

Cynwith, battle of; the Danes defeated 
by Alfred, and lope their Raven war-flag, 
878. 

Cyprian (Thascius Cyprianus), bishop of 
Carthage, 248 — withdraws from Carthage- 
during the persecution of Decius, and 
conceals himself, 250 — holds a council at 
Carthage to enforce stricter canons, 252 
— writes "De Mortalitate," 253— dictates 
to another council articles that provoke 
angry disputes, 256 — banished to Curu- 
bis, 257— martyred at Carthage, Sept. 14, 
258 — his Life, written by Pontius, 259. 

Cyprus, part of the Persian empire, revolts 
and is recovered by Darius Hystaspes, 
B.C. 498— taken by the Greeks, 477. See 
Conon.— Revolt of Evagoras, 390-388— 
left, by the treaty of Antalcidas, to the 
mercy of Artaxerxes, 387 — Evagoras 
hard pressed by the Persians, 380 — a re- 
volt suppressed by Ochus, 351 — conquer- 
ed by Alexander, 333; by Ptolemy, 313 
— naval victory of Demetrius Poliorcetes 
over Ptolemy, 306— Ptolemy of Megalo- 
polis, Egyptian governor, 195— the island 
seized by Antiochus Epiphanes, 171 ; 
abandoned by him, 168 — Ptolemy Phys- 
con takes refuge in, when expelled from 
Egypt, 130 — Ptolemy Soter II. retires 
there, when dethroned by his mother, 
Cleopatra, 107— Cato sent there by the 
tribune Clodius, 58 — conquered by Gabi- 
nius, 57 — some of its people are among 
the first teachers of Christianity to the 
Greeks of Antioch, a.d. 36 — Paul and Bar- 
nabas preach in the island and make 
many converts, 38 — desolated by an 
earthquake, 77 — rebellion of Jews, 115 ; 
repressed, 117 — revolt of Calocterus, 
quelled by Dalmatius, 334 — refuge of 
John V., bp. of Alexandria, when the Per- 
sians invade Egypt, 616 — conquered by 
Moawiyah, 648— Justinian II. attempts 
to transplant the whole population of, and 
abandons the island, 691 — recovered by 
Leo II I.. 726— conqueredbyHarunalRas- 
chid, 803 -John Zimisces expels the Sara- 
cens. 964 — many crusaders die there — 
Guelf I V., duke of Bavaria, 1101— Erik 
I., k. of Denmark, 1105 — Amadeus, count 
of Maurienne and Savoy, 1148 — conquered 
by Richard I., k. of England, and given 
to Guy of Lusignan, who founds the new 
kingdom of Cyprus, 1191— succeeded by 
his brother, Almeric, 1198. See Alme- 
ric. — Hugh I., 1206 — Louis IX., of France, 
and his crusaders winter in, 1248 — the 
Knights Hospitallers and Templars take 



CTB 



233 



DAC 



refuge at Limissq, 1291— attacked by the 
Genoese, Famagosta taken, the island 
tributary to them, 1373 — made tributary 
by Bursbai, sultan of Egypt, 1426 — 
conquered by the Venetians, 1475 — in- 
vaded by the Turks, 1570— a powerful 
allied fleet, collected for its defence, re- 
mains inactive, through the discord of 
its commanders, while Nicosia and the 
greater part of the island are conquered — 
the Turks complete the conquest, 1571. 

Cypselus, k. of Corinth, B.C. 655 — d. 625— 
the reign of his family ceases with 
Psamnietichus, 581. 

Cyuenaic school of philosophy founded 
by Aristippus and his daughter, Arete, 
b.c. 365. See Anniceeris. 

Cyrene, founded by Battus, b c. 631 — 
Arcesilaus I. succeeds, 591. See Battus 
I. and II., and Arcesilaus I. and IV. — 
conquered by the Persians, 524 — visit of 
Plato, 395— conquered by Ptolemy Soter, 
320 — many thousand Jews transplanted 
there by him, 312 — the doctrines of 
" Plato's Republic" introduced in its con- 
stitution, 251 — given to Ptolemy Phys- 
con, 164; to Ptolemy Apion, 116 — be- 
queathed by him to the Romans, 96 — 
some of its people, with others from Cy- 
prus, teach Christianity to the Greeks 
of Antioch, a.d. 36— the Jews of, rebel, 
115; are quelled by Lusius Quietus, 117. 

Cyreneans, the, request Plato' to frame 
laws for them, which he declines, b.c. 355. 

Cvriacus, bp. of Constantinople, 595 — 
claims the title of " Oecumenical bishop," 
and is opposed by pope Gregory I., 596. 

Cyriades, the first of the Thirty Tyrants, 
joins Sapor, and is slain in the beginning 
of the Persian war, 259. 

Cyril, bp. of Alexandria, 412— connives at 
the murder of Hypatia, 415— plots the 
expulsion of Nestorius from C.P., 430 — 
deposes him, 431 — reconciled to John of 
Antioch, 434 — persuades Theodosius II. 
to banish Nestorius to the Oasis in the 
desert of Africa ; his conduct is censured 
by Isidore of Pelusium, 435 — d. 444. 

Cyril, b. 317 — bp. of Jerusalem, 348— de- 
posed, 349 — contest with Acacius of Cse- 
sarea,357 — with Irenseus,362 — reinstated 
for the fourth time, 381— d. 388. 

Cyrillus, bp. of Antioch, 280-302. 

Cy'ROPedium, in Phrygia, battle of; Ly- 
simachus defeated and slain by Seleucus 
Nicator, B.C. 281. 

Cyrus, founds the Persian empire, B.C. 559 
— threatens Lydia, 555 — invades Baby- 
lon, 538 — Lydia, 546 — permits the Jews 
to return to their country and rebuild 
the temple, 536— killed in a war with the 
Massagetae, 529. 

Cyrus, the younger, son of Darius Nothus, 



sent to command the army in Ionia, B.O. 
407 — rebels against his brother, Arta- 
xerxes Mnemon, defeated and slain in the 
battle of Cunaxa, 401. 

Cyrus, prsetorian prefect of the East, dis- 
missed by Theodosius II., becomes bp. 
of Cotyseum in Phrygia, 444. 

Cyrus, patriarch of Constantinople, 705 — 
ejected, 712. 

Cy'RUS, bp. of Alexandria, 630 — expelled by 
the Saracens, 640 — excommunicated by 
pope Theodoras, for monothelitism, 646. 

Cythera (now Cerigo), the island of, taken 
by the Athenians, B.C. 424. See Ionian 
or Seven Islands. 

Cyzicenus. See Antiochus VIII. Cyzi- 
cenus. 

Cyzicus, a decayed Milesian colony, re- 
stored by the Megarians, B.C. 675— naval 
battle of — the Lacedaemonians defeated 
by AlcibiaTles, and their commander, 
Mindarus, slain, 410 — besieged by Mith- 
ridates, 74 — taken by the Goths, a.d. 
259— by the usurper Procopius, 365 — win- 
ter quarters of the Mohammedans during 
the siege of Constantinople, 668 — Roger 
di Flor establishes himself at, 1303. 



D 



Dacia. See Dacians.— A Roman province, 
106 — retained by Hadrian, 117— commo- 
tions in, settled by Albinus and Niger, 
183— relinquished to the Goths by Aure- 
lian ; and the name given to another 
province south of the Danube, 270 — made 
part of the Eastern Empire by Gratian, 
377. 

Dacia, a name given to Denmark in the 
middle ages ; used by the emperor Fre- 
deric II., in his letter to the princes of 
Europe, 1241. 

Dacians, a Gothic people north of the 
Danube, first encountered by Valerius 
Messalla, b c. 34 — invade Moesia. and de- 
feat the Roman general, Fuscus, a.d. 
86— again defeat the Romans, and are 
bribed to retire, 87— make peace with 
Rome, 91 — their annual payment discon- 
tinued by Trajan ; they invade the Ro- 
man provinces, hut are driven back and 
pursued over the Danube by him, 101 — he 
dictates terms of peace, 103— they renew 
the war, 104— their leader, Decebalus, 
falls in battle, and they submit to Trajan, 
106. See Dacia. 

Dacier, Andr., b, 1650— d. 1722. 

Dacier, Madame, b. 1650— d. Aug. 6, 1720. 

Daches, Lord, concludes a truce with the 
duke of Albany, regent of Scotland, 1522. 



DAL 



234 



DAM 



Dadastana. See Jovian, emperor of 
Rome. 

Daendels, the French general, crosses the 
Waal, and invades Holland, Dec. 25, 
1794. 

D^etales. See Aristophanes. 

Dagalaiphus, a Roman general, serves 
under the emperor Julian, 360— declines 
the command in the Allemannic war, 
offered to him by Valentinian, 365— con- 
sul of Rome, 366— another consul of the 
same name, 461. 

Daghistan, a pi'ovince of Asia, between 
the Black and Caspian Seas, conquered 
by the czar Peter, 1723— restored to 
Persia by the empress Anne, 1735 — 
finally annexed to Russia by Alexander 
I., 18i3. 

Dagobert I., son of Clotair II., receives 
Austrasia from his father, 622 — succeeds 
him in Neustria, and becomes sole k. of 
the Franks, 628— d. 638. 

Dagobert II., son of Sigebert II., on his 
father's death is sent to Ireland by Gri- 
moald, mayor of the palace, 656 — brought 
back by Wulfoald, and placed on the 
throne of Austrasia, 674— murdered, 680. 

Dagobert III., son of Childebert III., suc- 
ceeds his father as nominal k. of Neus- 
tria, 711— d. 715. 

Daguerre invents the daguerreotype, or 
photographic process, 1839— d. Julv 10, 
1851. 

Dahra, massacre of the Kabyles by the 
French in the caves of, 1845. 

Da'i'cles, Olympic victor, B.C. 752. 

Daily Courant, the first English daily 
newspaper, established, 1709. 

Dale, David, establishes the factory at 
Lanark, on the Clyde, 1792. 

Dalecarlia, the peasants of, revolt — En- 
gelbrechtson, a nobleman, places himself 
at their head, and drives Erik's officers 
out of Sweden, 1433 — expel Christian II., 
1521 — place Gustavus Vasa on the 
throne, 1523 — oppose the Reformation, 
1527. 

Dalhousie, James Andrew Ramsay, mar- 
quis of, appointed governor-general of 
India, Aug. 4 — sails in Nov., 1847 — war- 
den of the Cinque Ports, 1853— returns 
from India, 1855. 

Dallas, Sir Robert, chief justice of the 
Courtof Common Pleas, Nov. 5, 1818-1824. 

Dalmatia, the coast of, conquered by the 
Romans, B.C. 230 — the consul, C. Mar- 
cius Figulus, begins a new war, 156 — 
terminated successfully by Scipio Nasica, 
155 — the Vardsei, a people of, conquered 
by the consul, Ser. Fulvius Flaccus, 135 — 
the conquest completed by L. Csecilius ' 
Metellus, 117 — reduced to obedience by 
Octavius, 31— a revolt put down by Ti- 



berius, 11 — another revolt, a.d. 5— con- 
tinued, 8 — suppressed, 9 — retirement of 
Diocletian to Spalatro, near Salona, 306 
— maintained against Ricimer by Mar- 
cellinus, 461. See Marcellinus. — Con- 
quered by Odoacer, 481 — by Ilauph, 549 
— invaded by the Slavonians, 642 — com- 
pelled by the Venetians to abstain from 
piracy, 839 — defended against the Sara- 
cens by the emperor Basil I., 868 — con- 
quered by Coloman, k. of Hungary, 1102 
— defended against the Hungarians by 
Ordelafo Faledro, doge of Venice, who 
falls at Zara, 1117 — Spalatro taken by 
Domenico Michele, doge of Venice, 1125 
— the coast regained by the Venetians, 
1150— Stephen IV., k. of Hungary, takes 
Zara, Spalatro, and other places in, 
from the Venetians, 1171 — the whole re- 
covered by Bela III., 1181 — the Crusa- 
ders take Zara, and pass the winter there, 
1202 — Bela IV. driven out of Hungary 
by the Mongolians of the Golden Horde, 
takes refuge there, 1241 — Charles Ro- 
bert, son of Charles Martel, is proclaim- 
ed there ; and the Apostolicals are con- 
ducted there by Dolcino, 1300 — resigned 
to Louis, k. of Hungary, by the Vene- 
tians, 1358— conquered by them, 1420 — 
by the Turks, 1526— restored to Venice, 
1573— taken again by the Turks, 1663— 
desolated by an earthquake, 1667 — a part 
given up to Venice by the treaty of Car- 
lowitz, 1699 — given to Austria by the 
treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 — again, by 
the treaty of Luneville, 1801— added by 
Napoleon to the kingdom of Italy, 1805 
— given to Austria again by the congress 
of Vienna, 1814. 

Dalmatius, brother of Constantine, em- 
ploys Exnperius to educate his two sons, 
330— consul of Rome, 333. 

Dalmatius, nephew of Constantine, re- 
presses the revolt of Calocaerus, in Cy- 
prus, 334 — created Caesar, 335 — put to 
death, 338. 

Dalmeny, Lord, b. 1809— d. 1851. 

Dalrymple, Sir Hew, concludes the con- 
vention of Cintra, 1808. 

D alton, Dr., b. 1766— d. 1844. 

D' Alton. Count, b. 1766— d. 1851. 

Damascenus. See John, of Damascus. 

Dahascius writes the life of Isidore, the 
Alexandrian philosopher, 525 — is expel- 
led from Athens by Justinian, 529 — seeks 
refuge at the court of Chosroes, 532 — re- 
turns from Persia, 533. 

Damascus conquered by Tiglathpileser, k. 
of Assyria, B.C. 738 — taken by Parmenio, 
a general of Alexander, 333— by the Per- 
sians, A.n. 614— besieged bv the Moslems, 
o33— taken. 634— battle of; Baldwin II.. 
k. of Jerusalem, defeated, 1131— unsuc- 



DAN 



235 



DAN 



cessfully besieged by the Christians, 
1148— conquered by Noureddin, 1153 — by 
Saladin, 1183— by Hulagou, 1258- by Bi- 
bars, sultan of the Mamelukes, 1260— -by 
Timour, 1401— by Ibrahim Pasha, 1832. 

Damasias, Olympic victor, B.C. 320. 

Damasius, Athenian archon, B.C. 639. 

Damasius II., Athenian archon, B.C. 586. 

Damasus I., bp. of Rome, violently op- 
posed by Ursinns, 366 — distinguished for 
his ostentation and arrogance, 370 — d. 
Dec. 10, 384. 

Damasus II., pope, dies twenty-three days 
after his consecration, 1048. 

Damer, Hon. Anne Seymour, 5. 1748— d. 
1828. 

Damiano, Pietro, b. at Ravenna, 1007 — dis- 
tinguishes himself in the church, 1052— 
bp. of Ostia, 1057 — assembles a council 
at Sienna to elect a pope, 1058 — as papal 
legate, prevents the divorce of the em- 
peror Henry IV. from his wife, 1069— d. 
1072. 

Damiexs attempts to assassinate Louis XV., 
Jan. 5, 1757— is tortured to death, Mar. 
28. 

Damietta, the emperor Maurice I. sends 
an unsuccessful expedition against, 1170. 
See Crusaders. 

Damon, Olympic victor, b.c. 376. 

Damophon, k. of Pisatis, B.C. 588. 

Dampier explores the north-west coast of 
New Holland, 1699. 

Dampierre, near Saumur. See Margaret 
of Anjou. 

Dampierre, Guy de, count of Flanders, 
1280 — leagues against Philip IV. of 
France, 1294— defeated by the French, 
and loses Furnes — Edward I. goes over 
to France to succour him, 1299 — defeated 
and taken prisoner by Charles de Valois, 
1300— d. 1305. 

Danaus introduces pumps into Greece 
from Egypt, B.C. 1489 (1486 H., 1446 C.)— 
obtains the kingdom of Argos, 1475 (1486 
H , 1444 C.) 

Danawerk, a line of defence on the Ey- 
der, constructed by Godfrey, k. of Jut- 
land, 808— destroyed by the emperor 
OthoII., 975. 

Danbv, earl of. See Osborne, Sir Thomas. 
— Created lord-treasurer by Charles II., 
1673— lays before the House of Lords 
Oates' information of the " Popish plot," 
1678— is impeached by the Commons for a 
letter, written by the king's order to his 
ambassador at Paris ; is pardoned by the 
king,1679— the Commons protest against 
the pardon granted him. Mar. 23, 1679— 
he is again committed, April 15— ad- 
mitted to bail, 1684— acquitted by the 
Lords, 1685 — concurs in the invitation to 
the prince of Orange, 1688— created pre- 1 



sident of the ouncil by Wm. III., and 
marquis of Caermarthen, 1689 — made 
duke of Leeds, 1693. See Leeds, duke of. 

Dance, Capt., repulses Linois's attack on 
the homewarcL-bound India fleet, Feb. 15, 
1804. 

Dance, George, b. 1741 — professor of ar- 
chitecture in the Royal Academy, and 
last survivor of the original 40 members, 
d. 1825. 

Dandolo, Andrea, the Venetian admiral, 
defeated by the Genoese, dies of grief, 
1298. See Curzola. 

Dandolo, Andrea, doge of Venice. 1343— 
writes his Chronicle, 1345 — d. Sept. 7, 
1354. 

Dandolo, Francesco, doge of Venice, 1328 
-1339. 

Dandolo, Giovanni, doge of Venice. 1279 
-1289. 

Dandolo, Henry, b. 1108 — goes on an em- 
bassy to the Greek emperor, Manuel I., 
1172— elected doge of Venice, 1192 — con- 
cludes the treaty for the fourth crusade, 
1201 — diverts it to the siege of Zara, and 
disregards the pope's threat of excom- 
munication, 1202 — leads the attack on 
Constantinople, 1203 — declines the im- 
perial crown, 1204 — d. June 1, 1205. 

Dandolo, Riniari, defeats the attempts of 
the Genoese on Crete, 1208. 

Danebrog Order of Knighthood, founded 
by Waldemar II., k. of Denmark, i240 
— revived by Christian V., 1671. 

Danegild tax, imposed by Ethelred II,, 
k. of England, to raise a tribute for the 
Danes, 991— abolished by Edward the 
Confessor, 1052 — exacted by Wm. the 
Conqueror, from Malcolm III. of Scot- 
land, for his fief of Cumberland, 1072. 

Danes, the general name given by the 
English to all northern piratical adven- 
turers — attack England for the first 
time, 787— pillage Lindisfarne, 793. See 
Denmark. — Defeated at Wearmouth, 794. 
See Lodbrok. Ragnar. — Infest Ireland, 
795 — again, 807 — plunder Banchor. in 
Ireland, 812 — land in the isle of Sheppev, 
832— in Wessex, and defeat Egbert, 833 
— defeated by him at Hengston, 835 — 
harass the countries about the Meuse 
and the Waal; are repulsed by the West 
Saxons at Southampton, and defeat them 
on the isle of Portland, 837 — sail up the 
Loire, and ravage the country as far as 
Tours — invade Kent, and infest the 
marshlands of Lindsev and East Anglia, 
838— defeat Ethelwulf at Carrum, 840— 
plunder Rouen, 841 — called by the Ara- 
bian writers Magioges — land at Lisbon 
from 54 ships, and carry off much booty, 
843 — infest the neighbourhood of Cadiz 
and Seville, 84t — repulsed by Ethelwull 



DAN 



236 



DAN 



Danes — continued. 

at the Parret, 845— in Gallicia by Ra- 
miro I„ k. of Leon ; take the island of 
Noirmoutier,on the coast of Vendee, 846. 

Ascend the Rhine, with 252 ships, and 
plunder Ghent, Cologne, Treves, and 
Aix-la-Chapelle ; defeated by theealdor- 
man, Ceorl, at Wieganbeorh, near Ply- 
mouth; repulsed at Sandwich by Athel- 
stan, but afterwards take Thanet; ano- 
ther host, from Friesland, under Rfiric, 
enters the Thames in 350 ships, defeats 
Beortwulf, k. of Mercia, pillages London 
and Canterbury; at last defeated by 
Ethelwulf, at Ockley, in Surrey,851. See 
Rtiiuc. 

Seize Nantes and Tours. See Nor- 
mans. — Maintain their ground in Thanet 
against the men of Kent and Surrey, 
853— keep the isle of Sheppey through 
the winter, 855 — again devastate the 
coasts of Spain, 859 — a large body 
led by Weland from the Somme, land at 
Southampton, and ravage Winchester ; 
repulsed by Osric and Ethelwulf, 860— 
ravage East Kent, 865 ; and East Anglia, 
866 — leave East Anglia, go beyond the 
Humber, and take York, 867— take Not- 
tingham, and are besieged there by 
Burhred, Ethelred, and Alfred, who 
allow them to return to York with all 
their booty, 868— destroy Bardney, in 
Lindsey— defeated in Kesteven, Sept. 
22 — reinforced by Guntrum, plunder 
Croyland and Medehamstede, 869. 

Enter East Anglia under Ingwar and 
Ubba; take Thetford, slay Edmund, k. of 
East Anglia, at Bedericsworth, 870 — pro- 
ceed to the south of the Thames, where 
nine battles are fought against them, at 
Reading, Englefield, Wilton, and other 
places — Bagsac, one of the kings, is slain, 
and nine of their jarls— a treaty of peace 
for Wessex is made, 871 — take Loudon, 
Burhred makes peace for Mercia, and 
pays them tribute, 872 — after an incur- 
sion into Northumberland, winter at 
Torksey, in Lindsey, 873— conquer Mer- 
cia, and set up Ceolwulf as their tribu- 
tary king, 874— under Healfdene, enter 
Northumberland, set up Ricsig for king; 
destroy Coldingham.Tynemouth and Lin- 
disfarne, and make inroads into Strath- 
clyde; another band, under Guntrum, Os- 
kytil, and Amund, establish themselves 
at Cambridge — others, conquered by Al- 
fred in a sea-fight, 875— See Vikingr. 

Take Wareham and Exeter, 876— fresh 
bands arrive there ; others take London, 
and occupy Essex ; Alfred defeats their 
fleet of 120 ships, at Swanewic (Swansea) 
— Ubba winters in Dinietia (South 
Wales), 877— Rollo visits them ; Alfred 



concludes a peace with them, at Exeter; 
Ceolwulf is deposed, and the Danes 
occupy all Northumberland, 877 — de- 
feated at Cynwith, and lose their war 
flag of the Raven. See Alfred, the 
Great.— Again defeated, at Ethandun, 
by Alfred; peace concluded; Guthrum 
embraces Christianity, and takes the 
name of Ethelstan — Rollo returns to 
France, 878 — Chippenham and Fulham 
occupied, 879 — Hasting conducts his band 
from Fulham into Belgium ; Guthrmn- 
Ethelstan divides East Anglia among 
his followers ; Alfred, by a treaty, gives 
the Danes equal rights, and they ac- 
knowledge his supremacy, 880. 

Hasting defeated by Louis III., on the 
Loire, attempts to land in Wessex ; re- 
pulsed by Alfred's completenaval victory, 
is then worsted at Norden in East Fries- 
land, and joins his countrymen, who occu- 
py Treves and Cologne; after the battle of 
Haslo, Friesland is given up to them by 
the emperor Charles the Fat, 882— Guth- 
red rules them in Northumberland, and 
England has a year of peace, 883— they 
go up the Scheldt to Louvain; others 
land in Kent and besiege Rochester ; 
Alfred drives them back to their ships, 
884— Godfrey, their chieftain in Fries- 
land, is invited to a conference, and as- 
sassinated ; they defeat Alfred's ships at 
the mouth of the Stour, in East Anglia, 
885 — long siege of Paris ; Eudes and 
Robert defend it ; the emperor Charles 
pays a large sum of money; the be- 
siegers retire to Sens, 886. 

Eric succeeds Guthrum -Ethelstan 
as chief of the Danes in East Anglia, 
890 — Hasting and Biorn Jsernside. 
bring large bodies into Kent, and 
fortify Milton, 893 — defeated by Al- 
fred at Farnham and Bemfleet, and com- 
pelled to raise the siege of Exeter, 894 
— avoid an encounter with him ; some 
retire into the isle of Mersey, others up 
the river Lea, 895— having lost all their 
ships there, they march to Bridgenorth, 
on the Severn, 896— Alfred defeats them 
near the isle of Wight, and puts a final 
stop to their incursions, 897. 

Ethelwold, son of Ethelbald, retires 
among them in Northumberland, 901 — 
they attempt to land at Holm, in Kent, 
and are repulsed, 902 — Ethelwold con- 
ducts a Danish fleet to Essex, 904 — 
defeated and slain, 905 — peace is con- 
cluded at Itchingford, with the Danes 
of East Anglia and Northumberland, 
906— the Northumbrian Danes break 
the peace, and are defeated at Tetten- 
hall, 910 — sustain a great defeat at 
Wodnesfeld, 911— the Danes of the Five- 






DAN 



237 



DAN 



Danes— continued. 
burghs break the peace, and invade 
Mercia : Ethelfled repels them, and takes 
Derby, 917. See Normans. 

Bedford taken from them, 919 — they 
endeavour to destroy Edward's new 
fortifications at Towcester, and are re- 
pulsed, 921— those of Northumberland 
submit to him, 924 — league with the 
Scotch and Irish, 937. See Anlaf. — 
Edmund is defeated by them at Tam- 
worth, afterwards conquers Anlaf, the 
Bon of Sihtric, and takes the Five- 
burghs, 943 — reduces Northumberland 
to complete subjection, 944. 

The northern pirates renew their de- 
predations, 979 — ravage Chester, South- 
ampton, and Thanet, 980 — attack Pad- 
stow, and lay waste the coasts of Devon- 
shire and Wales, 981 — ravage the isle 
of Portland, and burn London, 982 — 
plunder Watchet, in Somersetshire, 988 
— ravage Ipswich and Maldon, 991. 
See Danegild. — Are defeated at sea 
by Ethelred, 992 — take Bamborough 
and ravage Lindsey, 993— under their 
king, Swein, attack London; are beaten 
back by the citizens, and conclude 
a treaty of peace, 994 — bum the abbey 
of Tavistock, 997 — invade Dorsetshire, 
998— overrun and plunder Kent, 999 — 
gain a victory at Alton, 1001. 

Ethelred makes a truce, and pays 
them tribute, after which he orders a 
general massacre on St. Brice's day, Nov. 
13, 1002— Swein invades England to 
avenge the massacre of his countrymen ; 
Exeter and Wilton plundered, 1003 — 
he ravages East Anglia, burns Norwich 
and Thetford ; is driven back to his 
ships by Ulfkytel, 1004— they withdraw 
from England, 1005 — return, and lay 
waste all England ; defeat Ethelred at 
Rennet, and obtain tribute, 1006 — make 
fresh incursions, 1009— defeat Ulfkytel, 
at Ringmere, in East Anglia, burn Thet- 
ford, Cambridge, and Northampton ; ano- 
ther band defeated in Scotland, by Mal- 
colm II., 1010. 

Plunder and lay waste all the south 
of England ; take Canterbury, and the 
archbishop Elphege prisoner, 1011 — put 
- him to death, and receive a tribute of 
48,000Z., 1012— Swein takes London, and 
nearly all England,1013 — death of Swein, 
at Gainsborough, Feb. 3 — his son, Canute, 
is driven out by Ethelred II., 1014— land 
again at the Frome, 1015 — defeat Ed- 
mund Ironside, and become masters of the 
whole country. See Canute, k. of Eng- 
land and Denmark, and his successors. — 
Defeated at Clontarf, near Dublin, 1039. 
bee Brian Boroimhe. — They leave Ire- 



land, and generally desist from piratical 
expeditions. For the continuation of 
their histoiy, see Denmark, and its se- 
veral kings.— They lose their power in 
England. 1049. 

Dangerfield, brings out the meal-tub 
plot, Oct. 23, 1679— the grand jury dis- 
credits his evidence, and ignores his 
charge against the countess of Powis, 
May 11, 1680 — lord Castlemaine accused 
by him, is acquitted, June 23 — examined 
by the Commons, Oct. 26 — condemned to 
a fine, pillory, and whipping, May 30, 
1685— -dies of a wound received during 
the execution of his sentence, June 1. 

Daniel, prophesies, B.C. 606. 

Daniel, b. of Winchester, 703 — resigns his 
see, 744 — d. 745. 

Danielis, a rich widow of Patras, befriends 
Basil the Macedonian before his eleva- 
tion, 850— visits him after lie becomes 
emperor, and brings him magnificent 
presents, 870 — bequeaths her wealth to 
his son, Leo VI., 887. 

Daniell, J. F., professor of chemistry at 
King's College, d. 1845. 

Dante, Alighieri, b. 1265 — finishes his 
Divina Comedia, 1300 — expelled from 
Florence with the Bianchi or Ghibelin 
party ; befriended in his exile at Ra- 
venna by Guido Novello da Pollenta, 
d. there, 1321. 

Danton, a leader of the Jacobin club, insti- 
gates the massacres at Paris, Aug. 10, 1792 
— a member of the committee of the Con- 
stitution, Sept. 29— executed, Apr. 5, 1794. 

D antzic, occupied by the Teutonic knights, 
becomes an important Hanse town, 1404 
•—the place of refuge of Charles VIII. 
when driven from Sweden, 1457 — incor- 
porated with Poland by the treaty of 
Thorn, 1466— unsuccessfully besieged by 
the knights, 1521 — receives Stanislas 
Leczinsky on his second expulsion, 1733 
—taken by the Russians and Saxons, 
June 29, 1734 — allotted to Prussia in the 
second partition of Poland, 1793— sur- 
renders to Napoleon and remains in the 
occupation of French troops, May 26, 
1807 — restored to Prussia, 1814— the 
cholera breaks out and spreads iuta 
Northern Germany, May 29, 1831. 

Danube, the, crossed by Darius, who leaves 
Megabazus there to attack Greece, b.c. 
507 — its banks occupied by Celtic tribes,, 
who cross the river and invade Greece, 
280 — recrossed by them after their re- 
pulse at Delphi, 277 — made the northern 
boundary of the empire by Augustus, 
29 — crossed by Trajan in pursuit of the 
Dacians, a.d. 101 — his bridge over it 
constructed, 105— the Roman empire ex-, 
tended beyond it by the province of 



DAR 



238 



DAE 



Danube- continued. 
1 >acia. 106. See Dacia. — The open fron- 
tier between it and the Neckar fortified 
by Hadrian, 120— its banks infested by 
a German tribe called Carpi, 241 — crossed 
by the Goths, 251— recrossed by them 
after having defeated Decius, and ob- 
tained money from Gallus, 252— again 
made the northern frontier by Aurelian, 
270— the line between it and the Rhine 
fortified by Probus, 278 — its frontier 
threatened by the Goths, and guarded 
by Constantine, 319— crossed by Con- 
stantine to repel the Quadi and Sarma- 
tians, 358 — the Visigoths allowed by 
Valens to settle on its southern side, 376 
—other Gothic tribes, one called Gruth- 
ungi, attempt to force a passage, and are 
repelled by Theodosius, 386— both banks 
occupied by the Huns, 422— Attila with- 
draws to its northern side, 452— its pro- 
vinces invaded by his son Dengezic, 469. 
See Dengezic— Occupied by theGepidse, 
505— ravaged by the Goths, 517— crossed 
by the Bulgarians on the ice, 559— em- 
pire of the Avars, 574. See Avars and 
Priscus; included in the empire of 
Charlemagne, 788-799. See Charle- 
magne. See Eastern Empire, Bulga- 
rians, Servians; Hungary, Austria, 
and Bavaria. First passage of the 
Russians over the Danube in the war 
with Turkey, 1773— their second, 1774— 
crossed again by them, 1790— again, 1807 
— driven back at Silistria, 1809— advance 
again over the river, and reach the 
Balkan, 1810— cross again under gen. 
Von Wittgenstein, Jan. 7, 1828— are 
driven back at Shumla ; force a passage 
over at Silistria, under gen. Diebitsch, 
June 4, 1829 — crossed by the Turks, to 
attack the Russians at Giurgevo, July 5, 
1854 — the navigation set free by the 
treaty of Paris, 1856. 

D'Anville appointed geographer to the 
king of France, 1775. 

DAPnNE, a sacred grove near Antioch, 
visited by the emperor Verus, 163 — 
pagan rites in it suppressed by Gallus, 
352— restored by Julian, 362. 

Daba, in Mesopotamia, fortified by Anas- 
tasius, 507— battle of, the Persians de- 
feated by Belisarius, 530— taken by the 
Persians, 573. 

D'Arblay, Madame, (Miss Burney), b. 
1752— d. 1849. 

Darby, adm., relieves the garrison of 
Gibraltar, 1781. 

Darcy, lord, surrenders Pontefract castle 
to the Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536 — be- 
headed for joining the insurrection, 1537. 

Dardanelles passed by the Venetians, 
and a Turkish fleet destroyed, June 21, 
1655— forced by sir John Duckworth, 



Feb. 19, 1807— repassed, March l--the 
combined British and French fleets are 
invited by the sultan to enter, Oct. 8, 
1853. 

Dardanus, king of Troy, b.c. 1480 (1383 C.) 

Darien, isthmus of, crossed by Balboa, 
who reaches the Pacific Ocean, 1513 — a 
Scotch colony established there, Nov. 4, 
1698— abandoned, 1699. See Panama. 

Darius, Hystaspes, king of Persia, B.C. 
521 — takes Babylon, 518 — divides his 
empire into satrapies, 516 — makes India 
a twentieth satrapy, 512 — unsuccessful 
in his Scythian war; enters Europe; 
crosses the Danube, and leaves Mega- 
bazus to attack Greece, 507. See Greece. 
— Leaves Artaphernes governor of Sar- 
dis, conquers Imbros and Lemnos, takes 
Chalcedon, crosses the Bosphorus, and 
conquers Byzantium, 505 — crucifies Sar- 
doces, takes him down from the cross, 
and restores him to favour, 504 — intro- 
duces a regular system of finance, and 
levies tribute on his conquered provinces, 
503 — promises to assist the Naxian 
exiles, 502— fails in his attempt to re- 
store them, 501. See Aristagoras.— 
Defeats the Ionians at Ephesus, 499 — 
recovers Cyprus, 498 — Caria, Clazomenae, 
and Cyme, 497 — defeats the Ionian fleet 
and takes Miletus, 494 — prepares a fleet 
under Mardonius against the Greeks, 
492 — defeated, 491 — sends another army 
into Greece ; defeated at Marathon, 490 
— begins preparations for another at- 
tempt, 489— d. 485. 

Darius, Nothus, an illegitimate son of Arta- 
xerxes II., after the death of the usurper 
Sogdianus, is made king of Persia, B.C. 
424 — sends his youngest son, Cyrus, to 
command the army in Ionia, 407— d. 405. 

Darius III., Godomanus, king of Persia, 
B.C. 336. See Bagoas. — War with Alex- 
ander; defeated on the Granicus, May 22, 
334 — near Issus. Oct. 333— at Arbela, 
Oct. 1, 331— on his flight to Media, assas- 
sinated by Bessus, 330. 

Darling, Grace, heroism of, in succouring 
the shipwrecked crew and passengers of 
the Forfarshire, Sept. 5, 1838. 

Darlington, lord, moves the address at 
the meeting of parliament, Feb. 4, 1830. 

Darnley, lord Henry, proposed as a hus- 
band for Mary, queen of Scots, 1564 — 
they are married, July 29, 1565 — quarrels 
with the queen, and leaves the court, 
1566 — returns, Jan. 1567— is murdered, 
Feb. 10, 1567. 

Darnley, earl of, b. 1795— d. from an acci- 
dent in his park, 1835. 

Dartmouth. See Bkorn. — The duke of 
Clarence and the earl of Warwick land 
at, 1470. See Clarence, George, duke 
of.— Taken by Fairfax, Jan. 18, 1646. 



DAU 



239 



DAY 



Dartmouth, George Legge, lord, accused of 
having projected a Jacobite insurrection, 
and is committed to the Tower, 1691 — 
d. 1691. 

Dartmouth, William, lord, a privy coun- 
cillor to queen Anne, 1701 — secretary of 
state, 1710 — negotiates with the French 
envoy the preliminaries of peace, 1711— 
prevents a duel between the duke of 
Marlborough and earl Paulet,1712-d.l750. 

Daru, count, d. 1829. 

Darwjn, Dr. Erasmus, b. 1721— d. 1S02. 

Dasmon, Olympic victor, B.C. 724. 

Dastagkrd, the palace of Chosroes Purvis, 
occupied by the emperor Heraclius, 627. 

Dates, Olympic victor, bc. 472. 

Dates, one of the Persian generals de- 
feated at Marathon, B.C. 490. 

Datianus, consul of Rome, 358. 

Daun, count, b. 1705 — defeats Frederic the 
Great at Hochkirchen, Oct. 14, 1758 — 
takes the Prussian general Finck and 
his army, 1759 — is defeated by Frederic 
at Torgau, Nov. 3, 1760— d. 1766. 

Dauphin. See Dauphiny.— The title first 
borne by Charles, eldest son of John II. 
See Charles V., king of France. — Louis, 
eldest son of Charles VI., d. 1415 — his 
brother, John, betrothed to Jaqueline, 
countess of Holland and Hainault, poi- 
soned, 1417— Charles, third son of Charles 
VI. See Charles VII., king of France. 
— Louis, only son of Louis XIV., b. 1661 
— d. of the smallpox, Apr. 14, 1711 — his 
eldest son, Louis, duke of Burgundy, 6. 
1682— d. of the same disease, Feb. 18, 
1712 — his eldest son, the duke of Britanny, 
b. 1707— d. of the same, March 8, 1712— 
a younger son, Louis, b. 1710 — becomes 
dauphin. See Louis XV., king of France. 
— Louis, only son of Louis XV., b. 1729 
— d. 1765 — his eldest son, Louis, b. Aug. 
23, 1754 — inherits the title ; marries 
Maria Antoinette, daughter of Maria 
Theresa, of Austria, May 16, 1770. See 
Louis XVI., king of France. — His only 
son, Louis Charles, b. 1785 — titular k. of 
France, Louis XVII., 1793— d. a prisoner 
in the Temple, June 8, 1795 — Louis An- 
tony, eldest son of Charles X. See An- 
gouleme, duke d' — Henry Charles Ferdi- 
nand, son of the duke de Berry, titular 
dauphin, 1836-1844. See Bordeaux, 
duke of. 

Dauphiness of France, consort of Louis, 
duke of Burgundy and dauphin, d. of the 
small-pox six days before her husband, 
and twenty-five days before her son, 
Feb. 12, 1712. 

Dauphiny annexed to France, on condition 
that the king's eldest son should be called 
the dauphin, 1349 — invaded by Victor 
Amadeus II., duke of Savoy, 1692. 



Davenant. sir William, b. 1605 — retires to 
Holland with the marquis of Newcastle, 
1644 — appointed poet laureate — and ob- 
tains a patent for Covent Garden Theatre, 
1662-d. 1668. 

Daventry, Charles I. marches to, before 
the battle of Naseby, May 31, 1645. 

Da vii), son of Jesse, b. B.C. 1086— kills Go- 
liath, 1063 — on the death of Saul becomes 
king, but is opposed seven years by 
Ishbosheth, 1056 (1070 H.)— becomes sole 
king, and allies himself with Hiram, 
king of Syria, 1049 — subdues Syria, 1040 
—rebellion of Absalom, 1023— d. 1016 
(1030 H.) 

David, king of Abyssinia, misrepresented 
by Alvarez to the conference of Bologna, 
1533. 

David, twenty-first emperor of Trebizond, 
excludes his nephew Alexius from the 
throne, 1458-^dethroned by Mahomet II., 
sultan of the Ottomans, and sent with 
his family to Mavronoros near Serres, 
1461— pnt to death, 1470. 

David I., king of Scotland, 1124— supports 
the cause of the empress Matilda ; but 
is conciliated by Stephen, 1136— he in- 
vades England, and is defeated by the 
earl of Albemarle in the battle of the 
Standard, near Northallerton, in York- 
shire, Aug. 22, 1138— d. 1153. 

David II., Bruce, king of Scotland, June 7, 
1329— attacked by Edward Balliol ; he 
and his affianced bride, Jane, sister of 
Edward III., king of England, take re- 
fuge in France, 1332 — returns to Scot- 
land and assumes the government, 1342 
— defeated and taken prisoner, and his 
army destroyed at Neville's Cross, by 
queen Philippa, Oct. 17, 1346 — he is re- 
leased for a ransom, after an imprison- 
ment of eleven years, 1357 — he is enter- 
tained in London by sir Henry Pikard, 
1363— he dies Feb. 22, 1371. 

David, brother of Llewelyn, put to death 
by Edward I., 1283. 

David, eldest son of Robert III., king of 
Scotland, put to death by his uncle, the 
duke of Albany, 1405. 

Davi d, earl of H un tingdon, broth er of Wm ., 
the Lion, k. of Scotland. See Balliol, 
John ; Bruce, Robert ; and Hastings, 
John. 

David, Jaques Louis, b. 1750 — founds a 
new school of painting in France, 1784 — 
d. in exile, 1825. 

Davidson, J., murdered on his travels in 
Africa, 1836. 

Davies, sir John, the poet, b. 1570— d. 1625. 

Davies, Henry Thomas, rear-admiral, b. 
1788-d. 1853. 

Da Vila, the Italian historian, M57&--A 
1631. 



DEC 



240 



DEI 



Davis, John, explores the north-eastern 
coast of America, 1585— penetrates into 
the Straits that still bear his name, 1607 
— d. 1609. 

Davis, Mr., afterwards sir John, succeeds 
lord Napier, as superintendent in China, 
Oct. 11, 1834 — re-appointed to succeed 
sir Henry Pottinger, 1844 — takes the 
forts of Bocca Tigris, and compels the 
Chinese to make reparation for their in- 
sults and aggressions on the British re- 
sidents at Canton, April 5, 1847. 

Davison, Alexander, convicted of pecu- 
lation, and imprisoned, Dec. 8, 1808. 

Davoust, marshal, distinguishes himself 
in the battle of Eckmuhl, Apr. 22, 1809 
— is created by Napoleon, prince of Eck- 
muhl — besieged in Hamburg, by Chas. 
John, 1813— surrenders Paris to Wel- 
lington and Bliicher, July 3, 1815. 

Davy, Humphrey, b. 1779— professor of 
chemistry at the Royal Institution, 1800 

' —decomposes fixed alkalies, 1808 — in- 
vents the safety lamp, 1816 — president 
of the Royal Society, 1820— experiments 
on the MSS. of Herculaneum, 1822— re- 
signs the chair of the Royal Society, 
1827— d. at Geneva, 1829. 

Day, Edw., the constable who arrested 
Eugene Aram, d. 1836 — set. 101. 

Day, Thomas, the author of " Sandford 
and Merton," b. 1748— d. 1789. 

Deal Castle built, 1539. 

Dean, Forest, of, its enclosures thrown 
down by the country people, June 8, 1831. 

Deane, adm., killed in the battle off the 
North Foreland, June 2, 1653. 

Debates in Parliament. See Commons, 
House of, and Gentleman's Magazine. 

Deborah and Barak, deliver the Israelites, 
b.c. 1285 (1398 H., 1391 C.) 

De Beienne, archb. of Toulouse. See 
Brienne, M. de. 

Decameron. See Boccaccio. 

Decatur, American commodore, com- 
manding the frigate "United States," 
takes the English ship, "Macedonian," 
Oct. 25, 1812. 

De Cazes appointed head of the ministry 
by Louis XVIII., 1818— dismissed, Feb. 
20, 1820. 

Deccan, campaign of sir Arthur Wellesley 
in the, 1803— of sir Thomas Hislop, 1817 
— prize money distributed, Mar. 20, 1828. 

Decebalus. See Dacians. 

Decelea, a city of Attica, fortified by the 
Lacedaemonians, B.C. 413. 

Decemviri, called for by the tribunes of 
the people, to make the Roman laws 
more explicit, B.C. 460 — appointed, 451 — 
promulgate the first Ten Tables, 450— 
abuse their power, deposed, and brought 
to justice, 449. 



Decennalian games, celebrated by Anto- 
ninus Pius, b.c. 148. 

Decentius, brother of Magnentius, takes 
the title of Caesar, 351 — defeated ; com- 
mits suicide, 353. 

Decianus, C. Plautius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 329. 

Decius Mus, P., tribune of the people, 
saves the Roman army in their first cam- 
paign against the Samnites, b.c. 343 — 
consul of Rome — devotes himself to death 
at the battle of the Veseris, 340. 

Decius Mus, P., the son, consul of Rome, 
b.c.312— consul II.,308- III., 297— consul 
IV.— devotes himself todeath at thebattle 
of Sentinum, in the third Samnitewar,295. 

Decius, consul of Rome, 486 — another, 529. 

Decius, C. Messius Qu. Trajanus, sent to 
appease the mutinous legions, is pro- 
claimed emperor by them, and leads 
them into Italy, 249 — consul II. — sends 
his son against the Goths, and then 
marches in person, 250 — consul III. — 
both are defeated by the Goths, and fall 
in battle, 251. 

Declaration of Rights assented to by 
William and Mary, 1689 — issued by the 
first American Congress, Sept. 5, 1774 

Declination of the magnetic needle 
changes from west to north, 1817. 

Decretals, Forged, used by pope Gregory 
IV., to extend the power of the church, 
837 — pope Nicholas I. asserts their ge- 
nuineness, 859. 

Decretals. See Canon Laws. 

Decula, M. Tullius, consul of Rome, b.c. 81. 

Defence, man-of-war, wrecked on Jutland, 
1811. 

Defender of the Faith, a title given to 
Henry VIII. for his book against Luther, 
by pope Leo X., 1521. 

Defoe, Daniel, b. 1663 — his pamphlet 
"Legion," in defence of the Kentish pe- 
tition, voted by the Commons seditious 
and libellous, 1701 — punished for his 
pamphlet, " The Shortest Way with the 
Dissenters," Feb. 25, 1703— employed in 
secretly negotiating the Union at Edin- 
burgh, 1705 — commences his "Review 
of the state of the English nation," 1706 
— publishes his " Robinson Crusoe," 1719 
— d.1731. 

De Grasse defeated by Rodney in the 
West Indies, April 12, 1782 — on his re- 
turn to France is brought to trial and 
banished from Paris, 17S4 — d. 1788. 

Degsastan, or Egesanstane, battle of, 
Ethelfred defeats the Scots, 603. 

Deioces, king of Media, B.C. 709-656. 

Deiotarus, king of Galatia, father-in-law 
of the chronographer Castor, extends 
his dominions, B.C. 64— receives part of 
Pontus from Caesar, 47 — defended by 



DEL 



241 



DEM 



. Cicero against the accusation of his 
grandson. 45. 

Deiea, part of Northumberland, the king- 
dom of, founded and governed by .3211a, 
560— on his death, joined with Bernicia 
to form the kingdom of Northumberland, 
588. See Acca. — Claimed by Oswin, 
son of Osric, 644. 

Delambre, b. 1749— d. 1822. 

DELAMEEE,Peter,first speaker of the House 
of Commons, 1377. 

De la Rue, Cornish, and Rock, invent 
porcelain paper and card, 1829. 

Delavigne, J. F. C, b. 1794— d. 1843. 

Delaware, one of the United States of 
America, 1774 — the French fleet, under 
I)' Estaing, arrives in the Bay of, July 11, 
1778-canal to the Chesapeake completed, 
.1830. 

DeLfino, Giovanni, doge of Venice, 1356 — 
dies of the plague, 1361. 

Delfino, Uberto, employed by pope Cle- 
ment VI. to preach a crusade against the 
Turks, but without effect, 1345. 

Delft, William, prince of Orange, assas- 
sinated at, by Balthazar Gerard, July 10 
(June 30), 1584 — ineffectual conference of 
the Remonstrants and Calvinists at, 1613. 

Delhi taken by Timour, 1399— by Nadir 
Shah, 1739 — conquered, and the Great 
Mogul pensioned by the East India Com- 
pany, 1803 — seized by Sepoy mutineers, 
and the British massacred, 1857. 

"Delicate investigation" into the charges 
made against the princess of Wales, May 
22, 1806 

Delille, Jaques, the French poet, b. 1738. 
—d. 1813. 

Delidm, battle of; the Athenians defeated 
by the Lacedaemonians ; Socrates saves 
the life of Xenophon, b.c. 424. 

Delius, M., a German traveller, killed by 
falling into the crater of Mount Vesu- 
vius, 1854. 

Delmenhorst and Oldenburg ceded by Den- 
mark to Paul, grand duke of Russia, in 
exchange for Holstein, June 1, 1773 — 
given by Paul to Augustus Frederic, bp. 
of Lubeck, Dec. 14. 

Delolme, d. 1806. 

Delos, a common treasury established at, 
by the Greeks for the Persian war, B.C. 
470— treasury removed from, to Athens, 
461— Lustration of, 426. 

Delphi, the temple of, burnt, b.c. 548— a 
congress for the pacification of Greece, 
368. See Thebes. — Seized by the Pho- 
cians, 357 — its mountain-passes occupied 
by the iEtolians, 290— attacked by the 
Celts or Gauls, 278— Eumenes II., k. of 
Pergamus, attacked by assassins in its 
neighbourhood, 172. See Pythian Games. 

*)KLyGE, Noachian, assigned to fifteen dif 



ferent periods between 3246 and 2104 
b.c. — Ogygian, in Attica, 1764 — Deuca- 
lion's, in Thessaly, 1503 (1504 H., 1383 
C.) See Inundation. 

Del Uovo,one of the forts of Naples, taken 
by Gonsalvo de Cordova, 1503. 

Demades, an Athenian orator, obtains in- 
fluence in Athens after the battle of 
Chaeronea, B.C. 338 — prevails on Alex- 
ander to spare the orators, 335 — his 
twelve years' administration, 326 — put 
to death by Cassander, the son of Anti- 
pater, 318. 

Demaratus, Proclidan k. of Lacedgemon, 
b.c. 510— deposed by Cleomenes, retires 
into Persia, 491. 

Demerara surrenders, with Essequibo, to 
the British, 1781 — taken by gen. White, 
Apr. 22, 1796 — surrenders, with Berbice, 
to gen. Grinfield and commodore Hood, 
Sept. 25, 1803— ceded to Great Britain 
by Holland, 1814 — the missionary Smith 
ill-treated there, 1824. 

Demetrianus, bp. of Antioch, 252-260. 

Demetrius Phalereus, first takes part in 
Athenian politics, B.C. 325 — head of an 
oligarchical government, 317 — archon, 
309 — expelled from Athens by Demetrius 
Poliorcetes, 307 — withdraws first to 
Thebes ; goes thence to Egypt, 296 — fills 
the chair of philosophy at Alexandria ; 
banished by Ptolemy Philadelphus into 
Upper Egypt, and d. there, 283. 

Demetrtus Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus, 
k. of Asia, b. B.C. 337 — defeated at Gaza 
by Ptolemy Soter and Seleucus Nicator, 
312 — occupies Megara, drives Demetrius 
Phalereus from Athens, and restores the 
democracy, 307 — defeats Ptolemy in a 
naval battle near Cyprus, 306 — besieges 
Rhodes, 304— -secures the neutrality of 
Rhodes by a treaty, and sails to oppose 
Cassander, 303 — defeats him, 302 — 'initi- 
ated into the Eleusinian mysteries at 
Athens, called into Asia to assist his 
father, escapes after his defeat at Ipsus, 
301— marriage of his daughter, Stratonice, 
to Seleucus Nicator, who gives him Ci- 
licia, and enables him to recover Athens, 
299 — defeats Archidamus IV., the Pro- 
clidan, 296 — invited to assist the sons of 
Cassander, 295 — they are slain, and he 
makes himself k. of Macedon, 294 — takes 
Thebes, 293— again, 291— celebrates the 
Pythian games at Athens, 290— expelled 
from Macedon by Pyrrhus, 287- made 
prisoner by Seleucus Nicator, 286 — d. in 
captivity, 283 

Demetrius II., k. of Macedon, son of An- 
tigonus Gonatas, succeeds his father, 239 
— defeats the iEtolians ; d. 229. 

Demetrius, son of Philip V., k. of Mace- 
don, sent by him to plead his cause \>efof 



DEM 



242 



DEM 



the senate of Rome, 184— put to death 
by him, 181. 

Demetkius Sotee, son of Seleucus Phi- 
lopator, while detained as a hostage at 
Rome, claims the throne of Syria, b.c. 
163 — assisted by Polybius to escape, 
makes himself k. ( and murders Antio- 
chus Eupator, with his guardian, Lysias, 
162 -expels Ariarathes V. from Cappa- 
docia, and gives the kingdom to Holo- 
phernes, 158 — defeated and slain by 
Alexander Bala, 150. 

Demeteius Nicator, son of Demetrius 
Soter, having defeated and killed Alex- 
ander Bala, becomes k. of Syria, b.c. 146 
— is opposed by Diodotns Trypho, who 
sets up Antiochus, a young son of Alex- 
ander Bala, 143— invades Parthia, 140 — 
defeated and taken prisoner, 138 — re- 
stored to liberty, and regains his throne, 
128— killed in battle against Alexander 
Zebina, 125. 

Demetrius Euch^rus, a younger son of 
Antiochus Grypus, proclaimed king of 
Syria at Damascus, b.c. 93— his fate un- 
certain. 

Demetrius, son of Euthydemus, k. of Bac- 
tria, b.c. 200. 

Demetrius writes Greek comedies, b.c. 299. 

Demetrius Pharius, the Illyrian, surren- 
ders Corcyra to the Romans, B.C. 230 — 
breaks the treaty with them, renews 
piraey, is overcome by the consuls, and 
takes refuge in Macedon, where he be- 
comes the evil counsellor of Philip V., 
219. 

Demeteius of Scepsis, fl. B.C. 190-145. 

Demeteius of Magnesia, fl. b.c 55. 

Demetrius, son of Ariarathes V., king of 
Cappadocia, commands the auxiliary 
force sent by his father to Attalus II., k. 
of Pergamus, B.C. 154. 

Demeteius, the Cynic, a friend of Seneca, 
fl. 39-66— expelled from Rome by Vespa- 
sian, 77. 

Demetrius. See Alexandria, bishops of. 

Demetrius, second son of Boniface of 
Montferrat, k. of Thessalonica, inherits 
the kingdom on his father's death, 1207 
— deprived of it by Theodore Angelus, 
despot of Epirus, 1222— his elder brother, 
William, fails and d. in attempting to 
recover it, 1225— Demetrius d. in Italy, 
1227. 

Demetrius Angelus succeeds his brother, 
John, as despot of Thessalonica, 1244 — 
expelled by the emperor John Vataces, 
1246. 

Demetrius Paljeologus, youngest son 
of the emperor Manuel II., accompanies 
his brother, John VI., to Ferrara, but 
refuses to witness the union of the 
churches, 1439— attempts a weak rebel- 



lion against him, 1440 — succeeds his 
brother, Constantine, as despot of the 
eastern part of the Morea, 1448— expelled 
by Mahomet II., 1460. 

Demetrius of Russia. See Dmitri. 

Demetrius. See Ipsilanti. 

Demochares, nephew of Demosthenes, 
defends the decree forbidding the philo- 
sophers to lecture at Athens, b.c. 316 — 
banished, 302. 

Democles, Athenian archon, b.c. 278. 

Democlides, Athenian archon, b.c. 316. 

Democritus of Abdera, philosopher, b. B.C. 
460-<Z.357. 

Demogenes, Athenian archon, b.c. 317. 

Demophaneb assists Aratus in restoring 
freedom to Sicyon, b.c. 251. 

Demophilus, Athenian archon, b.c. 381. 

Demophilus writes his history of the 
Sacred War, B.C. 357. 

Demophilus, an Arian, contends with Eva- 
grius, a Nicenian, for the bishopric of 
Constantinople, 370. 

Demophoon, k. of Athens, B.C. 1182. 

Demosthenes, Olympic victor, b.c. 316. 

Demosthenes, an Athenian general, victo- 
torious at Olpse, in Acarnania, b.c. 426 — 
sent to Sicily to assist Nicias, 413. 

Demosthenes, the orator, b. B.C. 382— left 
an orphan, 376 — pleads against his guar- 
dians, 364— in his oration against Lep- 
tines, he describes the Cimmerian pe- 
ninsula as the granary of Athens, 355 — 
date of his first Philippic, 352— delivers 
an oration in favour of the Rhodians, 
351 — pleads the cause of the Olynthians, 
349 — date of his second Philippic, 344 — 
third and fourth, 341 — urges the Athe- 
nians to solicit aid from Persia againBt 
Philip, 340— foils JEschines in an argu- 
ment " De Corona," 330— accused of re- 
ceiving a bribe from Harpalus, and fined 
50 talents ; not being able to pay, he 
retires first to Troezen, then to ^Egina, 
324— returns to Athens, and rouses the 
Greek States to recover their freedom, 
323— poisons himself in the island of Ca- 
lauria, near Troezen, 322 — a statue raised 
to him, 280. 

Demostratus, Athenian archon, b.c 393 
(C. 390.) 

Demotica, the ancient Didymoteichos, 
stormed by the emperor Frederic I., on 
his way to Palestine, 1190 — in the parti- 
tion of the Eastern empire, given to the 
count St. Pol, 1204— held by John Can- 
tacuzene ; besieged by Apokaukos, with 
Bulgarian mercenaries, 1343— relieved 
by Amour, the Ottoman, 1344 — taken by 
Amurath I, 1360— Charles XII. of Swe- 
den is removed to, from Adrianople, by 
the Turks ; he escapes, Nov. 1, 1714. 

Demotion, Athenian archon, b.c. 470 C. 



DEN 



243 



DEN 



Denain, battle of. See Albemarle, lord. 

Denbigh, earl of, fails to relieve Rochelle, 
1628. 

Denewulf, bp. of Winchester, d. 908. 

Dengezic, son of Attila, takes the com- 
mand of the shattered forces of the 
Huns after the death of Ell ac, and leads 
them farther northward, 453 — invades 
the Danubian provinces, where he is 
defeated and slain, 469. 

Denham, Sir John, b. 1615— d. 1688. 

Denia surrenders to the Aragonese, 1243. 

Denison, archdeacon, the opinions of, pro- 
nounced by a commission of inquiry to 
be contrary to the doctrine of the Church 
of England, Jan. 10, 1855. 

Denison, Edward, bp. of Salisbury, 6.1801 
— d. 1854. 

Denman, Thomas, afterwards lord, b. 1778 
— solicitor-general to qu. Caroline, April 
29, 1820 — defends her before the House 
of Lords, Sept.-Oct. ; common serjeant 
of London, April 25, 1822 — attends with 
lord Nugent at the opening of John 
Hampden's tomb, July 21, 1828— attor- 
ney-gen., 1830— made a peer and lord 
chief justice of the King's Bench, Nov. 
7, 1832— in the action Stockdale v. Han- 
sard, questions the extent of the privi- 
lege of parliament in publishing Re- 
ports, Feb. 6, 1837— retires. Mar. 5, 1850 
—d. 1854. 

Denmark, first known, together with Swe- 
den and Norway, as a land of pirates, 
under many independent chieftains. See 
Danes, and Normans. — These by de- 
grees acknowledge one supreme chief— 
the earliest on record is Ivar Vidfame, 
who rules till 794 — after him the three 
kingdoms are divided, and Sigurd II., 
Snogoye, is the first separate k. of Den- 
mark'; d. 824. The following is the 
series of his successors. See, under their 
respective names in this Index, the prin- 
cipal events in Denmark during each 
reign : — 

Hardicanute 1 , 824—855. 
Gorm, 855—936. 
Harold IJ.,Blue-tooth,936 — makes Norway 

tributary, 962— expelled, 985. 
Swein I., the Double-bearded, 985 — divides 
Norway with Sweden, 1000— invades 
England. 1003 — d. at Gainsborough, 
1014. 
Harold III., 1014—1016. 
Canute (already k. of England, 1014), 

1016—1035. 
Hardacanute, 1035 : (k. of England, 1039) ; 

d. 1042. 
(Swein II. See Norway.) 
Magnus, the Good (already k. of Norway, 

1036), 1042—1047. 
Swein III. Estritson, 1047—1076. 



Harold IV., 1076-1080. 

Canute II., 1080—1086. 

Olaf III., 1086—1095. 

Erik I., 1095— d. in Cvprus. 1105. 

Niels, or Nicholas, 1105—1135. 

Erik II., 1135—1137. 

Erik HI., 1137—1147. 

Swein IV., 1147— contends with Canute 
III., till they are both overcome, 1157, 
by Waldemar I., 1157—1182. 

Canute IV., 1182—1202. 

Waldemar II., 1202—1241. 

Waldemar III., associated by his father 
in the government, 1215 — d. before 
him, 1231. 

Erik IV., 1241—1250. 

Abel, 1250—1252. 

Christopher I., 1252—1259. 

Erik V., 1259—1286. 

Erik VI., 1286^-1319, 

The throne vacant one year. 

Christopher II., 1320—1333. 
Anarchy ; Gerard, count of Holstein, re- 
gent, 1334—1340. 

Waldemar III. or IV., 1340—1375. 

Olaf IV., 1376— his mother, Margaret, 
regent ; he d. 1387. 

Margaret, 1387— qu. also of Sweden and 
Norway, 1389 — combines the three 
kingdoms into one by the Union of 
Calmar, 1397— d. at Flensburg, 1412. 

Erik VII. (XIII. of Sweden), 1412— de- 
posed, 1439. 

Christopher III., 1439— elected in Swe- 
den, 1440— d. 1448. 
The Union of Calmar dissolved. 

Oldenburg family introduced. 

Christian I., 1448—1481. 

John L, 1481 — acknowledged also in Swe- 
den and Norway, 1483 — conditional re- 
newal of the Union ; fully re-establish- 
ed, 1497— d. 1513. 

Christian II., 1513 — Sweden finally 
breaks off the Union of Calmar ; Nor- 
way remains attached to Denmark; 
Christian expelled by his subjects, 
1523— d. 1559. 

Frederic I., 1523— Luther's opinions pre- 
vail ; the Diet of Odensee establishes 
religious liberty, 1527 — Frederic d. 
1534. 

Christian III., 1534: — completes the Re- 
formation, 1536— d. 1559. 

Frederic HI., 1559—1588. 

Christian IV., 1588—1648. 

Frederic III., 1648—1670. 

Christian V., 1670—1699. 

Frederic IV., 1699—1730. 

Christian VI., 1730—1746. 

Frederic V., 1746—1766. 

Christian VII., 1766—1808. 

Frederic VI., 1808 — Norway ceded w 
Sweden, 1814— d. 1839, 

R 2 



DEE 



244 



DES 



Christian VIII.. 1839-1848. 
Frederic VII., 1848— revolt of Holstein 
and Schleswig, 1848—1851. 

Dennewitz, battle of; marshal Ney de- 
feated by Charles John, crown prince of 
Sweden, Sept. 6, 1813. 

Denon, Dominique Vincent, b. 1741 — ac- 
companies the French expedition to 
Egypt, 1798— created a baron, and made 
a director of the Mus4e Napoleon, 1807 
— d. 1825. 

Dentatus, M. Curius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
290 — censor, 289 — cuts a canal to drain 
Lake Velinus into the river Nar, 288 — 
consul II. ; defeats Pyrrhus at Beneveu- 
tum, and exhibits in his triumph the 
first elephants seen in Rome, 275— con- 
sul III., 274. 

Denteb, M. Livius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
302. 

Deodelapio, or Teodelapio, duke of Spo- 
leto, 603 — d. and is succeeded by Azzo, 
651. 

Deogratias, bp. of Carthage, relieves the 
distress of the captives brought from 
Rome by Genseric, 455. 

Departments, France, first divided into 
83, 1790. 

Deportation of 130 republicans accused 
of being concerned in the infernal ma- 
chine plot, Jan. 4, 1801 — of suspected 
persons from Paris, Dec. 18, 1851. 

Deputies, Chamber of, first introduced in 
France by the charter of Louis XVIII., 
1814 — refuses to restrain the liberty of 
the press, and is dissolved by Charles X., 
1827 — votes an address hostile to the 
Polignac ministry, Mar. 16, 1830 — pro- 
rogued by the king, Mar. 19— dissolved, 
May 16 — the new Chamber dissolved be- 
fore it meets ; violent scenes in the, Jan. 
1848 — superseded by the National As- 
sembly, May 4 — restored by Louis Na- 
poleon, Dec. 2, 1851. 

De Rance founds the Order of La Trappe, 
1664. 

Derbend, the Pass of, between Caucasus 
and the Caspian Sea, fortified by Cabades, 
k. of Persia, 495 — forced by Toushi, son 
of Dschingis-khan, 1219 — occupied by 
Peter the Great, 1722. 

Derby, taken by Ethelfled from the Five- 
burghers, 917 — Sir Thos. Lombe's silk- 
throwing machine set up at, 1719 — 
reached by the young Pretender, Chas. 
Edw., Dec. 4, 1745 — he commences his 
retreat from, Dec. 6. See Brandreth. 
— Railway to Nottingham opened, May 
30, 1839. 

Derby, Henry, earl of, son of the earl of 
Lancaster, sent by Edw. III. to defend 

" Guienne, 1344. See Auberoche, and 
Bergerac. — Gains further successes, 



1346 — inherits his father's title, 1H5J 
See Lancaster, Henry, earl of. 

Derby, earl of. See Bolingbroke, Henry 

Derby, earl of. See Stanley, lord. 

Derby, earl of, b. 1752— marries Miss Far 
ren, 1797— d. 1834. 

Derby, earl of, b. 1775— d. 1851. 

Derby, earl of. See Stanley, E. G. S. — 
Succeeds to his father's title, 1851 — forma 
a ministry, Feb. 23, 1852 — elected chan- 
cellor of Oxford, Oct. 12 — resigns the 
premiership, Dec. 28. 

Derby, countess of, wife of Henry Boling- 
broke, d. 1394. 

Derby, countess of, defends Latham House, 
1644 — surrenders it, Dec. 4, 1645 — holds 
out in the isle of Man, and is the last 
royalist who submits to the Common- 
wealth, 1651. 

Derby, countess of. See Farren, Miss. — 
d. 1829. 

Derceto, k. of Assyria, b.c. 1250. 

Dercyllidas, sent by the Lacedaemonians 
to attack the Persians, B.C. 399 — makes 
a truce with Pharnabazus ; fortifies 
the Thraciau Chersonesus, and then re- 
news the war in Asia, 398 — invades 
Caria, and agrees to an armistice with 
Tissaphernes, 397. 

Dercylus, k. of Nineveh or Assyria, b.c 
1084. 

Dereham railway from Norwich and to 
Lynn opened, 1847. 

Dermot, king of Leinster, solicits the aid 
of Henry II. against his rival, Roderic 
O'Connor, 1167. 

Derwentwater, Charles Ratcliffe, titular 
earl of, captured at sea, and brought to 
Deal, Nov. 25, 1745— executed, Dec. 8, 
1746. 

Derwentwater, James Ratcliffe, earl of, 
takes arms for the Pretender, and is cap- 
tured at Preston, Nov. 13, 1715 — pleads 
guilty, and is condemned to death, Feb. 
9, 1716— is beheaded, Feb. 24— his for- 
feited estates granted to Greenwich Hos- 
pital, May 15, 1735. 

Desaix killed at Marengo, June 14, 1800. 

Desborough, brother-in-law of Oliver Crom- 
well, petitions him not to accept the 
crown, 1657 — joins the Wallingford- 
House party, 1659 — cashiered by the par- 
liament, Oct. 12. 

Des Cartes, or Cartesius, b. 1596 — pub- 
lishes his philosophical system, 1637 — 
invited to Stockholm, and d. there, Feb. 
11, 1650 — a statue of him erected at 
Tours, Sept. 12, 1852. 

Desht- Jitteh. See Getes. 

Desiderata, daughter of Desiderius, k, of 
Lombardy, married to Charlemagne, 770 
— divorced by him, 771, 

Desiderius, duke of Istria, contends with 



DES 



245 



DEY 



Rachis for the crown of Lombardy, and 
obtains the support of pope Stephen III. 
by giving up Ancona, 756 — the new pope, 
Paul I., supports him, and he becomes 
king of Lombardy, 757 — employs and 
patronises Paul Wamefrid (Diaconus), 
767 — negotiates with Pepin's widow, 
Bertha, for the marriages of their chil- 
dren, 770. See Desiderata— Gilberga, 
the widow of Carloman, Charlemagne's 
brother, and her two infant sons, seek 
his protection, 771 — he invades the Ro- 
man States, 772 — repulsed, and besieged 
in Pavia by Charlemagne, 773 — sur- 
renders, and is sent, with his queen, 
Ansa, to France, where they end their 
days in convents, 774. 

Desiderius, abbot of Monte Casino, sup- 
ports pope Alexander II., 1061 — enlarges 
and decorates the abbey, 1065 — elected 
pope, and takes the office veiy reluc- 
tantly, with the name of Victor III., 1086 
— Kome is alternately occupied and lost 
by him and Clement III. — Victor retires to 
Monte Casino, where he d. Sep. 16, 1087. 

Deslau, Roger, elected by the Catalans 
grand-duke of Athens, 1311— d. 1326. 

Desmoulins, Camille, executed by the Ja- 
cobins, Apr. 5, 1794. 

De Soubtse. See Soubise, De. 

Despard, Col. Edw. Marcus, engages in a 
treasonable plot ; discovered, Nov. 19, 
1802— he and the other conspirators com- 
mitted, Nov. 29— convicted, Feb. 9, 1803 
— executed, Feb. 21. 

Despenser, Hugh le, father and son, fa- 
vourites of Edward II. of England, 1315— 
the favours bestowed on them excite the 
jealousy of the barons, 1320 — an Act of 
attainder and banishment passed against 
them ; the king collects an army, re- 
verses the Act, and recalls the exiles, 1321 
— gives them large part of the forfeited 
estates, 1302— queen Isabella and Mor- 
timer plot to overthrow them, 1324— they 
are taken and hanged, 1326. 

Dessalines, in St. Domingo, submits to 
the French, 1802 — again takes arms, Nov. 
— drives out Rcchambeau, Nov. 1803 — 
assumes the title of James I., emperor 
of Haiti, 1804 — assassinated by Chris- 
tophe and Petion, 1806. 

Dessau, battle of, count Mansfeld defeated 
by Wallen stein, 1626. 

Dessait. See Anhalt Dessau. 

Dessolles, minister for foreign affairs 
with Decazes, 1818. 

D'Estaing. See Delaware, Bay of. 

D'Este. See Este and Ferrara. 

D'Esterre, Mr. See O'Connell, Daniel. 

D'Estrees, marshal, commands the French 
army in Germany ; passes the Weser, 
July 10, 1757— defeats the duke of Cum- 



berland at Hartenbeck, 25— concludes 
with him the conventionof Closter Seven, 
Sep. 8— agrees to a suspension of hos- 
tilities with prince Frederic of Bruns- 
wick at Kircheim on the Ohm, 1762. 

D'Estrees, Gabrielle, marchioness of Mon- 
ceaux and duchess of Beaufort, mistress 
of Henry IV. of France, d. 1599. 

De THOir(Thuanus), the president, b. 1553 
— concludes his History, 1607— d. 1617. 

De Tiiou, the friend of Cinqtnars, beheaded 
with him for a conspiracy against Riche- 
lieu, Sep. 12, 1642. 

De Tott, Baron, employed to reorganize 
the Ottoman military, 1768. 

Detroit Fort, battle of. See Brock, gen. 

Dettingen, battle of, the French under 
the duke de Noailles, defeated by Geo. 
II., king of Great Britain, June 16. 1743. 

Deucalion, king of Lycoria, or Thessaly, 
B.C. 1548 (1549 H., 1433 C.)— flood of, i'li 
Thessaly, 1503 (1504 H., 1433 C.) 

Deusdedit, pope, 615-619. 

Deusdedit, archbp. of Canterbuiy, 653 — 
d. of the plague, 664. 

Deusdedit or Diodato, son of Orso, the 
murdered doge of Venice, recalled from 
exile, 738 — made master of the military, 
739 — doge, with the additional title of 
Ipato, 742 — assassinated, 755. 

Deux Fonts, the house of, placed on the 
throne of Sweden, by Christina, 1645. 
See Charles X., Gustavus, k. of Sweden. 

Deux Ponts, the prince of, commands the 
army of the empire, in alliance with 
Austria, against the k. of Prussia,17 58-62. 

Deventer, taken bv the Spaniards from the 
Hollanders, 1587! 

Devereux, Robert, b. 1567. See Essex, 
earl of, father and son. 

Devonport, the name given to Plymouth 
Dock, Dec. 27, 1823- a destructive fire in 
its yards ; the Talavera, man of war, 
burnt, and many stores, Sep. 27, 1840. 

Devonshire, insurrection in, suppressed 
by lord Russell, 1549. 

Devonshire, Edward Courtenay, created 
earl of, by Henry VII., 1485. 

Devonshire, Edward Courtenay, earl of, 
committed to the Tower for refusing to 
marry queen Mary, 1553 — released 
through Philip's intercession, 1554— d. 
sood after at Padua. 

Devonshire, Cavendish, earl of, declares 
for the prince of Orange at Derby, 1688 
— privy councillor and lord steward to 
William 111., 16S9 — made a duke by 
him, 1693— d. 1707. 

Devonshire, duke of. See Cavendish, 
lord. — Steward of the household to Geo 
I., 1714 — reconciles the k. and the prince 
of Wales, April 23, 1720 — president ol 
the council, 1727— d. 1729, 



DIE 



246 



DIE 



Dkvonshire, Wm. Cavendish, duke of, 
first lord of the treasury, with Wm. Pitt, 
secretary of state, and Legge, chancellor 
of the Exchequer, 1756 — resigns, 1757. 

Devonshire, duke of, ambassador extra- 
ordinary at the coronation of the czar 
Nicholas, Sept 3, 1826 — visited by queen 
Victoria at Chatsworth, 1843. 

De Werth. See Banner, and Webth, 
Yon. 

Dexicrates, consul of Rome, 503. 

Dexippus, defeats the Gothic tribes at 
Athens, 267— writes his "Chronica," 269. 

Dexitheus, Athenian archou. b.c. 385. 

Dexter, consul of Home, 225 — another, 
263. 

Dexter, C. Domitius, consul of Rome, 196 
II. 

Diadumenianus, son of Macrinus, be- 
headed with his father, 218. 

Di^Eus,one of the Achaeans taken to Rome, 
b.o. 167 — returns to his country, 151 — 
Praetor of the renewed league, 149 — de- 
feated by the Romans at Leucopetra, 146. 

Diana, the temple of, erected at Ephesus, 
b.c. 552— burnt, July, 356— again, by the 
Goths, a.d. 262. 

Diana of Poictiers, the former mistress of 
Henry II. of France, d. 1566. 

Diamond. See Koh-i-noor. 

Diamond necklace (Maria Antoinette's), 
affair of the, 1785. 

Diaz, Bartholomew, a navigator, gives the 
name of Cabo Tormentoso (Cape Stormy, 
now Cape of Good Hope), to the southern 
extremity of Africa, 1486. 

Diaz del Bivar, Roderigo. See Cid, the. 

Dibdin, Charles, the nautical and patriotic 
song writer, b. 1748— d. 1814. 

Dibdin, Thos., the dramatist, b. 1772— d. 
1841. 

Dirdin, T. F., b. 1775— d. 1847. 

Diceto, Ralph de, chronicler, fl. 1164. 

Diccil, an Irish monk settled in France, 
writes "De Mensura Orbis Terrae," 826. 

Dickens, Charles, b. 1812. 

Dicon, Olympic victor, B.C. 384. 

Dictator, the office of, created at Rome, 
b.c. 498. See Lartius, T. Flavius. 

Diderot, Denys, b. 1713— commences the 
publication of the " Encyclopaedia," 1751 
— d. 1784. 

Didius, Julianus, purchases the imperial 
crown, Mar. 28, 193— deposed and killed, 
June 2. 

Didius, T., consul of Rome, B.C. 98— sent t* 
Spain to control the Celtiberi, 97. 

Didot, Francis and Firmin, obtain patents 
for stereotype printing in France, 1797. 

Didymus, the grammarian, fl., b.c. 46. 

Diebitsch, a Russian general, b. 1785 — 
forces a passage over the Danube at Si- 
listria, June 4, 1829, and crosses the Bal- 



kan — d. of cholera, at Pultusk, June 10 

1831. 
Dieppe, bombarded by the British fleet, 

July 12, 1694. 
Dieskau, baron, French gen., defeated and 

taken prisoner at Crown Point, by gene- 

neral Johnson, 1755. 
Diets : of Aix-la-Chapelle, 813—831—1099. 

of Attigni in Ardennes, 722. 

of Augsburg, 1275— June 25, 1530, to 

which the Protestant Confession is pre- 
sented — 1548, when the Interim is pre- 
pared—Sept. 25, 1555. 

of Clausemburg, elects Sigismund 

Racoczi, prince of Transylvania, 1607. 

of Denmark, confers absolute power 

on Frederic III., and the hereditary suc- 
cession on his family, Oct. 16, 1668. 

of Frankfort, 1142— 1147— March 4, 

1162— 1208— elects Albert of Austria, k. 
of Germanv, 1298—1338. 

of Halberstadt, 1208. 

of Mentz, 1105—1184-1235. 

of Nimeguen, 821, 830. 

of Odenburg in Hungary, 1681. 

of Odensee, establishes religious li- 
berty in Denmark, 1527. 

of Pavia, elects Guy, duke of Spo- 

leto, k. of Italy, 889. 

of Pestb, elects John von Zapolya, 

k. of Hungary, 1526. 

of Petrikow, two deputies admitted 

from each palatinate in Poland, 1468. 

of Poland, annuls the treaty made by 

k. Michael with the Turks, and gives 
the command to John Sobiesky, 1674 — 
under the dictation of Prussia and Rus- 
sia, elects Stanislas Augustus, k., 1763 — 
compelled to pass the Act for tolerating 
the Dissidents, 1767— and to ratify the 
first partition, 1773 — the last held, 
1781. 

of Presburg, ratifies the union of 

Hungary and Austria, 1526— accepts the 
Pragmatic Sanction, 1722 — resolves to 
support Maria Theresa, 1741. 

of Ratisbon, 1541,first interim — nearly 

surprised by the Swedish gen. Banner, 
1640 — its sittings made permanent, Dec. 
23, 1663. 

of Roncaglia, 1154—1158. 

of Spires, 1087 — the imperial cities ot 

Germany are for the first time repre- 
sented, 1309 — decrees religious liberty 
in Germany, 1526 — originates the name 
of Protestants, April 19, 1529. 

of Stockholm, gives the power of le- 
gislation wholly to the king, 1680. 

of Thionville, 806— 831-835— 844. 

of Ulm, 1165, puts an end to the in- 
testine wars of Germany. 

of Westeraas, establishes religious 

liberty in Sweden, 1527 — declares the 






DIO 



247 



DIO 



throne hereditary in the family of Gus- 
tavus Vasa, 1544. 

— — of Worms, 1122, compromises the 
dispute between the emperor Henry V. 
and pope Callistus II.— establishes the 
Imperial Chamber at Wetzlar, 1495 — 
Apr. 4, 1521, at which Luther appears 
and defends himself. 

Dietrich, burggraf von Altenburg, grand 
master of the Teutonic knights in Prus- 
sia, 1333. 

- Dieu et mon droit," the war cry of 
Richard I. at the battle of Gisors, 1198. 

Digby, Sir Everard, implicated in the gun- 
powder plot : suffers death, 1605. 

Dijon, battle of, the Burgundians defeated 
by Clovis, 500. 

Dilkes, Sir Thomas, captures and destroys 
many of the French fleet before Gibral- 
tar, and raises the siege, 1705. 

Dillon, a French general, put to death for 
his failure in his invasion of Flanders, 
1792. 

Dillon, capt. of the "Research," ascer- 
tains the fate of La Perouse, April 7, 
1828. 

Dilzibulus, a Turkish chieftain, on Mount 
Altai, receives Zemarchus, on a mission 
from the emperor Justin II., 569 — and 
his son receives Valentine, another en- 
voy, 576. 

Dimetia (South Wales), occupied by Ubba, 
with his followers, 877. 

Dinant, taken by the marshal de Crequi, 
1675. 

Dinarchus, the orator, b. b.c. 361— com- 
mences his public career, 336 — accuses 
many eminent Athenians of receiving 
bribes from Harpalus, 324— banished, 
307— returns to Athens, 292. 

Dinolochcs, writes comedies at Syracuse, 
B.C. 487. 

Dinophilus, Athenian archon, 49. 

Dio, consul of Rome, 291. 

Dio Chrysostom, or Prusaeus (native of 
Prusa), is in Egypt with Apollonius 
of Tyana, 69 ; banished from Rome by 
Domitian ; retires among the Goths, of 
whom he afterwards writes, 90 — returns 
to Rome after Domitian's death, 96 — is 
patronised by Trajan, 99. 

Diocles, Athenian archon, B.C. 409. 

Diocles, Olympic victor, B.C. 728. 

Diocletian, b. 245 — kills Aper, the assas- 
sin of Numerianus; is proclaimed em- 
peror by the eastern army, 284 — ad- 
vances into Europe, defeats Carinus at 
Margus, and fixes his imperial residence 
at Nicomedia, consul II., 285— associates 
Maximian with him as joint emperor, 
286. See Caracsius. Consul III., 287— 
confirms the tranquillity of the eastern 
frontier, by a treaty with the Persians 



288— meets Maximian at Milan, 289— in 
troducesthe ceremonial and magnificent 
of Persia, into his court, consul IV., 29t 
— again meets Maximian at Milan, t« 
settle their respective jurisdictions, and 
takes on himself the immediate superin- 
tendence of the East, 291 — appoints 
Constantius Chlorus, and Galerius, as- 
sistant Csesars, 292. See Constantius 
Chlorus, and Galerius. — Consul V.,293 — 
VI. 296— puts down in person the revolt 
of- Achilleus in Egypt, slaughters the 
inhabitants of Alexandria, destroys Bu- 
siris and Coptos, and reprimands Gale- 
rius for his defeat by N arses, 297- -meets 
Galerius atNisibis, 298— consul VI I. ,299 
— the empire tranquil, 300 — the Christi- 
ans unmolested ,301 — issues an edict to re- 
gulate the price of commodities, and fails 
in the attempt ; visits Rome for the first 
time, and celebrates a triumph there 
with Maximian; passes the winter at 
Nicomedia with Galerius, who urges him 
to repress the power of the Christian 
hierarchy, 302 — commences the persecu- 
tion of the Christians, Feb. 23, 303— 
consul VIII. Celebrates the twentieth 
year of his reign by festivities at Rome ; 
disgusted with the manners of the peo- 
ple, departs on the eve of his ninth con- 
sulship, 303— attacked by a severe ill- 
ness, imputed to his long journey in the 
winter, but attributable rather to his 
vexation at the disorders caused by his 
change of policy towards the Christians, 
and to his finding it impossible to extir- 
pate their religion ; consul IX., 304 — the 
dilemma in which he is placed, by the 
rash counsels of Galerius determines 
him to abdicate ; he resigns the purple, 
May 1, at Nicomedia, 305 — and retires 
to Salona ; intercedes in vain to savehis 
wife and daughter from the persecution 
of Maximin, 311— d. 313. 

Diocletian, the era of, or Era of Martyrs, 
dates from Aug 29, 284. 

Diodato, master of the military, and doge 
of Venice. See Deusdedit. 

Diodorus, a leader of the Peripatetics, 
b.c. 111. 

Diodorus, bishop of Tarsus, 378. 

Diodorus Stculus, in Egypt, b.c. 50 — be- 
gins his History, 43 — concludes it, 13. 

Diodotus, Trypho, claims Syria from De- 
metrius Nicator, for Antiochus, son of 
Alexander Bala, B.C. 143— murders the 
young Antiochus, and is himself defeat- 
ed and slain by Antiochus Sidetes, 139. 

Diogenes, the Cynic philosopher, b. B.C. 
413— d. at Corinth, 323. 

Diogenes, a philosopher, sent with Carne- 
ades and Critolaus, on an embassy to 
Rome, b.c. 155. 



DIO 



248 



DIS 



Diogenes, Laertius, writes "his Lives of 
the Philosophers soon after 205. 

Diogenes, one of the philosophers who 
accompany Damascius into Persia, 532. 

Diogenes, the Greek commander of Rome, 
when taken by Totila, 549 — retires to 
Centumcellae, 550. 

Diognetus, Athenian archon, B.C. 868 — 
others, 492 and 264. 

Diognetus, Olympic victor, B.C. 548. 

Dion opposes Dionysius the younger at 
Syracuse ; Plato endeavours in vain to 
reconcile them, 361 — Dion banished from 
Sicily, 360 — returns with a Greek fleet 
and army, 357 — rules at Syracuse, 356 — 
assassinated by Callippus, 353. 

Dion, Cassius, from this time contemporary 
with the events related in his History, 
ISO — senator, 190 — named praetor for the 
next year by Pertinax before his death, 
193 — has an interview with Caracalla at 
Nicomedia, 214 — governor of Pergamus 
and Smyrna, 218 — having, as governor of 
Dalmatia and Pannonia, offended the 
army by his restrictions, the emperor, 
Alexander Severus, shows his approba- 
tion by making him consul II., 229— he 
retires into Bithynia and writes his His- 
tory, 229. 

Dioxysiodorus, Olympic victor, B.C. 380. 

Dionysius becomes master of Syracuse. 
B.C. 406— makes peace with the Car- 
thaginians, 404, 392 — receives Plato 
well, 389— takes Rhegium, 387— foiled in 
war with the Carthaginians, makes 
peace and fixes the river Halycus as the 
division of their territories, 383 — sends 
succours to the Lacedaemonians; takes 
Selinus from the Carthaginians; makes 
peace, 368— d. 367. 

Dionysius the younger inherits hisfather's 
power at Syracuse, b.c. 367- Plato tries 
to reconcile him with Dion, 361 — sells 
Plato as a slave, 360— expelled from Si- 
cily, 356 — regains his power in Syracuse, 
347 — banished to Corinth by Timoleon, 
343. 

Dionysius, k. of Portugal, 1279 — leagues 
against Ferdinand IV., the young k. of 
Castile. 1296 — withdraws from the league, 
1297 — removes the university from Lis- 
bon to Coimbra, 1308— he gives the con- 
fiscated possessions of the Templars in 
his kingdom to a new military Order of 
Christ, 1319 — his reign is troubled bv 
the discontent of his son, 1320— d. 1325." 

Dionysius, consul of Rome, 429. 

Dionysius, bp. of Alexandria, 249 — writes 
to Sixtus II., bp. of Rome, on the articles 
of Carthage, 257— d. 265. 

Dionysius, bp. of Corinth, 173. 

Dioxysius, bp. of Rome, 259-269. 

Diosysius, Milesian, historian, fl. B.c. 520. 



Dionysius, first determines the length of 
the solar year in the astronomical canon, 
b.c, 285. 

Dionysius accompanies Caius Caesar on his 
eastern expedition, to instruct him in the 
geography of Armenia, B.C. 1. 

Dionysius, Periegeta, writes his geogra- 
phical poem, about 300. 

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, goes to Italy, 
b.c. 29 — completes his History after a re- 
sidence at Rome of twenty-two years, 7. 

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, jun., soph, and 
mus., fl. 126. 

Dionysius of Thrace, the critic, fl. b.c. 
107. 

Dionysius Exiguus, the monk, introduces 
the use of the Christian era, 527. 

Diophantus, preceptor of Libanius, 330— 
makes the funeral oration of Proseresius, 
367 — probably the writer of Six Books on 
Algebra, about 370. 

Diopithes, the Athenian general, stationed 
on the Hellespont, b.c. 342. 

Dioscorus, consul of Rome, 442. 

Dioscorus, bp. of Alexandria, 444 — holds 
the " Robber Synod " at Ephesus, 449— 
deposed and banished by the emperor 
Marcian, 451. 

Dioscorus II., bp. of Alexandria, 515— de- 
posed by the emperor Justin I., 519. 

Diospolis. See Councils. 

Diotrephes, Athenian archon, B.C. 384. 

Diotimus, Athenian archon, B.C. 428 — 
another, 354. 

Diphilus, Athenian archon, B.C. 442. 

Diphridus, the Lacedaemonian, renews the 
war in Asia, B.C. 391. 

Diplomatic intercourse of Austria,Prussia, 
and Russia with Spain, suspended, 1823 
— of Austria and Russia with Turkey, 
suspended, Sept 17, 1S49— ceases between 
Great Britain and Spain, May 19, 1848 — 
renewed, May 14, 1850. 

Directory, the French, established, Oct. 
28, 1795— overturned by Bonaparte with 
an armed force, Nov. 9, 1799. 

Disbrovve, Sir E. C, d. 1851. 

Discount, rate of, raised by the Bank of 
England from 2£ to 3 per cent., Oct. 16, 
1845 — to 3f per cent., Nov. 6 — reduced to 
2£ per cent. Jan. 1. 1852 — to 2 per cent. 
Apr. 26 — advanced to 2k per cent. Jan. 6. 
1853 — to 3 per cent. Jan. 20 — to 3j per 
cent. June 2 — to 4 per cent. Sept. 1 — to 
4J per cent. Sept. 15 — to 5 per cent. Sept. 
29 — 5i per cent. May 11, 1854 — reduced 
to 5 per cent. Aug. 3. 

Disney, Mr., presents a collection of an- 
cient marbles to the university of Cam- 
bridge, April 11, 1850. 

D'Israeli, Isaac, b. 1766 — d. 1848. 

D'ISRAELi,Ben., 5.1805 — motion on agricul- 
tural distress negatived, Feb. 13, 1851— 



DMI 



249 



DOL 



chancellor of the exchequer, Feb. 23, 
1852— resigns, Dec. 28. 

Dissection of dead bodies in the surgical 
•chools of France, authorized by a royal 
edict, 1396. See Anatomy. 

Dissenters, excluded from the church of 
England by the Act of Uniformity, 1662 — 
address of the Commons against any in- 
dulgence to them, Feb. 27, 1663 — Charles 
1 1, suspends the penal laws against them, 
1672 — bill for their relief, passed by the 
Commons, but rejected by the Lords, 
1772— Act 19 Geo. III., c. 44, passed in 
their favour, 1779— petitioned against 
by the university of Oxford, Mar. 30. See 
Beaufoy, and Corporation Act. 

Dissenters' Marriage Bill introduced, Mar. 
17, 1835. 

Dissidents or Protestants persecuted in 
Poland — Russia and Prussia interfere on 
their behalf, 1766. See Diet of Poland. 

" Ditch," or the " Nations," expedition of; 
the third of the Koreish against Mo- 
hammed, 625. 

DiTMARriH, a province of Holstein, given 
up, by Waldemar I [., king of Denmark, 
in part of his ransom, 1225 — reconquered 
by him, 1226 — war of independence in ; 
John I., king of Denmark, defeated at 
Meldorf, 1500. 

Diuma, bp. of Repington, 655. 

Divanubar, king of Assyria, conquers Ar- 
menia, Syria, and Persia, B.C. 900, Lay. — 
receives tribute from Jehu, k. of Israel, 
883, Lay. 

Divanukha, or Divanurish, king of Assy- 
ria, B.C. 1200, Lay. 

Divanurish. See Divanukha. 

Dives. See Crassus, P. Licinius Dives. 

Diving bell, known to the ancients ; first 
used in modem Europe, 1538 — Mr. Spal- 
ding, and an assistant, perish in one in 
Ireland, June 1, 1783— used to explore 
the wreck of the Royal George, May 23, 
1817. 

Divinity lectures at Cambridge revived 
by Professor Herbert Marshy 1809. 

Divorces in Rome. See Antonius, L., and 
Carvilius, Sp. 

Dixmitde, occupied by Louis XIV., 1684. 

Djidda attacked by the Wahabys. 1803. 

Dmitri I., or Demetrius, grand-duke of 
Russia, 1276-1294. 

Dmitri II., grand-duke of Russia, 1324-1327. 

Dmitri III , grand-duke of Russia, 1359- 
1362. 

Dmitri IV., grand- duke of Russia, 1362— 
builds the Kremlin of Moscow, 1367-1389. 

Dmitri Schemjaka, seizes Vasili III, 
grandprince of Moscow, and blinds him, 
1448. 

Dmitri, brother of Feodor, czar of Russia, 
murdered by Godunow, 1591. 



Dmitri, a pretender in Russia, is for some 
time believed to be the murdered brother 
of Feodor, 1605— lie is put to death, 1606. 

Dmitri, another pretender, appears in Rus- 
sia, supported by Sigismund, k. of Po- 
land, 1609 — expelled, with the aid of 
Charles IX. of Sweden. 

Dobro, battle of, Mentchikof defeats the 
Swedish general, Lagercrona, Sep. 20, 
1708. 

Docks, London, opened, Jan. 20, 1805 — East 
India, opened, Aug. 4, 1806— St. Katha- 
rine's, opened, Oct. 25, 1828. 

Dockyards, the admission of foreigners 
into the English, prohibited, July 30, 
1779. 

Doctors' Commons, a spiritual court, to 
take cognizance of cases of adultery, 
register probates of wills, and other 
matters of civil law, incorporated, 1768. 

Dodd, George, the designer of Waterloo 
bridge, b. 1783— d. 1827. 

Dodd, Rev. Dr. William, b. 1729— executed 
for forgery, June 27, 1777. 

Doddington. See Bubb. 

Doddridge, in Gloucestershire, fossil re- 
mains of a crocodile discovered at, 1806. 

Doddridge, Dr. b. June 26, 1702— d. 1751. 

Dodsley, Robert, b. 1703. See Bubke, 
Edm.— d. 1764. 

Dodwell, Henry, b. 1642— d. 1711. 

Doge of Venice, election of the first, 697 — 
superseded by a master of the military, 
737— the office restored, 742. 

Dogger-bank, battle of the, between Ad- 
miral Parker and the Dutch, Aug. 5, 1781. 

Dogget, Thomas, the actor, gives his first 
prize for the boat race on the Thames, 
Aug. 1, 1715. 

Dol, in Brittany, besieged by William I., 
king of England, 1076. 

Dolabella. Cn. Cornelius, consul of Rome, 
B.c. 159. Another, 81. 

Dolabella, P. Cornelius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 283 — defeats the Senones, and then 
gains a victory over the Etruscans, and 
their Celtic allies near the Vadimonian 
Lake, 283. Another, the son-in-law ol 
Cicero, after the death of Caesar, is made 
consul in his place for the rest of the 
year, 44. Another, consul, a.d. 10 — de- 
feats Tacfarinas, and puts an end to the 
African rebellion, 24. 

Dolabella, Ser. Cornel., consul of Rome,86. 

Dolabella, L. Cornelius, pro-consul, tran- 
quillizes Spain, B.C. 98. 

Dolci, Carlo, b. 1606— d. 1686. 

Dolcino, leader of the Apostolicals, retires 
into Dalmatia, 1300 — returns to Italy, 
and fixes himself on a mountain, near 
Vercelli, 1301 — he, his wife, and many of 
his followers are burnt alive, 1307. See 
Apostolicals. 



DOM 



250 



BOM 



Dolgorucki, George, prince of Suzdal, 
builds Moscow, 1147. 

Dolon. See Comedy. 

Dollart Bay, in East Friesland, formed 
by an inundation, 1446— successful ope- 
rations of commodore Holmes in it, 1758. 

Dollond, the optician, b. 1730— d. 1820. 

Dolly's brae, affray at, between Orange- 
men and Romanists, July 12, 1849. 

Domesday survey of England, commenced, 
1080— completed, 1086 — ordered to be 
printed, 1767. 

Domingo, St., the Haiti of the natives, dis- 
covered by Columbus, and named by him 
Hispaniola, 1492— his brother, Bartholo- 
mew, forms the firs't Spanish settlement, 
and builds the city of St. Domingo, from 
which the island afterwards takes its 
name, 1496— the sugar-cane introduced 
from the Canaries, 1506-negro slaves first 
brought in, 1517— the city of St. Domingo 
and the coasts plundered by sir F. 
Drake, 1586 — the Spaniards abandon 
half the island, which the French Fli- 
bustiers (Buccaneers) begin to occupy, 
1630 — the occupation completed by Col- 
bert, 1664 -the French negroes revolt, 
and burn Port au Prince, 1791— the En- 
glish invited to protect the Whites, Oct. 
12, 1793 — revolt of Toussaint l'Ouver- 
ture, 1794— the English withdraw, and 
the inhabitants declare themselves in- 
dependent, 1798— expedition of Leclerc, 
Feb. 4,1802— captivity of Toussaint l'Ou- 
verture ; insurrection renewed, Nov. 2 — 
Rochambeau and the French expelled ; 

i Haiti an independent State, 1803. See 
Haiti. 

Dominica, discovered by Columbus, 1494— 
a free island, 1660— given to Great Bri- 
tain by the treaty of Paris, 1763— resists 
an attack of the combined French and 
Spanish fleets, Feb. 2, 1805. 

Dominicans, or Black Friars, origin of 
the, 1215— contend with the Franciscans 
for superiority in the university of Paris, 
1231. See Amour, William de St.— 
Build a large monastery in London, near 
the north side of the bridge, now called 
after them, 1276. 

Domitian, second son of Vespasian, 5. 51 
— praetor, 70— consul suffectus, 71 — con- 
sul II., 73— consul suffectus, 74, 75, 76, 
77— consul VII., 80 — supposed to have 
written during the life of his brother, 
Titus, tfee Paraphrase on the Pheno- 
mena of Aratus, ascribed to Germani- 
cus; becomes emperor on the death of 
Titus, 81 — represses at first his vio- 
lent passions, completes the public 
works begun by Titus, and establishes a 
liberal endowment for rhetoricians ; con- 
Bui VIII., 82— pretends to have gained 



great victories over the Chatti ; assume* 
the name of Germanicus, and celebrates 
a triumph; consul IX., 83 — consul X., 
84 — recalls Agricola from Britain ; con- 
sul XL, 85 — institutes the Capitoline 
games, and begins his cruelties ; consul 
XIL, 86— pays the Dacians a large sum 
of money to retire ; consul XIII., 87 — 
celebrates the secular games, puts He- 
rennius Senecio and Arulenus Rusticus 
to death ; makes Tacitus praetor ; consul 
XIV., 88— orders all philosophers and 
mathematicians to leave Rome and Italy; 
consul XV., 90— makes peace with the 
Dacians, and celebrates a triumph, 91 — 
builds the Forum Palladium ; consul 
XVI., 92 — issues, and during the year 
revokes, an edict against planting vines 
in cities ; goes to repel an inroad of the 
Sarmatians,93 — sends Juvenal to Egypt; 
terrifies Rome by his indiscriminate 
slaughter of his subjects, 94 — pardons 
Celsus Juventius ; punishes the Chris- 
tians and Jews, who refuse to pay a tax 
for rebuilding the temple of Jupiter; 
puts the consul, Clemens, to death, and 
banishes Flavia Domitilla ; consul 
XVIL, 95 — his barbarities provoke a 
conspiracy, and he is slain, Sept. 18, 96. 

Domitian, the oriental prefect, sent by 
Constantius II. to inquire into the con- 
duct of Gallus, is put to death by the 
people of Autioch at his instigation, 354. 

Domitius, Cn. Ahenobarbus, consul of 
Rome, B.C. 122 — defeats the Arverni, and 
persuades their king, Bituitus, to go to 
Rome, 121. For other consuls, see Aheno- 
barbus. 

Domitius, L., prsetor, sent into Spain 
against Sertorius, B.C. 78. 

Domitius, Cn. Calvinus, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 283 — first plebeian censor, 280. 

Domitius, Cn., censor of Rome, strikes 
out the names of 32 senators, and inter- 
dicts many popular amusements, b.c. 
115. 

Domitius, L. Aurelianus Aug., consul of 
Rome, 271—11. 274 — III. 275. N.B. 
Supply these dates to Aurelian, empe- 
ror, p. 65. 

Dommoc, now Dunwich, in Suffolk, the see 
of bp. Felix, 631. 

Domnus L, pope, 676 — restores the autho- 
rity of Rome over Ravenna, 677 — d. Apr. 
11, 678. 

Domnus II., pope. 974— d. 975. 

Domnus I., 1L, ILL See Antioch, bishops 
of. 

Domville, Wm.. I. 1742— sheriff of Lon- 
don, 1804 — committed to Newgate by the 
House of Commons tor partiality to Sir 
Francis Burdett, in the Middlesex elec- 
tion, Mar. 9, 1805— lord mayor. 1813— 



DOR 



251 



DOE 



presides at the banquet to the allied so- 
vereigns, and is created a baronet, 1814 
— d. 1823. 

Donaghadee to Port Patrick, the subma- 
rine telegraph commenced, July 16, 1852 
—completed, May 23, 1853. 

Donald Bane, k. of Scotland, 1093 — de- 
posed, and restored, 1094 — again deposed, 
1098. 

Donald III., k. of Scotland, 860-862. 

Donald IV., k. of Scotland, 892-904. 

Donati, Corso de, commands the Neri 
(black) faction in Florence, 1300. 

Donatists, origin of the, 313. See Cs:ci- 
lianus. — Condemned by the council of 
Aries, 314 — appeal to Constantine, who 
orders an inquiry, which terminates in 
favour of their opponents, 316 — perse- 
cuted by the church, become more zeal- 
ous, 318 — persecuted by the emperor 
Constans, and receive the name of Cir- 
cumcelliones, 340 — synod of Carthage 
against them, 403 — another, 405 — con- 
ference with Catholics at Carthage, after 
which more severe laws are enacted 
against them, 411 — they assist the Van- 
dals, in Africa, 429 — they gradually de- 
cline from this time, and disappear about 
600. 

Donato, Francesco, doge of Venice, 1545- 
1553. 

Donato, Leonardo, doge of Venice, 1606- 
1612. 

Donato, Nicolo, doge of Venice, 1618. 

Donatus, consul of Rome. 260. 

Donatus. See Cscilianus, and Dona- 
tists. 

Donatus, the grammarian, fl. 354. 

Dona wert taken by Marlborough, July 2, 
1784, See Anne, qu. of England, and 
Blenheim. 

Donis, Olympic victor, B.C. 356. 

Donizetti, d. 18&. 

Donoughmore, Hely Hutchinson, lord, b. 
1757— supports the Catholic claims by a 
motion, which the Lords negative, JS1? 
—d. 1832. 

Donoughmore, the earl of, b. 1787— d. 1851. 

Dorchester. See Birinus. 

Dorchester labourers, six, sentenced to 
transportation for administering illegal 
oaths, March 17, 1834 — great meeting of 
the London Trades' Union, to petition 
in their favour, Apr. 21. 

Dorchester, lord. See Cableton, Sir 
Guy.— d. 1808. 

Dorcic. See Birinus. 

Dordrecht. See Dort. 

Doria, Andrew, b. 1466— in the service of 
Francis I., k. of France, defeats a Spa- 
nish fleet near Naples, Apr. 28, 1528 — 
offended by him, makes a treaty with 
Chas. V., returns suddenly to Genoa, 



expels the French, and restores the ith 
dependence of the republic, Sept. 12 — 
joins the emperor in a successful expe- 
dition against Tunis and Bona, 1535 — 
abandons his Venetian allies at Prevesa 
1538 — advises the emperor not to attack 
Algiers, 1541 — obliged to retire before a 
Turkish fleet, and loses some of his 
ships, July 15, 1552 — recovers a great 
part of Corsica for the Genoese, 1554 — a, 
Nov. 25, 1560. 

Dobia, Antonio, with a Genoese fleet, in- 
fests the coast of Catalonia, 1412. 

Doria, Conrad, with Spinola and the Ghi- 
belins, expels the Guelfs, Grimaldi 
and Fiesco, from Genoa, 1296— commands 
the Sicilian fleet, 1299 — defeated and 
taken prisoner by Roger de Loria, 1300. 

Doria, Gianandrea, commands an expedi- 
tion against Algiers, which is dispersed 
by adverse winds, 1601. 

Doria, Lamba, the Genoese, gains a naval 
victoiy off the Dalmatian island,Curzola ; 
the Venetian fleet destroyed, Sept. 8, 
1298. 

Doria, Lucian, the Genoese admiral, de- 
feats the Venetian fleet near Pola, and 
falls in the battle, May 6, 1379. 

Doria, Paganino, with a Genoese fleet, 
plunders many Venetian towns on the 
Adriatic and in Negropont, 1351 — cap- 
tures the Venetian fleet at Sapienza, in 
the Morea, and takes the admiral, Pi- 
sani, Nov. 4, 1354. 

Doria, Peter, succeeds Lucian, the Ge- 
noese admiral ; advances to attack Ve- 
nice, and conquers Chiozza and Mala- 
mocco, 1379— surrenders to theVenetians, 
1380. 

Doria, Rafaele, elected one of their cap- 
tains by the Genoese, 1335. 

Doria, the family of, with the Spinola, 
obtain the ascendancy in Genoa, and 
support the Ghibelin party, 1270 — ex- 
pelled by the Ghibelin party, 1306— 
reconciled to them, 1307 — attack Genoa, 
1819 — raise the siege, 1323. 

Dormer, lord, takes his seat in parliament, 
April 28, 1819. 

Dorothea, princess of Denmark, marries 
Albert, duke of Prussia, 1S27. 

Dorotheus. See Antioch, bishops rf. 

Dorotheus, one of Justinian's generals, 
expels the Huns from Armenia, 532. 

Dorpat taken by the czar Peter, July 23, 
1704. 

D'Orsay, count, d. 1852. 

Dorset, the marquis of, sent by Henry 
VIII. with an English army to Fonta- 
rabia, is deceived by Ferdinand of Spain, 
and returns to England, 1512. 

Dorset, the earl of, announces to Geo. I. 
his accession to the English throne, 1714. 



DOTJ 



252 



DEA 



Dorsetshire invaded by the Danes, 998. j 

Dorsu, C. Fabius, consul of Rome, b.c. 273. | 

Dorso, M. Fabius, consul of Rome, B.C. i 
345. 

Dort, or Dordrecht ; the country near it | 
inundated by the Meuse bursting its em- 
bankment, April 17, 1446. See Bies 
Bosch. 

Dortrecht, the synod of, condemns the 
doctrines of Arminius, and denies tole- 
ration to the Remonstrants, 1618. 

Doryljeum, battle of; the Crusaders de- 
feat Kilidsch Arslan, July 4, 1097— taken 
by Othman, 1288. 

Doryssus, Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 
956-927. 

Dositheus, patriarch of Constantinople, 
1191-1193. 

Doson. See Antigonus, Doson. 

Dost Mahomet, assisted by the Persians, 
to besiege Herat, 1838— deserted by 
his army, 1839— defeated by the British, 
Oct. 18; submits and surrenders, Nov. 5, 
1840. 

Dotades, Olympic victor, b.c 740. 

Dotation Bill for the President of France 
rejected by the National Assembly, Feb. 

10, 1851. 

Douay, college formed at, for the educa- 
tion of English Romanists, 1580 — sur- 
rendered to the allies, June 26, 1710. 

Douglas, sir Archibald, regent of Scot- 
land, defeats Edward Balliol at Annan, 
1332— defeated by Edward III. of Eng- 
land, and slain at Halidown Hill, 1333. 

Douglas, the earl of, slain at the battle of 
Otterburne, Aug. 15, 1388. 

Douglas, Archibald, earl of, captured by the 
Percies atHomedon Hill, 1402— released 
and joins them in their attempt to place 
the earl of March on the throne, 1403 — 
taken prisoner at the battle of Shrews- 
bury, July 21 ; slain at Verneuil, Aug. 
16, 1424. 

Douglas, the earl of, stabbed by James 

11. in Stirling Castle. 1452. 
Douglas, Archibald (Bell the Cat), refuses 

to proceed with James III. to invade 

England, 1482. 
Douglas, Gawin, Scotch poet, b. 1475 — d. 

1522. 
Douglas, George, one of the assassins of 

Rizzio, 1566. 
Douglas, capt. of the Royal Oak, burnt, 

with his ship, in the Dutch incursion up 

the Thames, 1667. 
Douglas family, banished by James V. of 

Scotland, 1528. 
Douro, river frontier between the Gothic 

and Saracen kingdoms in Spain ; Ordo- 

nio III. crosses it, and is driven back at 

Setmanica (Simancas), 950— Al Hakem 

II. passes it to attack the kingdom of 



Leon, 963— battle of the, Sir Arthur Wel- 
leslev defeats marshal Soult, May 11, 
1809." 

Dover, the people of, attack the retinue of 
Eustace, earl of Boulogne, 1051— Edward 
I. lands at, on his return from Palestine, 
Aug. 1274— Philip, the husband of queen 
Mary, sails from, Sept. 4, 1555 — inter- 
view of Elizabeth with Sully, at, 1601 — 
Henrietta Maria arrives at, June 13 
1625 — embarks at, to accompany her 
daughter Mary, princess of Orange, to 
Holland, Feb. 16, 1642 — Charles II. 
lands at, May 25, 1660— the duke of Or- 
mond is appointed governor of the castle, 
1713 — Louis XVIII. embarks at, to take 
the throne of France, Apr. 24, 1814 — 
Louis Philippe, k. of the French, em- 
barks at, for Calais. Sept. 15, 1844 — 
railway from London opened, May 6, 
1844 — the wire of the submarine elec- 
tric telegraph experimentally laid to 
Calais, 1850. 

Dover, Agar Ellis, lord, b. 1797— d. 1833. 

Dow, Gerard, b. 1613— d. 1680. 

Dowlah, rajah al, takes Calcutta, June 
18, 1756— defeated at the battle of Plas- 
sy ; deposed, put to death by Meer Jaf- 
fier, 1757. 

Downing, Sir George, disputed will of, 
decided in favour of the Univerity of 
Cambridge, June 9, 1798. 

Downing College, Cambridge, founded and 
chartered, 1800. 

Doyle, Rev. James, d. 1834. 

Doyle, Sir John, b. 1756— d. 1834. 

Draco, Athenian archon, B.C. 624 — h's 
code of laws given, 621 — superseded by 
Solon's, 594. 

Dragonetti, b. 1755— d. 1846. 

Dragut Rais, succeeds Hayraddin Barba- 
rossa, 1546 — besieges Tripoli, 1549 — 
ravages Sicily and Tuscany, 1561 — at- 
tacks Oran, 1563 — killed at the siege of 
Malta, June 18, 1565. 

Drakard, J., editor of the Stamford News, 
fined and imprisoned for an article on 
military flogging, May 25, 1811. 

Drake, Francis, b. 1545— commences his 
voyage round the world, Nov. 15, 1577 — 
explores California, 1578 ; returns, Nov. 
3 — banquet to qu. Elizabeth on board 
his ship ; she confei's knighthood on him, 
1580— he attacks the Spanish settle- 
ments in the West Indies, 1585 -takes 
the city of St. Domingo ; attacks the 
coasts of Hispauiola and Florida: he 
returns with a valuable booty, and brings 
back the Virginian colonists, 1586— ex- 
pedition against the Spanish harbours ; 
fleet destroyed at Cadiz ; he returns 
with rich prizes, 1587 — assists in de- 
stroying the Spanish Armada, 1588— ex- 



DEO 



253 



DRY 



pedition to support Don Antonio in Por- 
tugal, 1589 — unsuccessful expedition 
against Porto Rico ; he dies from the 
effects of the climate and fatigue, 1596. 

Drake, Dr. Nathan, b. 1756— d. 1836. 

Drama, the, receives in England the first 
regular form of Moralities or Moral 
Plays, from Skelton and others, about 
1500 ; forbidden by the council of state, 
1549 ; revived by the earl of Dorset, 
1570 ; opposed by the mayor and corpo- 
ration of London, 1579 ; the Globe theatre 
built by Shakspeare and licensed by qu. 
Elizabeth, 1598. See Comedy, Tragedy, 
and Mystetues. 

Dramatic Copyright Act, 3 Wm. IV., 
c. 15, 1832. 

Draper, Sir William, d. 1787. 

Drapers' Company, in London, founded, 
1439. See Bancroft's Hospital. 

Drayton, Michael, b. 1562 -d. 1631. 

Drebbel of Alkmaar, the invention of the 
thermometer ascribed to him, 1610. 

Drepanum, in Bithynia. See Heleno- 
polis. 

Drepanum, in Sicily, now Trapani, naval 
battle of; the Roman consul, P. Clau- 
dius Pulcher, defeated by the Carthagi- 
nian fleet, under Adherbal, B.C. 249. 

Dr sden, on the death of the elector of 
Saxony, Frederic 11., and the division 
of his states, becomes the residence of 
his second son, Albeit, 1464— made the 

. capital of the electorate by his grandson, 
Maurice, 1548— Frederic Augustus, ex- 
pelled from Poland, retires there, 1704: — 
unexpected visit of Charles XII., 1707 — 
treaty of, concluded by Frederic the 
Great with Maria Theresa, Dec. 25, 1745 
— taken by him, 1756 ; by the Austrians, 
1759 — he fails in an attempt to recover 
it, July 19, 1760 — battle of; the allies 
defeated by Napoleon, Aug. 27, 1813— 
abandoned by him,Oct. — surrendered, by 
Gouvion St. Cyr, with its garrison, Nov. 
11 — commotions in, 1830 — insurrection. 
May 3, 1849 ; suppressed, May 9 — the 
conference at, closes, May 15, 1851 — visit 
of the emperor Nicholas, May 12, 1852. 

Drkux, battle of; the Huguenots, under 
Conde, defeated by Moutmorenci, Dec. 
19, 1562. 

Drogheda, taken by Cromwell, and the 
garrison massacred, Sept. 11, 1649 — sur- 
rendered to William III., 1690. 

Drogo, brother of William de Hauteville, 
elected count and leader of the Normans 
in Apulia, 1046 -confirmed in his posses- 
sions by the emperor Henry III., 1047 — 
assassinated, 1051. 

Dromoclides, A thenian archon, e.c. 475. 

Drontheim, founded by Olaf I., king of 
Norway, 997 — made the residence of 



Olaf II., 1019 — an archbishop's see, 1151 
— ceded to Sweden by the peace of 
Roskild, 1658 — restored to Denmark, 
1660. See Norway. 

Dropidas, Athenian archon, b.c. 593. 

Dropilus, Athenian archon, b.c. 644. 

Drouet, French marshal, b. 1774— d. 1847. 

Drought, in Spain, 846, 865, 873 ; in Eng- 
land, 1750. 

Druids, the priests of the Britons, 
slaughtered in Mona (the isle of Angle- 
sey), by Suetonius Paulinus, 58. 

Drumclog, battle of; Graham of Claver- 
house defeated by the Scottish Covenan- 
ters, June l v 1679. 

Drummond, Sir William, d. 1828. 

Drummond, Mr., Sir Robert Peel's private 
secretary, shot by M'Naughten, an in- 
sane man, Jan. 20, 1843. 

Deury-lane Theatre, the first built by 
Thos. Killigrew, 1662 ; burnt down, 1671; 
rebuilt, under the direction of Garrick, 
and re-opened, Sept. 22, 1775; transferred 
to R. B. Sheridan, 1776; taken down, 
1791 ; the new theatre opened, Mar. 12, 
1794; burnt, Feb. 24, 1809; re-opened, 
Oct. 10, 1812; visited by George IV., 
Feb. 6, 1821. 

Drusus, M. Livius, tribune of the people, 
organizes an opposition which proves 
fatal to C. Gracchus, b.c. 121 — consul of 
Rome, repulses the Celtse (Scordisci^) in 
Thrace, 112. 

Drusus, C. Livius, consul of Rome, B.C. 147. 

Drusus, M. Livius, the son, tribune of the 
people, advocates, with the consul Phi- 
lippus, the admission of the allies of 
Rome to the rights of citizens, is assas- 
sinated, B.C. 91. 

Drusus, Scribonius Libo, convicted of 
treason and sorcery, commits suicide, 16. 

Drusus, son of Germanicus, brought "to 
Rome by his mother, Agrippina, 20; 
banished, with her, by Sejanus, 30; put 
to death, Sept. 17, 33. 

Drusus, Nero Claudius, b. B.C. 39 ; con- 
quers the Rhaeti and Vindelici, 15 — 
guards the frontier of the Rhine, 13 — 
Gaul prospers under his government, 12 
— ^Edile ; carrries the Roman arms 
against the Cherusci and Catti, 11 — 
praetor ; birth of his son, Claudius, 10 — 
consul — killed by a fall from his horse, 
after having crossed the Weser, July 
20, 9. 

Drusus, son of Tiberius, quells a mutiny 
among the Pannonian legions, 15 — de- 
feats the Germans, 19 — associated with 
his father iu the tribunitian power, 22— 
poisoned by Sejanus, 23. 

Druthmar, writes a grammatical commen- 
tary on Matthew's Gospel, 850. 

Dbyden, John, b. 1631 — his first play 



DUB 



254 



DUD 



« The Wild Gallant," performed, 1662— 
poet laureate, and royal historiographer, 
1668— d. 1700. 

Dschem. See Zizim. 

Dschingis-khan, Gengiscan, or Zingis- 
khan, the name assumed by the Mongol 
Temugin, when acknowledged chief of all 
the Mongol tribes, begins his victorioua 
career, 1206— invades China, 1210— Ca- 
risme, and drives the sultan Mohammed 
out of the field, 1218— takes Samarcand, 
and sends his son, Toushi, to conquer 
Kipzak, 1219— he drives Gelaleddin 
over the Indus, and remains master of 
all Carisme, 1222-d. 1227. 

Duarte, king of Portugal. See Edward. 

Dublin, the Eblana of Roman times ; held 
by the Panes from about 795-800— aban- 
doned by them after the battle of Clon- 
tarf, 1039— taken by earl Strongbow, 
1169— first charter granted by Henry II., 
1173— castle built, 1220— Trinity College 
founded and endowed by qu. Elizabeth, 
1591— charter granted by James I., 1609 
— given up by Ormond to the parliament, 
1646 — besieged by him, and defended by 
Col. Jones ; Cromwell arrives, 1649 — 
Essex bridge built, 1676— the castle 
burnt, Apr. 7, 1684— James II. holds a 
parliament at, June 29, 1689— surrenders 
to William III. 1690 — the university 
printing-office of, established, by Dr. 
John Sterne, 1734— great agitation in, for 
free trade, Nov. 15, 1779— the national 
bank established at, 1782 — convention of 
the Irish volunteers, Nov. 10, 1783-1784 
— the parliament house destroyed by fire, 
Feb. 28, 1792— Carlisle bridge erected, 
1794 — declared in a state of insurrection, 
1798— insurrection headed by Emmett, 
1803 — the national bank removed to the 
former parliament house, on College 
Green, 1808— visit of Geo. IV., Aug. 15— 
Sept. 5, 1821— custom house burnt, 1833 
—dinner to Wro.Cobbett, Nov. 17, 1834— 
meeting of the British Association, Aug. 
6, 1835 — suffers greatly from a hurricane, 
Jan. 6, 1839— a deputation from, invites 
queen Victoria to visit Ireland, May 21, 
1845 — the queen arrives, Aug. 6, 1849— 
terrific storm at, April 18, 1850 — exhi- 
bition at, opened, May 12 ; closed, Oct. 
31, 1853 — the queen makes a second visit, 
Aug. 29, 1853 — Railway to Kingstown 
opened, Dec. 17, 1834— to Drogheda, May 
26, 1844— to Carlow, Aug. 10, 1846— to 
Cork, 1850— to Galway, Aug. 1, 1851 - 
junction to Belfast, June, 1852. 

Dubois, cardinal, archbp. of Cambray, 
prime minister to the duke of Orleans, 
regent of France, 1722— d. Aug. 10, 1723. 

Dubos, the Abb<§, publishes his History of 
the French monarchy, 1734. 



Dubreton, general, b. 1767— d. 1855. 

Ducanoe publishes his Latin Glossary 
1678. 

Ducas. See Constantine. — Rebellion of, 
912 — Constantine XIII., emperor of the 
East, and his son. See Michael VII., 
and his son ; and John III., Vataces. 

Ducas, John, one of the last of the Byzan- 
tine historians, relates the fall of the 
empire, 1463. 

Ducis translates "Hamlet" for the French 
stage, 1769. 

Duckworth, Sir John Thomas, b. 1748— 
captures the Danish and Swedish West 
India Islands, March 30, 1801 — takes 
Rochambeau, and the remains of his 
army, Nov. 3, 1803— captures a French 
squadron, Jan. 28, 1806 — passes the 
Dardanelles with his fleet, Feb. 19, 1807 
— returns, March 1— d. 1817. 

Dudley, strike of the colliers at, June 1, 
1842. 

Dudley, Edmund, employed by Henry VII. 
to extort money from his subjects, 1503 
— chosen Speaker of the House of Com- 
mons, 1504 — tried, July 18, 1509 — exe- 
cuted, Aug. 18, 151C. 

Dudley, John, son of Edmund, inherits his 
father's plunder, is created Viscount 
Lisle, by Henry VIII., commands the 
fleet in the war with Scotland, 1544- - 
made earl of Warwick by the regency, 
Feb. 17, 1547— assists the protector So- 
merset in defeating the Scots at the 
battle of Pinkey, Sept. 10 — intrigues 
against him and his brother, 1548— sup- 
presses Kett's rebellion in Norfolk, 1549 
— sends Somerset to the Tower, and be- 
comes head of the council, Oct. — created 
duke of Northumberland, 1551. See 
Northumberland, Dudley, duke of. 

Dudley, earl of Warwick, eldest son ot 
Northumberland, marries lady Jane Sey- 
mour, daughter of Somerset, 1549 — sent 
by queen Elizabeth to occupy Havre de 
Grace, 1562 — the plague breaks out in 
his garrison, and he capitulates, 1563. 

Dudley, Guildford, lord, fourth son of 
Northumberland, marries lady Jane 
Grey, 1553— charged with treason against 
queen Mary, J uly — condemned, Nov. 13 ; 
beheaded, Feb. 12, 1554. 

Dudley, Robert, lord, younger son of 
Northumberland, b. 1532 — favourite of 
queen Elizabeth, created by her earl of 
Leicester, 1563. See Leicester, Dudley, 

Dudley, Rev. Sir H. Bate, b. 1746— d. 1824. 

Dudley and Ward, lord, b. 1781 — foreign 
secretary in the administrations of Mr. 
Canuing and lord Goderich, 1827 — re- 
signs, with Mr. Huskisson, 1828 -op- 
poses the Reform Bill, 1831— d. 1833. 



DUE 



255 



Dun- 



Duels, public, an ancient custom ; between 
David aud Goliath, B.C. 1063— Horatii 
and Curiatii, about 660 — Ali challenges 
Moawiyah ; challenge declined, a.d. 657 
— Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, chal- 
lenges Philip, duke of Burgundy, meet- 
ing prevented, 1424 — Francis I. of France 
challenged by Charles V.; no meeting 
takes place, 1526— Lafayette challenges 
the earl of Carlisle. See Carlisle, earl 
of. 
Duels, private. See Combats, judicial. — 

Between Marlborough and lord Chas. 
Paulet prevented, 1712. 

Between Charles James Fox and Mr. 
Adair, Nov. 30, 1779. 

Between lord Shelburne and Col. Ful- 
lerton, March 22, 1780. 

Between the duke of York and Col. 
Lennox, May 27, 1789. 

Between John Kemble and Mr. Aiken, 
March 1, 1792. 

Between lord Norbury and Napper 
Tandy, Aug. 21, 1796. 

Between lord Valentia and Mr. 
Gawler, June 28, 1796. 

Between Pitt and Tierney, May 27, 
1797. 

Between Isaac Corry and Hen. Grattan, 
Jan. 15, 1800. 

Between col. Montgomery and capt. 
Macnamara, Apr. 6, 1803 — col. Montgo- 
mery killed. 

Between gen. Hamilton and Aaron 
Burr. See Burr, Aaron. 

Between lordCamelford and capt. Best. 
See Best, capt. 

Between sir F. Burdett and Mr. Paull, 
May 5, 1807. 

Between major Campbell and capt. 
Boyd. See Campbell, major. 

Between lord Paget and capt. Cadogan, 
May 30, 1809. 

Between Castlereagh and Canning, 
Sept. 22, 1809. 

Between D. O'Connell and M. D'Es- 
terre. See O'Connell, D. 

Between Mr. Grattan and the earl of 
Clare, June 7, 1820. 

Between Mr. Scott and Mr. Christie, 
Feb. 16, 1821— Mr. Scott killed. 

Between sir Alex. Boswell and James 
Stuart. See Boswell, sir Alexander. 

Between the dukes of Bedford and 
Buckingham, May 2, 1822. 

Between the duke of Wellington and 
earl of Winchelsea, March 21, 1829. 

Between lord Alvanley and Morgan 
O'Connell, May 4, 1835. 

Between Mr. Roebuck and Mr. Black, 
Nov. 19, 1835. 

Between the earl of Cardigan and capt. 
Tuckett, Sept. 12, 1840. 



Between col.Fawcett and capt. Munroe, 
July 1, 1843. 

Duff, king of Scotland, 961-965. 

Dugdale, Sir William, the antiquary, b. 
1605— d. 1686. 

Duilius, C, consul of Rome, gains the great 
naval victory over the Carthaginians, 
off Mylse, commemorated by the Column* 
rostrata at Rome, b.c. 260. 

Duilius, Cseso, consul of Rome, B.C. 336. 

Duilius, C, military tribune of Rome, B.C. 
399. 

Dulchianus, the Greek catapan, defeated 
by the Normans near the river Labento, 
and at Cannse, 1041. 

Dulcidics. See Alfonso III., the Great. 

Dulwich College. See Alleyne, Edward. 

Dumas, baron, takes the place of Chateau- 
briand in the French foreign department, 
Aug. 4, 1824. 

Dumbarton and Edinburgh, fortified line 
between, constructed by Agricola, 84 ; 
strengthened by Severus, 210. 

Dumblaine, battle of. See Sheriffmuie. 

Dumont, Stephen, the friend of Jeremy 
Bentham, b. 1750— d. 1829. 

Dumourier, or Dumouriez, Chas. Francis, ft. 
1739 — is sent to assist the confederates of 
Bar, in Poland, 1770 — returns to France, 
1 771— commands the republican army, and 
defeats Clairfait in Flanders, 1792 — gains 
the battle of Jemappes, Nov. 6 — conquers 
Belgium, and enters Brussels, Nov. 13 — 
is defeated at Neerwiuden, and abandons 
the Netherlands, March 18, 1793— de- 
clares against the Convention, March 25 
— takes refuge in the Austrian camp, 
April 4— arrives in London, and is or- 
dered to leave the kingdom, June 14 — 
returns, and resides in England — d. near 
Henley-on-Thames, 1823. 

Dun, bishop of Rochester, 741. 

Dunbar, battle of, John Balliol defeated 
and made prisoner by Edward 1., Apr. 27, 
1296 — Mary, queen of Scots, taken to, by 
the earl of Bothwell, April 24, 1567— 
victory of Cromwell over Chas. II., Sept. 
3,1650. 

Duncan I., king of Scotland, 1033 — defeated 
and slain by Macbeth, 1039. 

Duncan, son of Malcolm 1 II., is accepted 
in Scotland asking : is soon after killed, 
1094. 

Duncan, Adam, 6. 1731 — commands the 
North Sea fleet, and defeats the Dutch 
admiral De Winter, at Camperdown, 
Oct. 11, 1797— for which he receives the 
title of viscount— d. in 1804. The fa- 
milytitle made earl of Camperdown, 1831. 

Duncan, viscount, carries, by a majority of 
one, his vote of censure on the commis- 
sioners of Woods and Forests, March 11, 
1851. 



DUN 



256 



DUP 



Dunciad. See Popf., Alexander. 

DuNCOMBE,Thomas Slingsby, M.P. forFins- 
bury, presents the " People's Petition," 
May 2, 1842— meets the United Trades' 
Association, Jan. 21, 1846. 

Dundalk, battle of. See Birmingham, lord. 

Dundas, James W. D., admiral, applied to 
for assistance by the vizir, March 6, 1853 
— having no orders, he remains at Malta ; 
arrives, accompanied by a French fleet, 
in Besika bay, June 13— drives the Rus- 
sian fleet into the harbour of Sebastopol, 
Dec. 27 — succeeded in the command by 

., admiral Lyons, Dec. 22. 1854. 

Dundas, Richard S., admiral, sails from 
Portsmouth with the Baltic fleet, April 
4, 1855 — bombards Sweaborg, Aug. 9. 

Dundas, Sir David, appointed commander- 
in-chief, March 25, 1809— retires, 1811. 

Dundas, Henry, b. 1740 — lord advocate of 
Scotland, March 4, 1776 — made trea- 
surer of the navy, May 10, 1782 — chan- 
cellor of the university of Edinburgh, 
1788— lays the improved state of the re- 
venues of India before the Commons, 
March 31, 1790— secretary of state, 1791 
— created viscount Melville, 1802. See 
Melville, Henry Viscount. 

Dundee, taken by gen. Monk, 1651 — re- 
covered from the rebels by the duke of 
Argyle, Nov. 30, 1715 — railway to Perth 
opened, 1847. 

Dundee, Viscount. See Graham of Claver- 
house. — Takes arms in Scotland in fa- 
vour of James II., Jan. 1689 — defeats 
Mackay, at Killiecrankie, but falls in 
the action, May 26, 1689. 

Dundonald, lord, b. 1749— d. 1831. 

Dunes, battle of the ; the Spaniards, under 
C nd£, defeated by Turenne, with a body 
of English auxiliaries, commanded by 
Reynolds, June 11, 1658. 

Dungallo, the monk, writes in defence of 
image worship, and is made head of the 
school at Pavia, 829. 

Dungan Hill, battle of ; col. Jones defeats 
a body of Irish, July 10, 1647. 

Dungarvan, convention of the Irish vo- 
lunteers at, 1781. 

Dungeness, a French expedition for the 
invasion of England arrives at, but sails 
away on the approach of sir John Norris ; 
is destroyed or damaged by a storm, 
1744. 

Dunkellin, lord, taken prisoner in the 
Crimea, is released by order of the czar 
Nicholas, 1855. 

Dunkirk, taken by the French, 1646 — re- 
covered by the archduke Leopold, 1652 — 
surrenders, after the battle of the Dunes, 
and is given up to the English, 1658 — 
sold to Louis XIV. by Charles II., Oct. 
17, 1662 — bombarded by the English, 



July 26, 1694 — the Pretender, James 
Francis Edward, sails from, with a 
French army, and is driven back by 
sir George Byng, March 6, 1708— given 
up to the English, July 7, 1712 — the 
destruction of its works stipulated in 
the treaties of Utrecht, 1713, and of 
Paris, 1763— the duke of York defeated 
at, by gen. Hoche, Sept. 7, 1793. 

Dunning, John, b. 1731— carries his cele- 
brated motion on the influence of the 
crown, April 6, 1780 — created lord Ash- 
burton, and chancellor of the duchy of 
Lancaster, April 8, 1782-d;. Aag. 18, 17S3. 

Dunois, count of, an illegitimate son of the 
duke of Orleans (who was assassinated 
in 1407), commonly called the Bastard of 
Orleans, compels the earl of Warwick to 
abandon the siege of Montargis, 1426 — 
defeated by Sir John Fastolfe, and 
wounded in the battle of Herrings, Feb. 
12, 1429 — takes Chartres, and relieves 
Lagni 1432 — compels Sir Francis Su- 
rienne to give up Mans, 1447 — completes 
the conquest of Normandy, and invades 
Guienne, 1450; meets with no opposi- 
tion, and establishes in it the authority 
of France, 1451. 

Duns Scotur, fl. 1275— d. 1308. 

Dunse, pacification of. See Berwick- 

ON-TWEED. 

Dunsinane, battle of; Macbeth defeated 
and slain, 1056. 

Dunstable, Cranmer opens his consisto- 
rial court at, to annul the marriage of 
Henry and Katharine, May 10, 1533. 

Dunstan, b. 925— appointed abbot of Glas- 
tonbury, 943 — Edred's chief counsellor, 
and guards the royal treasures in his 
abbey, 948 — opposes the marriage of 
Edwy and Elgiva, and withdraws to 
Flanders, 955— recalled by Edgar, and 
made bp. of Worcester and London, 959 ; 
archbp. of Canterbury, 961 — anoints 
Edgar at Bath, 972— supports the Bene- 
dictines in their contest with the secular 
clergy, 977 — holds a council at Calne, 
where the floor gives way ; he and his 
friends escape unhurt, 978— d. 988. 

Dunwallon, k. of Strathcluyd, conquered 
by Edmund I., 945. 

Dunwich. See Dommoc. 

Duomo, of Milan, built bv John Galeazzc 
Visconte, 1386. 

Duphot, the French general, killed in a 
popular tumult at Rome, Dec. 26, 1797 

Dupin, d. 1719. 

Dupin, Andr£, b. 1783. 

Duplbix, M ., intrigues in India, 1750 — re- 
called to France, 1754. 

Dupont de l'Eure, b. 1769 — head of the Pro- 
visional government of France, Mar 25 
1848. 



DUB 



257 



DUT 



Dupont, French general, and his army, 
surrender to Castanos, at Baylen, July 
20, 1808. 

Duppeln, the Danes defeated at, by the 
Prussians, June 5, 1848— the Danish in- 
trenchments at, forced, April 13, 1849. 

Dupuytren, Guillaume, b. 1778 — d. 1835. 

Duquesne, French admiral, engages the 
Dutch fleet in the Mediterranean, under 
De Ruyter, who falls in the action, Apr. 
22, 1676— bombards Algiers, 16S2 ; again, 
June 27, 1683— deprived of his commis- 
sion by the revocation of the edict of 
Nantes, 1685 — dying a Protestant, is bu- 
ried in Switzerland, 1688. 

Duquesne, marquis, defeated and taken by 
admiral Osborne, off Carthagena, March 
28, 1758. 

Duquesn'e, Fort, on the Ohio, founded by 
col. Washington, and taken by the 
French, 1754 — recovered by brigadier 
Forbes, and named Pittsburgh, 1758. 

Durazzo. See Dyrrachium. — Maniaces, 
the Greek general, killed at, 1043 — at- 
tacked by Robert Guiscard, who defeats 
Alexius Comnenus there, 1081 — taken 
by the Normans, Feb. 8, 1082— Hugh de 
Vermandois lands at, and is sent a pri- 
soner to Constantinople, 1096 — besieged 
by Bohemond, 1107 — he abandons the 
enterprise, 1108 — taken by the Sici- 
lians, but soon abandoned, 1185 — sur- 
rendered to the fourth crusaders, 1203 — 
taken by Michael Angelus, who founds 
there the Greek despotat of Epirus,1205 
— by the Ottomans, 1431 — seized by 
Scanderbeg, 1443 — recovered by Ma- 
homet 1L, 1478. 

Durazzo. See Charles, duke of, and 
Charles, k. of Naples. 

Durazzo, Louis, duke of, rebels against 
Louis, k. of Naples, 1357 ; reconciled to 
him, 1358. 

Durben, battle of; victory of the Lithu- 
anians at, over the Teutonic knights, 
1263. 

Duren on the Roer. See Councils. 

Durer, Albert, head of the German school 
of painting, b. 1471— d. 1528. 

Durham, the palatine privileges of its 
bishop originated by the grants of Guth- 
red, a Danish Northumbrian prince — ra- 
vaged by Malcolm Canmore, 1070 — at- 
tacked by sir William Wallace, 1298— 
battle of, see Neville's Cross.— See of, 
divided, and its regalities given to the 
duke of Northumberland, 1553 — reunited, 
1554 — palatine jurisdiction vested in the 
Crown, 1836 — railway to Sunderland, 
June 28, 1839. 

Durham, earl of. See Lambton, John. — 
Lord privy seal in earl Grey's ministry, 
1830— prepares the Reform Bill, 1831— 



goes as ambassador extraordinary tc 
Russia, July 3, 1832 — attends the dinner 
to earl Grey at Edinburgh, Sept. 15, 1834 
— a public dinner given to him at Glas- 
gow, Oct. 29 — appointed governor-general 
of Canada, Jan. 16, 1838 — resigns, and 
leaves Canada, Oct. 9— d. July 28, 1840. 

Durstadt, granted to Roric, a nephew of 
Harold of South Jutland, by Lothaire, 
emperor of the West, 850. 

Dushan, Stephen, prince of Servia, 1333— 
supports John Cantacuzene, and lays 
siege to Serres, 1342— takes Serres, 1345 
-d. 1356. 

D'Ussel, baron, b. 1747 — page of Louis 
XV. of France, 1774— d. 1849. 

Dusseldorf, taken by prince Ferdinand of 
Brunswick, 1758; by the French, Sept. 
6, 1795— restored to Prussia, 1814 — poli- 
tical disturbances in, May 10, 1849. 

Dutch (called by others Hollanders), a 
name formed by the English from Deutsch 
(German), and used by them to desig- 
nate the people of the Seven United Pro- 
vinces, after their declaration of inde- 
pendence, 1581. See Holland, Nethek- 
lands, United Provinces, and States 
General. — They commence their con- 
quest of the Molucca islands, 1604 — dis- 
cover New Holland, 1606 -draw the trade 
of Antwerp to Amsterdam and Rotter- 
dam, 1609— build Batavia on the island 
of Java, and quarrel with the English 
factories, 1610 — success of their naval 
enterprises against the coasts of Spanish 
America ; found Manhattan or New Am- 
sterdam, now New York — massacre of 
the English in Amboyna, 1624 — found 
Essequibo in Guyana, 1627 — settle fac- 
tories in Malacca, 1640 — discover Van 
Dieman's land, 1642 — take possession of 
the Cape of Good Hope, 1650 ; fortify it, 
1652 — Brazil recovered by the Portu- 
guese, 1654- colonial war with them con- 
tinued — Calicut and Colombo taken front 
them, 1656 — suffer from inundations, 
1717 — oppose the Ostend East India 
Company, 1719 — attempt to stop the 
East India commerce of the Danes and 
Swedes, 1733— decline of their trade and 
of their influence in Europe, 1760— com- 
plain of seizures made by British 
cruizers, 1778 — allow the American pri- 
vateer, Paul Jones, to take his prizes 
into their ports, 1779 — their ships em- 
bargoed in all British harbours, 1795; 
again, May 17, 1803 — religious discord 
between them and the Belgians, 1817 ; 
increases, 1829 ; causes their separation, 
1830. See Holland. 

Dutlingen, battle of ; victory of the Aus- 
trian general, Von Werth, a*er the 
French, 1643. 



EAN" 



258 



EAR 



Dutton, John, prosecuted by James, duke 
ofYork,fordefamation,andfined£100,000, 
May 3, 1684. 

Dyeing. See BRirrsH Manufactures. 

Dyee, George, b. 1756— d. 1841. 

Dyeb, John, b. 1700— d. 1758. 

Dynamius, consul of Rome, 488. 

Dyrrachium. See Epidamnus. — After the 
conquest of Macedon, the Romans change 
its name, and make it their principal 
landing-place in Greece from Brundu- 
sium, 169 — Pompey besieged there by 
Csesar, who is at first repelled, but ob- 
tains possession, after the battle of Phar- 
salia, 48 — taken by Theodoric the Ostro- 
goth, a.d. 479. See Durazzo. 

Dyscinetus, Athenian archon, B.C. 370. 



E 



Eadbald, son of Ethelbert, succeeds him 
as king of Kent ; restores the Pagan 
worship; is converted by Laurentius, 
archbp. of Canterbury, 616— d. 640. 

Eadbert, son of Wictred, king of Kent, 
succeeds, 725— d. 748. 

Eadbert Pren, king of Kent, 794 — slain 
by Kenulph (Cenwulf, k. of Mercia),796. 

Eadbert, on the resignation of his uncle, 
Ceolwulf, becomes king of Northumber- 
land, 737 — retires into a monastery, 757 
— d. 768. 

Eadburga, daughter of Offa, k. of Mercia, 
marries Bertric, king of Wessex, 787— 
poisons Worr, the friend of her husband ; 
he accidentally partakes of the cup and 
dies ; she escapes to the court of Charle- 
magne, and dies soon after in great mi- 
sery at Pavia, 800. 

Eadgift, daughter of Edward the Elder, 
marries Charles the Simple, of France, 
911 — takes refuge in England, and brings 
her son, Louis, with her, 923. 

Eadgith, sister of Athelstan, k. of Eng- 
land, marries Otho, son of the emperor 
Henry the Fowler, 930. 

Eadhild, another sister of Athelstan, mar- 
ries Hugh the Great, count of Paris, 926. 

Eadmer, abbot of St. Alban's, d. 1124. 

Eadsine, archbp. of Canterbury, 1038 — re- 
signs. 1044— returns, 1046— d. 1051. 

Eagles delivered to the French army by 
Louis Napoleon, May 10, 1852. 

EALDBERT,(an etheling) attempts to restore 
the kingdom of Sussex, is defeated by 
Ina, king of Wessex, 722 — is slain in a 
second attempt, 725. 

Eanbald I., archbp. of York, 780-796. 

Eanbald II., archbp. of York, 796. 



Eanfleda, daughter of Edwin, king of 
Northumberland, b. 626— on his death 
taken by Paulinus into Kent, 633 — Os- 
wy, king of Northumberland, sends for 
her, and marries her, 651. 

Eanfrid, son of Ethelfrid, divides tb.8 
kingdom of Northumberland after Ed- 
win's death, with Osric, but is overcome 
and slain by Cadwalla, 634. 

Eanred, son of Erdulf, last nominal k. of 
Northumberland, subordinate to Egbert 
and Ethelwulf, 809— d. 842. 

Eanwulf, ealdorman of Somerset, concurs 
in forcing Ethelwulf to resign his crown, 
856. 

EAPPA,a monk from Selsea, preaches Chris- 
tianity in the Isle of Wight, 661. 

Earconbert, son of Eadbald, k. of Kent, 
supplants his elder brother Ermenred, 
destroys all idols in his kingdom, 640 — 
d. of the plague, 664. 

Earthquake, violent, in Achaia, B.C. 373. 

at Anazarbus, in Cilicia, a.d. 525. 

at Antioch, the consul Pedo, and many 

others perish, 115 — accompanied by 
many days' darkness, 262 — another, 458— - 
another, begins in October, 525, and con- 
tinues till the next May — again,528; 554. 

in Asia, 63, 185, 358. 

at Bery tus, 55 1 . 

Brescia destroyed, 1222. 

nearly destroys Camerino, in the 

march of Ancona, 1279. 

in Campania, 345. 

at the Caraccas, 1812. 

destroys Catania, in Sicily, 1169 — 

again, 1693. 

in Chili, continues 27 days, 1731. 

at Coimbra, 467. 

at Constantinople throws down part 

of the long wall and its towers, 447 — of 
forty days' continuance, does great in- 
jury, 480— another, 554; and 557 — greatly 
injures the church of St. Sophia, 1346; 
1800. 

at Cuzco, 1797. 

in Cyprus, 77. 

in Dalmatia and Albania ; Cattaro 

and Ragnsa destroyed, April 6, 1667. 

in the East, followed by a sudden rise 

of the sea, July 20, 365. 

in England, 1048— Aug. 11, 1089— the 

most violent ever known there, Nov. 14, 
1318. 

at Ephesus, 17. 

in Epirus, 345. 

nearly destroys the city of Ferrara, 

Nov. 16, 1570. 

in Greece, 105. 

at Guatemala, Dec. 15, 1773 

in Guadaloupe, at Point a Pitre, 1843. 

in Italy, 801 ; 847 ; 1117— in the south 

of Italy, 1456. 



EAS 



259 



EAS 



■ overthrows Rimini, Ancona, and other 

towns in Italy, 1672. 

overthrows the cities of Laodicea, 

Hierapolis and Tripolis, 494. 

at Lima , Callao overwhelmed by the 

sea, 1746. 

at Lisbon, 1531 — almost destroyed, 

Nov. 1, 1755. 

in Lombardy, 1276 ; 1580. 

■ shocks felt in London, Feb. 8 and 

March 8, 1750. 

at Magnesia, 17. 

at Martinique, 1767 ; 1839. 

at Messina, in Sicily, 1693 ; 1783. 

at Naples, 1456 ; 1694 ; 1805. 

Neo-Caesarea, in Pontus, nearly de- 
stroyed, 344. 

Nice, in Bithynia, overthrown, Oct. 

11, 368. 

Nicomedia, 358, 557. 

at Palermo, Sep. 1, 1726 ; 1740. 

in Palestine, b.c. 31— a.d. 742. 

in Pontns, a.d. 499. 

at Port Koyal, in Jamaica, 1692. 

at Quito, in Peru, Apr. 21, 1755; 1797. 

at Ravenna, 467. 

— ' — at Rhodes, the Colossus thrown down, 
b.c. 227— another, a.d. 152, and 178. 

at Rome, 225. 

in Sicily; Syracuse nearly destroyed, 

1549 ; again, 1693. 

at Smyrna, 178. 

at Ternate, 1840. 

at Valparaiso, 1851. 

in Spain, 881; 1431. 

at Sparta, B.C. 464. 

in Syria, a.d. 341 ; 742. 

See Eruptions. 

East, the trade of the, monopolized by the 
Venetians, 1210. 

East Anglia, the Saxon name of the nar- 
row tract on the eastern side of Britain, 
between the Wash and the German Ocean, 
comprising the present counties of Nor- 
folk and Suffolk, with part of Cambridge- 
shire, constitutes the sixth kingdom of 
the Heptarchy, 571 ; or according to some 
authorities, 575. 

Uffa, the founder, reigned till 578. 
T itylus, son of Uffa, 578—599. 
Redwald, son of Titylus, 599— the fourth 
Bretwalda, 616 — defeats Ethelfrid, and 
places Edwin on the throne of North- 
umberland, 617— tf. 624. 
Eorpwald, son of Redwald, 624 — con- 
verted to Christianity; murdered by 
Richbert, 627. 
Richbert, a pagan, occupies the throne, 

627— expelled, 629. 
Sigebert, brother of Eorpwald, recovers 
the throne, 629 — introduces Chris- 
tianity, and founls schools; makes 
Felix bishop, and patronizes Fursey, 



631. See Dommoc and Cnobersburg-. 
— Retires into a monastery, 632 — called 
by his people to oppose Penfda, k. of 
Mercia, falls in the battle, 635. 
Ecgric succeeds his brother Sigebert, 632 
— attacked by Penda, defeated and 
slain, 635. 
Anna, son of Redwald's brother Eni, 
635-654. See Anna, king of East 
Anglia. 
Ethelhere, succeeds his brother Anna, 
654— falls in battle against Oswy, king 
of Northumberland, 655. 
Ethelwald, next brother of Anna, king, 

655— d. of the plague, 664. 
Aldwulf, son of Ethelhere, 664-713. 
Selred, 713 ; slain 746. (By some made 

king of Essex.) 
Alfwuld, 746-749. 
Beoxna and Ethelred, or Ethelbert, 749- 

758. 
Beorna alone, 758-761. 
Ethelred, 761-790. 

Ethelbert, son of Ethelred, 790 — treach- 
erously murdered by Offa,k. of Mercia, 
who adds East Anglia to his domi- 
nions, 792. 
The people throw off the yoke of Mercia, 
and submit to Egbert, 823— Ludecan 
attempts to re-conquer them, is de- 
feated and slain, 825 — the marshlands 
infested by Danes, 838 — invaded by a 
large body of them, who winter there, 
866 — Ingwar and Ubba take Thetford, 
and put Edmund, a titular king, to 
death, at Bedericsworth, 870- -divided 
by Guthrum-Ethelstan among his 
followers, under a treaty with king 
Alfred, 880— defeat of Alfred's ships 
at the mouth of the Stour, 885 — treaty 
concluded with the Danes by Edward 
the Elder, 906 — revolt in favour of 
Edgar, brother of king Edwy, 958 — 
Ipswich ravaged by the Danes, 991 — 
under Swein they burn Norwich and 
Thetford, and are repulsed by Ulfky- 
tel, 1004— they return, defeat him at 
Ringmere, burn Thetford again, and 
Cambridge, 1010. 
Easter, the time of observing, first a sub- 
ject of dispute between Polycarp and 
Anicetus at Rome, 158 — between the 
eastern and western churches, 197 — de- 
cided by the council of Nice in favour of 
the latter, 325 — the dissidents receive 
the name of Quartodecimans, 326 — dis- 
puted between the old British and the 
new Anglican churches, 602— a synod 
held at Whitby to settle it, 664— the 
monks of Iona and the Scotch church 
conform, 716. 
Eastern or Greek church, first dissents 
from the Western by adopting the creed 
s 2 



EAS 



260 



EAS 



of the Avian bishops published at An- 
tioch, 345— adheres to it by seceding 
from the council of Sardica, 347— perse- 
cutes Chrysostom, 403— and Nestorius, 
431— Henoticon of Zeno, 482. See Mo- 
nophysites — Ceases to hold communion 
with the Western, reciprocal excommu- 
nications fulminated, 484— condemns the 
opinions of Origen and the "Three 
Chapters," 544— begins the controversy 
on the Procession of the third person of 
the Trinity, by resisting the addition of 
" Filioque " to the creed, 589— originates 
the Monothelite controversy, 630. See 
Monothelxtes.— Ecthesis of Heraclius, 
638— breaks off communion again with 
the Western, 653— reconciled for a time 
by the sixth general council, 680— per- 
secutes the Paulicians, 685— Iconoclast 
controversy, 726. See Iconoclasts — 
Supports Photius, denies the supremacy 
of the pope, and finally separates from 
the Western, 867— contends for juris- 
diction in Bulgaria, 878— the breach 
made wider by Michael Cerulanus, and 
the rejection of unleavened bread, 1053 
—reciprocal excommunications again, 
1054— condemned by the council of Bari, 
1098— subjected to the pope by the Latin 
conquest, 1204— set free, 1261— Michael 
Paljeologus effects a temporary re-union, 
1274— annulled by Andronicus I., 1282— 
Barlaam sent by Andronicus III. to ne- 
gotiate another, 1339 — the emperor, 
John V., visits Rome, and conforms; 
but his clergy and people refuse to con- 
cur, 1369— John VI. signs an ostensible 
accord at Florence, 1439— rejected by his 
subjects, and in Russia, 1440— patriarch 
appointed by the Mohammedan con- 
queror, 1453 — attempt to unite with 
Lutherans fails, 1576-1634. 
Eastern Counties Railway opened from 
London to Romford, June 18, 1839— to 
Colchester, March 29, 1843 — to Cam 
bridge and Norwich, 1845. 
Eastern, or Greek and Byzantine Em- 
pire. 

(See the principal events under the name 
of each sovereign?) 

First taken as a separate jurisdiction 

for himself by Diocletian, 287 — he 

places Thrace and Illyricum under 

Galerius, 293— abdicates, 305. 

Galerius, 305-gives up a part to Licinius, 

307— Syria to Maximin, 308 — d. 311. 
Licinius and Maximin divide the East, 
311— Maximin defeated ; d. 313— Li- 
cinius defeated by Constantine, re- 
signs, 323. 
Constantine reunites the East and West 

— d. 337. 
Constantius II., his son, takes the East 



for his share of the empire, 337- sole 

emperor, 350 — places Gallus over 

Syria, 351 — puts him to death, 354 — 

gives up the West to Julian, 355— d. 

361. 
The two empires held by Julian, till 363 

—by Jovian, till 364— again divided 

by Valentinian, who gives the East to 
Valens,his brother, 364— killed in battle, 

378. 
Theodosius I., 379— sole emperor, 392— 

d. 395. 
Final division of the empire between 

his two sons ; the Eastern taken by the 

eldest. 
Arcadius, 395— d. 408. 
Theodosius II., 408— d. 450 
Marcian, 450 — d. 457. 
Leo I., the Thracian, 457 — d. 474. 
Leo II., the younger, Feb. 3, 474— d. Nov. 
Zeno, 474— expelled by Basiliscus, 475— 

restored, 477— d. 491. 
Anastasius I., 491 — d. 518. 
Justin I., 518— d. 527. 
Justinian I., 527 — d. 565. 
Justin II., 565— d. 578. 
Tiberius II., 578— d. 582. 
Maurice, 582— killed by Phocas, 602. 
Phocas, 602— beheaded, 610. 
Heraclius, 610- d. 641. 
Constantine III., or Heraclius IK, 103 

days. 
Heracleonas, 8 months. 
Constans II., 641 — murdered, 668. 
Constantine IV., Pogonatus, 668 — d. 685. 
Justinian II., 685 — expelled, 695. 
Leontius, 695— deposed, 698. 
Tiberius III., Absimar, 698— beheaded, 

705. 
Justinian II., restored, 705— killed, 711. 

Philippicus Bardanes, 711 — asassinated, 
713. 

Anastasius II. (Artemius), 713 — resigns, 
716. 

Theodosius III., 716— retires into a mo- 
nastery, 717. 

Leo III., the Isaurian, 717— d. 741. 

Constantine V., Copronymus, 741 — d. 775. 

Leo IV., 775— d. 780. 

Constantine VI., and his mother Irene, 
780— alone, 790— deposed by his ruother 
797. 

Irene, 797 — dethroned and banished, 802 

Nicephorus I., 802— killed by the Bul- 
garians, 811. 

Stauracius, 811 — d. in six months. 

Michael I., Rhangdbe, 811 — retires into a 
monastery, 813. 

Leo V., the Armenian, 813— assassinated 
820. 

Michael II., the Stammerer, 820- d, S29. 

Theophilus, 829— d. 842. 

Michael III., 842— assassinated, S67. 



EAS 



20] 



EAS 



Eastern Empire — continued. 
Basil I., the Macedonian, 867 — d. 886. 
Leo VI.. the Philosopher, 886— d. 911. 
Alexander, 911— d. 912. 
Constantine X. Porphyrogenitus, 911 — 

his mother, Zoe, regent. 
Romanus I., Lecapenus, joint emperor, 

919 — makes his sons his colleagues, 

to one of whom he gives the title of 

Constantine IX., deposed and banished 

with his sons, 944. 
Constantine X., alone, 944 — d. 959. 
Romanus II., 959— d. 963. 
Kicephorus II., Phocas, 963— assassinated, 

969. 
John I., Zimisces, 969— d. 976. 
Basil II. and Constantine XL, 976— 

Basil d. 1025. 
Constantine XL, alone, 1025— d. 1028. 
Romanus III., Argyrus, 1028 — poisoned, 

1034. 
Michael IV., the Paphlagonian, 1034: — d. 

1041. 
Michael V., Calaphates, 1041— expelled, 

1042. 
Zoe and Theodora, 1042 — retire. 
Constantine XII., Monomachus, 1042— d. 

1054. 
Theodora restored, 1054— d. t056. 
Michael VI., Stratioticus, 1056— resigns, 

1057. 
Isaac I., Comnenus, 1057— resigns, 1059. 
Constantine XIIL, Ducas, 1059 — d. 1067. 
Eudocia, 1067 — marries 
Romanus IV., Diogenes, 1068 — taken 

prisoner, and d. 1071. 
Michael VI L, Ducas, 1071 — retires as 

bp. of Ephesns, 1078. 
Nicephorus III., Botaniates, 1078 — ex- 
pelled, 1081. 
Alexius I., Comnenus, 1081 — d. 1118. 
John II., Calo- Joannes, 1118— d. 1143. 
Manuel I., Comnenus, 1143 — d 1180. 
Alexius II., Comnenus, 1180 — killed, 1183. 
Andronicus I., 1183- killed, 1185. 
Isaac II., Angelus, 1185 — dethroned, 1195. 
Alexius III., Angelus, 1195— expelled by 

the Latins, 1203. 
Isaac II., restored, 1203 — murdered, 1204. 

Latin Empire. See Nicjean Empire. 
Baldwin I., 1204— taken by the Bulga- 
rians, 1205. 
Henry, 1206— d. 1216. 
Peter of Courtenay, 1216— d. a prisoner 

in Epirus, 1219. 
Robert of Courtenay, 1220— d. 1228. 
John de Brienne, 1228— d. 1237. 
Baldwin II., 1237— expelled, 1261. 

Greek Empire restored. 
Michael VIII., PaUeologus, 1261— d. 1282. 
Andronicus II., 1282— resigns, 1328. 
Andronicus III., 1328— d. 1341, 
John V., Paloeologus, 1331 — excluded, 
1347. 



John VL> Cantacuzene, usurps, 1347 

expelled, 1354. 
John V., restored, 1354— d. 1391. 
Manuel II., Palceologus, 1391 — d. 1425. 
John VI. 1425— d. 1448. 
Constantine XIV., last emperor of the 
East, 1448 — falls in the storming of 
Constantinople by the Ottomans, 1453. 
East France. See Austrasia— Part of 
the Carlovingian empire till by the par- 
tition at Verdun, Germany, under this 
name, is given to Louis, son of Louis le 
Debonnaire, 843 — inherited by his son, 
Charles, the Fat, 876. See Germany. — 
The county of Franconia formed about 
890. See Franconia. 
East Friesland, inundations in, 1446, 
1717— acquired by the king of Prussia, 
1744— claimed by George II. for Hanover, 
discussion amicably settled, 1753. 
East India Company, the Danish, formed, 

1740. 
East India Company, the Dutch, formed, 

1595. 
East India Company, the English, esta- 
blished, 1600 — receives a new charter, 
Sept. 28, 1694 — a new company formedj 
1698 ; and, added to the old, constitutes 
the United East India Company, 1702— 
charter renewed, 1730— disorders in its 
government of India corrected by Act of 
parliament, 1769 — increasing disorders 
cause a parliamentary investigation, 1772 
— the civil administration regulated by 
a new Act, 1773 — the charter renewed 
for thirteen years, 1781— Fox's Bill for 
establishing a new system, thrown out 
by the Lords, Dec. 17, 1783— the Board of 
Control formed by Pitt's, July 18, 1784 — 
a new charter throws open the trade to 
India, but continues the monopoly of that 
with China, 1813— charter renewed ; the 
company ceases to be commercial, and 
remains only a political body — the trade 
with China thrown open, 1833. 
East India Company, the French, founded, 

1740; broken up, 1770. 
East India Company at Ostend, founded 
by the emperor Charles VI., opposed by 
the Dutch, 1719 ; dissolved, 1731. 
East India Company, the Swedish, formed 

at Gothenburg, 1731. 
East India Docks opened, 1806. 
East India House, in Leadenhall Street, 
built, 1726 ; enlarged, with a new front, 
1799. 
East India stock, the dividend on, ad- 
vanced to 10 per cent., Sept. 26, 1766; 
raised to 12£ percent., May 6, 1767 ; which 
is rescinded byActof parliament, June 24. 
East Indies, first opened to the English 
by capt. Lancaster's private trading spe- 
culation, 1591. See East India Com- 
pany, English ; and India. 



ECC 



2G2 



EDD 



Eastlake, C L., b. 1793— president R.A., 
1850. 

E aston, Adam, a cardinal, accused of a 
plot against pope Urban VI., 1385— par- 
doned by the pope, at the intercession 
of Richard II. of England, 1386. 

East Saxons. See Essex. 

Eaton, Daniel, sentenced to imprisonment 
and pillory, for publishing Paine's works, 
March 1, 1812. 

Ebbo, bp. of Rheims, joins the rebellion 
against Louis le Debonnaire, 832 — de- 
graded, 835. 

Ebekhaed, duke of Friuli, bequeaths his 
duchy to his son, Unroco, by whose early 
death it passes to his brother Berenger, 
867. 

Eberhard I., II., III., and Eberhard Louis. 

See WlRTEMBERG. 

Eberhard. See Franconia. 

Eberling, professor, b. 1741— d. 1817. 

Ebionite heresy revived by Photinus, bp. 
of Sirmium, 342. 

Eboeacum. See Yoek. 

Ebeo, or Ibeeus. See Celtiberians.— 
Fixed by the Romans as the northern 
limit of the Carthaginian dominion in 
Spain, B.o. 226— the boundary of Charle- 
magne's Marca Hispanica, a.d. 778. 

Ebroin, mayor of the palace, proclaims, as 
king of Neustria and Burgundy, Theo- 
doric, or Thierry III., 670— compelled to 
retire into a monastery, 671 — leaves the 
monastery, 673— assassinated, 681. 

Ebueic, k. 6f the Suevi, in Spain, 582. 

Eburones, a tribe in Gaul, under Ambio- 
rix, defeat Titm-ius and Qu. Cicero; are 
overcome by Csesar, B.C. 54. 

Ecclesiastical Commission, first appoint- 
ed by qu. Elizabeth, 1584— by James I., 
in Scotland, 1617 — abolished in Scotland 
by the General Assembly, 1637 ; in Eng- 
land, by parliament, 1641 — revived by 
James IE, and employed by him to co- 
erce the universities, 1687 — dissolved, 
Oct. 11, 1688. 

Ecclesiastical Courts, a Bill to reform 
them introduced by Sir R. Feel, March 
12, 1835 ; again brought in by him, Feb. 
9, 1843— resisted by country attorneys, 
and withdrawn. 

Ecclesiastical States in Germany,many 
of them secularized by the treaty of 
Munster, 1648 ; and the rest by the Diet, 
1803. 

Ecclesiastical Titles Bill introduced 
by lord John Russell, Feb. 7, 1850— read 
a first time, Feb. 14 ; a second time, Mar. 
25 — passed by the Commons, July 4 — 
passed by the Lords, July 29. 

Ecclesiastics begin to form a distinct or- 1 
der from the laity, 204 — are exempted: 
from all new imposts by Constantius,343. \ 



Ecdemijs, the Platonic philosopher, assists 
Aratus and Demophanes in restoring 
freedom to Sicyon, B.C. 251. 

Eodicius, son of the emperor Avitus ; 
checks the progress of Euric, in Au- 
vergne, 470 — withdraws, 474. 

Ecebolus, one of Julian's tutors, at Con- 
stantinople, 350. 

Ecgbic. See East Anglia. 

Echaed, Laurence, b. 1671— d. 1730. 

Echestratus, Agidan king of Lacedae- 
mon, B.C. 1028-993. 

Echyreus, king of Sicyon, B.C. 1510 (1428 

Ecija, the aqueduct of, is completed by 
Abderahman III., 949 — battle of, the 
Castilians defeated by the Merines,1275. 

Eck, John, pro-rector of the university of 
Ingolstadt, defends the Romish church 
against Luther, 1520- -d. 1543. 

Eckernfiord. battle of; the Danish naval 
force defeated in the harbeur, April 5, 
1849, by the insurgents — taken by the 
Danes, July 28, 1850. 

Eckhel, J. H., b. 1737 — director of the 
Vienna Cabinet of Medals — d. 1798. 

Eckmubl, battle of ; the Austrians, under 
the archduke Charles, defeated by Na- 
poleon and Davoust, April 22, 1809— 
prince of. See Davoust. 

Eclipse. See Calippus.— First recorded 
of the moon, observed at Babylon, b.c. 
March 19, 721 : again, March 8 and Sept. 
1, 720— of the sun, predicted by Thales, 
603 — of the moon, July 16,523; Nov. 
Id, 602 ; April 25, 491 ; Aug. 27, 413 
— of the sun, Aug. 14,394; during the 
battle of Cynoscephalae, 364 — of the 
moon, Aug. 9, 357 ; Sept. 20, 331— of the 
sun, Aug. 15, 310; July 11, 190-of the 
moon, June 21, 168 ; March 13, 4— of the 
sun, a.d. April 30, 59— of the sun, dur- 
ing which the stars are visible, June 6, 
346-the sun, Nov. 11, 402 ; July 19,418; 
Dec. 24, 447 ; July 20, 464 ; Apr. 10, 484 ; 
Feb, 16, 538; June 20, 540; Mar. 19, 592 ; 
May 1, 664 ; Aug. 15, 733— of the moon, 
March 20, 795 ; Dec. 20, 802— of the sun, 
July 16, 809— of the moon, Dec. 25, 828 
—total of the sun, March 14, 880—912— 
of the moon, April 4, 1121 — of the sun, 
April 22, 1715 ; Sept. 7, 1802 ; during the 
proceedings against the queen in the 
House of Lords, Sept. 7, 1820. 

Eclogue. See Melito, bp. of Sardes. 

Ecnqmus, battle of; the Carthaginian 
fleet defeated by Regulus and Manlius 
Vulso, B.C. 256. 

Ecole Militai re, established at Paris, 1751 . 

Ecthesis, or Exposition of Faith, publish- 
ed by Heraclius, 638 — resisted by popo 
Severinus, 640. 

Edda. See Snorro Sturleson. 



EDG 



263 



EDI 



Eddington. See Ethandune. 

Eddystone lighthouse, built, 1696 — wash- 
ed down, Nov. 27, 1703-rebuilt, 1706— 
burnt, Dec. 4, 1755 — rebuilt, 1759— burnt 
again, 1770 — reconstructed with stone by 
Smeaton, 1774. 

Edelm, abbot of Thetford, murdered, 952. 

Edelnoth, or Ethelnoth, archbp. of Can- 
terbury, 1019— d. 1038. 

Eden, Sir Fred. Morton, d. 1809. 

Edessa, the capital of Osrhoene, taken by 
Trajan, 116 — Valerian defeated and made 
prisoner under its walls, 260 — punished 
by Julian for the disorderly conduct of 
the Arians, 362 — overwhelmed by a flood, 
525 — attacked unsuccessfully by Chos- 
roes, 544 — taken by the Persians, 611 — 
called by the Turks Orfa — made the ca- 
pital of the first Latin principality, by 
Baldwin, count of Hainault, brother of 
Godfrey de Bouillon, 1097 — stormed by 
Zenghi, the Atabek, 1144. 

Edgar, the Etheling, second son of Ed- 
mund I., k. of England, b. 943 — governs 
Mercia under the supremacy of his bro- 
ther, Edwy, 957 — succeeds him as king, 
959 — recalls Dunstan, and makes him 
bp. of Worcester and London, 959 — in- 
vades North Wales, defeats Idwal, and 
exacts an annual tribute of 300 w elves' 
heads, 963 — displaces « 11 married priests, 
and fills the church with monks — mar- 
ries Elfrida, 964 — he is anointed at Bath 
by the archbps. Dunstan and Oswald — 
during his annual review of the fleet 
(scip-fyrd), eight tributary kings do him 
homage at Chester, 972 — d. 975. 

Edgar Etheling, son of Edward, the se- 
cond son of Edmund Ironside, b. in Hun- 
gary, brought to England with his fa- 
ther, 1057. See Edward, son of Edmund 
Ironside. — After the conquest, takes 
flight into Scotland, 1067 — he and his 
Scotch allies are defeated by William, 
1068 — burns York, and, on the approach 
of William, retires into the H umber, 
1069— submits to William, 1074 — joins 
the Normans in Apulia, 1086 — places 
Edgar, son of Malcolm III., on the throne 
of Scotland, 1098 — taken prisoner at 
Tinchebrai, and released by Henry I., 
1106— d. 1120. 

Edgar, son of Malcolm III.,k. of Scotland, 
deprived of the throne by Donald Bane, 
1093 — restored by his uncle, Edgar 
Etheling, 1098— d. 1107. 

Edgehill, battle of, between Charles I. 
and the parliamentary forces, issue un- 
decided, Oct. 23, 1642. 

Edgeworth, Abbe, b. 1745— d. 1807. 

Edgeworth, Maria, b. 1767— d. 1849. 

Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, invents an 
improved telegraph, 1767. 



Edgitha, daughter of earl Godwin, mar- 
ried to Edward the Confessor, 1043 — d. 
1074. 

Edict, Perpetual, of the emperor Hadrian, 
prepared by Salvianus Julianus, 132 — 
" Edict of Restitution," issued by the 
emperor Frederic II. of Germany, re- 
quires many church-lands to be given 
up, 1629 — Edict of Nantes, for the tolera- 
tion of Protestants in France, proclaimed 
by Henry IV., April 13, 1598— revoked 
by Louis XIV., Oct. 22, 1685. 

Edim, Mugehid, attacks Sardinia, 1016 — 
driven out by the Pisans and Genoese ; 
his fleet is nearly destroyed by a storm, 
1017. 

Edinburgh, the eastern termination of the 
fortified line constructed by Agricola, 84 
— and strengthened by Sept. Severus, 
210 — made a frontier fortress by Edwin, 
k. of" Northumberland, and named after 
him, about 630 — new defences raised by 
Constantine III., k. of Scotland, 914 — re- 
paired by Malcolm Canmore, 1074 — 
placed by William the Lion in the hands 
of Henry II. of England, 1175— taken by 
Edward I., 1296— Edw. Balliol holds a 
parliament there, Feb. 9, 1334 — surren- 
ders to Edward III., 1355— burnt by 
Kichard II., 1385— taken by Henry IV., 
1401 — occupied by Richard, duke of Glou- 
cester,and peace concluded with Jas.IIL, 
1482 — taken, plundered, and burnt, by the 
earl of Hertford, 1544 — deed of union 
signed there by the Congregation, Dec. 
3, 1557— riot on the festival of St. Giles, 
Sept. 1, 1558 — treaty of, for the evacu- 
ation of Scotland by the French, July 6, 
1560 — Mary, qu. of Scots, refuses her as- 
sent to it, 1561 — the castle seized by her 
partisans, 1571 — surrenders to the re- 
gent, Morton, 1572 — University founded, 
by the town council, 1581 — confirmed and 
endowed by James VI., 1582— ceases to 
be the royal residence on his departure 
for London, Apr. 5, 1603 — visited by him, 
and parliament held, June 13, 1617 — co- 
ronation of Charles I., at Holyrood 
House, June 18, 1633— riot against the in- 
troduction of the liturgy, July 23, 1637 — 
visited again by Chas. I ., 1641 — occupied 
by Cromwell, 1648 — the castle surrenders 
to him, Dec. 24, 1650 — the Porteous riot, 
Sept. 7, 1736 — the Pretender proclaimed, 
Sept. 16, 1745 — Act passed for the im- 
provement of the city, 1753 — professor- 
ship of Belles Lettres established, 1762 
— North Bridge erected, 1763— fire in the 
Lawn market, 1771— riots caused by the 
high price of corn, June 10, 1784 — the 
French royal family reside in Holyrood 
House, 1795 — Review, first number of 
the, published, Oct. 1, 1802— monument 



ED11 



2G4 



EDW 



£ d wburgh— continued. 
to Nelson finished, 1815 — visit of Geo. 
IV., 1822— railway to Dalkeith opened, 
1831 — Journal, Chambers', first No. pub- 
lished, 1832— meeting of the British As- 
sociation, Sept. 8, 1834 — public dinner 
at, to Earl Grey, Sept. 15— railway to 
Glasgow opened, Feb. 8, 1842 — destruc- 
tive fire, May 6 — public entry of qu. 
Victoria, Sept. 3 — monument to Muir and 
his brother reformers is founded, Aug. 
21, 1844— monument to Sir Walter Scott 
commenced, 1844 — completed, 1845 — 
railway to Leith and Granton opened, 
1846— to Berwick, June 18— to Mussel- 
burgh, July 14, 1847— meeting of the 
British Association, July 31, 1850 — qu. 
Victoria holds a court in Holyrood 
House, Aug. 30— foundation-stone of the 
National Gallery laid by prince Albert, 
Sept. 11 — statue of the duke of Welling- 
ton erected, June 18, 1852 — Society, Sir 
E. B. Lytton installed president of the, 
Jan. 18, 1854. 
Edmund, titular k. of East Anglia, mur- 
dered by the Danes, and afterwards ca- 
nonized, 870. 
Edmund I., son of Edw. the Elder, I. 920— 
assists his brother, Athelstan, at the 
battle of Brunanburh,937 — succeeds him 
as k. of England, 940— defeated at Tam- 
worth ; afterwards overcomes Anlaf, and 
takes the Five-burghs, 943 — reduces 
Northumberland to subjection, 944 — con- 
quers Dunwallon, king of Strathcluyd, 
945 — assassinated by Leofa, at Pnckle- 
church, in Gloucestershire, May 26, 946. 
Edmund Ironside, son of Ethelred II., suc- 
ceeds him as k. of England, 1016 — after 
many battles, he is foiled by the treach- 
ery of Edric, ealdorman of Mercia, and 
by treaty divides the kingdom with Ca- 
nute ; assassinated, Nov. 30. 
Edmund, eldest son of Edmund Iron- 
side, sent by Canute, witli his brother, 
Edward, to Stephen, k. of Hungary, 1017 
— afterwards marries the daughter of 
Stephen, and d. in Hungary. 
Edmund the Aged, k. of Sweden, 1051- 

1060. 
Edmund, earl of Lancaster, second son of 
Henry III., k. of England, b. 1245 — pro- 
posed by his father to pope Innocent IV. 
as k. of Sicily, 1253— the treaty con- 
cluded with pope Alexander IV. ; set 
aside by the English parliament, 1255 — 
marries Arcelina, daughter of the earl of 
Albemarle, and accompanies his brother, 
Edward, to the crusade, 1270— sent by 
Edw. I. to defend Guienne against Phi- 
lip IV., k. of France, 1294— d. at Bay- 
onne, 1295. 
Edmund, e&xl of Cambridge, fourth living 



son of Edw. III., k. of England, I. 1345 
— marries Isabella, daughter of Peter the 
Cruel, k. of Castile, 1369— created duke 
of York by Richard II., 1377 — assists the 
Portuguese invasion of Castile, 1382 — 
regent in the absence of Richard II., 
joins Henry IV., 1399— d. 1400. 

Edmund, earl of Kent, second son of Edw. 
I., k. of England, by his second marriage 
with Margaret of France, b. 1301— joins 
the rebellion ofqu. Isabella against Edw. 
II., 1326— arrested by Mortimer, 1329— 
beheaded, Mar. 9, 1330. 

Edmund, earl of Richmond, eldest son of 
Owen Tudor and qu. Katharine, marries 
Margaret Beaufort, daughter and heiress 
of John Beaufort, duke of Somerset, 
grandson of John of Gaunt, 1455 — d. 1458. 

Edmund, treasurer of Salisbury, elected 
ai'chbp. of Canterbury, 1234 — opposes 
Peter des Roches, bp. of Winchester, 
and supports the barons at the parlia- 
ment of Merton, 1236-d. 1245. 

Edred, youngest son of Edw. the Elder, 
succeeds his brother, Edmund I., as k. of 
England, 946 — marches an army into 
Northumberland and Scotland, and re- 
ceives oaths of submission in both coun- 
tries, 947 — expels Eric, the son of the 
Danish k., Harold, who is set up as k. 
in Northumberland, 948 — makes Dnn- 
stan his chief councillor and treasurer, 
948 — imprisons Wulfstan, archbp. of 
York, at Jedburgh, 952— d. at Frome, 
Nov. 26, 955. 

Edric, son of Egbert, k. of Kent, deprived 
of his inheritance by his uncle. Lothere, 
673— assisted by the South Saxons to 
recover it, 685— d. 693. 

Edric, ealdorman of Mercia, betrays Ed- 
mund Ironside in his contest with Ca- 
nute, 1016— slain, 1017. 

Ed his Ben Abdallah, great grandson of 
Hosein, the son of Ali, flies from Mecca 
into Africa, 785— founds the kingdom of 
Fez, 787. 

Edris Ben Edris, k. of Fez, makes an alli- 
ance with the Spanish caliph, Al lla- 
kem, 804— builds the city of Fez, 806. 

Edkisites in Fez, are assisted by the ca- 
liph Abderahman III., 929. 

Education. See Bell, Andrew, and Lan- 
caster, Joseph. 

Edward the Elder, son of Alfred, succeeds 
him as k. of England, 901 — defeats 
Ethelwold, son of Ethelred I., and the 
Danes, 905 — concludes the treaty of 
Itchingford, 906 — rebuilds Chester," 907 
— defeats the Northumbrian Danes at 
Tettenhall, 910 — equips a large fleet 
against them, 911. See Eadgift. — In- 
corporates Mercia, which is governed by 
his sister, Ethelfled, 912— fortifies Tarn- 



EDW 



265 



£BW 



Edward, the Elder — continued. 
worth, Hertford, Witham, and Stafford, 
913 — Warwick, 914 — promotes the resort 
of students to Cambridge, and fortifies 
Runcorn, 915. See Ethelfled. — Re- 
pulses a fleet of Normans from Britanuy 
in the Severn; Thurcytel submits to 
him, 918 — takes Bedford from the Five- 
burghers, 919 — fortifies Maldon,920 — 
the Danes endeavour to destroy his new 
fortifications, but are repulsed at Tow- 
cester, 921 — death of Ethelfled ; Mercia 
and North Wales submit, 922 — takes 
Manchester; Elfwina, Ethelfled's daugh- 
ter, conspires against him in Mercia, 
and is removed into Wessex, 923 — the 
Danes of Northumberland, and the Bri- 
tons of Strathcluyd, submit ; d. at Far- 
ringdon, 924. 

Edward II., the 3Tartyr, son of Edgar, b. 
962— succeeds him as k. of England, 975 

— assassinated at Corfe Castle by his 
stepmother, Elfrida, Mar. 18, 978. 

Edward, the Confessor, son of Ethelred 
II., taken by his mother to Normandy, 
1016 — recalled into England, 1041 — 
becomes king, 1042 — marries Edgitha, 
daughter of Godwin, earl of Kent ; pu- 
nishes the plot of his mother, Emma, 
and the bishop Stigand, by depriving 
her of her wealth, and him of his see, 
1043 — restores him, 1044 — rebellion of 
Godwin's son, Sweyn, 1046 — he is de- 
feated and goes to Bruges, 1047 — Edward 
displeases his people by his partiality 
to the Normans, 1048 — pardons. Sweyn, 
1050 — banishes Godwin and his sons, 
1051 — reconciled to them ; sends the Nor- 
man prelates and nobles out of England ; 
abolishes the Danegild; visited by Wil- 
liam, duke of Normandy, 1052— Godwin 
dies, and his son, Harold, succeeds to his 
titles and power,1053— defeats the Welsh 
at Cleobury, 1056— death of Edward, son 
of Edmund Ironside; Godwin's son, Ha- 
rold, designated heir of the throne, 1057 

— he defeats the Welsh, 1063— Edward 
dedicates Westminster Abbey ; the An- 
glo-Saxon laws are collected and digested 
by his orders, 1065 — d. Jan. 5, 1066 — his 
laws are renewed by Henry I., 1100 — 
Roman Catholic devotions at his shrine 
prevented, by closing Westminster Ab- 
bey for the day, Oct. 12, 1743. 

Edward I., k. of England, eldest son of 
Henry III., I. June 16, 1239 — while 
prince, visits Alfonso X., k. of Castile, 
at Burgos ; is knighted by him, and affi- 
anced to his sister, Eleanora, 1255 — 
brings a foreign army to assist his father 
against the barons, 1262— defeated and 
taken prisoner at Lewes, May 14, 1264— 



released, and gains the battle of Eve- 
sham, Aug. 4, 1265 — proceeds on his cru- 
sade, and lands at Acre, 1270— drives 
Bibars from the siege of Acre, and takes 
Nazareth ; is wounded by an assassin, 
1271 — concludes a truce for ten years 
with the sultan, and leaves Palestine; 
is proclaimed king four days after his 
father's death, Nov. 20, 1272. 

Demands justice on Guy de Montfort, 
theassassin of his cousin, Henry; the 
murderer is excommunicate d,!1273 — after 
remaining some time in France, lands at 
Dover, Aug. 2, 1274, and is crowned, with 
his queen Eleanor, at Westminster, Aug. 
19 — sends commissioners into the coun- 
ties to reform the administration of jus- 
tice, 1274 — persecutes the Jews, 1275 — de- 
tains Eleanor de Montfort, and leads an 
armyi into Wales, 1276 — subdues the 
country as far as Snowdon, 1277 — receives 
homage from Llewellyn, prince of Wales, 
and releases Eleanor de Montfort, 1278 
—obtains from his parliament the first 
statute of Mortmain, and gives up Nor- 
mandy to the k. of France, 1279 — Quo 
Warranto Act passed, 1280. 

Prepares again to invade Wales; holds a 
parliament at Worcester, and removes his 
law-courts from Westminster to Shrews- 
bury, 1281 — defeats Llewellyn at Llan- 
dewyer, who falls in battle ; builds Aber- 
conway castle,1282 — puts to death Llewel- 
lyn's brother, David, and finally subdues 
Wales, 1283 — gives the title of prince of 
Wales to his son Edward, born at Caer- 
narvon castle, Apr. 25, 1284 — the statute 
of Winchester makes the Hundred an- 
swerable for robberies committed in the 
daytime; watch and ward instituted, 
1284 — he defines the limits of each court 
of law, and regulates the administration 
of justice in the counties, 1285— while in 
Guienne mediates a peace between Ara- 
gon and France, and. the liberation of 
Charles, k. of Naples ; the pope prevents 
its ratification, 1287 — Edward brings the 
treaty to a conclusion, at Oleron, in 
Beam, 1288. 

Effects a truce of two years between 
Sicily and Naples; dismisses and fines 
some of his judges, convicted of cor- 
ruption, 1289— regulates manorial rights 
by a new law, 1290 — the disputed suc- 
cession in Scotland is referred to his 
decision: he claims and receives from 
the competitors homage as their suze- 
rain, 1291 — his queen, Eleanora, dies, 
1291. See Eleanora, daughter of Fer- 
dinand III. — He awards the crown of 
Scotland to John Balliol, who does him 
homage at Newcastle, 1292 — Balliol hesi- 



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266 



EDW 



Edward I. — continued. 
tates to obey his summons to appear in 
London ; Guienne seized by Philip IV. ; 
war with France, 1293— alliance with 
Adolphus of Germany, and Guy, count of 
Flanders, 1294. 

Balliol renounces his feudal subjec- 
tion; Edward holds a parliament, to 
which ail the boroughs send deputies, 
and vote supplies, 1295— battle of Dun- 
bar, April 27— Balliol made prisoner, 
resigns his crown; the Scotch parlia- 
ment does homage to Edward at Ber- 
wick; the earl of Surrey appointed 
governor of Scotland ; the crown, sceptre, 
and coronation-stone brought to West- 
minster; Edward resists a papal Bull, 
which forbids the clergy to pay taxes 
imposed by temporal princes, and compels 
them to pay by placing out of the protec- 
tion of the law those who refuse ; obtains 
supplies from his parliament, and sends 
an army into Guienne under his brother, 
the earl of Lancaster, 1296— having le- 
vied arbitrary taxes on wool and leather, 
the earls Bohun of Hereford, and Bigod 
of Norfolk, refuse to join his army, and 
the parliament passes an Act, Confirmatio 
Cartarum, Aug. 1, declaring that no taxes 
shall be raised without the consent of 
the knights, citizens, and burgesses in 
parliament assembled ; the Act receives 
the king's sanction; he goes over to 
France to succour the count of Flanders ; 
his anny is driven out of Scotland, 1297. 

Makes a truce of two years with 
France; defeats Wallace at Falkirk, 
Julv 22, and establishes his power in 
Scotland, 12&8 — marries Margaret, 
daughter of Philip III.,k. of France, Sept. 
12. 1299— the Scotch appeal to pope Bo- 
niface VIIL, 1299— he claims their coun- 
try as a papal fief, 1300— the English 
parliament denies his right to interfere, 
1301— Edward makes peace with France, 
and marches again into Scotland, 1303— 
the regent, Comyn, submits to him ; 
Wallace continues the struggle, 1304— 
Wallace taken, is executed as a traitor, 
Aug. 23, 1305— Robert Bruce, k. of Scot- 
land, drives the English out of the 
country, 1306— Edward banishes Piers 
Gaveston ; Robert Bruce defeats the earl 
of Pembroke ; Edward marches against 
him, and d. at Burgh, on the Sands, July 
7 1307— his tomb, in Westminster Ab- 
bey, opened by the Society of Antiqua- 
rie"s 1774. 
Edward II., k. of England, son of Edw. I., 
h in Caernarvon castle, the first prince 
of Wales, April 25, 1284 -betrothed to 
Isabella, daughter of Philip IV., k. of 
France, 1303— succeeds his father on the 



throne, July 8, 1307 — recalls Piers Ga- 
veston, and creates him earl of Corn- 
wall, 1307 — marries Isabella, Jan. 23 — 
crowned at Westminster, Feb. 24, 1308 — 
the queen and his cousin, the earl of Lan- 
caster, demand the removal of Gaveston, 
who is appointed governor of Ireland, 
1308— he is recalled, and again offends 
the barons by his insolence, 1309— is 
again banished by the parliamentary 
commissioners appointed to exercise the 
royal power, 1310 — Edward again recalls 
him ; retires to York, and protests 
against the ordinances of the commissi- 
oners; the barons arm against him, 1311 
— they take Gaveston prisoner, and be- 
head him ; peace between them and the 
king, 1312. 

Truce with Scotland, 1313— war re- 
newed; Edward defeated at Bannock- 
burn, June 25, 1314 — the earl of Lan- 
caster takes the direction of public 
affairs in England ; Edward adopts a 
new favourite, Hugh le Despenser ; Ro- 
bert Bruce invades England, takes Ber- 
wick, is repulsed at Carlisle, and returns ; 
Edward Bruce invades Ireland, 1315. 
See Bruce, Edward. — Truce for two 
years with Scotland, 1319— the favours 
bestowed by Edward on Despenser and 
his father, excite the jealousy of the earl 
of Lancaster and other barons, 1320 — 
the Despensers are banished by an Act 
of parliament; the king collects an 
army, reverses the Act, and recalls the 
exiles, 1321. See Despenser, Hugh le. 
— Defeats the barons at Boroughbridge ; 
the earl of Hereford slain ; the earl of 
Lancaster made prisoner, and beheaded 
at Pontefract, Mar. 23, 1322. 

The queenfirst sees Mortimer aprisoner 
in the Tower, and assists his escape. See 
Mortimer, Roger.— Unsuccessful inva- 
sion of Scotland; a truce for thirteen years 
concluded,1323— dispu te with Chas. I V. of 
France, respecting Guienne; Isabella 
goes to mediate between her husband 
and brother ; Edward cedes the province 
to his eldest son, who goes to France to 
do homage for it, 1324 — Isabella retires 
with Mortimer to Hainault, 1325— they 
land with an army in Suffolk ; Edward 
retreats into Wales, is made prisoner, 
and conveyed to Kenilworth castle, 1326 
— deposed by parliament, Jan. 7, 1327— 
resigns, Jan. 20 — taken to Berkeley 
castle and brutally murdered, Sept. 21, 
1327. 
Edward III., k. of England, son of Edw. 
II., b. Nov. 12, 1313— his father trans- 
fers Guienne to him, for which he does 
homage to his uncle, Charles IV.. 1321— 
taken by his mother to Hainault, ami 



EDW 



267 



EDW 



Edward III.— continued. 
affianced to Philippa, daughter of Wm. 
III., count of Holland and Haiuault,1325 
— refuses to accept the crown, unless re- 
signed by his father ; this having been 
accomplished, he is proclaimed, Jan. 25, 
1327. 

His mother and Mortimer at first 
rule in his name; he accompanies the 
army which repels Robert Bruce, and 
displays early proofs of valour, 1327 — 
his marriage with Philippa solemnized 
at York, Jan. 1328 — he resolves to take 
the government into his own hands ; 
confines his mother, and hangs Morti- 
mer, 1330 — redresses the grievances of 
his people, and restores a strict adminis- 
tration of justice, 1331 — enters Scotland 
with an army, and lays siege to Berwick ; 
defeats the regent, Douglas, at Hali- 
down Hill, July 19 — Berwick surrenders 
and is annexed to England ; Edward, son 
of John Balliol, does homage to him as 
his superior lord, 1333. 

Receives the banished Robert, count 
d'Artois, at his court, and prepares se- 
cretly to assert his imaginary claim to 
the throne of France, by alliances with 
Flanders and other States, 1334 — he 
again conducts Balliol into Scotland, 
1335 — obtains the support of James van 
Artevelde ; raises money by grants from 
parliament, and confiscating the wealth 
of the Lombard merchants ; coins gold 
florins, 1337— sails from the Orwell with 
a fleet of 500 ships, July 15 — lands his 
amiy at Antwerp on the 22nd ; has an 
interview with the emperor at Coblentz ; 
is appointed vicar of the empire ; confers 
privileges on the city of Ghent, and as- 
sumes the title of king of France, 1338 — 
invades France, and encamps at V iron- 
fosse; marches back to Flanders and 
disbands his army ; returns to England, 
and obtains a grant of money from par- 
liament, on condition of redressing griev- 
ances, and giving privileges to the bo- 
roughs, 1339. 

On his return to Flanders, encounters 
and destroys a large French fleet, June 
24 ; 230 ships taken ; he besieges Tour- 
nay ; a truce concluded, Sept. 3, through 
the mediation of Jane, dowager-countess 
of Hainault, 1340 — birth of his son, 
John of Gaunt. 1340— he quarrels with 
Stratford, archbp. of Canterbury, and 
the clergy ; the parliament, with a vote 
of supplies, pass an Act, limiting the 
king's prerogative, which he annuls 
by a proclamation; supports the claim 
of John de Montfort to the duchy of 
Bretagne, in opposition to Charles de 
Blois, 1341 — besieges Vannes, and re- 



lievos Jane de Montfort in Hennebonne, 
1342 — a truce of three years is conclud- 
ed with France, through the mediation 
of the papal legates, 1343 — truce broken 
1/ Philip; war renewed in Guienne, 
1344. See Bergerac, and Auberch:hk.— 
Edward holds a tournament at Windsor 
— coins gold nobles, 1344. 

Embarks at Southampton, July, and 
lands at La Hogue, July 12, 1346— battle 
of Crecy, Aug. 25 • -lays siege to Calais ; 
battle of Neville's Cross, gained by Phi- 
lippa, Oct. 17; after which she arrives in 
the camp before Calais, 1346 — surrender 
of Calais, 1347 --Edward declines the 
crown of Germany, which is offered to 
him; rebuilds St. Stephen's chapel, 
Westminster, 1347— another truce with 
France, 1348— he defeats a plot to be- 
tray Calais, Jan. 1, 1349 — conquers in 
single combat the French knight, Eus- 
tace de Ribaumont; institutes or revives 
the Order of the Garter, 1349. 

Act of parliament to define the law 
of high treason, 1351 — statute of Prae- 
munire limits the papal power in Eng- 
land, 1352 — Berwick surprised by the 
regent of Scotland, 1354 — alliance with 
Spain; the Black Prince invades Lan- 
guedoc; Edward lands at Calais, and 
invades the northern provinces ; .comes 
back to England ; repels an invasion of 
the Scotch ; recovers Berwick, and ad- 
vances to Edinburgh ; Balliol resigns to 
him his claims on the crown of Scotland 
for a pension, 1355 ; battle of Poitiers, 
Sept. 19, 1356 -the prince brings his pri- 
soners to London ; Edward concludes a 
treaty with John II., the captive kingot 
France, which the dauphin rejects, 1357. 

Edward respects the truce, 1358 — his 
terms of peace being rejected, he again 
invades France, and besieges Rheims, 
1359 — desists from the attack on Rheims, 
and advances unopposed to the gates ot 
Paris; a treaty of peace signed at Bre- 
tigni, May 8 — the king of France set 
free, 1360 — he forms Guienne and the 
adjoining province into the principality 
of Aquitaine, for the Black Prince ; ce- 
lebrates his fiftieth year, by a general 
amnesty, and a confirmation of Magna 
Charta ; the French language discon- 
tinued in the law-courts, 1362 — the k. of 
France returns to England, on account of 
some difficulties about the treaty ; Ed- 
ward and the Black Prince, and three 
foreign sovereigns, are entertained in 
London by sir Henry Pikard, 1363. 

The tribute claimed by the pope refused 
1366— campaign of the Black Prince in 
Castile,1367 — war renewed with France; 
Edward appeals to the parliament. 



EDW 



268 



EDW 



Edward III. — continued. 
who grant subsidies, and urge him tore- 
assunie the title of king of France, 1369 
—his conquests in France recovered by 
Charles V., 1370 — the parliament peti- 
tions him to employ no churchman in 
any office of the state, and to resist 
papal oppression, 1371 — truce conclude'd 
with France, 1374 — employs William of 
Wykeham to build anew castle at Wind- 
sor—death of the Black Prince, June 8, 
1376 — the parliament, fearing intrigues 
against the rights of his son, petition 
Edward to remove from court Alice 
Pierce and John of Gaunt ; he complies, 
and declares Richard, prince of Wales, 
heir to the crown, 1376 — Edward d. at 
Richmond, June 21, 1377. 

Edward, the Black Prince, son of Edward 
III., b. June 15, 1330 — created duke of 
Cornwall, 1337 — distinguishes himself 
at the battle of Crecy, and assumes the 
crest and motto of John, k. of Bohemia, 
Aug. 25, 1346— intercedes for Eustace de 
St. Pierre and his fellow-citizens, 1347 — 
conducts an army to Guienne, crosses 
the Garonne, and overruns Languedoc 
—battle of Poictiers, Sept. 19— John II., 
of France, taken by him, 1355 — he brings 
his prisoners to London, and is trium- 
phantly received, May 24, 1357— his fa- 
ther forms Guienne and the adjoining pro- 
vinces into the principality of Aquitaine 
for him, 1362 — he is entertained in Lon- 
don by sir Henry Pikard, 1363 — Peter, 
the Cruel, k. of Castile, appeals to him 
for aid against Henry deTrastamare, 1366 
—he espouses the cause of Peter, recalls 
the "Companies" from the service of 
Henry, defeats him at Najara, takes Du 
Guesclin prisoner, restores Peter, and 
restrains his cruelty ; deceived and ill- 
treated, Edward leaves him to his fate, 
1367— birth of his son, Richard, at Bor- 
deaux, Jan. 6, 1367— the nobles of Aqui- 
taine refuse to pay the taxes levied for 
his Castilian campaign, 1368 — the k. of 
France cites him to answer for his con- 
duet to his subjects ; war renewed, 1369 
— his declining health causes his return 
to England, 1370— d. June 8, 1376. 

Edward, prince of Wales, son of Henry 
VI., I. Oct. 13, 1453— his birth prevents 
an amicable adjustment of the rival 
claims of the houses of York and Lan- 
caster—escapes with his mother from 
the battle of Hexham, and is taken by 
her to Flanders, 1463 — educated at An- 
gers, by sir John Fortescue, 1467 — mar- 
ried to Anne Neville, daughter of the 
earl of Warwick, 1470— lande with his 
mother at Weymouth, April 14 — killed 
at Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471. 



Edward IV., k. of England, son of Richard, 
duke of York, b. at Rouen, April 29, 1441 
. — on his father's death inherits his title 
and his claim to the crown, 1460— defeats 
the earl of Pembroke at Mortimers 
Cross, Feb. 2, 1461 — drives the royal 
army into the north, after the second 
battle of St. Alban's, Feb. 17— occupies 
London, and is proclaimed king, Mar. 4 
— gains the battle of Towton, Mar. 29- is 
crowned, June 29 — his title confirmed by 
parliament, Nov. 4 — the Lancastrians at- 
tainted — they are defeated at Hedgeley 
moor, April 25; and Hexham, May 15, 
1463 — sends the earl of Warwick to ne- 
gotiate a marriage for him with the 
princess Bona of Savoy, 1484 — marries 
Elizabeth Woodville, and presents her 
as queen to his court at Reading, 1464: — 
crowns her at Westminster, in May — 
the earl of Warwick takes offence, 1465 
— birth of the princess Elizabeth, Feb. 
11. 1466. 

His brother, George, dnke of Cla- 
rence, attaches himself to Warwick, and 
marries his eldest daughter, Isabella, 
1466— Edward forms an alliance with 
Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 
and gives him his sister, Margaret, in 
marriage, 1467 — league with the duke of 
Britanny, 1468 — insurrection in York- 
shire; the earl of Warwick and the 
duke of Clarence come from Calais to 
offer their services to Edward, who ac- 
cepts them, 1469 — they league with Mar- 
garet against him, and defeat him at 
Nottingham — he is deserted by the mar- 
quis of Montague, and takes flight to 
King's Lynn, where he embarks for Flan- 
ders, 1470 — obtains assistance from 
Charles the Bold ; lands at Ravenspur, 
in Yorkshire, March 14, 1471 — is ad- 
mitted into London, April 11 — again 
consigns Henry to the Tower, and re- 
ceives the homage of the citizens, April 
13 — is joined by his brother, the duke of 
Clarence — gains the battles of Barnet, 
April 14, and Tewkesbury, May 4. 

Makes a new alliance with the duke of 
Burgundy, and a secret treaty with the 
count of St. Pol ; prepares for a war with 
France, 1474 — he embarks his army at 
Portsmouth, June 20, and lands at Calais; 
his allies fail in their engagements ; a 
truce concluded, Aug. 29 ; followed by 
the peace' of Pecquigni, 1475 — Edward 
conceives suspicions against his brother, 
the duke of Clarence ; two of his friends, 
Burdet and Stacy, are tried and exe- 
cuted : Richard, dnke of York, Edward's 
second son, is affianced to Anne Mow- 
bray, heiress of the duke of Norfolk, 
1477 — condemnation and death of the 



EDW 



269 



EGB 



duke of Clarence, Feb. 1478 — treaty of 
marriage of the dauphin with Edward's 
daughter, Elizabeth ; Louis breaks the 
contract, and urges the king of Scotland 
to make war on Edward, 1481 ; James of 
Scotland prepares to invade England ; 
the dukes of Gloucester and Albany re- 
cover Berwick, advance to Edinburgh, 
and enforce a treaty of peace, 1482 — Ed- 
ward d. 1483. 

Edward V., king of England, eldest son 
of Edward IV., b. Nov. 11, 1470— suc- 
ceeds his father, April 9, 1483 — his uncle, 
Richard III., usurps the throne, June 26, 
and his two nephews are murdered in 
the Tower ; the bones of two children, 
supposed to be their remains, discovered 
under a staircase in the Tower, Mar. 16, 
1675. 

Edward VI., k. of England, son of Henry 
VIII. and Jane Seymour, b. Oct. 12,1537 
— proposed treaty of marriage with Mary 
qu. of Scots, 1543 — succeeds his father, 
Jan. 28 ; his uncle, the duke of Somerset, 
protector, 1547 — the Reformation actively 
earned on, 1548 — fall of Somerset and 
ascendancy of Warwick, 1549 — agree- 
ment for the marriage of the king and 
Elizabeth, daughter of Henry II., k. of 
France, 1550 — founds St. Thomas's Hos- 
pital, Bridewell, and Christ's Hospital, 
1551 — falls ill, 1552 — makes a settlement 
of the crown on Lady Jane Grey, June 
21, 1553— d. July 6, 1553. 

Edward, or Ddarte, son of John I., k. of 
Portugal, succeeds his father, 1433 — fails 
in his attack on Tangier, 1437 — d. of the 
plague, at Thorn ar, Sept 19, 1438. 

Edward, second son of Edmund Ironside, 
sent with his brother, Edmund, to Hun- 
gary, by Canute, 1017 — Aldred, bp. of 
Worcester, is sent to Cologne to bring 
him home, 1054 — he returns to England, 
and dies soon after, 1057. See Edgar 
Etheling, and Margaret, qu. of Scot- 
land. 

Edward, son of Richard III., b. at Middle- 
ham, 1474— d. April 9, 1484. 

Edward Augustus, second son of Fred- 
eric Louis, prince of Wales, ft. March 25, 
1739 — created duke of York, d. at Mo- 
naco, Sept. 17, 1767. 

Edward Augustus. See Kent, duke of. 

Edwaed, duke of Parma, 1622-1646. 

Edward, count of Savoy, 1323-1329. 

Edwardes, Lieut., defeats Moolraj, June 
18; July 1,1848. 

Edwin, king of Northumberland, son of 
Ella, king of Deira, b. 585— on the death 
of his father supplanted by Ethelric, 
588— persecuted by his brother-in-law, 
Ethelfrid; takes refuge with Redwald, 
king of East Anglia, who places him on 



the throne of Northumberland, 617— the 
fifth Bretwalda, 623 — receives letters 
from pope Boniface V., 625— Eumer at- 
tempts to assassinate him, 626— marries 
Ethelburga, daughter of Ethelbert, k. 
of Kent; embraces Christianity, and 
builds the first minster of wood at York, 
627— defeated and slain by Penda, k. of 
Mercia. and Cadwalla the Hriton, in the 
battle of Heathfield, (Hatfield Chase), 
Oct. 12, 633. 

Edw in the Etheling, son of Edward the 
Elder, perishes at sea, 933. 

Edwin, earl of Northumberland, rebels 
against William I., and is slain by his 
own followers, who are surrounded in the 
Isle of Ely, and captured, 1071. 

Edwy, king of England, son of Edmund I., 
succeeds his uncle Edred, 955 — his mar- 
riage <vith Elgiva is opposed by the 
clergy. See Elgiva. — He demands 
the treasures intrusted by Edred to 
Dunstan, who escapes into Flanders, 955 
—gives the government of Mercia to his 
brother Edgar, and sequestrates the new 
Benedictine monasteries, 957 — is sepa- 
rated from Elgiva by Odo, archbp. of 
Canterbury, 958— d. at Gloucester, 959. 

Effingham. See Howard, Charles, lord of. 

Effingham, lord, resigns his commission, 
refusing to act in a military capacity 
against the American colonists, Apr. 12, 
1775. 

Egbert, king of Kent, son of Earconbert, 
succeeds his father, 664— sends Wighard 
to be consecrated at Rome archbp. of 
Canterbury, 667 — causes his cousins, 
Ethelred and Ethelbert, sons of Ermen- 
red, to be murdered by Thunor, and in 
atonement gives Reculver for a monas- 
tery and minster, 669— d. 673. 

Egbert, or Egfert, king of Mercia, son of 
Offa, associated with his father in the 
kingdom, 785 — succeeds him on the 
throne, and d. in a few months, 796. 

Egbert, son of Elmund, great grandson of 
Ingild, brother of Ina, king of Wessex, 
and rightful heir of the throne, retires 
from the hostility of Nertric, into Mer- 
cia, 784— received in France by Charle- 
magne, 787 — recalled and made king of 
Wessex, 800 — (the name of England 
said to have been given to his dominions 
by a witenagemot at Winchester)— he 
defeats the Britons of Cornwall and 
South Wales, 813 — the East Anglians 
voluntarily submit to him; he defeats 
Bemulf, king of Mercia, and subdues 
Essex and Kent, 823— defeats and kills 
Ludecan, king of Mercia, and expels 
Withlaf, who is called to the throne, 
825 — subdues Mercia and Northumber- 
land, 827— he allows the kings of North- 



EGM 



270 



EOT 



ambcrland and Mercia to retain their 
titles on paying him tribute ; North 
Wales submits to him ; and he first styles 
himself king of England, 828 — Swithnn 
is his chief adviser, 829 — the Danes 
land in Sheppey. 832— he is defeated by 
them in Wessex, 833— he defeats at 
Hengston a combined army of Danes 
and Cornish Britons, 835— d. 836. 

Egbert, marquis of Saxony, defeats Henry 
IV., emperor of Germany, 1088 

Egbert, a noble Saxon, b. 639 — becomes in 
early life a monk; suggests missions 
for the conversion of Germany, 689 — 
abbot of Iona, 716— translates the four 
gospels into Anglo-Saxon, 721— d. 729. 

Egbert, brother of Eadbert, k. of North- 
umberland, archbp. of York, 734— tf. 766. 

Egbert, bp. of Lindisfarne, 8u3. 

E«jer, or Erlau, resists the attack of Soli- 
man II., 1552— taken by Mahomet III., 
1596. 

Egfert. See Egbert, king of Mercia. 

Egfrid, son of Oswy, k. of Northumber- 
land, b. 645— succeeds his father on the 
throne, 670— expels Wilfrid from York, 
divides Ms diocese, and resists the 
pope's interference, 678 — at war with 
Ethelred, king of Mercia ; his brother. 
Elfwin, slain in battle ; his queen, 
Etheldrida, d. 679— sends Beort with an 
army into Ireland to lay waste the 
country, 684 — attacks the Cymri of 
Strathcluyd, by whom he is slain, May 
20th, 685. 

Egica, king of the Visigoths, in Spain, 
succeeds his father-in-law, Ervigius, 687 
— punishes the conspirators who had de 
posed Wamba, and holds the fifteenth 
council of Toledo, 688 — deposes Sisber- 
tus, archbp. of Toledo, and holds the 
sixteenth council, 693— d. 701. 

Egilona, widow of Koderic, the last of the 
Visigothic kings of Spain, married to 
Abdelaziz, son of the Saracen conqueror, 
Musa, 713. 

Eginhard, secretary to Charlemagne, 771 
—compiles his memoirs, 782 — d, 842. 

Eglesfield, Robert de, queen Philippa's 
confessor, founds Queen's College, Ox- 
ford, 1340. 

Eglinton, Archibald William, earl of, 
holds a tournament at Eglinton castle, 
Aug. 29, 1839— lord rector of Marischal 
College, Aberdeen, March 18, 1851 — lord 
lieutenant of Ireland, Feb. 22, 1852— 
lord rector of Glasgow University, Nov. 
30. 

Eglon, king of Moab, conquers the Is- 
raelites, B.C. 1335 (1517 IE, 1510 C.)— 
killed by Ehud, and the Israelites de- 
livered, 1325 (1499 H., 1492 C.) 

E*j& rtfr, count, encourages the people to 



resist the introduction of the Inquisition 
into the Netherlands, 1559 — arrested for 
opposing the measures of Philip II. in 
the Netherlands, 1567 — beheaded, June 
5, 1568. 

Egnatjus Gellius, leads the Samnite army 
into Etruria, B.C. 297 — slain, 295. 

Egra. See Wallenstein. 

Egremontj lord, killed in the battle ot 
Northampton, July 10, 1460. 

Egremont, Charles Wyndham, earl of, d. 
1763. 

Egypt, its early history uncertain, both 
as to the names of its sovereigns, their 
dates and events; Menes the earliest 
recorded monarch, B.C. 2412 H. (3893 L. r 
3643 B.) — Memphis built by Misraim, 
2188— hieroglyphics invented by Atho- 
tes, 2112 (known in the time of Menes, L.) 
—Thebes built by Busiris.2111(by Se- 
sorteen I., 2700, 2600 L.) - Osymandyas, 
the Conqueror, begins to reign, 2100 
(called Semempses by Lepsius) — the 
Phoenicians established in Lower Egypt. 
2080~the dynasty of the Shepherd Kings 
begins, 2080 (2159 H., 2100 L.)— finally 
expelled by Tuthmosis II. about 1500 L.) 
The dynasty of Theban kings begins, 
2017(2801 B., 2330 L.)— Lake Mceris con- 
structed, 1938 (by Amenemhe III. about 
2120 L.)— Abraham arrives to buy corn, 
1920 (2077 H., 2031 C, about 1480 L.) 
— the dynasty of the Pharaohs begins 
with Sethos, or Sethosis I., 1899 (about 
1400 L.)— letters invented by Syphoas, 
1896 (1681 C, about 3400 L.)— completion 
of the Egyptian alphabet, by Memnon, 
1822 (about 2120 L.)— Amenophis I., k., 
1821 (about 1580 B. and L.)— Joseph 
powerful, 1715 (1872 H., 1849 C, under 
Sethosis I. 1400 L.) — Jacob settles in 
Goshen, 1706 (1863 H., 1840 C about 
1400 L.)— Chebron, 1699 (Qu. Cherphron, 
3400 L.)— Jacob d. 1689 (1846 H.,1823 C.) 
—Amenophis II , 1686 (1625 C, 1500 !..) 
- Mephres, 1665 — Misphragmuthosis, 
1653— Joseph d. 1635 (1770 C, 1370 L.) 

Tuthmosis, 1627 (1480 L.)— Amenophis, 
III., 1618 (1460 L.)— Ethiopians in the 
neighbourhood, 1615— Horns, 1587 (1450 
L.) — emigration of Cecrops. See Ce- 
crops. — Acencheres, 1549 — Achoris, 1537 
— Cenchres, 1598— Acherres, 1512— Cher- 
res. 1504 — Arinais, 1490 (Qu. Aahmes, 
1638 B. and L.)— emigration of Danaus. 
See Athens. — Sesostris, Ramesis, or 
Egyptus, 1489 (1308 H., Sesortesen II., 
2600 B., 2100 L.)— Menophis, 1416 (Me- 
nophthah,1322L.)— Sethos, 1376 (1400 L.) 
— the Canicular year begins, 1325— Rame- 
ses, 1321 (Ramses II.. or Miamum, 13t50 
L.)— Sethos II., 1270 B. and L.— Amme- 
nephthes, 1255 — Ammenemes, 1215 — 



EGY 



271 



EGT 



Egypt — continved. 
Thuoris, 1189 (according to B. and L. 11 
monarch s of the 20th dynasty, Ramses 
II r. to XIII., reign from 1200 to 1112.) 

Rhampsinitus the Rich, 1124— Cheops 
builds the great Gizeh pyramid, 1082 
(Chufu, 3425 L.)— Cephren, 1032 (Scha- 
fra, or Saophis II. builds the second py- 
ramid, 3390 L.) — Pseusennes, Sesac or 
Shishak, 978 (Shishonk I., 982 B.)— My- 
cerinus, 966 (Mencheres II. builds the 
third pyramid, 3200 L.)— Nephercheres, 
937 (1050 B.)— Amenophthis. 933 (Me- 
nophthes, 1030 B.)— Osochor, 924 (1010 B.) 
— Psinaches, 918 (Phinaces 1020 B.)- 
Pseusennes II., 909 (Phusemes or Pi- 
Scham-Miamn II. about 1000 B.)— Sesen- 
chosis,870— Osorthon I., 853 (Osorkon I., 
960 B.)— Tacollothis, 838 (Takelet I., 880 
B.)— Petubastes, 825 (832 B.)— Osorthon 
II. 800 (920 B.)— Psammes, 791 (Psa.n- 
mus, 760 B.)— Bocchoris, 781 (743 B.)— 
the histoiy of Egypt is here very con- 
fused and obscure. 

Sabaco, 737 (769 by some; 719 by 
others. Sevech I., 739 B.) — Senechos, 
725, Euseb (Sevech II, 720 B.)— Taracus, 
713, Euseb (Tirhaka, 700 B.)— So, Siia, 
or Sabaco II., 710 La. — Treaty with 
Assyria, 708 La.— Stephinales, 687 B. 
and L. — Psammeticus, 670 CPsam- 
metik I., 615 B.)— Nechepsos, 663 B.— 
Nekos I., 639 B.— Neco, 616 C— Psam- 
mis, 600 C— Apries, 594 C. (Nekos II., 
B., makes the canal from the Nile to the 
Red Sea, L.) — Amasis, 569 C. (Psam- 
metik II., B.) d. 526— Psammenitus or 
Psammetik 1II.,526 — conquered by Cam- 
byses, and Egypt added to the Persian 
empire, 525 — endeavours to throw off the 
Persian yoke. 486 — reconquered by 
Xerxes, 484 — again revolts under In- 
ams, 460 — assisted by Tolmides from 
Athens; defeated, except in the Low- 
lands, where Amyrtseus remains inde- 
pendent, 455 — the kingdom re-estab- 
lished by him, 414. 

Pausiris, 408 C. (Nepherites, B. and 
L.) — Psammetichus, 400 Blair — visited 
by Plato, 398— Nepherens, 395 Blair— 
Achoris, 389 Blair — Nectanebis I. begins 
the 30th of Manetho's Egyptian dynas- 
ties, 375 (387 B., 378 L.)— invaded by 
Persia with an army of Greek merce- 
naries, under Iphicrates, and the expe- 
dition fails, 374— Tachos, or Teos, 363- 
361 — Nectanebis II., assisted by Age- 
silaus, in his struggles against Persia, 
361 — conquered by Ochus, becomes 
again part of the Persian empire, 350 — 
yields to Alexander without any resist- 
ance ; he passes the winter at Memphis, 
and found* Alexandria, 332— departs for 



Persia, 331— after his death, his general, 
Ptolemy Lagus, founds the new kingdom 
of Egypt, 323. 

Dynasty of the Ptolemies. (See the 
events of their reigns under their several 
names,) 

Ptolemy I., Lagus or Soter, 323-283. 

Ptolemy II., Philadelphus, associated 
with his father 285— alone, 283-247. 

Ptolemv III., Euergetes, 247-222. 

Ptolemy IV., Philopater, 222-205. 

Ptolemy V., Epiphanes, 205-181. 

Ptolemy VI., Philometor, 181-146. 

Ptolemy VII., Physcon, 146-117. 

Ptolemy VIII., Soter II., 117-107. 

Alexander I., 107-89. 

Ptolemy Soter II. restored, 89-81. 

Alexander II. and Cleopatra I., 81-80. 

Ptolemy IX., Auletes, 80-58. 

Berenice and Tryphsena, 58-55. 

Ptolemy Auletes restored, 55-51. 

Cleopatra II., 51-30. 

Egypt conquered by Octavius, and 
made a Roman province ; Cornelius 
Gallus, prefect, 30 — misgoverns, is dis- 
graced, and kills himself, 26 — iElius 
Gallus, gov., visited by Strabo, 24 — in- 
vasion of Candace, qu. of Ethopia, re- 
pulsed by C. Petronius, 22 — visited by 
Germanicus, a.d. 19 — embassy of Philo 
Jndieus and Apion to Rome, 40 — the pri- 
vileges of the Jews in Alexandria re- 
stored, 41 — visit of Apollonius of Tyana, 
69 — Titus, gov., marches tt> the conquest 
of Judaea, 70 — rebellion of the Egyptian 
Jews, 115 — repressed by Lusius Quietus, 
117 — visit of Hadrian, and death of An- 
tinous, 130 — the commotions at Alex- 
andria interrupt the shipment of com 
to Rome, 186 — visit of Sept. Severus to 
Memphis and the pyramids, 202 — of 
Caracalla, and massacre of the Alexan- 
drians, 215 — Epagathus, the assassin of 
Ulpian, conveyed there, 228 — rebellion 
of JEmilianus, 262— suppi'essed by Theo- 
dotus ; violent commotions in Alexan- 
dria, 263. 

Zenobia rules in the name of Clau- 
dius II., 269 — revolt of Firmus sup- 
pressed by Aurelian, 273 — invasion of 
the Blemmyes repulsed by Probus, 279 
revolt of Achilleus put down by Diocle- 
tian, and punished by the slaughter of 
the inhabitants of Alexandria ; and the 
destruction of Busiris and Coptos, 297 — 
Antony introduces the monastic system, 
305. Ses Alexandria, Arians, and 
Athanasius. — Sudden rise of the sea on 
the coast of Egypt, 365— visit of Jerome, 
366-violence of Cyril, 412. See Cyril. 
Conquered by Chosroes Purvis, 616 — 
invaded by Amrou, 639 — Alexandria 
taken by the Saracens, Dec. 22, 640— 



EIM 



27 



ELE 



Egypt — continued. 
Egypt fl. under the government of Am- 
rou ; he is recalled by Othman, and Ab- 
dallah appointed in his place, 644— 
Amrou sent by Moawiyah to expel Ali's 
partisans, 658 — is governor again, 661 — 
the caliph, Merwan II., after his defeat 
on the river Zab, takes flight into Egypt, 
749 — defeated and slain at Busir-coridas 
on the banks of the Nile, and the dynasty 
of the Abbassides established, 750. 

Possessed by the Toulunides, 868— re- 
covered from them by Mohammed Moh- 
tafi's general, 905— Mohammed al Mahdi 
founds the Fatimite empire, 908 — Maiz 
Ad Din establishes an independent ca- 
liphate, and builds Cairo, 969 — Syria 
- taken from the Fatimites, by Malek 
Shah 1076 — first entrance of the Turks, 
1163 — invaded by Amalric, king of Je- 
rusalem, who takes and pillages Helio- 
polis; Shiracouh and Saladin, Noured- 
din's generals, are called in to repel him, 
1168 — Saladin, by the death of Shira- 
couh, becomes supreme, 1171 ; and inde- 
pendent sultan, 1174. See Saladin and 
Crusades. 

The Mamelukes assassinate their sul- 
tan, Turan Shah, and make themselves 
masters of Egypt; Ibeg, the first sultan, 
1250 — their sultan Khansou Ghori, is 
incited by the Venetians to molest the 
Portuguese in India, 1504 — invades 
• Syria, is defeated and slain, Aug. 17. 
1516 — Cairo taken by storm, and Egypt 
added to the Ottoman empire, 1517 — 
invaded by the French, 1798. See Bo- 
naparte, Napoleon, and George III., 
king of Great Britain. — They are ex- 
pelled by the English and Turks, 1801 — 
the English repelled in an attack on, 
1807 — Mehemet Ali massacres the 
Mamelukes, and obtains supreme power, 
1811. See Mehemet Ali, Ibrahim 
Pasha, and Abbas Pasha. 

Egyptian hieroglyphics invented by 
Athotes 2112 (known in time of Menes,L.) 
letters, by Syphoas, 1896 (1681 C, about 
3400 L.) — alphabet, completed by Mem- 
non, B.C. 1822 (ascribed by Lepsius to 
Amenemhe III., about 2120) — hierogly- 
phics, first deciphering of, by Champol- 
lion, 1821. 

Egyptians expelled with Jews from Italy, 
and planted in Sardinia, by Tiberius, 19. 

Egyptus. See Sesostris. 

Ehud. See Eglon. 

Eichhorn, J. G., I. 1752— tf. 1827. 

Eidgenossen, the name taken by the union 
of Genevan reformers, and converted by 
the French into Huguenots, 1519. 

Eimbeck, in Hanover, taken by the French, 
1760. 



Eislebsn, in the county of Mansfeld, the 
birth-place of Martin Luther, Nov. 10, 
1483. 
Elagabalus, Bassianus, son of Sextus Va- 
rius Marcellus, gov. of Britain, and 
Julia Sosemias Bassiana, daughter of 
Julia Msesa (the sister of Julia Domna, 
wife of the emperor Sept. Severus), ft. 
201 — high priest of the Sun at Emesa — 
through bribes to the army, is proclaim- 
ed emperor; styles himself M. Aurelius 
• Antoninus ; defeats and kills Macrinus, 
whose name he erases from the list of 
consuls and inserts his own, 218 — arrives 
at Rome, bringing with him his Syrian 
idol, which he places in a stately temple • 
consul II., 219 — appoints his vilest asso-' 
ciates to the highest offices in the state ; 
consul III., 220 — jealous of the popula- 
rity of Alexander Severus, attempts to 
depose him, 221— consul IV.; slain by 
the praetorians, March 11, 222. 

Elah, k. of Israel, B.C. 931. 

El Arisch, or Khinoscorura, Baldwin I., 
k. of Jerusalem, d. at, 1118 — the Turks 
defeated at, by Bonaparte, Feb. 8, 1799 — 
treaty of, concluded by sir Sidney Smith 
and the grand vizir with gen. Kle.be.r 
for the evacuation of Egypt by the 
French, Jan. 24, 1800. 

Elatea, taken by Philip II. , k. of Mace- 
don, b.c. 338 ; by the Roman consul, Fla- 
minius, 198. 

Elba, isle of, taken by commodore Nelson, 
Aug. 9, 1796— assigned to Napoleon, Apr. 
11, 1814 ; left by him, Feb. 26, 1815. 

Elbe, the {Lat. Albis), reached by the Ro- 
mans, under the command of Tiberius, 
5; but never crossed by them — English 
vessels excluded from, by the Danes, 
1801 — again, by the French, and block- 
aded by the English, 1803. 

Elbing, built by Conrad, landgrave of 
Thuringen, grand master of the Teutonic 
knights, 1239 — ceded to Poland by the 
treaty of Thorn, 1466— restored to Prus- 
sia, in the treaty of Welau, by John 
Casimir, k. of Poland, 1657 — taken by 
the czar Peter I., 1709. 

Elbingen, interview at, between the em- 
peror Henry IV. and his son. 1105. 

Elchingen, taken by Ney, Oct. 14, 1805 — 
duke of, title given to him, 1808. See 
Ney, marshal. 

Eldon, lord. See Scott, John. — Appointed 
lord chancellor, 1801 — resigns, 1806— re- 
appointed, March, 1807 — opposes the pro- 
position to consider the laws against the 
Catholics, 1812— refuses to Mr. Weilesley 
Pole the custody of his children, Feb. 
—resigns, April, 1827— d. 1838. 

Eldon, John, third earl of. 1. 1805— d. 1854. 

Ez.ea, in Campania. See Zeno. 



ELE 



273 



ELF 



Eleanor ofGuyenne, eldest daughter and 
heiress of William, duke of Guyenne 
and count of Poitou, b. 1122 — married to 
Louis VII., k. of France, 1137 — accom- 
panies him to the Holy Land, 1147 — ac- 
cused by him of infidelity, divorced, Mar. 
18, 1152 — marries Henry, duke of Nor- 
mandy (afterwards Henry II. of Eng- 
land), and transfers to him her inherit- 
ance of Guyenne and Poitou, May 18 — 
becomes qu. of England, Dec. 19, 1154 — 
incites her sons, Henry, Geoffrey, and 
Richard, to rebel against their father, 
1173 — is confined by him at Winchester, 
1174— released by Richard I., 1189— re- 
gent, 1190— raises the money for his ran- 
som, 1194— d. at Fontevraud, 1204. 

Eleanor of Provence, daughter of Ray- 
mond Beranger, count of Provence, b. 1221 
— marries Henry III., k. of England, 
1236— regent after his death, 1272 ; till 
the return of Edward L, 1274 — takes the 
veil at Ambresbury, 1278— d. 1291. 

Eleanor, queen of Aragon, put to death 
by her nephew, Peter the Cruel, king of 
Castile, 1359. 

Eleanor, the " Damsel of Britanny," 
daughter of the duchess Constance and 
Geoffrey, second son of Henry II., the 
rightful heiress of the crown of England, 
confined in Bristol Castle by her uncle, 
k. John, 1202— d. there, 1241. 

Eleanor, daughter of Simon de Montfort, 
detained by Edward I. on her way to 
marry Llewellyn, prince of Wales, 1276 ; 
released, and married to him, 1278. 

Eleanor, daughter of Blanche II., qu. of 
Navarre, and John II., of Arragon, mar- 
ries Gaston de Foix, 1443 — poisons her 
elder sister, Blanche, 1462. See Blanche 
of Navarre. — Her son accidentally killed 
in a tournament, 1470 — her husband d. 
1471 — she succeeds as qu. of Navarre, 
Jan. 19, 1479— d. at Tudela, Feb. 12. 

Elkanora, daughter of Edward, after- 
wards k. of Portugal, and sister of Al- 
phonso V., married to Frederic IV., k. of 
Germany, 1452. 

Eleanoba, daughter of Ferdinand III., k. 
of Castile, and sister of Alfonso V., b. 
1244 — affianced to Edward, eldest son of 
Henry III., k. of England, 1255— mar- 
ried, 1265— accompanies him on his cru- 
sade, 1270 — crowned at Westminster, 
1274. See Edward I., k. of England. — 
d. at Hornby, near Grantham, in Lincoln- 
shire, Nov. 28, 1291 — a cross erected at 
every resting-place of her funeral pro- 
cession on its way to Westminster, the 
last and most stately being Charing 
Cross. 

Eleanoba de Guzman. See Guzman. 

Eleanoba Tellez. See Tellez. 



Eleazab, Jewish high priest, B.C. 1451- 
1402— another, 292-260. 

Electors of Germany, the title under 
which the right of choosing the king or 
emperor of Germany was assumed in the 
thirteenth century, by the seven princi- 
pal feudatories, the k. of Bohemia, the 
duke of Saxony, the margrave of Bran- 
denburg, the count Palatine of the Rhine, 
and the archbishops of Mentz, Cologne, 
and Treves. They meet at Rense, near 
Mentz, and assert the independence of 
Germany against the claim of jurisdic- 
tion made by pope Benedict XII., 1339 ; 
their privileges confirmed and defined 
by the Golden Bull, 1356 — the Saxon vote 
transferred by Charles V. from John Fre- 
deric to Maurice, 1548— that of Frederic 
V., elector Palatine, given by the em- 
peror Ferdinand II. to Maximilian, duke 
of Bavaria, 1623 — restored to his son by 
the peace of Westphalia, and an eighth 
elector created for Bavaria, 1648 — a ninth, 
for Hanover, 1692-1708 — union of the 
Palatinate and Bavaria, 1778— new elec- 
tors created : Hesse - Cassel, Wirtem- 
burg, Baden, Salzburg, and the arch- 
chancellor, 1803 — the empire ceases to be 
elective, 1804. 

Electricity. See Gilbert, Dr. William ; 
Franklin, Dr. Benjamin; Galvani, and 
Volta. 

Electric telegraph, the first constructed 
on the London and Blackwall railway by 
Professor Wheatstone. 1837— G. P. O. 
completed, Aug. 31, 1849. See Subma- 
rine Telegraph. 

Electro-magnetism. See Oersted. 

Electryo, son of Pelops, assists his brother 
to conquer Mycenae, B.C. 1281. 

Elephant, war of the, between the Ho- 
merites and Beni Koreish, in Arabia, 
521 — present of one from Haroun al 
Raschid to Charlemagne, 801 ; and by 
the Portuguese ambassador to pope Leo 
X., 1514. 

Elephantine, an island in the Nile. See 
Concord, temple of. 

Elephants first exhibited at Rome, in 
the triumph of M. Curius Dentatus over 
Pyrrhus, B.C. 276— thirty-two shown in 
the circus by Carinus, a.d. 284. 

Eleusinian mysteries brought to Athens by 
Eumolpus, b.c. 1356 — Hadrian initiated, 
a.d. 125; and Julian, 355 — tolerated by 
Valentinian, 367— ended by the destruc- 
tion of Eleusis in Alaric's invasion, 396. 

Eleuthebius, or Hlother, bp. of Win- 
chester, 670- d. 676. 

Eleutherus, bp. of Rome, 171-185. 

Elfgar, bp. of Elmham, d. 1021. 

Elfgar, son of Leofric, earl of Coventry 
1057 — banished by Edward the Confes- 



ELI 



274 



ELI 



sur ; aided by a "Welsh prince, Griffith, 
and a Norwegian fleet; is restored to his 
rank and lands, 1058. 

Elfgiva. See Emma. 

Elfleda, daughter of Oswy, k. of Nor- 
thumberland, marries Peada, k. of Mer- 
cia, 653. 

Elfleda, daughter of Offa, k. of Mercia, 
marries Ethelred, k. of Northumberland, 
792. 

Elfkic, or Alfric, archbp. of York, 1023 — 
d. 1050. 

Elfbic, bp. of Elmham, d. 1038. 

Elfrioa, daughter of Ordgar, ealdorman 
of Devonshire, marries Edgar, k. of 
England, 964— assassinates her son-in- 
law, Edward, at Corfe Castle, Mar. 18, 978. 

Elfrith, daughter of Alfred, married to 
Baldwin II., count of Flanders, 891. 

Elfstan, bp of Wiltshire, d. 981. 

Elfstan,oi- Living, or Leovinga,bp.of Lon- 
don, commands a force against the Danes, 
991 — archbp. of Canterbury, 1013 — d. 
1019. 

Elfsy, bp. of Winchester, 1023— d. 1032. 

Elfwabd, bp. of London, d. 1045. 

Elfwin, youngest son of Oswy, k. of Nor- 
thumberland, b. 661— slain in battle, as- 
sisting his brother, Egfrid, against 
Ethelred, k. of Mercia, 679. 

Elfwina, daughter of Ethelred, ealdor- 
man of Mercia, and Alfred's daughter, 
Ethelfled, conspires against her uncle, 
Edward the Elder, in Mercia ; is remov- 
ed into Wessex, 923. 

Elgin, Thomas, earl of, b. 1771— collects 
marbles from Greece, during his em- 
bassy to Turkey, 1802— they are pur- 
chased, and placed in the British Mu- 
seum, 1816— d. 1841. 

Elgin, earl of, governor-general of Canada, 
1846 — assaulted at Montreal, 1849— con- 
cludes a reciprocity treaty with the 
United States, June 5, 1854 — returns 
from Canada, Jan. 9, 1855. 

Elgiva, daughter of Ethelgiva, of a noble 
family, marries Edwy, k. of England, 
955 — separated from him by Odo, archbp. 
of Canterbury ; her face seared with hot 
irons, and she is banished to Ireland, 
958— Returns, and is barbarously muti- 
lated, and d. at Gloucester, 959. 

El Godei, the Arabian traveller, d. 795. 

Eli, Judge of Israel, b.c. 1157 (1182 H., 
1168 C.y-d. 1128. 

Eliakim, counsellor of Manasseh, king of 
Judah, B.C. 675. 

Elias, bp. of Jerusalem, 494 — deposed, 
513. 

Eliashib, Jewish high priest, b.c. 462-441. 

Elijah, prophet, B.C. 895. 

Elio, general, suppresses an insurrection 
in Valencia, caused by col. Vidal, 1819. 



Eliot, and other British merchants, un- 
dertake expeditions for maritime disco- 
very, 1502. 

Eliprand, archbp. of Toledo, supports 
Felix of Urgel ; is opposed by Alcuin, 
and condemned by a council at Francfort- 
on-the-Maine, 794. 

Elis, a State in the Peloponnesus, founded 
by Oxylus, one of the Heraclidae, B.C. 
1103 — made the seat of the Olympic 
games by Iphitus, 834. See Olympic 
Games. — Pisatis conquered, 572. See 
Parmenides.— City of Elis built, 471 — 
return of Phidias from Athens, 432 — war 
with Lacedsemon, 401 — surrenders to 
Lacedsemon, 399 — war with Arcadia, 365. 
See Pyrrho. — Joins the Achaean league, 
276— falls, with the other States, under 
the dominion of Rome, 146. 

Elise. See Bonaparte, Elise. 

Elisha, prophet, B.C. 895-837/ 

Eliza Caroline, daughter of Frederic, 
prince of Wales, b. Jan. 10, 1740— d. Sept. 
1759. 

Elizabeth Woodville, daughter of sir 
Richard Woodville and Jacqueline of 
Luxemburg, loses her first husband, sir 
John Grey, of Groby, at the second battle 
of St. Alban's, and his estates are for- 
feited, 1461 — entreats Edw. IV. to restore 
them ; is married by him, and presented 
as queen to his court at Reading, Sept. 
29, 1464 — crowned at "Westminster, May,! 
1465 — her great uncle, the count de St. 
Pol, attends the ceremony with a splen- 
did retinue ; on Edward's retreat to 
Flanders, she takes refuge with her 
daughters in the sanctuary at Westmin- 
ster, where the prince, afterwards Ed- 
ward V., is born, Nov. 1, 1470 — after his 
death, again repairs thither, 1483 — leaves 
it, and places herself and her daughters 
in the hands of Richard III., 1484 — re- 
tires to the convent of Bermondsey, 1490 
— d. there, 1492. 

Elizabeth, daughter of Edw. IV. and Eli- 
zabeth Woodville, 5. Feb. 11, 1466— treaty 
for her marriage to the dauphin Charles ; 
his father, Louis XL, breaks the con- 
tract, 1481 — her uncle, Richard III., 
applies to the pope for a dispensation to 
marry her, 1485 — she is married to Hen- 
ry VI L, Jan. 18, 1486— d. Feb. 11, 1503. 

Elizabeth, queen of England, daughter 
of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, b. 
Sept. 7, 1533 — the crown settled on her 
by Act of parliament, March 30, 1534 — 
reversed, 1536 — the right of succession 
restored to her, Jan. 14, 1544 — instructed 
by Roger Ascham, 1545 — sought in mar- 
riage by lord Seymour, after the death 
of Katharine Parr, 1548— preferred to 
her sister Mary by Courtenay, earl of. 



eli 



275 



ELI 



EiJZABETH — continued. 
Devonshire ; attempt of the duke of Nor- 
thumberland to exclude her from the 
throne, 1553 — confined in the Tower by 
Mary, Mar. 18, 1554 — project of Philip of 
Spain to marry her to Emanuel Filiberto, 
duke of Savoy, 1557 — refuses proposals 
of marriage made by Gustavus Vasa, 
k. of Sweden, for his son Erik, 1558. 

Succeeds her sister, Mary, on the 
throne, Nov. 17, 1558— turns away from 
Bonner, when presented to her; placesher 
confidence chiefly in sir William Cecil, 
whom, with sir Nicholas Bacon, and six 
other eminent Protestants, she adds to 
her council of State ; releases prisoners, 
recalls the exiles, and orders the mass 
to be discontinued, and the service to be 
read in English in her chapel, 1558 — 
crowued, Jan. 13, 1559 — pope Paul IV. 
denies her right to the crown ; she recalls 
her ambassador from Rome, and restores 
the Protestant religious institutions, 
1559 — sends a fleet and army to assist 
the reformers in Scotland, and concludes 
the treaty of Edinburgh, July 5 — founds 
Westminster school, 1560— her wise go- 
vernment lays the foundation of Eng- 
land's power and prosperity ; she makes 
lord Robert Dudley her favourite, 1561. 

Supports the Huguenots, 1562 — is at- 
tacked by the small pox, 1562 — evades 
compliance with a request of the parlia- 
ment for the settlement of the crown ; 
concludes a peace with the queen regent 
of France ; proposes her favourite, Lei- 
cester, as a husband for Mary, queen of 
Scots, 1563 — approves, and then objects, 
to the offer of Lord Henry Darnley; 
origin of the Puritans, 1564— disowns the 
Scottish rebels, 1565 — again evades the 
settlement of the crown, and professes 
her intention of marrying, 1566 — re- 
proves her parliament for wishing the 
succession settled, and dissolves them, 
Jan. 2, 1567— refuses a personal inter- 
view to Mary, queen of Scots, on her 
arrival in England; detains at South- 
ampton Spanish ships conveying money 
to Alva ; fallacious negotiations for mar- 
riage with the archduke Charles of 
Austria ; Protestant emigrants received 
from Flanders, 1568. 

Insurrection of the earls of Northum- 
berland and Westmoreland, and Leonard 
Dacre ; the duke of Norfolk sent to the 
Tower, and released on his pledge not 
to marry the queen of Scotland, 1569 — 
the queen excommunicated, and her 
subjects absolved from their allegiance, 
by pope Pius V., April 25, 1570— opens 
the Royal Exchange, 1570— delusive ne- 
gotiations for her marriage with Henry, 



duke of Anjou; the Thirty-Nine Article* 
adopted as the rule of the church- of 
England ; the Puritans keep alive the 
spirit of independence ; the publication 
of a papal Bull against the qu. declared 
to be treason; endows Jesus College. 
Oxford, 1571 — the duke of Norfolk en- 
gages in a new conspiracy, is executed, 
and Mary, qu. of Scots, subjected to a 
more rigorous confinement, 1572 — treaty 
with Charles IX. of France, April 11, 
1572. 

Elizabeth supports the Protestants in 
France and the Netherlands, 1573 — re- 
fuses the sovereignty of the Nether- 
lands ; mediates between them and 
Philip, king of Spain, 1575 — imprisons 
Peter Wentworth, 1576 — suspends Giin- 
dal, archbp. of Canterbury, for favouring 
the Puritans, 1577 — concludes an alli- 
ance with the Netherlands, 1578 — asserts 
the freedom of English trade, 1578 — en- 
ters into a treaty of commerce with the 
sultan (Amurath III), and establishes 
the Turkey Company, 1579 — receives 
proposals of marriage from Francis, 
duke of Anjou, 1580— imprisons the earl 
of Leicester, for his marriage, 1580 — 
visits Drake, the circumnavigator, and 
confers knighthood on him, 1580— plots 
of the Jesuits against her, 1581 — the 
negotiations with the duke of Anjou 
broken off, 1582— claims the sovereignty 
of Newfoundland, and fortifies St. John's, 
1583. 

Conspiracies against her, and national 
association in her defence, 1584 — treaty 
with the United Provinces, 1585 — she 
sends Leicester with an auxiliary force to 
support them, and Drake and Frobisher 
to attack Spanish America ; Babington's 
conspiracy detected and punished, 1586 
— Mary, queen of Scots, condemned to 
death, Oct. 25, and beheaded, Feb. 8, 
1587— Philip prepares to invade Eng- 
land, 1587 — the Spanish Armada de- 
feated, 1588 — the queen sends troops to 
assist Henry IV. of France, 1591— sends 
further succour, 1592— visits the uni- 
versity of Oxford, 1592— restrains the 
debates of the parliament, and imprisons 
Wentworth and other members, 1593 — 
reproaches the abjuration of Henry IV. ; 
accepts his apologies, and enters into a 
new treaty of alliance with him, 1593. 

Remonstrates against the encourage- 
ment given by Philip's ministers and 
generals to assassination plots, 1594 — 
recalls her forces for the defence of her 
own states ; some Spaniards land in 
Cornwall, and are defeated ; Tyrone 
rebels in Ireland, 1595— the queen re- 
news her treaties with Henry IV. and 



ELI 



276 



ELL 



Elizabeth — continued. 
the United Provinces; retains Flush- 
ing and the cautionary towns, 1596 — 
makes her favourite, Essex, earl mar- 
shal, 1597— refuses to treat with Spain 
independently of the United Provinces, 
and concludes another treaty with them, 
1598— Essex fails to suppress Tyrone's 
rebellion, and falls into disgrace with the 
queen, 1599— regains her favour, 1600 — 
is tried for insurrection, and is executed, 
Feb. 25, 1601 — the poor-law passed, and 
monopolies abolished ; interview of Eli- 
zabeth at Dover with Sully, the minister 
of Henry IV., 1601— d. at Eichmond, 
Mar. 24 (Apr. 3, n.s.), 1603— the anniver- 
sary of her accession celebrated, Nov. 17, 
1679— a MS. translation of Boethius by 
her, found in the State Paper Office, 1826. 

Elizabeth, daughter of Sigismund, k. of 
Hungary, married to Albert of Austria, 
1422— succeeds her father, 1437— after 
her husband's death, gives birth to a son, 
named Ladislas, who is sent into Austria 
to be brought up, 1439— at the request 
of her subjects, under the advice of John 
Huniades, marries Ladislas, k. of Po- 
land, and associates him on the throne 
of Hungary, 1440 -d. 1442. 

Elizabeth, or Isabella, daughter of Odo- 
ardo Farnese, hereditary prince of Par- 
ma, b. Oct. 25, 1690— marries Philip V. 
of Spain, and refuses to enter Madrid till 
his mistress, the countess Orsini, is dis- 
missed. 1714— governs the kingdom for 
him, 1724— offended by Louis XV., an- 
nulling his contract of marriage with 
her daughter, Maria Victoria; sends 
back to France mademoiselle de Mont- 
pensier, daughter of the late duke of 
Orleans, destined bride of her son Carlos ; 
obtains for him the reversion of Parma, 
1725 — hires English ships to convey her 
troops into Italy, 1730— d. 1766. 

Elizabeth of Bavaria, widow of Conrad 
IV., k. of Germany, builds the church 
Del Carmine at Naples, on the spot where 
her son, Conradin, was beheaded, 1268. 

Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great 
of Russia, b. Dec. 29, 1710— a revolution 
deposes Iwan VI., and places her on the 
throne, Dec. 6, 1740 — nominates Charles 
Peter Ulrich, duke ofHolstein, to be her 
successor, Nov. 18, 1742— treaty with king 
George II. of Great Britain for the de- 
fence of Hanover, 1755 — Frederic II. of 
Prussia declares that he will resist the 
entrance of any foreign troops into Ger- 
many ; Elizabeth joins the alliance of 
Austria and France against him, and 
takes a leading part in the Seven Years' 
War, 1756— d. Dec. 25, 1761 (o.s.), Jan. 5, 
1762 (ha) 



Elizabeth, or Isabella, daughter of Hen- 
ry II., k. of France ; agreement for her 
marriage to Edward VI., k. of Eng- 
land, 1550 — affianced to Don Carlos ; 
married to his father, Philip II., k. of 
Spain, 1559— d. Oct. 3, 1568. 

Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew, k. of 
Hungary, and widow of Louis VI., land- 
grave of Hesse, dies ; the cathedral of 
Marburg is dedicated to her, 1231. 

Elizabeth, princess, daughter of Charles 
I., b. Dec. 28, 1635 — d. in Carisbroke 
Castle, Sept. 8, 1650. 

Elizabeth, daughter of James VI. of 
Scotland, b. 1596— married to Frederic 
V., elector palatine, 1613— becomes qu. 
of Bohemia, 1619 — driven into exile, 
1620 — birth of her daughter, Sophia, 
mother of Geo. I., k. of Great Britain, 
1630. 

Elizabeth de Gorlitz, duchess of Lux- 
emburg, 1415 — marries John the Pitiless, 
bp. of Liege, 1418 — sells her duchy to 
Philip, duke of Burgundy, 1444. 

Elizabeth, Madame, sister of Louis XVI., 
executed, May 10, 1794. 

Elizabeth, third daughter of George III., 
b. May 22, 1770— marries Augustus Fre- 
deric, hereditary prince of Hesse Hom- 
burg, May 7, 1818— desires no parlia- 
mentary grant on her marriage. 

Elizabeth of Bavaria, married to the 
emperor of Austria, May 24, 1854. 

Ella, k. of Deira. See ^Ella, and Acca. 

Ellac, son of Attila the Hun, falls in 
battle against the Ostrogoths, 453. 

Ellesmere canal to Chester, commenced, 
1772 — the Llangollen aqueduct com- 
pleted, 1805. 

Ellenborough, lord. See Law, Edward. 
— Succeeds lord Kenyon as chief justice, 
Apr. 13, 1802— admitted to a seat in the 
cabinet,, 1806 — decides that giving more 
or less than their nominal value for coin 
or note was not illegal before the passing 
of lord Stanhope's Act prohibiting it, 
1811 — retires from the bench, Oct. 21, 
1818 -d. Dec. 11. 

Ellenborough, lord Edward, appointed 
lord privy seal, 1828 — president of the 
Board of Control, 1834 — governor-general 
of India, 1841 — he proclaims a cessation 
of hostilities, Oct. 1, 1842 — returns to 
England, 1845. 

Elliot, Gilbert, b. 1718 — distinguishes 
himself with his regiment of light horse, 
under the marquis of Granby. in Ger- 
many, 1760— repulses the ^rand attack 
on Gibraltar, Sept. 13, 1782— created a 
peer. See Heathfield, lord. 

Elliot, Capt., defeats and kills Thurot, 
Feb. 28. 1760. 

Elliot, Capt.,the superintendent, arrested 



ELY 



277 



EMB 



at Canton by commissioner Lin; sur- 
render of opium demanded, Mar. 24, 1839 
— leaves Canton, May 24 — takes pos- 
session of Hong-Kong, Aug. 23. 

Elliot, Ebenezer, d. 1849. 

Ellis, George, b. 1745— d. 1815. 

Ellis, the Right Hon. Sir H., K.C.B., d. 
1855. 

Elliston, R. W., b. 1774— lessee of Drury 
Lane theatre, 1819— d. 1831. 

Elmacin, the Arabian historian, fl. 1273. 

Elmahassen, a river of Africa, in which 
Sebastian of Portugal perishes, 1578. 

El Mehedi. See Almohades. 

ElMeknesi, leader of a Saracen rebellion 
in Spain, 767 — seizes the city of Seville ; 
defeated and d. 772. 

Elmund, great grandson of Ingild, brother 
of ina, k. of Wessex, and father of Eg- 
bert, rules Kent as a nominal or assistant 
k., 784. 

Eloisa, b. 1101— beloved by Abelard, 1118 
— becomes abbess of Paraclete, which he 
builds for her, 1141 — buries him there, 
1142— d. and is buried by his side, 1163. 

Elon, Judge of Israel, B.C. 1175 (1232 H., 
1222 C.) 

Elphege, bp. of Winchester, 933 — d. 951. 

Elphege II., or Godwin, bp. of Winchester, 
984 — archbp.of Canterbury, 1006— taken 
by the Danes, 1011— put to death by 
them, 1012. 

Elphinstone, Admiral, serves with the 
Russian navy against the Turks, 1770. 

Elphinstone, Admiral, commands the 
British fleet at the taking the Cape of 
Good Hope, 1795 — captures a Dutch 
fleet in Saldanha bay, Aug. 17, 1796. 

Elpines, Athenian archon, B.C. 356. 

Elstan, bp. of London, d 898 (Chron. Sax.) 

Elswi.th, daughter of Ethelred, a Mercian 
ealdorman. marries Alfred the Great, 
868— d. 905. 

Eltham, a royal palace in Kent, where 
Henry IV. marries Joanna of Navarre 
by proxy, Apr. 3, 1402 — the rebels under 
lord Audley encamp at, 1497. 

Elton, Sir C. A., b. 1778 -d. 1853. 

Elva, L. iEbutius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
463. 

Elva, T. iEbutius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
499. 

Elvabodam, or Evilmerodach, k. of Baby- 
lon, B.C. 563. 

Elviba, Mount, in Granada, battle of; the 
Moors defeated by Alvarez de Luna, 
1431. 

Elwes, John, the miser, d. 1789. 

Ely, an island in the ancient estuary of 
Metaris (the Wash), on which Etheldrida 
founds a minster, 673. See Etheldrida. 
— Ethelwold, bp of Winchester, repairs 
the monastery and minster, and makes ; 



Britnoth abbot, 963— Alfred the Etheling 
put to death there by Godwin, 1036— 
William the Conqueror surrounds the 
island with his fleet, and captures the 
earls Edwin and Morcar,1071 — bishopric 
founded, 1107— many of the rebellious 
barons take refuge in the island, 1267 — 
submit to Henry III., July 25, 1268— 
riots at, and in the neighbouring dis- 
tricts, incendiary fires and destruction of 
agricultural machinery, May 19, 1816— 
special commission held and thirty-four 
rioterg convicted, June 18 — railway to 
London and Norwich opened, 1845 — to 
Lynn and Peterborough, 1847. 

Elzevir, Daniel, the last of that family of 
eminent printers, d. 1689. 

Emanuel, k. of Portugal, b. 1469— succeeds 
his, cousin, John II., 1495 — fits out an 
expedition under Vasco de Gama to ex- 
plore the eastern seas, 1496 — marries Isa- 
bella, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella 
of Spain, and widow of Alfonso ; by. his 
marriage contract, agrees to expel all 
Jews and Mohammedans from his king- 
dom ; Vasco de Gama passes the Cape of 
Good Hope, 1497— Ojeda and Amerigo 
Vespucci employed on discoveries in the 
New World, 1499— Cabral sent to India 
and Corte Real to North America, 1500 — 
Albuquerque to India, 1503— opposed by 
the Venetians, 1504— his fleets interrup 
their commerce, 1505 — settlements 
formed in Ormus and Ceylon, 1507— Goa 
conquered, and trade extended to Suma- 
tra, 1510— to Malacca and China, 1511— 
embassy to pope Leo X., 1514— dispute 
with Spain about the Moluccas ; Magal- 
haens sent out, 1519— Emanuel d. 1521. 

Emanuel Filiberto, duke of Savoy, suc- 
ceeds Charles III., 1553— commands the 
Spanisli army in the Netherlands, and 
defeats the French at St. Quentin, Aug. 
10, 1557 — recommended by Philip II. as 
a husband for the princess Elizabeth of 
England ; regains his lands by the treaty 
of Cateau Cambresis, and marries Mar- 
garet, sister of Henry II., k. of France, 
1559 — is offended by pope Pius V. giving 
the title of grand duke to Cosmo de' Me- 
dici, 1569— d. 1580. 

Emanukl College. See Cambridge, 1584. 

Embargo on the exportation of corn from 
Great Britain by order of council, in con- 
sequence of a scarcity ; Act of indemnity 
for its advisers, Dec. 6, 1766 — on Dutch 
ships in English ports, Jan. 19, 1795 — 
on Russian, Danish, and Swedish vessels, 
Jan. 14, 1801 — taken off, June 1 — on 
French and Batavian ships, May 17, 
1803— on British ships in Russia, Sept. 
28, 1807. 

Embden evacuated by the French, 1758. 



ENC 



278 



ENG 



Emeric, k. of Hungary, 1196-1204.^ 

Emerita Julia, a Roman colony founded 
in Spain by Augustus for his veteran 
legions, b.c. 14. See Merida. 

Emerson, R. W., b. 1803. 

Emery, the comic actor, b. 1777— d. 1822. 

Emesa, or Hems, in Syria, celebrated for 
its temple of the sun, of which Elaga- 
balus is high priest, 218 — taken from 
Zenobia by Aurelian, 272— besieged by 
the Moslems, 635— taken, 637— recovered 
by the Greeks, 962— again lost, 977. 

Emigrants begin to leave France, July 
28, 1789 — their estates taken for the 
public use, Dec. 22— ordered to return 
within two months, July 9, 1791— near 
4000, chiefly ecclesiastics, arrive in Lon- 
don from France, Sept. 1792— permitted 
to return, Oct. 20, 1800— indemnity for 
them proposed by Chas. X., 1824. 

Emigration to the colonies restricted by 
Chas. I., 1637— to the Cape of Good Hope 
encouraged by the British Government, 
1819. 

Emir al Omra, an office established by 
the Turk Ahmed, to overrule the caliph 
of Bagdad, 944. 

Emlyn, Thomas, d. 1741. 

Emma, the " gem of Normandy," sister of 
Richard II., and daughter of Richard I., 
dukes of Normandy, married to Ethelred 
II., king of England, and takes the 
name of Elfgiva, 1002 — takes flight 
from the Danes to Normandy, 1013— 
marries Canute, 1017 — banished from 
England by Harold ; hospitably received 
at Bruges by Baldwin, count of Flanders, 
and his consort Adela, 1037— plots against 
her son Edward the Confessor; deprived 
of her wealth, 1043— d. 1052. 

Emmeran preaches Christianity to the 
Bavarians, 651. 

Emmet. Robert, heads a tumultuous insur- 
rection in Dublin, July 23, 1803— is exe- 
cuted, Sept. 19. 

Empedocles, philosopher, fl. B.C. 455. 

Empson, sir Richard, employed to extort 
money by Henry VII., 1503— condemned, 
Oct. 1, 1509— executed, Aug. 17, 1510. 

Ems, congress of German archbishops at, 
restrictive of papal supremacy, 1786 — 
their resolutions annulled by the pope, 
1787. 

Encke's comet discovered by M. Pons, Nov. 
26, 1818. See Comets. 

Encratites, the sect, founded by Tatian, 
173. 

Encumbered estates in Ireland, Act for 
the sale of, passed July 28, 1849— court 
opened, Oct. 24. 

Encyclopedia, the first complete, (Zed- 
ler'a Universal Lexicon), the first part 
published, 1730— finished, 1750. 



Encyclopedia Britannica, first public*. 
tionof the, 1771. 

" Encyclopedie," Diderot and D'Alembert 
commence the publication of the, 1757. 

Endymion, captures the American ship 
President, Jan. 15, 1815. 

Enfield, Dr. Wm, b. 1740— d. 1797. 

Engelbrechtson heads the peasants of 
Dalecarlia, and drives Erik's officers out 
of Sweden, 1433. 

Engen, battle of; Moreau defeats the 
Austrians, May 3, 1800. 

Enghien, battle of. See Steenkerke. 

Enghien, Mary of Luxemburg, darned', 
marries Francis, duke de Vendome, and 
brings her patrimony into the Bourbon 
family, about 1480 — their grandson, 
Francis, count d'Enghien, commands 
the French fleet at the siege of Nice, 
1543 — gains the battle of Ceresuola, 
1544 — d. 1545— his brother, John, duke 
d'Enghien, d. 1557 — Louis, duke d'En- 
ghien. See Conde, le Grand. — Louis 
Antony Henry, duke d'Enghien, son of 
Louis Henry Joseph, prince de Conde, 
b. 1772 — seized by order of Bonaparte, 
at Ettenheim, in the duchy of Baden, 
March 15, 1804 — murdered by a mock 
trial at Vincennes, March 20. 

England, the southern part of Britain, 
after its occupation by the Saxons, first 
called by the Latins, Saxonia Transma- 
rina ; early in the sixth century, distin- 
guished by the continental stem-tribes, 
as the Engaland, or Narrow-land, which 
the Latins adopt in the form of Anglia, 
the name heard in Italy by Procopius, 
536-548— used by pope Gregory I. in his 
epistles, 595-601— by Ethelbert, king of 
Kent, in his charters, 605— by pope Bo- 
niface V., in his letter to Edwin, king of 
Northumberland, 625 — by pope Honorius 
I. to the same, 635 — by Ina, k. of Wessex, 
in his laws, 696— Ethelbald of Mercia 
styles himself k. of England, 740 — his 
successor, Offa, does the same, 772 — the 
title permanently assumed by Egbert, 
king of Wessex, and transmitted to his 
posterity, 828. 

Sovereigns of England. 

(See the principal events of their reigns, 
under their respective names in this 
Index. See also Commons, House of ; 
Lords, House of ; and Parliament.) 
Egbert, d. 836. 

Ethelwulf, 836— resigns, 856— d. 858. 
Ethelbald, 856-d. 860. 
Ethelbert, 860— d. 866 
Ethelred I., 866-d. 871. 
Alfred, the Great, 871 — improves the 
laws, and the administration of them, 
886— d. Oct. 28, 901. 
Edward, the Elder, 901— d. 924. 



ENG 



279 



ENG 



Sovereigns of England— continued. 
Athelstan, 924— d. 940. 
Edmund I., 940— assassinated, 946. 
Edred, 946— d. 955. 
Edwy, 955— d. 959. 
Edgar, 959-^.975. 

Edward II., the Martyr, 975 — assassinat- 
ed, 978. 
Ethelred II., the Unready, 978— d. 1016. 
Edmund II., Ironside, 1016— reigns seven 
months ; assassinated. 

Danish Conquest, 1016. 
Canute, 1016— d. 1035. 
Harold I., Barefoot, 1035— d. 1039. 
Hardacanute, 1039— d. 1042. 

Saxon line restored, 1042. 
Edward III., the Confessor, 1042— d. 1066. 
Harold II., after a reign of nine months, 
falls at Hastings, 1066. 

Norman Conqokst, 1066. 
William I., the Conqueror, 1066— d. 1087. 
William II., Rufus, 1087— accidentally 

slain, 1100. 
Union of Norman and Saxon lines, 1 100. 
Henry I., Beauclerc, 1100 — establishes 
chartered municipalities, 1100-1132 — 
d. 1134. 
Stephen ofBMs, 1134— d. 1154. 

Plantagenet line, 1154-1399. 
Henry II., 1154-d. 1189. 
Richard I., Caur de Lion, 1189 — killed 

at the siege of Chalus, 1199. 
John, Lackland, 1199 — signs Magna 

Charta, June 19, 1215— d. 1216. 
Henry III., 1216— origin of represent- 
ative government, 1265 — d. 1272. 
Edward I,, 1272 — conquest of Wales, 
1283 — Conftrmatio Cartarum, enacts 
that no taxes shall be raised without 
the consent of the knights, burgesses, 
and citizens in parliament assembled. 
1297— d. 1307. 
Edward II., 1307— murdered, 1327. 
Edward III., 1327— battle of Crecy, Aug. 
25, 1346— of Poictiers, Sept. 19, 1356— 
d. 1377. 
Richard II., 1377— deposed, 1399— mur- 
dered, 1400. 

House of Lancaster, 1399-1461. 
Henry IV., 1399— tf. 1413. 
Henry V., 1413 — battle of Agincourt, 

1415— d. 1422. 
Henry VI., 1422— crowned at Paris, 1430 
—France lost or abandoned, 1453 — wars 
of York and Lancaster commence, 
1455 — Henry dethroned, 1461 — mur- 
dered, 1471. 

House of York, 1461-1485. 
Edward IV., 1461— d, 1483. 
Edward V., April 9 — murdered, June 25, 

1483. 
Richard III., usurps, 1483 — killed in the 
battle of Boswortb, i485. 



House of Tudor; Yobk and Lancaster 

united, 1485-1603. 
Henry VII., 1485- sends out Cabot and 
his son on a voyage of discoveiy, 1496 
—d. 1509. 
Henry VIII., 1509 — declared supreme 
head of the Anglican church ; com- 
mencement of the Reformation in Eng 
land, 1534— d. 1547. 
Edward VI., 1547— the Protestant reli 

gion established, 1551— d. 1553. 
Mary I., 1553 — Roman Catholic religion 
restored ; persecution of Protestants, 
1555— d. 1558. 
Elizabeth, 1558 — Protestantism restored, 
1559— assists the Reformation in Scot- 
land, 1560-in the Netherlands, 1578— 
in the United Provinces, 1585— defeat 
of the Spanish Armada, 1588 — assists 
Henry IV. in France, 1591— d. 1603. 
The accession of James I. unites Eng- 
land and Scotland under one sovereign, 
and forms the kingdom of Great 
Britain. See Great Britain. 
England, Church of, declares Henry VIII. 
its supreme head, 1530 — his supremacy 
confirmed by Act of Parliament, and 
that of the pope annulled, 1534 — Bucer, 
Fagius, Peter Martyr, and other learned 
foreigners assist in settling its doctrines, 
1548— book of Common Prayer adopted, 
1549— revised by Cranmer, 1552 — by 
archbp. Parker, 1560 — Thirty-Eight Ar- 
ticles published, 1563— reviewed by the 
Convocation, and made Thirty-Nine un- 
der bp. Jewel's superintendence, 1571 — 
prevalence of Calvinistic tenets ; coun- 
tenance given to the synod of Dort, 1618 
— the leading dignitaries begin to fa- 
vour Arminianism, 1627 — the Thirty- 
Nine Articles forbidden to be interpreted 
in any but the grammatical sense, 1628 
— the Book of Common Prayer revised 
by Convocation, and authorized by parlia- 
ment, 1661— ejection of non-conformist 
ministers, 1662 — Corporation and Test 
Acts, 1672-3 — ejection of non-jurors, 
1688 — alarm of the " church in danger," 
created to assist political intrigues, 1705 
— the divine origin of episcopacy denied 
by bp. Hoadley, 1717 — petitions against 
subscription to the Thirty-Nine Articles, 
1772 — Corporation and Test Acts repeal- 
ed, 1828 — Roman Catholic disabilities 
removed, 1829— Church Reform in Ire- 
land, 1833— in England, 1836. 
England, general, joins general Nott at 

Candahar, May 9, 1842. 
Englefield, battle of, the Danes defeated 

by the ealdorman Ethelwulf, 871. 
English language, early specimen of, 
in a proclamation of Henry III., 1258 
— ordered to be used instead of 



EPA 



280 



EPI 



French in law pleadings and documents, 
1362. 
English mercenaries in Italy. See Hawk- 
wood, Sir John. 
English Opera House, or Lyceum theatre, 
burnt, Feb. 16, 1830. 

English plays, the Parisians refuse to 
allow the performance of, 1822. 

EnkiSping, battle of; Haco, son of Mag- 
nus Smek, defeated by Albert, king of 
Sweden, 1365. 

Enna, the Spanish general, slain in battle 
against the Cubans, Aug. 17, 1851. 

Ennis, riot at, June 4, 1842. 

Enniscorthy taken by the Irish rebels, 
May 24, 1798. 

Enniskillen, or Inniskillen, tlie towns- 
men of, proclaim William and Mary, 
March 11, 1689— defeat the Jacobites at 
Newton Butler, and take their com- 
mander, M'Carty, or lord Moncashel, 
prisoner, July 29. 

Ennius, the Latin poet, b. at Rudise, in Ca- 
labria, B.C. 239 — found by Cato in Sar- 

. dinia, and brought to Rome, 204 — in 
Greece with the consul Fulvius, 189— d. 
and is buried in the tomb of the Scipios, 
in the Appian Way, 169. 

Ennodius, bp. of Ticinum (Pavia), writes 
the Life of his predecessor, Epiphanius, 
510. 

Entails of Land : decision of the court of 
Common Pleas, that they may be barred 
by a common recovery, 1472. 

Enterprise, performs the first steam voy- 
age to India, leaving Falmouth Aug. 16, 
and arriving in thelloogley Dec. 9,1825. 

Enzio, natural son of Frederic II., emperor 
of Germany, married to Adelaide, heiress 
of the principalities of Tom and Gal- 
ium, and created king of Sardinia, 1239 
— with an imperial army, is repelled by 
the Milanese, assisted by a Pisan fleet — 
relieves Savona, which is besieged by 
the Genoese, 1243 — defeated and made 
prisoner at Fossalta, May 26, 1249 ; and 
detained in captivity at Bologna for the 
rest of his life— d. in his prison, 1272. 

Eocha, k. of Scotland, 880 — uncertain. 

Eohric, a Danish king, slain in battle with 
the men of Kent, 905. 

Eon, Chevalier d', b. 1728— in a cause, tried 
before lord Mansfield, is alleged to be a 
female, July 1, 1777— d. 1810. 

Eormenric. See Ermenric. 

Eorpwald, k. of East Anglia, son of Red- 
wald, succeeds his father, 624— embraces 
Christianity, but is soon after slain by 
Richbert, 627. 

Eowils, a k. of the Northumbrian Danes, 
slain at Wodnesfeld, in Staffordshire, 
911. 

EpagathUS instigates the pnetorian guards 



to murder Ulpian, and is executed for it, 
228. 
Epameinon, Athenian archon, B.C. 429. 

Epaminondas, the Theban general, wound- 
ed in defending Mantinea against the 
Lacedaemonians, b.c 385 — trains the 
Thebans in a new system of tactics, 378 
— gains the victory of Leuctra, 371 — 
carries his arms into Laconia, and re- 
stores the independence of the Messe- 
nians, 369 — condemned for retaining his 
command beyond the period allowed by 
the Theban law; pardoned, and re-ap- 
pointed, 369 — rescues Pelopidas from 
Alexander of Pherse, 368 — invades 
Achaia, and takes Oropus, 366 — instructs 
young Philip of Macedon in the art of 
war, 365— gains the victory of Mantinea, 
and falls in the battle, 362. 

Epee, Abbe" del',*- 1712 — founds his school 
for the deaf and dumb, 1784— d. 1789. 

Epenetius, Athenian archon, B.C. 635. 

Kperies, taken from the Turks, 1685. 

Epernon, the duke d', assists Mary de' Me- 
dici to escape from Blois, 1619. 

Ephecheres, or Ophratenes, k. of Nine- 
veh or Assyria, B.C. 910. 

Ephesus, one of the cities of the Ionians 
in Asia Minor, after their migration, b.c. 
1043 — the temple of Diana erected, 552 
— conquered by Cyrus, 544 — joins the 
revolt of the Ionian cities, 501 — their 
army defeated under its walls, 499 — the 
Athenian fleet, left by Alcibiades under 
his lieutenant, Antiochus, is defeated by 
Lysander, 407 — Agesilaus II. winters at, 
396 — the temple of Diana burnt, 356 — 
the city rebuilt by Lysimachus, 301— de- 
vastated by an earthquake, a.d. 17— 
Paul preachesat, 55— addresses hisepistle 
to its church, 61 — the temple of Diana 
plundered and burnt by the Goths, 262 
— visit of Julian, 351 — third general 
council held at, 431 — the Robber Synod, 
449— pillaged by the Paulicians, 868— 
Michael VII., emperor of the East, re- 
tires to, as a bishop, 1078 — Roger di 
Flor and the Catalans station them- 
selves at, 1304 — taken by the Turk, 
Aidin, 1313. 

Ephori, the, instituted by Theopompus at 
Lacedsemon, b.c 770. 

Ephorus, the historian, closes his work, 
B.C. 340-still living, 333. 

Ephraimites defeated by Jephthah, b.c, 
1188 (1245 H., 1238 C.) 

Ephraimius, bp. of Antioch, 527. 

Epibates, treaty of, between the emperor 
Andronicus II. and his grandson, 1322. 

Epicharmus, introduces comedy at Syra- 
cuse, b.c. 500. 

Epictetus, withdraws from Rome to Nico- 
polis, 90 — preceptor of Arrian, 103— re- 



EQU 



281 



ERI 



turns to Rome, and is patronized by the 
emperor Hadrian, 118. 

Epicurus, the philosopher, I. b.c. 341— 
comes to Athens, 323 — teaches at Mity- 
lene and Lampsacus, 310; at Athens, 306 
— heads one of the four schools of 
Athens, 278— d. 270. 

Epidamnus, afterwards called Dyrrha- 
chium, a town of Macedonia, founded, 
b.c. 625. See Dyrrachium. 

Epidaukus, attacked by the Athenians, 
B.C. 430 ; by the Argives, 419. See Pam- 
phila.— Congress of, convoked, Dec. 15, 
a.d. 1821 — proclaims the independence of 
Greece, 1822. 

Epimenides, the poet, b. at Cnossus, in 
Crete, b.c. 659 — goes to Athens, 598. 

Epiphanes. See Antiochus IV., king of 
Syria, and jASON,high priest of the Jews. 

Epiphanes. See Ptolemy V., k. of Egypt. 

Epiphania, or Eudoxia, daughter of the 
emperor Heraclius. b. 611 — crowned, 612 
— betrothed to Zicbel, khan of the Cho- 
zars, or Turks ; the contract not perform- 
ed, 624. 

Epiphanius, bp. of Constantinople, 520. 

Epiphanius, bp. of Salamis, or Constantia, 
in Cyprus, 367 — writes against the Mani- 
chaeans, 876 — joins in the persecution of 
Chrysostom, and d. 403. 

Epiphanius, bp. of Ticinum (Pavia), offers 
to mediate between Ricimer and Anthe- 
mius, 471 — negotiates between Julius 
Nepos, emperor of the West, and Euric, 
k. .of the Visigoths, 474 — d. 510. See 
Ennodius. 

Epirus. See Alexander I., Pyrrhus, 
and Alexander II., kings of Epirus ; 
under the latter the kingdom ceases to 
be important, B.C. 272 — earthquake in, 
a.d. 345 — occupied by Alaric, when 
driven out of Greece by Stilicho,397. See 
Albania, and Albanians. — Invaded by 
Robert Guiscard, 1081 and 1084 ; by Bo- 
hemond, 1107 — despotat of, founded by 
Michael Angelus, 1205— Peter de Cour- 
tenay, emperor of the East, seized by 
the despot Theodore— d. a^risoner, 1219. 
See Thessalonica. — Andronicus III., 
emperor of the East, conquers the des- 
potat, 1337-it submits to Stephen Dushan, 
k. of Servia, 1350 ; to the Turks, 1431- 
1449— an insurrection, promoted by Rus- 
sia, is joined by a Greek force, and put 
down by the landing of French troops at 
the Piraeus, 1854. 

Episcopacy. See Bishops, 1638. 

Episcopius advocates the doctrines of Ar- 
minius, 1609— d. 1644. 

Epitelidas, Olvmpic victor, B.C. 580. 

Epopeus, k. of Sicyon, b.c. 1425 (1372 C.) 

Equinox, autumnal, the, observed by Hip- 
parchus, Sept. 27, b.c. 163, 159, 158 ; Sept. 



26,147: Sept, 27, 146— the vernal, Mar. 
23, 146— autumnal, Sept. 26, 143 — vernal, 
March 23, 135 ; March 22, 128— vernal, 
observed by Claudius Ptolemy, at Alex- 
andria, Mar. 22, 139-140— the autumnal, 
observed by Albategni, the Arabian as- 
tronomer, Sept. 19, 882. 

Equitius, consul of Rome, 374. 

Era. See Antioch, Chaldean, Chris- 
tian, Diocletian, Gelalean, Hegira, 
Indiction, Julian, Nabonassar, Olym- 
piads, Rome, Seleucid^;, Spain, and 
Yezdegeud. 

Eradius, named by Augustine as his co- 
adjutor and successor, 426. 

Erasistratus, the celebrated physician, 
fl. b.c. 258. 

Erasmus, b. at Rotterdam, 1467— visits Ox- 
ford, 1509 — teaches Greek at Cambridge, 
1510 — publishes his Greek Testament, 
with Latin translation and notes, 1516— 
settles at Basle, and takes a middle part 
in the great controversy, 1521— d. 1536. 

Eratosthenes, Olympic victor, B.C. 576. 

Eratosthenes, b. at Cyrene. B.C. 275 — 
librarian at Alexandria, fl. 223 - d. 194. 

Erchenwin founds the kingdom of the 
East Saxons (Essex), 530 — d. 587. 

Ercilla, Alonso de, the Spanish poet, 
publishes his " Araucana," 1577. 

Erdulf, or Erdwulf, an ealdorman of 
Northumberland, ordered by Ethelred to 
be put to death for supporting Alfwold ; 
recovers from his wounds, and goes into 
exile, 790 — after the murder of Ethelred, 
is recalled, and made k. of Northumber- 
land, 794 — holds a synod at Pincanhealh, 
to restore order, 798— expelled by his 
people, flies to Charlemagne, 806 — 
through his intervention, and that of 
pope Leo III., recovers his crown, 808 — 
d. 809. 

Erebus. See Franklin, Sir John. 

Erechtheus, k. of Athens, b.c. 1397 (1399 
H., 1383 C.) 

Erenschild, the Swedish admiral, defeat- 
ed and taken prisoner by the Russian 
admiral, Apraxin, 1714. 

Eretria. See Aristagoras, and Acileus. 

Erfurt, university of, founded, 1392 — Mar- 
tin Luther studies at, 1501 — becomes a 
monk there, and begins his scriptural 
researches, 1505 — meeting of Alexander 
and Napoleon at, Sept. 27, 1808 — univer- 
sity transferred to Bonn, 1818 — the par- 
liament of, opened, March 20 ; closed Apr. 
29, 1850. 

Eric. See Erik. 

Eric, duke of Friuli, defeats a chieftain of 
the Huns or Avars, 795. 

Eric succeeds Guthrum-Ethelstan as chief 
of the Danes in East Anglia, 890. 

Eric, son of the Danish king, Harold, is 



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282 



EEI 



set up as king in Northumberland, and 
expelled by Edred, 948 — slain in the 
wilds of Stanmore by Osulf, 949. 

Erichthonius, k. of Athens, b.c. 1487 
(1489 H., rejected, C.) 

Erichthonius, k. of Troy,B.o. 1449 (1532 C.) 

Erie canal, connecting the lakes with 
New York, commenced, 1817 ; opened, 
1824. 

Eeie, Fort, abandoned to the Americans, 
May 27, 1813 — evacuated by them, Nov. 
5, 1814. 

Erigena, John Scotus, the founder of scho- 
lastic theology, fl. 845 — attacks Gotts- 
chalk's tenets, 854— invited to England 
by Alfred— d. 886. 

Ebik T., k. of Denmark, 1095— represses 
piracy ; restores peace in Sweden, 1099 
— makes Lunden the metropolitan see 
of Denmark, and sets out for Palestine, 
1104— d. in Cyprus, 1105. 

Erik II., k. of Denmark, son of Erik I., 
defeats Niels, who had usurped the 
throne, and his son, Magnus, 1134— is 
proclaimed k. 1135— d. 1137. 

Ebik III., k. of Denmark, 1137 — retires 
into a monastery, 1147. 

Erik IV.. k. of Denmark, son of Walde- 
mar TIL, b. 1216— on his father's death, 
crowned by his grandfather, Waldemar 
II., 1231 ; succeeds him on the throne, 
1241— is opposed by his three younger 
brothers, and makes war on them; as- 
sassinated by his brother, Abel, who ob- 
tains the throne, 1250. 

Eeik V., k. of Denmark, son of Christo- 
pher, b. 1242— inherits the crown, 1259— 
defeated by the archbp. of Lund, and de- 
tained a prisoner till 1264— makes terms 
with him, 1275 — war with Sweden and 
Norway, 1278 — his nobles extort from 
him their first Handfeste, or charter of 
privileges, 1282— they murder him, 1286. 

Eeik, VI., k. of Denmark, son of Erik V., 
b. 1274— succeeds his father, 1286— war 
with Norway, 1288 — Rostock placed 
under the protection of Denmark, 1290— 
quarrels with Grand, archbp. of Lund, 
1295 — excommunicated and fined by pope 
Boniface VIIL, 1298— war renewed with 
Norway, 1299— peace concluded at Co- 
penhagen, 1309— war with Rostock, 1311; 
and with Stralsund. 1314— d. 1319. 

Eeik VII., the Pomeranian, k. of Denmark, 
great-grandson of Waldemar, IV., b. 1385 
—named, by Margaret, k. of Norway, 
1389— see Erik III., k. of Norway— as 
her successor in Denmark, 1396— and in 
Sweden, 1397. See Erik XIII., king of 
Sweden. — Crowned as heir of the three 
kingdoms, under the union of Calmar, 
1397 — marries Philippa, daughter of 
Henry IV., k. of England, 1406— on Mar- 



garet's death, succeeds her, 1412— re- 
news the war against Holstein and 
Schleswig, 1414 — conquers the duchietj, 
except the castle of Gottorp ; Hamburg 
takes arms to assist them, 1417 — pilgrim- 
age of Erik to Palestine, 1423— Lubeck 
and the Baltic Hanse towns support the 
duke of Holstein, 1426 — most of his 
lands are given up to him by a treaty of 
peace, 1435— withdraws from the govern- 
ment, and returns at the request of his 
people, 1436— retires to Wisby, 1437— 
deposed by the Danes, 1439. 

Erik I., k. of Norway, 933— expelled for 
his cruelty, takes refuge in England, 936, 
where he d. soon after. 

Erik II., the Priest-hater, k. of Norway, 1280 
— marries Margaret, only child of Alex- 
ander of Scotland, 1281 — restrains the 
influence of the church, 1284 — concludes 
a treaty with the Hanse Towns, and 
joins their league, 1285— d. 1299. 

Erik III., k. of Norway. See Erik VII., 
k. of Denmark. — Succeeds Margaret, and 
confirms the union of Calmar, 1412 — 
Norway from this time united to Den- 
mark 

Erik I. to III., kings of Sweden, dates un- 
known. 

Erik IV., the Victorious, k. of Sweden, 964 
— d 995. 

Ekik V. to VIIL, kings of Sweden, dates 
unknown. 

Erik IX., k. of Sweden, 1155— conquers 
the coast of Finland, and builds Abo, 
1157— d. 1160. 

Erik X., k. of Sweden, son of Canute, 
escapes the massacre of his family by 
Sverker II., 1199 — defeats and kills him 
in battle, and obtains the throne, 1210— 
d. 1216. 

Erik XI., k. of Sweden, son of Erik X., suc- 
ceeds John, the last of the Sverkers, 1222 
— expelled by the Folkunger, and Canute 
usurps the throne,1229 — Erik overthrows 
the usurper, and is k. again, 1234 — the 
Swedish colonies in Finland extend 
themselves into the neighbouring parts 
of Russia, 1240 — Birger Jarl restores the 
ascendancy of the Folkunger, 1249 — 
Erik d. 1250. 

Erik XII., k. of Sweden, son of Magnus 
II., Smek, b. 1337 — proclaimed joint k. 
with his father at the request of the 
States, 1343 — expels the statholder, Al- 
gotson, 1356— divides the kingdom with 
his father, 1357— d. 1359. 

Erik XIII., k. of Sweden. See Erik VII., 
k. of Denmark. — Succeeds Margaret, 1412 
—revolt of the Dalecarlians, 1433 — am- 
nesty and new privileges granted, 1435— 
deposed by the Swedes, 1440. 

Erik XIV., k. of Sweden, son of Gustavu: 



ERN 



283 



ERTT 



Vasa, b. 1533 — proposals of marriage 
made for him by his father to the prin- 
4 cess Elizabeth of England, 1558— suc- 
ceeds his father, 1560 — war with Den- 
mark, Poland, and Lubeck, 1563— mas- 
sacres the Sture family, 1567— betrays 
symptoms of insanity; is dethroned and 
imprisoned. 1568 — poisoned by his bro- 
ther, John III., 1570. 

Erik I., of North Jutland, called by some 
k. of Denmark, favours Ansgar and 
the introduction of Christianity, 829-31. 

Ekik II. founds the first church in Schles- 
wig, 850. 

Erik, the Icelander, discovers Greenland, 
982. 

Erivan, taken by the Turks, 1578-90— re- 
covered by the Persians, 1618— acquired 
by Russia, 1827. 

Erizzo, the Venetian commander, gallantly 
defends Negropont against the sultan 
Mahomet II., 1470. 

Erizzo, Francesco, doge of Venice, 1631- 
1646. 

Erlau. See Eger. 

Erlichshausen, Conrad von, grand-mas- 
ter of the Teutonic Knights, 1441. 

Erlichshausen, Louis von, Teutonic grand- 
master in Prussia, 1449. 

Ermelinda, daughter of an Anglo-Saxon 
k., queen of Cunibert, k. of Lombardy, 
688. 

Ermengard, or Irmengard, daughter of 
Ingram, count of Hasban, b. 796, wife of 
Louis I., crowned by pope Stephen V., at 
Rheims, 816— d. 818. 

Ermengarda, or Irmengard. daughter of 
count Hugo, a German noble, marries 
Lothaire, son of Louis I., 821. 

Ermengarda, or Irmengard, only child of 
Louis II., marries Boso, duke of Lom- 
bardy and Provence, 877 — she defends 
Vienne against the German and French 
kings, 880 — Vienne capitulates to Car- 
loman ; she is allowed to return to Autun, 
882— guardian of her son, Louis, 888 — 
obtains the protection of Arnulf for him, 
and he is crowned at Aries, 890— abbess 
of St. Sixtus, in Piacenza, 903. 

Ermenric, k. of Kent, son of Octa, succeeds 
him, 542— d. 560. 

Ernest, archduke of Austria, son of the 
emperor Maximilian II., and brother of 
Rudolf II., b. 1553— invited by Philip II. 
of Spain to reside in his court, 1563 — 
contends for the throne of Poland with 
Sigismund, crown-prince of Sweden, 1586 
— defeated at Bitschin, and taken pri- 
soner, 1588 — pope Sixtus V. obtains his 
release, 1589 — appointed bv Philip vice- 
roy of the Netherlands, 1594— d. 1595. 

Ernest Antony, son of Fred. Ant., suc- 
ceeds him as duke of Saxe Coburg Saal- 



feld, 1809— father of prince Albert, 1819 
— acquires Gotha and becomes duke cf 
Saxe Coburg and Gotha, 1826 — d. Jan. 
29, 1844. 

Ernest I., duke of Swabia, 1012— marries 
Gisela, daughter of the former duke, 
Hermann; d. 1015. 

Ernest II., duke of Swabia, 1015 — marries 
Matilda, daughter of the emperor Conrad 
II., claims the kingdom of Upper Bur- 
gundy, 1026— is deprived of his duchy 
by the emperor, 1030. 

Ernest I., duke of Brunswick, 1532 — d. 
1546. See Brunswick. 

Ernest II., duke of Brunswick, 1592 — d. 
1611. See Brunswick Wolfenbuttel. 

Ernest Augustus, k. of Hanover, fifth son 
of Geo. III., k. of Great Britain, b. June 
5, 1771. See Cumberland, duke of. — 
Succeeds his brother, Wm. IV., and abo- 
lishes all the free institutions which had 
been recently introduced, June 20, 1837 
—concludes a treaty with Great Britain 
on the Stade duties, 1844 — sends troops 
to assist the Schleswig Holstein revolt, 
1848 — dissents from the election of the 
k. of Prussia as emperor of Germany, 
1849— receives the elector of Hesse Cassel 
when expelled from his States, 1850 — 
loins the Zollverein, Sept. 17, 1851— d. 
Nov. 18. 

Ernest Augustus, hereditary prince of 
Brunswick Luneburg, marries Sophia, 
grand-daughter of Jas. I., k. of Great 
Britain, 1658— succeeds as duke, 1662 — 
is created elector of the empire, Dec. 19, 
1692— d. 1698. See Brunswick Lune- 
burg. 

Ernest, duke of Bavaria, 1397-1438. 

Ernest, the Ircmhanded, count of Tyrol, 
father of the emperor Frederic IV., d. 
1424. 

Ernest, elector of Saxony, 1464-1486. 

Ernest, duke of Brunswick Luneburg, and 
brother of Geo. I., k. of Great Britain, 
president of the council of regency in 
Hanover, 1714. 

EitNESTi, J., b. 1707— d. 1781. 

Eros, bp. of Antioch, 143-171. 

Erskine, Thomas, youngest son of the 
earl of Buchan, b. 1750— begins to study 
for the bar, 1776 — defends lord George 
Gordon, Feb. 5, 1781 — his first parlia- 
mentary efforts in defending Fox's India 
Bills, Nov., 1783— pleads in defence of 
Dr. Shipley, Aug. 6, 1785— procures the 
acquittal of Stockdale, Dec. 9, 1789— 
defends Hardy, Home Tooke,and others, 
on a charge of constructive treason, Oct. 
22, 1794 — becomes a peer and lord chan- 
cellor, 1806— dismissed, 1807— d. Nov. 
17, 1823. 

Erudition of a Christian Man published 



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284 



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by Henry VII I. as the standard of re- 
ligious faith, 1543. 
Eruptions, Volcanic, of 

Carguairazo, north of Chimborazo; the 
surrounding country covered with mud 
and fishes, June 29, 1698. 

Epomoeus, in the Isle of Ischia, 1302. 

Etna, known as a burning mountain in 
the earliest historic times : eruptions 
recorded, bc. 734, 477, 425, 125, 121, 43; 
a.d. 40, 254. 420, 1012, 1169— when 
Catania was destroyed, 1329, 1408. 1444, 
1536,1564, 1669— which continued forty 
days, 1693— when Catania was again 
overwhelmed by lava, 1699, 1766, 1787, 
1809, 1811, 1830— when ashes fell in 
Rome, Nov. 18. 1832— when Bronte was 
destroyed, 1852. 

Isle of Ferro, Sept. 13, 1777. 

Heel a, 1004, 1743, 1784, 1846. 

St. Helen's in California, Nov. 23, 1843. 

Imbahura, 1691. 

Moel Fammo, near Holywell, Flintshire, 
Feb. 4, 1773. 

Pasto in Quito, 1797. 

Peak of Teneriffe. 1704. 

Souffrier in St. Vincent, after having 
been extinct a century, April 30, 1812. 

Vesuvius, first eruption, when Hercula- 
neum and Pompeii were buried in 
ashes, and Pliny, the Elder, suffocated, 
79, 202, 272, 472— when the ashes are 
said to have reached Constantinople, 
512, 685, 993, 1036. 1043, 1048, 1136, 
1536, 1538. 1631— Torre del Greco de- 
stroyed, 1660, 1682, 1694, June, 1698, 
1704,1712, 1717, Nov. 7, 1727, 1730, 1737, 
1751, 1754, 1759, Feb 21, 1760, 1766, 
1767, 1770, 1771, 1779, 1794— Torre del 
Greco again destroyed, 1805, 1810, 1814, 
1822, Oct. 22— when the cone of Rosea 
del Palo sank. 

Xorullo, in South America, a new vol- 
cano formed, Sept, 1750. 
Erviuius, k. of the Visigoths in Spain, 

680— recognized by the council of Toledo, 

681— d. Nov. 15, 687. 
Erxiclides, Athenian archon, B.C. 548. 
Ertx, surprised and taken by the Roman 

consul, L. Junius Pullus, B.C. 249— the 

town retaken by Hamilcar, 245— the 

citadel besieged, 243. 
Eryxias. Athenian arcbrn, B.C. 692. 
Erzeroum, peace of, concluded between 

Persia and Turkey, 1823— taken by the 

Russian general, Paskiewitch, 1829. 
Esarhaddon, or Sardanapalus II., k. of 

Nineveh or Assyria, B.C. 711 (690 La.) 
Esau, birth of, b.c. 1836 (1993 H., 1970 C.) 

—his marriage, 1796 (1930 C.) 
Escubial, palace of the, vowed by Philip 

II. to commemorate the battle of St. 

Quentin, 1557 — the building begun, 1563 



—completed, 1586 — he d. there, Sept. 13, 
1598. 
Esowik, of the royal race, becomes k. of 
Wessex on the retirement of Sexbur^a, 
674— defeats Wulphere at Beadau-head, 
675- d. 676. 
Esilarato, duke of Naples, an iconoclast, 
killed by a tumult of image-worshippers 
at Rome, 728. 
Espartero, commands the royal forces in 
Catalonia against the Carlists, 1835 — 
assisted by the British fleet to raise the 
siege of Bilboa, Dec. 24, 1836- appointed 
captain-general of Spain, 1838 — created 
duke of Victory; concludes a treaty with 
the Carlist Maroto, 1839— empowered by 
qu. Christina to form a cabinet, Oct. 12, 
1840 — appointed regent, July 8 — protest 
of qu. Christina and gen. Narvaez, 19, 1841 
— bombards Barcelona, Dec. 3, 1842 — his 
influence in the country declines ; with- 
draws to England, July 1, 1843— recalled, 
and created a senator, 1847 — arrives at 
Madrid, Jan. 7— takes his seat in the 
senate, 13, 1848 — minister, 1854. 
Espierres, in Flanders, battle of, the 
French repulsed by the British, May 23, 
1794. 
Esquilinus, C. Com. Lent., consul of 

Rome, B.C. 478. 
Essequibo in Guyana, founded by the 
Dutch admiral, Hein, 1627— surrenders 
to the British, 1781. 
Essex, or kingdom of the East Saxons, 
comprisingthe presentcounties of Essex, 
Middlesex, and part of Hertfordshire, 
(the Trinobantes of the Romans) founded 
by Erchenwin, 530— d. 587. 
bledda, his son, 587 — marries Ricole, 
daughter of Ermenric, king of Kent — 
d. 597. 
Sabert, his son, 597 — admits the Chris- 
tian missionaries ; is converted by 
Mellitus, with his subjects, 604— d. 614. 
Saxred, Sigebert and Seward, his sons, 
reign conjointly and relapse into 
heathenism, 614 — they expel Mellitus 
from his see of London, 615 — and fall 
in battle against Cynegils, k. of Wes- 
sex, from 616 to 623. 
Sigebert, the Little, son of Seward, suc- 
ceeds and persists in idolatry, 623 — d. 
655. 
Sigebert, the Good, son of Sexbald, the 
brother of Sabert, succeeds and re- 
stores Christianity, 655 — appoints 
Cedd bp., 659— assassinated, 661. 
Suidhelm, brother of Sigebert, the Good, 

661— d. 663. 
Sighere, son of Sigebert, the Little, and 
his uncle Sebbi, divide the kingdom, 
the first ruling the pagans, and the 
latter the Christians, 663— tributary 



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285 



EST 



to Wulfhere, k. of Mercia, who sends 
Jaruman, bp. of Repton, to convert 
Sighere, 665— Sighere marries Osyth, 
daughter of Frithwald, an under-king 
of Surrey, and Wilburh, daughter of 
Peada, king of Mercia; the time of 
his death uncertain ; Sebhi d. 693. 
Sighard and Snefrid, sons of Sebbi, reign 

together, 693-700. 
Offa, son of Sighere, succeeds, 7C0— re- 
signs, and goes to Rome, 709. 
Suebricht, 709-737. 
Swithred, 737-791. 

Sigeric, 791— conquered by Egbert, king 
of Wessex, 823 — held by the Danes, 
877. 
Ethelwold, son of Ethelbald, brings a 
Danish fleet and army from Northum- 
berland, 904. 
Essex, attempt of sir Charles Lucas and 
sir George Lisle to raise the county in 
favour of Charles I., 1648 — several whales 
diiven on its coast by a violent hurricane, 
Feb. 24, 1762. 
Essex, earl of. See Ceomwell, Thomas 
Essex, Robert Devereux, earl of, b. 1567 
— accompanies the earl of Leicester 
on his expedition to the United Pro- 
vinces, 1585 — joins that of Drake and 
Norris against Portugal, 1589 — sent by 
queen Elizabeth with an army to assist 
Henry IV. in France, where he besieges 
Rouen unsuccessfully, 1591 — takes and 
plunders Cadiz, 1596 — jealous of the 
earl of Nottingham, is appointed earl 
marshal ; fails in his projected attack 
on Ferrol, 1597 — the queen resents his 
insolence by a box on the ear, 1598— lord 
lieutenant of Ireland ; fails to repress 
Tyrone's rebellion ; returns to London ; 
is disgraced and superseded, 1599 — tried 
by the privy- council ; pardoned ; regains 
the queen's favour ; begins a new course 
of intrigue with James VI. of Scotland, 
and the Puritans, 1600 — attempts an in- 
surrection, Feb. 8, 1601— brought to trial 
and condemned, Feb. 19— beheaded, Feb. 
25. 
Essex, Robert Devereux, (the son) earl of, 
b. 1596— restored to his title and estates 
byJames I., 1603— marries Lady Frances 
Howard, daughter of the earl of Suffolk, 
and is sent to travel, 1610 — returns, is 
disliked by her, and divorced, 1613 — 
supports the Commons in their resist- 
ance to Charles I., 1641 — is forbidden 
by them to attend the king when he 
leaves London ; is appointed commander 
of their forces, and collects his army at 
Northampton, Sept. 2, 1642— fights the 
battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23— takes Read- 
ing, April 26, 1643— relieves Gloucester, 
Sept. 5 — repulses the king's army in the 



fir9t battle of Newbury, and marches 
towards London, Sept. 20— takes wihter 
quarters at Windsor; refuses to treat 
personally with the royal party, 1644 — 
surrounded at Lostwithiel, in Cornwall, 
escapes by sea, and his men surrender, 
Sept. 1— collects another army and de- 
feats the king in the second battle of 
Newbury, Oct. 27 — the " self-denying 
Ordinance" takes from him the com- 
mand, Dec. 9— d. Sept. 14, 1646— his fu- 
neral attended by both houses of parlia- 
ment. 
Essex, earl of, son of lord Capel. See Ca- 
pel, lord. — Appointed lord-treasurer by 
Charles II., 1679— resigns soon after- 
wards; takes part in Monmouth's con- 
spiracy, 1683 — arrested, found in the 
Tower with his throat cut. 
Esse^, Frances, countess of. See Howard, 

lady Frances. 
Essex, American fri irate, captured by the 
British ships Phoebe and Cherub, March 
29, 1814. 
EssLtNG and Aspern, battle of, Napoleon 
defeated and driven into the isle of Lo- 
bau by the archduke Charles, May 21 
and 22, 1809. 
Establishments. See Louis IX., king of 

France. 
Estaples, the peace of, between Hen. VIL, 
k. of England, and Chas. VIII. of France, 
1492. 
Estcourt, T. G., b. 1775— d. 1853. 
Este, a seignory to the eastward of Man- 
tua, part of the possessions of Albert 
Azzo II., marquis of Lombardy; left by 
him to Fulk, his son by his second mar- 
riage with Garsenda, princess of Maine, 
who takes from it the title of marquis, 
and founds the house of D'Este, 1097. 
Este, Azzo d', VI., son of Obizzo, marries 
Marchesella, daughter ofWm. Adelard 
of Ferrara. See Adelard, Wm. — On 
whose death he takes his place as leader 
of the Guelfs, and founds the influence 
of the family of D'Este in Ferrara, 1196. 
See Azzo VI., VIL, VIII., and Ferrara. 
Este, the marquisate of, conquered by 
Eccelino da Romano, 1249 — recovered by 
Azzo VIL, 1256— he d. 1264— and is suc- 
ceeded by his grandson Obizzo II., who 
is elected perpetual lord of Modena, 1238. 
Este, Fulk d', on the death of his grand- 
father Azzo VIII., is supported by the 
Venetians against pope Clement V., who 
claims Ferrara as a fief of the church, 
1308. See Ferrara.— Nicholas, the pa- 
cificator of Italy, 1433. 
Este, Alfonso d', I., son of Hercules 1., 
duke of Ferrara, marries Anna Sforza, 
sister of Gian Galeazzo, duke of Milan, 
1491 — after her dea*h becomes the fourth 



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286 



ETH 



husband of Lucretia Borgia, daughter 

' of pope Alexander VI., 1502— succeeds 
his father, 1505. See Ferrara. 

Este, Caesar d', on the death of Alfonso II., 
is compelled to give up Ferrara to pope 
Clement VIII., and remains duke of Mo- 
dena, 1598. See Modena. 

Este, sir Augustus Frederic d\ son of the 
duke of Sussex and lady Augusta Mur- 
ray, b. 1794— claims the dukedom of Sus- 
sex, which the House of Lords and 
judges disallow, July 9, 1844— d. 1848. 

Esterhazy, count Valentine, deputed by 
the Austrian court to St. Petersburg, 
opens negotiations with count Nessel- 
rode, Dec. 28, 1855— the terms proposed 
are unconditionally accepted, Jan. 11, 
1856. 

Esther. See Artaxerxes Longimanus. 

Esthonia, sold to the Teutonic knights 
by Waldemar III., k. of Denmark, 1347 
— given up to Sweden, 1561— Poland and 
Russia attempt to take it from Sweden, 
1562 — the Russians are expelled by the 
Swedes, and Stephen Bathori, king of 
Poland, 1579— taken by Peter the Great, 
1710. 

Estrees, D. See D'Estrees, marshal, and 
Gabrielle. 

Estremoz, battle of, the Spaniards under 
don John of Austria defeated by the 
Portuguese commander, the duke of 
Schomberg, 1663. 

Esteith, sister of Canute, married to the 
jarl Ulf, 1024— discarded by Robert, le 
Diable, duke of Normandv, who had mar- 
ried her after the death of Ulf, 1027. 

Ethandune, or Eddington, battle of, Alfred 
defeats the Danes, 878. 

Ethelabd, brother of Ina's queen, Ethel- 
burga, becomes k. of Wessex on Ina's 
resignation, 728— d. 741. 

Ethelbald, grandson of Eawa, brother of 
Penda, persecuted while presumptive 
heir to the throne, takes refuge in the 
hermitage of Guthlac in Croyland, 710 — 
succeeds Ceolred as k. of Mercia, 716 — 
acquires great ascendancy over the other 
kingdoms, invades Northumberland, and 
styles himself king of England, 740— 
Cuthred, k. of Wessex, throws off the 
yoke, 741— defeats him at Burford, 752 — 
Ethelbald slain by Bernred, 755. 

Ethelbald, k. of England, succeeds his 
father Ethelwulf, 856— marries his step- 
mother Judith, 858— is compelled to di- 
vorce her, 859— d. 860. 

Ethelbert. See Ethelred I., king of East 
Anglia. 

Ethelbert, k. of East Anglia, succeeds 
his father Ethelred II., 790— murdered 
by Offa, k. of Mercia, who seizes his 
kingdom, 792. 



Ethelbert, son of Ermenric, becomes k. 
of Kent, on the death of his father, 560 — 
marries Bertha, daughter of Charibert I., 
k. of the Franks — the third Bretwalda, 
594 — receives Augustin and the monks 
favourably, 596— is styled k. of England 
in the epistle of pope Gregory I., 601 — 
uses the title himself in his charters. 605 
— gives his people a code of laws, 606 — 
d. 616. 

Ethelbeet IT., k. of Kent, second son of 
Wictrid, succeeds his brother, Eadbert 
748— d. 760. 

Ethelbeet, k. of England, third son of 
Ethelwulf, succeeds his brother, Ethel- 
bald, 860— d. 866. 

Ethelbeet, archbp. of York, 766— d. 780. 

Ethelbert, bp. of Whitheme, 777. 

Ethelburga, daughter of Ethelbert I., k. 
of Kent, marries Edwin, k. of Northum- 
berland; receives an epistle from pope 
Boniface V., 625 — on the death of her 
husband flees to her brother, Eadbald, 
in Kent, 633. 

Ethelburga. qu. of Ina, k. of Wessex, 
persuades him to resign the crown to her 
brother, Ethelard, and retire to Rome, 
where she accompanies him, 728. 

Ethelburga, daughter of Anna, k. of East 
Anglia, abbess of Faremoustier en Brie, 
about 680. 

Etheldrida, daughter of Anna,k. of East 
Anglia, marries Tonbert, king of the 
Girvii, 659 — and after his death, Egfrid, 
son of Oswy, k. of Northumberland, 660 
— retires into the monastery of Colding- 
ham, 672— founds that of Ely, with the 
minster, and becomes abbess there, 673 
—d. 679. 

Ethelfled, daughter of Alfred the Great, 
marries Ethelred, ealdorman of Mercia, 
who d. 912— she assists her brother, Ed- 
warden governing and fortifying Mercia, 
912— repels the Danes of the Five-burghs, 
and takes Derby, 917 — takes Leicester, 
and York submits to her, 918— d. at Tani- 
worth, 922. See Elfwina. 

Ethelfrid son of Ethelric, k. of Bernicia, 
marries Acca, daughter of JElla, k. of 
Deira, 588— k. of Northumberland, 593 
— defeats the Scots at Degsastan, and the 
Cymri at Caerlegion (Chester), 603 — de- 
feated and slain by Redwald, k. of East 
Anglia, 617. 

Ethelgar, archbp. of Canterbury, 988 — 
d. 990. 

Ethelhere, brother of Anna, succeeds 
him as k. of East Anglia, 654- joins 
Penda, king of Mercia, in war against 
Oswy, k. of Northumberland, and is 
slain in the battle of Winwidfield, 655. 

Ethelm, archbp. of Canterbury, 923 — d 
928. 



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287 



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Ethelsoth. See Edelnoth. 
Ethelred I., or Ethelbert, after the failure 
of Uffa's line, k. of East Anglia, in con- 
junction with Eeorna, 749— d. 758. 
Ethelred II., king of East Anglia, 761— 

790. 
Ethelred, k. of Mercia, third son of Penda, 
marries Ostritha, daughter of Oswy, 
k. of Northumberland, and succeeds his 
brother, Wulf here, on the throne, 675 — 
ravages Kent, and destroys Rochester, 
676 — war with his brother-in-law, Egfrid, 
k. of Northumberland, 679. See Elfwin. 
— Theodore, archbp. of Canterbury, me- 
diates a peace between them, and Egfrid 
restores Lindsey, 680 — Ostritha murder- 
ed by the Southumbrians, 697— Ethelred 
abdicates, and becomes abbot of Bardney, 
704. 
Ethelred, son of Moll Ethelwald, elected 
k. of Northumberland, 774— dethroned 
by Alfwold, 778— restored, 790— married 
to Elfleda, daughter of Offa, k. of Mercia, 
792 — slain by his subjects, 794. 
Ethelred I., k. of England, fourth son of 
Ethelwulf, succeeds his brother, Ethel- 
bert, 866 — besieges the Danes in Not- 
tingham, 868— d. 871. 
Ethelred II., the Unready, k. of England, 
son of Edgar and Elfrida, b. 968 — inhe- 
rits the throne after the assassination of 
his brother, Edward II., the Martyr, 978 
— the Danes renew their depredations, 
979. See Danes. — Ethelred marries 
Elfred, daughter of the ealdorman Tho- 
red, 985— besieges Rochester and fines 
the bishop, 986 — sends an army to at- 
tack Normandy, 990 — it is defeated, and 
peace made ; Ethelred imposes on his 
people the " Danegild" tax, 991 — collects 
a fleet against the Danes and defeats 
them, 992 — concludes a treaty of peace 
with Swein, k. of Denmark, and Olaf, 
k. of Norway, who had attacked London, 
and been repulsed by the citizens, 994. 
See Danes. — Marries Emma, sister of 
Richard II., duke of Normandy. See 
Emma. — Makes a truce with the Danes, 
and pays them tribute, after which he 
orders a general massacre of them in 
England on St. Brice's day, Nov. 13, 1002 
—defeated by them atKennet, he retires 
into Shropshire, and obtains peace by 
paying tribute, 1006 — prepares a fleet 
for the defence of his country, 1008 — his 
fleet is dispersed by a storm ; fresh in- 
cursions of the Danes, 1009 — Thorkill 
enters the service of Ethelred, 1012— 
Swein takes London and the greater 
part of England ; Ethelred and his queen 
withdraw to Normandy, 1013 — he returns 
and drives out Canute, 1014— d. at Lon- 
don. Apr. 23, 1016. 



Ethelric, son of Ida, succeeds in Bernicia ; 
by the marriage of his son, Ethelfrid, 
with Acca, daughter of ^lla, k. of 
Deira, the two kingdoms are united, and 
form that of Northumberland, 588 — 
Ethelric d. 593. 
Ethelstan ; the name taken by Guthrum, 
the Dane, on his conversion to Christi- 
anity, 878 — he divides East Anglia 
among his followers, 880— d. 890. 
Ethelswith, daughter of Ethelwulf, mar- 
ried to Burhred, k. of Mercia, 853— d. at 
Pavia, 874. 
Etheltruda, daughter of Ethelbald, k. of 

Mercia, abbess at Lucca, 785. 
Ethel walch restores the kingdom of Sus- 
sex, 647 — receives the isle of Wight 
from Wulphere, k. of Mercia, 661— slain 
in battle against Caedwalla, k. of Wes- 
sex, g8S. 
Ethelwald, succeeds his brother, Ethel- 
here, as k. of East Anglia, 655— d. of 
the plague, 664. 
Ethelwald, bp. of Lichfield, d. 828. 
Ethelwald, bp. of Lindisfarne, d. 737. 
Ethelwerd, the high-steward, slain at 
Alton, 1001— supposed to be the "Patri- 
cius Fabius Quaestor Ethelwerdus," who 
made a Latin version of the Saxon Chro- 
nicle to the year 975. 
Ethelwold, son of Ethelbald, retires 
among the Danes of Northumberland, 
901 — conducts a Danish fleet to Essex, 
904- slain, 905. 
Ethelwold, bp. of Winchester, promotes 
the Benedictine rule in England, 963— d. 
984. 
Ethelwulf, king of England, son of Eg- 
bert, inherits his father's throne, and 
gives the government of Kent, Essex, 
and Sussex, to his son, Athelstan, 836— 
he is defeated by the Danes at Carrum, 
840— birth of his youngest son, Alfred, 
849— he defeats R6ric at Ockley, in Sur- 
rej, 851— defeats Rotri Mawr (Roderic 
the Great), k. of the Welsh Cymri, and 
penetrates to the isle of Anglesea, 853— 
gives his daughter, Ethelswith, in mar- 
riage to Burhred of Mercia, and sends 
Alfred to Rome, who is anointed k. by 
the pope, 853 — he visits Rome ; remains 
there a year ; restores the Anglo-Saxon 
school, and confirms the Rome-scot, 855 
— visits Charles the Bald, and marries 
his daughter, Judith ; on his return to 
England, Alstan, bp. of Sherbourne, and 
Eanwulf, ealdorman of Somerset, force 
him to resign his crown to his son, 
Ethelbald, 856— d. 858. 
Ethelwulf, the ealdorman, repulses the 

Danes at Winchester, 860. 
Ethiopia, Ptolemy Euergetes extends his 
empire in, b.c. 225. 



EUC 



288 



EUD 



Ethiopians, first settle near Egypt, b.c. 
1615. 

Ethnarch. See Archelaus, son of Herod. 

Etna, Mount. See Eruptions. — Ascended 
by the emperor Hadrian, 126. 

Eton College, founded by Henry VI., 
1441 — Montem, or triennial procession of 
the scholars to Salthill, discontinued, 
1847. 

Etruria, a flourishing State, B.C. 530 — 
makes war on Rome to restore the Tar- 
quins, 508— again, in favour of the Sam- 
nites, 310— defeated, 309— compelled by 
Fabius to make peace, 308— takes the 
Senones into pay, and enters into a new 
league with the Samnites, 298— Gellius 
Egnatius brings in a Samnite army, 
297— victory of the Romans at the Vadi- 
monian lake, 283— a Roman colony plant- 
ed at Cosa, 273— passage of Hannibal, 
217. 

Etruria, the modern kingdom formed out 
of the duchy of Tuscany by Bonaparte, 
and given to Louis, son of the duke of 
Parma, Mar. 21, 1801— Louis d. Oct. 9, 
1803— his widow, Maria Louisa, regent 
for their son, Charles Louis; his lands 
added by Napoleon to the kingdom of 
Italy, Dec. 12, 1807. 

Etruscan vases imitated by Wedgwood, 
1787. 

Etruscans. See Etruria. 

Ettenheim, the duke d'Enghien seized 
by French troops at, Mar. 15, 1804. 

Etty, William, R.A., b. 1787— d. 1849. 

Eujenetus, Athenian archon, B.C. 335. 

Euarestus, bp. of Rome, 100-109. 

Eubatos, Olympic victor, B.C. 408. 

Eubcea, revolt of, suppressed by Pericles, 
b.c. 445— revolts again, 411- the Atheni- 
ans send an expedition against, under 
Timotheus, 358 — recovered by the Athe- 
nians, 357— the Athenians, under Pho- 
cion, victorious at Tamynse, 350— con- 
quered by Philip of Macedon, 347. See 
Chalcis, and Negropont. 

Eubotas, Olympic victor, B.C. 364. 

Eubulides, Athenian archon, B.C. 394. 

Eubulus, poet of the middle comedy, fl. 
B.C. 375. 

Eubulus, a leading orator at Athens, pro- 
motes the alliance with Thebes, 362— 
persuades the Athenians to recognise 
the independence of the confederated 
States, and terminate the social war, 355 
— opposes Demosthenes, 349— archon of 
Athens, 345— d. about 332. 

Eucharist, controversy on, among the 
Reformers, 1524. 

Eucharistus, Athenian archon, B.C. 359. 

Eucherius, son of Stilicho, slain, 408 

Eucherius, bp. of Lyons, 450. 

Eucherius, Fl., consul of Rome, 381. 



Euclides, Athenian archon, 2 c. 427 (403 
C.,402 H.) 

Euclides, the mathematician, fl. at xilez- 
andria, B.C. 300. 

Eucrates, Athenian archon, b,c. 592. 

Eucratidks I. and II. See Bactkia. 

Euctkmon-, Athenian archon, B.C. 408 — 
another, 299. 

Eudamidas I., Proclidan k. of Laced a^mon, 
succeeds his father, Agis III., B.C. 331. 

Eudamidas II., Proclidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
B.C. 268. 

Eudemus, k. of Corinth, B.C. 859. 

Eudemus, Athenian archon, B.C. 353. 

Eudes, count of Paris, defends the city 
against the Danes, 886 — elected k. of 
France, 888 — Charles IV., the Simple, 
proclaimed in opposition to him — driven 
by him into Germany, 892 — he relin- 
quishes the eastern province of France 
to Charles, and recognises his title, 896 
— d. 898. 

Eudes, duke of Aquitaine, 717 — defeats 
and slays the Saracen, Zama, in the battle 
of Toulouse, 721 — prevents the Saracens 
passing theRhone,725— gives his daugh- 
ter in marriage to Munusa, a Saracen 
chief, and enters into a league with him, 
730 — defeated at Aries and Bordeaux, 
731 — unites with Charles Martel, defeats 
the Saracens, and expels them from Aqui- 
taine, 732— d. 735. 

Eudes, count of Champagne, on the decease 
of his uncle, Rudolf III., claims Bur- 
gundy, but is conquered by the emperor 
Conrad II., 1034— seizes Bar-le-Duc; is 
defeated and slain byGonthelon, duke of 
Lorraine, Sept. 17,1037. 

Eudocia, daughter of the Frank, Bauto, 
married to the emperor Arcadius, 395 — 
favours the enemies of Chrysostom, 403 
—d. Oct. 6, 404. 

Eudocia, wife of the emperor Heraclius I., 
d. 612. 

Eudocia, their daughter. See Epiphania. 

Eudocia, Makremvolitissa, the widow of 
Constantine XIII. Ducas, emperor of the 
East, regent during the minority of her 
son, Michael VII., 1067 — compelled to 
take the veil, 1071— d. 1096. 

Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III., 
taken at Rome by Genseric, and carried 
to Africa, 455 — married to his son, Hun- 
neric, 462. 

Eudoxia, see Athenais — married to Theo- 
dosins II., 421 — proclaimed Augusta, 423 
— cultivates literature, writes poetical 
paraphrases of scripture, andother works, 
425— performs a pilgrimage to Jerusa- 
lem, 438 — fixes her residence there, 444 
—d. Oct. 30, 460. 

Eudoxia, daughter of Theodosius II. .mar- 
ried to Valentinian. III., at Constanti- 



EUG 



289 



EUG 



nople,437 — compelled to marry Maximus, 
and is carried from Rome by Genseric, 
455 — restored by him, 462. 

Eudoxius. See Antioch and Constan- 
tinople, bishops of. 

Eudoxius, consul of Rome, 442. 

Eudoxus, of Cnidus, connects geography 
and astronomy, B.C. 360. 

Euergetes. See Ptolemy IIT.,k. of Egypt; 
and Antiochus VI., k. of Syria. 

Eugamon, the poet, fl. at Syracuse, b.c. 
566. 

Eugene Francis, prince of Savoy, son of 
Eugene Maurice of Savoy, count of 
Soissons, b. Oct. 18, 1663 — takes the 
command of the imperial army in 
Hungary, and defeats the Turks at 
Zenta, Sept. 11, n.s. 1697 — sent by the 
emperor Leopold I. with an army into 
Italy ; defeats the French generals, 
Catiuat, at Carpi, July 9 ; and Villeroi, 
at Chiari, Sept. 1, 1701— surprises Cre- 
mona, and takes Villeroi prisoner, Feb. 
1; is obliged, by the duke de Vendome, 
to raise the siege of Mantua, Aug. 1, 
1702 — co-operates with Marlborough in 
Germany, and assists him at the battle 
of Blenheim, 1704 — takes the command 
again in Italy, 1705— joins the duke of 
Savoy in Aug., gains the battle of Turin, 
Sept. 7 ; and drives the French out of 
Italy, 1706 — invades Provence, 1707— 
conference with Marlborough at tne 
Hague : acts with him in Flanders, and 
is wounded at the siege of Lisle, Sept. 
21, 1708 — they collect their forces at 
Lisle, June IS; take Tournay, July 30 ; 
defeat Villars and Boufflers at Malpla- 
quet, Sept. 11 ; Mons surrenders to them, 
Oct, 21, 1709— take Montaigne, April 18, 
1710 — he arrives in London, and endea- 
vours, without success, to persuade the 
queen not to negotiate for peace, Jan. 5, 
1712 — leaves England, Feb. 13 — besieges 
Landrecy, July 16 ; a detachment of his 
army, under lord Albemarle, completely 
defeated by Villars, at Denain, July 24 ; 
he loses Marchiennes, 31; raises the 
siege of Landrecy, Aug. 21 ; he begins 
to negotiate for peace atRastadt,Nov. 28, 
1713 — concludes the treaty, Mar. 6, 1714 
— defeats the Turks at Peterwaradin, 
Aug. 5, 1715 ; and takes Temeswar, Oct. 
13: again defeats them, Aug. 16, 1717; 
and takes Belgrade, 22 ; he takes the 
command, to oppose the French on the 
Rhine— retires from active service, 1734 
— d. 1736. 
Eugenie Adelaide Louise, sister of Louis 

Phidppe, b. 1776— d. Dec. 31, 1847. 
Eugenius, a rhetorician, set upas emperor, 
by Arbogastes, 392 — defeat and death of, 
Sept. 6,394. 



Eugenius revolts at Antioch, and is sup- 
pressed by the inhabitants, 303. 

Eugenius I., pope, elected on the impri- 
sonment of Martin I., 654 — consecrated, 
655— d. June, 657. 

Eugenius II., pope, 824-827. 

Eugenius III., pope, Bernard, abbot of St. 
Anastasius, elected, Feb. 27, 1145 — he 
withdraws from Rome ; after some 
months, quiets the people and returns ; 
again leaves Rome, employs the abbot, 
Bernard of Clairvaux, to preach another 
crusade, 1146— urges the undertaking, 
1147 — establishes himself in Rome, 1149 
— is again driven out, 1150— Bernard de- 
dicates to him his five books, "De Con- 
sideratione," 1150 — returns to Rome, 1152 
—d. July 7, 1153. 

Eugenius IV., pope, cardinal Gabriello d , i 
Corfdolmieri, elected March 3. 1431— de- 
prives the Colonna family of their of- 
fices, and patronizes the Orsini, 1431 — 
the council at Basle assembles. See 
Basle. — He refuses the imperial crown 
to Sigismund, 1432 — confirms the March 
of Ancona to Francesco Sforza for life, 
and appoints him gonfalonier of the 
church, 1434 — Rome taken by Forte- 
braccio ; Eugenius escapes in disguise, 
and retires to Florence, 1434 — asserts 
his claim to Naples, and supports it with 
an army ; the duke of Milan and Alfonso 
of Aragon league against him, 1435 — 
invited to return to Rome ; fixes his re- 
sidence at Bologna, 1436 — summoned to 
appear before the council and answer 
various charges brought against him ; 
he answers by a Bull, dissolving the 
council, and calling another at Ferrara, 
where he invites the Greek emperor, 
John VI., to attend, and arrange for the 
union of the two churches, 1437— the coun- 
cil of Basle continues, declares Eugenius 
contumacious, and decrees the suspension 
of his authority, 1438 — the council of 
Ferrara opened, Jan. 8, by cardinal Ni- 
cholas Albergati ; the pope arrives there, 
Jan. 27, 1438— the Pragmatic Sanction of 
Bourges declares the pope subordinate 
to a general council, and annuls his fiscal 
rights in France, 1438 — Eugenius re- 
moves his council from Ferrara to Flo- 
rence, where an ostensible union of the 
Latin and Greek churches is signed, 
July 6, 1439 — the council of Basle de- 
poses Eugenius, June 25 ; and renews the 
schism of the church, by electing Ama- 
deus of Savoy (Felix V.), 1439 — he leaves 
Florence, and fixes his residence again 
in Rome ; acknowledges Alfonso, king of 
Naples, and employs him to recover the 
March of Ancona for him, from Fran- 
cesco Sforza, 1443 — he deposes the arch- 
u 



EUM 



290 



EUP 



bishops of Cologne and Treves, for their 
adherence to the council of Basle, 1445 — 
the electors of Germany, assembled at 
Frankfort, threaten to declare for Felix 
V., unless Eugenius restores the deposed 
archbishops, and acknowledges the liber- 
ties of their national church, 1446 — by 
the advice of -.Eneas Sylvius, Eugenius 
assents, by a Concordat, to the demands 
of the German electors ; soon after which 
he d., Feb. 23, 1447. 

Eugenius, bp. of Carthage, defends the 
Athanasian faith at the meeting of the 
bishops there, 484— d. 505. 

Eugenius, a general of the emperor Anas- 
tasius I., repels an invasion of the Sara- 
cens in Syria, 497. 

Eugubine Tables discovered, 1440. 

Eugubium, a town of the Umbri, conquered 
by the Romans, b.c. 320. See Gubbio. 

Euhippus, Athenian archon, b.c. 461. See 
Euthippus, 463 H. 

Euljeus, rules in Egypt for Ptolemy Phi- 
lometor, makes war on Antiochus Epi- 
phanes, k. of Syria, and is defeated near 
lake Sirbonis, b.c. 173. 

Ettlalius, bp. of Antioch, 329. 

Eulee, Leonard, b. 1707— d. 1783. 

Eulogius. See Alexandria, bishops of. 

Eumelus. See Bosporus. 

Eumelus, a Corinthian poet, fl. B.C. 761. 

Eumenes 1., k. of Pergamus, B.C. 263— 
collects his library, and invents parch- 
ment; defeats Antiochus Soter near 
Sardis, and adds .iEolis to his domi- 
nions, 263— conquers some of the western 
provinces of Syria, 242 — d. 241. 

Eumenes II., k. of Pergamus, B.C. 197— 
maintains the alliance with Rome, 191 — 
his fleet, in concert with that of Rome, 
destroys the Syrian navy, 191 — receives 
a large addition of territory, 188— at- 
tacked by Prusias I., k. of Bithynia, 184 
— honourably received at Rome ; on his 
return he is attacked by assassins near 
Delphi, 172— begins to treat with An- 
tiochus Epiphanes, 170— d. 159. 

Eumenes, one of Alexander's officers, oc- 
cupies part of Asia Minor, B.C. 323— Cra- 
terus makes war on him, 321 — defeated 
by Antigonus, 320— besieged by him in 
Nora, 319 — escapes, and is assisted by 
Mithridates of Pontus, 318 — defeats 
Antigonus while pursuiug him, 316 — 
finally overcome and slain, 315. 

Eumknes. See Alexandria, bishops of. 

Eumenius, professor of rhetoric at Au- 
gustodunum (Autun), 297— offers to re- 
linquish his salary for the repair of 
the schools, 299. See Autun. 

Eumer, a West Saxon, attempts to assas- 
sinate Edwin, king of Northumberland, 
626. 



Eumolpus brings the Eleusinian mysteries 
to Athens, b.c. 1356. 

Eunapius. b. 346 — studies at Athens, 362 — 
writes the life of Maximus, 395— ends 
his History, 404. 

Euneus, k. of Sicyon, B.C. 1122. Doubtful. 

Eunoius of Csesarea, fl. 367. 

"EuNOMrA" discovered by De Gasparis, 
July 29, 1851. 

Eunomians, violent edicts against, by the 
young emperor Arcadius, dated C. P. 
March 13 and 29, by which they are for- 
bidden to appoint bishops, and declared 
incapable of making wills or inheriting 
property, 395. 

Eunomius, a native of Cadora, at the foot 
of Mount Argseus, between Cappadocia 
and Cilicia, is instructed by Aetius, 353 
— writes in defence of his doctrines, 
which Basilius, Gregory of Naz., and 
Gregory of Nyssa oppose, 372— d. in ex- 
ile at his native village. 

Eunomus or Polydectes, Proclidan king of 
Lacedsemon, B.C. 926 — 881. 

Euodius, consul of Rome, 386. 

Eupales, k. of Nineveh or Assyria, b.c 
1044. 

Eupator. See Antiochus V., k. of Syria. 

Eupatoria surrenders to Lucullus, b.c. 71 
— capture of, by the allies, Sept. 14, 1854 
— repulse of the Russian attack on, Feb. 
17, 1855. 

Euphantus of Olynthus, historian, fl. b.c. 
246. 

Euphemius. See Constantinople, bishops 
of. 

Euphemius introduces the Saracens of 
Africa into Sicily, 827. 

Euphemus, Athenian archon, B.C. 417. 

Euphorion, son of iEschylus, gains the 
first prize for tragedy against Euripides 
and Sophocles, b.c. 431. 

Euphorion, the poet, b. at Chalcis, B.c 
274 — librarian to Antiochus the Great, 
221. 

Euphrasius. See Antioch, bishops of. 

Euphrates, crossed by an expedition of 
Ashurakbal, B.C. 930, La. — by Alex- 
ander, at Thapsacus, 331 — by Trajan, 
a.d. 116 — Hadrian makes it the limit of 
his dominions in the East, 117 — crossed 
by Sept. Severus, 195 — by Galerius, 298 
— Ursicinus commands the army of Con- 
stantius II. on its banks, 353 — crossed 
by Julian, 363 — Belisarius compels the 
Persians to recross, 542 — crossed by 
Chosroes, 607 — by Heraclius, 625— by 
the Mohammedans, 636 — by John Zimi- 
sces, 974— by the Carismians, 1232 — ex- 
plored by British steamers, 1838. 

Euphrates, stoic philosopher, quarrels 
with Apollonius of Tyana, 69— d. 119. 

Euphronius. See Antioch, bishops o£. 



EUS 



291 



EUS 



" Euphrosyne," the planet discovered by 

Ferguson, Sept. 1, 1854. 
Eupolemus, Olympic victor, B.C. 396. 
Euric, k. of the Visigoths, son of Theodoric 
I., obtains the throne by murdering his 
brother Theodoric II., and conquers a 
large part of Spain, 466 — completes its 
conquest, 469 — takes Aries and Mar- 
seilles ; defeats Riothamar, the Breton 
chief; his progress in Auvergne is 
checked by Ecdicius, 470 — Epiphanius 
negotiates between him and Nepos ; Au- 
vergne is ceded to him, 474 — Odoacer 
relinquishes all beyond the Alps to him, 
478— d. 485. 

Euripides, i. at Salamis, B.C. 480— pro- 
duces his first tragedy, the " Peliades," 
455 — gains the highest prize in tragedy, 
441 — his "Medea." and "Philoctetes" 
appear. 431 — "Palamedes," "Troades," 
and " Sisyphus " appear, 415 — " Andro- 
meda," 412 — "Orestes," 408-d. 406— 
a bronze statue erected to him, 337. 

Europe, first entered by the Persians 
under Darius, B.C. 507 — ravaged by the 
great plague, a.d. 542, and many suc- 
ceeding years — first permanent settle- 
ment of the Turks in, 1343 — again visited 
by the plague, 1348. 

Eukops, king of Sicyon, B.C. 2038 (1777 C.) 

Eubybus, Olympic victor, B.C. 672. 

Eurycles, Olympic victor, B.C. 592. 

Euryclidas, Olympic victor, B.C. 632. 

Eurycratks I., Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
B.C. 709—676. 

Eurycrates II., Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
B.C. 637—593. 

Eurydamidas, Agidan k. of Lacedsemon, 
B.C. 240. 

Eurydice, widow of Amyntas II., king of 
Macedon, obtains the protection of the 
Athenian general Iphicrates for herself 
and her two youngest sons, Perdiccas 
and Philip, B.C. 365. 

Eurymedon, a river of Pamphylia, near 
which Cimon gains the victories which 
close the war between Greece and Persia, 
b.c. 466. 

Eurymedon, an Athenian general, conveys 
supplies to his countrymen, who are be- 
sieging Syracuse, b.c. 414. 

Eurypon, Proclidan k. of Lacedsemon, B.C. 
1028—975. 

Eurysthenes, first Agidan k. of Lacedse- 
mon, b.c. 1096—1059. 

Eurysthus, son of Sthenelus, recovers 
Mycense, B.C. 1274 (1258 C) 

Eurytus, a Pythagorean philosopher of 
Magna Grsecia, visited by Plato, b.c. 395. 

Euryxidas, Olympic victor, b.c. 532 

Eusden, Laurence, poet laureate, 1718 — d. 
1730. 

Eusebia, married to the emperor Constan- 



tius II., 353— saves the life of Julian, 354 
— persuades her husband to create him 
Csesar. 355 — Julian's encomium on, 357 
— d. 360. 

Eusebius, consul of Rome, 311, uncertain — 
others, 347, and 489— II., 493. 

Eusebius, Flavius, brother of the empress 
Eusebia, consul of Rome, 359. 

Eusebius, bp. of Rome, 310, 

Eusebius, bp. of Csesarea, b. about 275 — 
teaches at Csesarea, 306 — imprisoned, 307 
— made bp. and writes in defence of Ori- 
gen, 308— supports the doctrines of Arius, 
316 — ends his Chronicle and completes 
his Hist. Ecc, 325— publishes his Hist. 
Ecc. 326— his Life of Constantine, 337— tf. 
340. 

Eusebius, bp. of Dorylseum, deposed, 449 
— restored, 451. 

Eusebius, bp. of Emesa, writes his Com- 
mentaries, 347. 

Eusebius, bp. of Nicomedia, supports the 
doctrines of Arius, 316— baptizes Con- 
stantine, 337 — appointed bp. of Constan- 
tinople, 340— d. 342. 

Eustace, St., battle of, the Canadian re- 
bels defeated, Dec. 19, 1837. 

Eustace, earl of Boulogne, marries Goda, 
sister of Edward the Confessor ; on his 
return to France an affray takes place 
between his retinue and the people of 
Dover, 1051 — marries afterwards Ida, 
sister of Godfrey IV., duke of Lorraine. 
See Godfrey de Bouillon. 

Eustace, count of Boulogne, the son, joins 
the rebellion of bp. Odo against Wm. 
Rufus, 1088 — accompanies his brother, 
Godfrey de Bouillon, to the crusade, 1096. 

Eustace, son of Stephen, k. of England, 
d. 1153. 

Eustace de St. Pierre and five other 
citizens of Calais saved by the inter- 
cession of Philippa and the Black Prince, 
1347. 

Eustasius, the Greek catapan, defeated 
at Trani by the Normans, 1046. 

Eustathius, bp. of Bercea, writes against 
the Arians, 324 — elected bp. of Antioch, 
325— deposed by the Arians, 328. 

Eustathius, consul of Rome, 421. 

Eustathius of Syria, writes his History, 
from 479 till his death, 503. 

Eustathius. See Jerusalem, bishops of. 

Eustathius. See Constantinople, bi- 
shops of. 

Eustathius writes Commentaries on Ho- 
mer and Dionysius Periegeta, 1155. 

Eustatia, St;, island of, acquired by the 
Dutch, 1632 — taken by adm. Rodney, 
Feb. 2, 1781— recovered by the French, 
Nov. 20 — claims for private property 
seized there allowed by the privy coun- 
cil, May 26, 1791— captured by the En* 
u 2 



EVA 



292 



EXA 



glish, Apr. 21, 1801— restored to the 
Dutch, 1814. 

EUSTRATUS GARIDAS. Sft6 CONSTANTI- 
NOPLE, bishops of. 

Eutaw Springs, battle of, gained by gen. 
Arnold over the Americans, Sept. 8, 
1781. 
"Euterpe," the planet, discovered by 
Hind, Nov. 8, 1853. 

Eutharic, of the Amali race, married to 
Amalasontha, daughter of Theodoric, k. 
of Italy, 515— d. and leaves a son, Atha- 
luric, 523. 

Eutharious, consul of Rome, 519. 

EUTHIPPUS, Athenian archon, B.C. 463 II. 
See Euhippus, 461 C. 

Euthycritus, Athenian archon, B.C. 328. 

Euthydemus. See Bactria. 

Euthydemus, Athenian archon, B.C. 556— 
others, 450, 431, 426. 

Euthymenes, Athenian archon, B.C. 437. 

Euthymius I. and II. See Constanti- 
nople, bishops of. 

Eutropius, consul of Rome, 387. 

Eutropius, the eunuch, supplants Rufinus 
in the confidence of the emperor Arca- 
dius, 395— oppresses the East by his 
avarice, 396— consul of Rome ; disgraced ; 
saved by Chrysostom from the fury of 
the people ; banished toCyprus; recalled, 
and beheaded at Chalcedon, 399. 

Eutropius begins to write his History, 
3(S2— concludes it, and dedicates it to 
Valens, 364. 

Eutropius, father of Constantius Chlorus. 
See Claudia. 

Eutyciies publishes his heresy, 447 — con- 
demned by a synod at Constantinople, 
448— and by a council, 449. 

Eutychianus, consul of Rome, 398. 

Eutyciiianus, bp. of Rome, 275-2S3. 

Eutychius, exarch of Ravenna, 711— re- 
called, 713 — reinstated, 72S — Ravenna 
restored to him by Llutprand, 729 — con- 
quered by ABtolfo, k. of Lombardy, 752. 

Eutychius. See Constantinople, bishops 
of. 

Eutychius. See Jerusalem, bishops of. 

Euxenmtus, Athenian archon, B.C. 305. 

Euxine and PROPONTI8, Milesian colonies 
planted on the shores of the, B.C. 750 — 
Darius penetrates into Europe on its 
northern side, 507— the Goths fit out 
naval armaments and take Trebizond, 
a.d. 258 — crossed by Heraclius, 623. See 
Black Sea. 

Euzoius. See Antioch, bishops of. 

Euzoius, bp.'of Caesarea, succeeded by 
Gelasius, 381. 

Cvagoras. k. of Cyprus, receives Conon 
after the battle of JKgospotamos, b.c. 
405 — assists the Athenians at Cnidus, 
394_is assisted by them, 390— Chabrias 



sent with an army to assist aim, 388— 
repulses the Persians in a naval battle, 
385— hard pressed by them, 380— con- 
cludes a peace, 376— d. 374. 
Evagrius, a Nicenian, contends with De- 
mophilus, an Arian, for the bishopric of 
Constantinople, 370. 
Evagkius, b. 525 — taken by his parents 
from Antioch to Apamea, 540 — studies 
at Antioch, 542— concludes and pub- 
lishes his History, 593. 
Eva Maria (Violetti), b. 1723— widow of 

David Garrick, d. 1822. 
Evander, Olympic victor, B.C. 524. 
Evander, Athenian archon, B.C. 382 C. 
Evander, succeeds Lacydes as president 

of the Academy, B.C. 215. 
E vans, sir De Lacy, ft. 1787— raises a British 
auxiliary legion to serve in Spain against 
the Carlists, 1835— returns from Spain, 
June 20, 1837 — serves before Sebastopol, 
but is compelled by ill-health and ex- 
haustion to resign his command, Nov. 
11, 1854 — receives in his place the thanks 
of the Commons for his services, Feb. 2, 
1855. 
Evelyn, John, b. 1620— d. 1706. 
Everett, Edward, the American, b. 1794 
— the degree of D.C.L. conferred on, at 
Oxford, June 28, 1843. 
Evesham, battle of; De Montfort, earl of 
Leicester, and the barons defeated by 
prince Edward, Aug. 4, 1265. 
Evil May-day riots in London, 1517. 
Evilmerodach, or Elvarudam, king of 

Babylon, B.C. 563-559. 
Evora, taken by Alfonso I., k. of Portugal, 
1166 — the parliament of, restricts the 
privileges of the Portuguese nobility, 
1481— conspiracy to reverse its orders, 
148.1. See. Bbaganza, duke of.— Taken 
by Don John of Austria, 1663. 
Ewen, colonel, removes k. Charles I. to 

Hurst castle, 1648. 
EXAGINBTUS, Olympic victor, B.C. 416. 
Exarchs of Ravenna, governors of Italy, 
appointed by the emperors of the East, 
after its re-conquest by Belisarius and 
N arses : 
Longinus, 568 — 584. 
Smaragdus, 584—590. 
Romanus, 590 — 597. 
Callinicus, 597—602. 
Smaragdus— restored, 602 — 611. 
Joannes Lemigius, 611 — 616 
Eleutherius, 616-619. 
Isaac, 619—638. 
Plato, 638-648. 
Theodorus, 648. 
Olympins, 649— 652. 
Theodorus— restored, 652 — 666 
Gregory, 666—678. 
Theodorus II., 678- 587, 



EXC 



293 



EXE 



Joannes Plato, 687—702. 
Theophylactus, 702-710. 
Joannes Rizocopus, 710. 
Eutychius, 710—713. 
Scholasticus, 713—727. 
Paul, 727. 

Eutychius, restored, 727 — overcome by 
the Lombards, 752. 
Excelmans, marshal, d. 1852. 
Exchange, bills of, invented by the Lom- 
bard merchants, 750. See Bills. 
Exchange, Royal. See Royal Exchange. 
Exchequer bills, issued to relieve mer- 
cantile embarrassments, April 25, 1793 — 
embezzled — see Aslett — advanced for 
the completion of the Thames tunnel, 
Mar. 3, 1835 — forged by Beaumont Smith 
to the amount of £350,000, 1841. 
Exchequer, chancellor of the, an officer 
originally judicial, of Avhom the first was 
Eustace de Falconbridge, bp. of London, 
tump. Hen. III., 1221— becomes afterwards 
of political importance, as manager of 
the finances and often ministerial leader 
of the House of Commons ; the most 
noted are : 

Robert Walpole 1715 

Mr, Sandys 1742 

Henry Pelham 1744 

Henry Bilson Legge 1754 

Lord Barrington 1761 

Mr. Dowdeswell 1765 

CharLes Townshend 1766 

Lord North 1767 

Lord John Cavendish 1782 

William Pitt 17S2 

Lord John Cavendish, again 1783 

Wm. VM,Premier 1783 

Henry Addington 1801 

Wm. Pitt, third time 1804 

Lord Henry Petty, now marquis of 

Lansdowne 1806 

Spencer Perceval 1807 

Nicholas Vansittart 1812 

Fred. John Robinson 1823 

George Canning 1827 

Mr. Herries 1827 

Henry Goulbourn 1828 

Lord Althorpe 1830 

Sir Robert Peel 1834 

Spring Rice 1835 

H. Goulbourn 1841 

Charles Wood 1846 

B. D'Israeli 1852 

Mr. Gladstone 1852 

Sir F. Cornewall Lewis 1855 

Exchequer, Court of, in the division made 
of the King's Court — see Common Pleas, 
Court of — receives power to decide in all 
matters relating to the public revenue ; 
the limits of its jurisdiction defined by 
Edward I., 1285; its judges are styled 
barons ; few among its chiefs have been 



eminent men; the following are them<st 
known : 

Sir James Eyre 17S7 

Sir Archibald Macdonald 1793 

Sir Vicary Gibbs 1813 

Sir Alexander Thompson 1814 

Sir Richard Richards 1817 

Sir Willi am Alexander 1824 

Lord Lyndhurst 1831 

Sir Jas. Scarlett, lord Abinger... 1835 
Sir Fred. Pollock 1844 

Excise, devised by the Long Parliament, 
1643— a new law proposed to the Com- 
mons, March 14, 1733 — violent opposition 
to the measure ; petition of the city of 
London against it, April 11 ; the project 
abandoned by sir R. Walpole — duties on 
fur and leather remitted, Feb. 15, 1830. 

Excise office, built on the original site of 
Gresham College, 1774 — sold by govern- 
ment, May 12, 1853. 

Exclusion bill, to shut out James, duke 
of York, from the throne. See Bill. — 
Introduced a second time, and parlia- 
ment dissolved to get rid of it, 1681. 

Executions, the dates of the most noted 
may be found in this Index, by referring 
to the names of those who have under- 
gone the punishment. 

Executive Committee of the second French 
republic established, May 10, 1848. 

Exeter, called Uxella by the Romans, re- 
ceives its present name from the Saxons, 
at an uncertain period ; taken by the 
Danes, 876 — fresh bands arrive ; Alfred 
makes a treaty of peace with them, and 
they retire, 877 — he compels them to 
raise the siege, 894 — Athelstan turns out 
the British inhabitants, and fortifies the 
city, 938 — plundered by Swein, 1003 — 
the bishopric erected by Edward the, 
Confessor, 1049 — Baldwin de Redvers 
holds out in, but he is brought to terms 
by k. Stephen, 1136 — besieged by Perkin 
Warbeck, 1497 — by the Devonshire in- 
surgents, 1549 — taken by the royalists, 
1643— Henrietta, the daughter of Charles 
I., bom there, June 16, 1644 — the city re- 
taken by Fairfax, 1646 — William, prince 
of Orange, arrives at, Nov. 8, 1688 — rail- 
way from Bristol opened, May 4, 1844 ; to 
Plymouth, May 29, 1846 ; to Crediton, 
1851. 

Exeter College, Oxford, founded by Wal- 
ter Stapleton, bp. of Exeter, 1314. 

Exeter Change built by him, 1316— taken 
down, 1829. 

Exeter Hall built, 1830. 

Exeter, marquis of, beheaded, 1538. 

Exeter, marquis of, visited by queen Vic- 
toria, at Burleigh House, Nov. 12, 1844. 

Exeter, Henry Philpotts, bp. of. See 
Gorham. 



FAB 



294 



FAB 



Exhibition, the Great, projected, Aug. 23, 
1849— royal commission issued to prepare 
for it, Jan. 3, 1850— dinner at the Man- 
sion House to prince Albert and its pro- 
moters, March 21 ; opened by the queen 
in state, May 1, 1851— the queen and 
prince Albert attend a festival to cele- 
brate the exhibition, July 9; the exhi- 
bition closed, Oct. 11. 

at Calcutta, Jan. 25, 1855. 

at Cork, opened June 10, 1852. 

at Dublin, opened May 12, 1853; 

closed, Oct. 31. 

at Manchester, 1857. 

at New York, July 15, 1853. 

at Paris, May 15, 1855; closed, Nov. 

15. 

Extlles, battle of; the chevalier de Belle- 
isle defeated and slain by Charles Ema- 
nuel, k. of Sardinia, July 8, 1747. 

Exmouth, viscount. See Pellew, Edw. — 
Bombards Algiers, and brings the dey to 
submission, Aug. 27, 1816-d. 1833. 

Exodus. See Israelites. 

Ex officio informations against "William 
Hone and others, used to repress the 
discontent of the people, 1817-19. 

Expenditure, public, reduced by the duke 
of Wellington's government, Feb. 15, 
1830— by lord Althorpe, Feb. 11, 1831. 

" Exposition of faith." See Ecthesis. 

Extents in aid restricted, 1822. 

Extricatus, S. Messius, consul of Rome 
217. 

Exuperius educates the two sons of Con- 
stantine's brother, Dalmatius, who are 
afterwards raised to the dignity of 
Caesars, 330. 

Eyck, Hubert and John Van, masters of the 
earlv Flemish school, invent painting in 
oil, i425. 

Eyder— the river, see Danawerk — united 
to the Baltic by the canal of Kiel, 1785. 

Eylau, battle of; the Prussians and Rus- 
sians defeated by Napoleon I., Feb. 8, 
1807. 

Ezekif.l, prophesies, b.c. 594. 

Ezra returns from Persia to Jerusalem, 
B.C. 458 



F 



Faber, G. S., b. 1774- d. 1854. 

Fabian, bp. of Rome, 236— martyred, 256. 

Fabianico, Dominico, doge of Venice, 1032 
-1043. 

Fabianus, L. Annius, consul of Rome, 201. 

Fabii, the, secede from the patrician order, 
join the Plebes, leave Rome and take up 
a position near the Cremera, b.c. 478 — are 
surprised and slain by the Veientes, 477. 



Fabius, Q. Maximus Rullianus, master 
of the horse, gains a victory over the 
Samnites, in the absence of the dictator 
Papirius Cursor, and contrary to his or- 
ders, fox which he is threatened with 
capital punishment, B.C. 325 — consul of 
Rome; reduces the Samnites to great dif- 
ficulties by his victories, 322 — dictator ; 
defeated at Lautulae, 315 — consul II., 310 
— consul III. ; compels the Etruscans to 
make peace, 308 — dictator II., 301 — con- 
sul IV., 297— consul V. ; gains the great 
victory at Sentinum over the Samnites, 
295" — repairs the defeat of his son, and 
completes the conquest of Samnium, for 
which he has a triumph, 292. 

Fabius, Q. Gurges, son of Rullianus, consul 
of Rome, sustains a defeat from the Sam- 
nites, which his father retrieves, b.c 
292. 

Fabius, C, receives the name of Pictor, 
for a painting in the Temple of Salus, 
B.C. 311. 

Fabius, C, Pictor, consul of Rome, B.C. 
269. 

Fabius, Numerianus Pictor, consul of 
Rome, b.c 266. 

Fabius, Q. Pictor, the historian, serves in 
the war against the Keltae, b.c. 225— sent 
to consult the oracle of Delphi, after the 
battle of Cannae, 216. 

Fabius, Q.Maximus Verrucosus (Cuvctator), 
one of the Roman Augurs, B.C. 265 — con- 
sul, 233— celebrates a triumph for his 
victories over the Ligurians, 232 — cen- 
sor, 230— consul II., 228 — dictator, 217— 
avoids a battle with Hannibal, 216 — 
keeps him in check, 215 — consul IV., 214 
— consul V.; recovers Campania, 213 — 
consul VI. ; retakes Tarentum, 209— d. 
203. 

Fabius, Q. Maximus Servilianus, consul of 
Rome, conducts the war in Spain against 
Viriathus, B.C. 142 — concludes a peace, 
which the senate refuses to ratify, 
141. 

Fabius, Q. Maximus Allobrogicus, consul 
of Rome, defeats the Arverni and Allo- 
broges, b.c. 121. See Bituitus. 

Fabius. See ^Emilianus, Ambustus, Dobso, 
Vibulanus. 

Fabius, bp. of Antioch, 250. 

Fables. See iEsop, Phjedrus, Pilpay, 
Mandeville, Lafontaine, Gellert, 
Krummacher. 

Fabre d'Eglantine, guillotined during 
the Reign of Terror, April 5, 1794. 

Fabriciato, Giovanni, master of the mili- 
tary at Venice, 741. 

Fabricius, John Albert, b. 1668— d. 1736. 

Fabricius, the naturalist, pupil of Lin- 
naeus, b. 1742— d. 1807. 

Fabyan, the English Chronicler, d. 1512. 



FAI 



295 



FAL 



Facchinetti, John Antony. See Inno- 
cent IX., pope. 
Factories, employment of children in, re- 
gulated by Act 3 and 4 Will. IV., c. 103, 
1833— by a law in France, 1841. 
Facundus, consul of Kome, 336. 
Facundus, bp. of Hermia, writes in defence 

of the " Three Chapters," 545. 
Faenza recovered by the emperor Frederic 
II. from the Venetians, 1240— subject to 
the Bolognese by the treachery of Tibal- 
dello di Zambrasi, 1280 — captured by 
Caesar Borgia, 1501— seized by Venice, 
1504— taken by the French, 1512. 
F^sul^ surrenders to Belisarius, 539. 
Fagel, Francis, b. 1659— d. 1746. 
Fagel, gen., commands the Dutch auxi- 
liary force in Spain, 1704. 
Fagg, sir John, a member of the Com- 
mons, by his chancery suit with Dr. 
Shirley causes violent disputes between 
the Lords and Commons, 1675 
Faggiuola, Uguccione daha, defeats 
Philip and Peter, brothers of Robert, 
k. of Naples, and represses the Guelfs 
in Lombardy and Tuscany, 1315. 
Fagius, Paul, a foreign Lutheran, promotes 
the reformation at Cambridge, 1548— d. 
1550. 
Fairfax, Ferdinand, lord, raises a force in 
Yorkshire, to support the parliament, 
1642— defeated by the earl of Newcastle 
at Bramham Moor, March 29,1643 — again 
at Atherton Moor, June 29 — assisted by 
his son, takes col. Bellasis at Selby, Apr. 
11, 1644 — occupies York, July 5— the 
self-denying ordinance deprives him of 
his command, Dec. 9. 
Fairfax, sir Thomas, son of lord Ferdi- 
nand, b. 1611 — distinguishes himself in 
a victory gained at Wakefield, May 21, 
1643 — and afterwards at Homcastle; 
surprises and captures a royalist army 
sent from Ireland to Nantwich, Jan. 15, 
1644 — takes Bellasis, governor of York, 
at Selby, Apr. 11— gains the battle of 
Marston Moor, July 3 — commander-in- 
chief of the parliamentary forces after 
the resignation of Essex, Dec. 31, 1644 — 
defeats the k, at Naseby, June 14, 1645 
—recovers Leicester, 17 — takes Bridg- 
water, July 22 — assists in taking Bristol, 
Sept. 10— takes Dartmouth, Jan. 18, 1646 
— Truro and Exeter ; returns to London, 
Nov. 12 — heads the Independents, rules 
the army, and refuses to lay down his 
arms, 1647 — made governor of the Tower, 
1647 — he quells a royalist insurrection 
at Maidstone, May 31, 1648 — besieges 
sir Charles Lucas and sir George Lisle 
in Colchester castle, Aug. 28 — withdraws 
from the proceedings against Charles I., 
Jan 8, 1649 — and endeavours to save 



him ; resigns his commission, July, 1650 
— retires into private life, and on his fa- 
ther's death inherits his titles; assembles 
a meeting on Marston Moor to demand 
a free parliament, Dec. 24, 1659— takes 
possession of York, and communicates 
with gen. Monk ; d. Nov. 12, 1671. 

Fairfax, Edward, the translator of Tasso, 
d. 1632. 

Fairlop Oak, a noted tree in Hainan! t 
Forest, Essex, 48 feet in girth, and said 
tc have been the growth of 500 years, 
beneath which a fair was established in 
modern times ; injured by an accidental 
fire, 1806— blown down, 1820. 

Fairman, col., secretary of the Orange 
society, absconds, to avoid producing 
papers demanded by a parliamentary 
committee, July 19, 1835. 

Faib£ established in Flanders, 963. 

Falaise, birth-place of William the Con- 
queror, 1027— his statue erected there, 
Oct. 26, 1851. 

Falcandus Hugo, or Foucault, writes his 
History of Sicily, 1154-1169— d. 1193. 

Falco, Qu. Sosius, consul of Rome, 193. 

FALCONBRIDGE. SeeFAULCONBRIDGE. 

Falconry, sport of, revived at Redbourne, 

by the duke of St. Albans, Oct. 8, 1828. 
Falczy. See Husch. 
Faledro, Ordelafo, doge of Venice, 1102— 
falls at Zara, defending Dalmatia against 
the Hungarians, 1117. 
Faledro, Vitale, causes Domenico Silvio, 
doge of Venice, to be deposed, and him- 
self elected to fill his place, 1084— d. 1096. 
Faliero, Marino, doge of Venice, 1354— 
he is accused of a conspiracy against the 
nobles, and beheaded, April 17, 1355. 
Falisci, the, revolt; are put down by the 
Romans in six days, and their town de- 
stroyed, B.C. 241. 
Falkioping, battle of; Albert, king of 
Sweden, is defeated and made prisoner 
by Margaret, qu. of Denmark and Nor- 
way, 1389. 
Falkirk, battles of; Edward I. defeats 
Wallace, July 22, 1298— gen. Hawley 
defeated by the Scotch rebels, Jan. 17, 
1746. 
Falkland Isles, discovered by Hawkins, 
1594 — dispute with Spain respecting 
them, 1770 — restored by the Spaniards, 
Dec. 14, 1771— abandoned by the English, 
Sept. 1, 1774— re-occupied, 1833. 
Falkland, Lucius Cary, viscount, b. 1610 
— secretary of state to Charles I., 1642 — 
slain at the battle of Newbury, 1643. , 

Falmouth, Henrietta-Maria embarks at, 
for France, July 14, 1644— visited by qu. 
Victoria and prince Albert, Aug. 28, 1843. 
Falto, P. Valerius, consul of Rome, b c. 
238. 



FAR 



296 



FAT 



Falto, Q. Valerius, appointed to the office 
of Praetor peregrinus, B.C. 242 — consul of 
Rome, 239. 

Famagosta, in Cyprus, taken by the Ge- 
noese, 1373— surrenders to the Turks, 
1571. 

" Fame," Indiaman, burnt, with the valu- 
able collection made by sir Stamford 
Raffles, in Sumatra, July 12, 1824. 

Family compact. See Bourbon Princes. 

Famine, Bengal desolated by, 1771. 

Cappadocia, 1370. 

Cilicia, 333. 

Constantinople, 446. 

afflicts England, 1315 and 1438. 

Europe, 1005. 

France, 1438. 

Ireland, from the failure of po- 
tatoes, relieved by a large subscription 
in England, April, 1822 — again, and 
relieved by a parliamentary grant of 
£10,000,000, 1847. 

afflicts Lombardy, 1276— Phrygia, 

1370— Rome, B.C. 492 ; 439— a.d. 51 ; 189 
—Spain, 687— Syria, 333 ; 687. 

Fanagoria surrenders to the allies, Sept. 
24, 1855. 

Fannius, the historian, is in Scipio's army 
at the taking of Carthage, B.C. 146— 
serves in the Spanish war, 142, 

Faraday, Michael, b. 1794. 

Farmer, Antony, mandate of James II. to 
elect him president of Magdalen College, 
Oxford, April 11, 1687. 

Farnese, Alexauder, b. 14^7 — appointed 
cardinal, 1493— elected pope, 1534. See 
Paul III., pope. 

Farnese, Peter Louis, natural son of Paul 
III., fails in an attempt to seize Came- 
rino with his father's assistance, 1534 — 
created by him duke of Parma, 1545— 
suspected of being an accomplice in the 
plot of Fiesco, at Genoa ; is assassinated, 
Sept. 10, 1547. 

Farnese, Octavius, son of Peter Louis, b. 
1523 — marries Margaret, daughter of 
Charles V., 1538— succeeds his father as 
duke of Parma, 1547— d. 1586. 

Farnese, Alexander, son of Peter Louis, 
h. 1520— created a cardinal by his grand- 
father, Paul III., 1534— sent by him on 
an embassy to Charles V., 1539. 

Farnese, Alexander, son of Octavius, b. 
1545— gov. of the Netherlands, 1579. See 
Alexander Farnese. 

Farnese, Ranuccio I., son of Alexander, 
succeeds his father as duke of Parma, 
1592— marries Margaret Aldobrandina, 
grand-daughter of pope Clement VIII., 
d. 1622. 

Farnese, Edward, second son of Alexander, 
created a cardinal by pope Gregory XIV., 
1591. 



Farnese, Alexander, eldest son of Ranuc- 
cio I., b. dumb, is excluded from the 
succession, 1622. 

Farnese, Edward, second son of Ranuc- 
cio I., b. 1606— succeeds him, 1622 — mar- 
ries " Margaret, daughter of Cosmo II., 
grand-duke of Tuscany, d. Sep. 12, 1646. 

Farnese, Ranuccio II., eldest son of Ed- 
ward, succeeds him, 1646 — d. Dec. 11, 
1694. 

Farnese, Edward, eldest son of Ranuccio 
II., marries Dorothea Sophia, of Neu- 
burg, d. 1693. 

Farnese, Elizabeth, or Isabella, his 
daughter. See Elizabeth. 

Farnese, Francis, second son of Ranuccio 
II., b. May 19, 1678— succeeds his father, 
1694 — marries by papal dispensation his 
brother Edward's widow, Dorothea 
Sophia, 1695— d. Feb. 26, 1727. 

Farnese, Antony, third son of Ranuccio 
II., b. Nov. 29, 1692— succeeds his brother 
Francis, 1727 — marries Enrichetta 
D'Este, daughter of Rinaldo, duke of 
Modena, Feb. 5, 1728— d. without issue, 
1731— the house of Farnese extinct. 

Farnham, battle of; Alfred defeats the 
Danes, 894. 

Faro Islands taken by Harold Harfagr, 
k. of Norway, about 890. 

Faroaldus, duke of Spoleto, seizes Classis, 
the port of Ravenna, which he gives up 
again, 716. 

Farquhar, Thomas, b. 1678— d. 1707. 

Farquhar, John, b. 1751 — purchases the 
Fonthill estate, 1822— sells the splendid 
effects there, Sept. 9, 1823— d. 1826. 

Farquhar, Sir Walter, d. 1819. 

Farren, Miss, retires from the stage, Apr. 
1, 1797. See Derby, countess of. 

Farringdon. See Edward the Elder. 

Farringdon Street. See Fleet Market. 

Fasti. See Ausonius, and Capitoline 
Fasti. 

Fastolfe, Sir John, gains the battle of 
Herrings, and brings a convoy of stores 
to the camp before Orleans, Feb. 12, 1429 
— defeated at Patay, and disgraced, June 
13. 

Fastrada marries Charlemagne, 783— d. 
794. 

Fathers of the Oratory, the Order of the, 
founded at Paris by Berulle, 1611. 

Fatima, daughter of Mohammed and Ca- 
dijah, 6.610 — married to her cousin, AH, 
619— d. 632. 

Fatimites, the sect of Ali, or Shiites, a 
division of Mohammedans, who maintain 
that Ali, the husband of Mohammed's 
daughter, Fatima, was the rightful ca- 
liph, or successor of the prophet, and 
that his descendants alone ought to reign 
over the faithful; they separate from 



FAV 



297 



FEN" 



the Sonnites,or orthodox Mnssulmen, on 
the accession of Moawiyah, 661 — perse- 
cuted by the Ommiades, retire into Per- 
sia, where they multiply and assist the 
Abbassides to gain the caliphate, 750— 
round the Edrisites in Africa, 787 — are 
protected by the caliph Almamun, 814 — 
found the dynasty of the Taherites at 
Khorasan, 820 — found an empire in 
Egypt, under Mohammed Al Mahdi, 908 
—expelled from Fez by Muza the Agla- 
bite, 924— regain Fez, 932. See Fez — 
The Fatimite empire in Egypt extended 
to Syria and Cairoan by Maiz Ad Din ; 
he builds Cairo, 969— Syria taken from 
them by the Seljukian Turks, 1076— 
their army defeated by the Crusaders at 
Ascalon, Aug. 12, 1099— their rule in 
Egypt overthrown by Saladin, 1171 — 
oppressed in Persia by the Turkmans of 
the Black Sheep, 1406— and by those of 
the White Sheep, 1468— expel their per- 
secutors, and establish the new Son dy- 
nasty, under Ismail I., 1501. 

Faubourg St. Antoine, battle of the ; 
Conde defeats Turenne, 1652. 

Fauchek, Leon, b. 1793 — denounces the 
expense and abuses of the national work- 
shops, June 23, 1848— d. 1854. 

Faui.conbridge, viscount, marries Mary, 
daughter of Oliver Cromwell, 1657. 

Faulfisch, Hieronymus. See Jerome of 
Prague. 

Fauntleroy, Henry, the banker, executed 
for forgery, Nov. 30, 1824. 

Faust, John, improves Roster's invention, 
sets up a press at Mentz, and prints the 
Tractatus Petri Hispani, 1442. 

Fausta, daughter of Maximian, married 
to Constantine, 307 — said to have been 
put to death, 327 — (doubted by Gibbon 
and Niebuhr). 

Faustina, daughter of Annius Verus, and 
wife of the emperor Antoninus Pius, d. 
141. 

Faustina, daughter of Antoninus Pius, 
marries M. Aurelius, 139 — he overlooks 
her vices, 169 — she accompanies him to 
the East, and d. at the foot of Mount 
Taurus, where Faustinopolis is built in 
her honour, 175. 

Faustinopolis. See Faustina. 

Faustinus, consul of Rome, 262. 

Faustinus, M. Acilius, consul of Rome, 
210. 

Faustinus, bp. of Iconium, d. 373. 

Faustus, consul of Rome, II. 298 — others, 
483, 490. 

Faustus, Anicius Acilius Glabrio, consul 
of Rome, 438. 

Faustus, Corn. Sylla, consul of Rome, 52. 

Favell, Samuel, b. 1760— d. 1830. 

Favila, san of Pelayo, succeeds him as k. 



of the Asturian Goths, 737 — killed by a 
bear while hunting, 739. 

Favorinus, the philosopher, excites the 
jealousy of the emperor Hadrian, 118. 

Favras, marquis de, the first judicially 
condemned victim of the French revolu- 
tion, executed, Jan. 18, 1790. 

Favvkes, Guy, gunpowder conspirator, seiz- 
ed.. Nov. 5, 1605— executed, Jan. 31, 1606. 

Fayette. See La Fayette. 

Federal republic attempted in Italy, and 
repressed by the Austrian troops, 1831. 

Fees and sales of offices in the English 
law-courts, abolished, 1825. 

Fehrbellin, battle of; the elector of Bran- 
denburg defeats the Swedes, 1675. 

Felicianus, consul of Rome, 337. 

Felix, brother of Pallas, appointed procu- 
rator of Judaea, 52 — Paul defends himself 
before him at Caesarea, 59— superseded 
by Festus, 61. 

Felix, consul of Rome, 428 — another, 511. 

Felix. See Sylla. 

Felix I., bp. of Rome, 269-275. 

Felix II., bp. of Rome, 355-358. 

Felix III., bp. of Rome, 483-492. 

Felix IV., bp. of Rome, 526-530. 

Felix V., anti-pope. See Amadeus VIII., 
duke of Savoy. 

Felix, bp. of East Anglia, fixes his see at 
Dummoc, 631— tf. 648. 

Felix, bp. of Seville, appointed archbp. of 
Toledo, 693. 

Felix writes a history of Croyland Abbey, 
730. 

Felix, of Urgel. introduces the Adoption 
heresy, 787 — condemned by the council 
of Ratisbon, recants his opinions, 792 — 
disavows his recantation, and is support- 
ed by Eliprand, archbp. of Toledo; they 
are condemned by a council at Francfort- 
on-the-Maine, 794. See Alouin. — He 
writes a defence of his heresy, 798 — 
again recants, 799. 

Fellenberg system of education intro- 
duced by Pestalozzi, 1775. 

Fellowes, Dr. Robert, author of " Religion 
without Cant," b. 1770- d. 1847. 

Felton, John, assassinates the duke of 
Buckingham at Portsm outh , Aug. 23,1628 . 

Femern, the island of, occupied by the 
Danes, July 16, 1850. 

Fencing-schools closed inLondon,by Edw, 
I., 1284; at Berlin and other cities, 1819. 

Fenelon, Francois Salignac de la Motte, 
b. 1651 — preceptor of the duke of Bur- 
gundy, grandson of Louis XIV., 1689 — 
archbp. of Cambray, 1695 — controversy 
with Bossuet on the mystical doctrine ol 
Molinos and Madame Guyon, 1698— his 
doctrines condemned by a papal Bull; 
his "Telemachus" published in Holland, 
1699— d. 1715. - 



FEE 



298 



FER 



Fenestella, the historian, fl.14. 

Fenwiok, Sir John, attainted for partici- 
pation in the assassination-plot, Nov. 9, 
1696— beheaded, Jan. 28, 1697. 

Feodor I., son of Iwan IV., czar of Rus- 
sia, 1584— d. 1598. 

Feodor II., son of Boris Godunow, after a 
reign of a few days, expelled by the pre- 
tender Dmitri, 1605. 

Feodor III., son of Alexis, czar of Russia, 
1676— d. 1682. 

Feodora, daughter of the duchess of Kent 
by her first husband, the prince of Lei- 
ningen, married to the prince of Hohen- 
iohe Langenburg, Feb. 18, 1828. 

Ferdinand I., emperor of Germany, second 
son of Philip and Joanna of Spain, b. 
1503 — declared heir of the Austrian 
States, 1506— made vicar of the empire 
by his brother, Charles V., 1522— is re- 
ceived as k. in Bohemia on the death of 
Louis I., 1526 — promulgates the decree 
of the Diet of Spires for freedom of re- 
ligion, 1526 — crowned k. of Hungary, 
1527 — is elected k. of the Romans, and 
crowned at Francfort, Jan. 11, 1531 — de- 
feated by Soliman, 1541— obtains posses- 
sion of Transylvania, 1551 — his brother 
resigns the empire to him; his title dis- 
puted by pope Paul IV., 1556— generally 
acknowledged, and crowned at Francfort, 
Mar. 14, 1558 — acknowledged by pope 
Pius IV., 1560— d. July 25, 1564. 

Ferdinand II., emperor of Germany, son 
ot the archduke Charles, b. 1578— adopted 
by his cousin, the emperor Matthias, 
who resigns Bohemia to him ; he is 
crowned at Prague, and begins to oppress 
the Protestants of that kingdom, 1617— 
takes away their privileges, on which 
th°,y make themselves masters of the 
kingdom, 1618 — and give it to the elector 
Palatine, 1619 — Matthias relinquishes 
Hungary to him, 1618 — he is elected 
emperor of Germany at Francfort, Aug. 
28, 1619— is besieged in Vienna by the 
Bohemians, and reduced to great ex- 
tremity, when some troops, sent by the 
grand duke of Tuscany, arrive and relieve 
him ; the duke of Bavaria and the elec- 
tor of Saxony espouse his cause, 1619 — 
battle of Prague, 1620— his armies tri- 
umphant in Germany, and he gives the 
palatinate of the Rhine to Maximilian 
of Bavaria, 1623 — concludes a peace with 
Bethlem Gabor, prince of Transylvania, 
1624— his son, Ferdinand III., is crowned 
k. of Hungary, 1625 — invests Wallen- 
stein with the duchy of Mecklenburg, 
1628— refuses to ratify the treaty of Susa; 
by the " Edict of Restitution" requires 
many church lands to be given up by the 
Protestants, 1629— Gustayus Adolphus 



of Sweden in Germany, 1630 — treaty of 
Barenwald concluded by the Protestant 
States with France, 1631— Louis XIII. 
declares war against the emperor, 1635 
— peace of Prague between him and the 
electors of Saxony and Brandenburg, 
1635— Ferdinand d. 1637. 

Ferdinand III., emperor of Germany, son 
of Ferdinand II., b. 1608 — crowned in 
Hungary, 1625 ; in Bohemia, 1627— while 
archduke of Austria, by his victory 
over the Swedish gen.. Horn, at Nord- 
lingen. Sept. 6, n.s. 1634, retrieves the 
Catholic cause in Germany; elected em- 
peror, Feb. 15, 1637. See Germany. — 
Nearly surprised at Ratisbon by the 
Swedish gen., Banner, 1640 — concludes 
the peace of Westphalia, 1648— d. April 
2, 1657. 

Ferdinand Francis, son of Ferdinand III., 
emperor of Germany, b. Sept. 8, 1633 — 
elected k. of the Romans, 1653 — d. July 
9, 1654. 

Ferdinand, emperor of Austria, son of 
Francis, b. April 19, 1793 ; succeeds to 
the throne, 1835 — confides in Metternich ; 
withdraws his army from Rome, 1838— 
annexes Cracow to his dominions, 1846 — 
tumults at Vienna ; resignation and 
flight of Metternich ; the emperor pro- 
mises a constitution, March 13-15, 1848 
— leaves Vienna, May 17 ; returns from 
Innspruck, Aug. 12; flight to OlnUitz, 
Oct. 7; he gives the command in Hun- 
gary to Jellachich, ban of Croatia, and in 
Austria to prince Windischgratz, 16; 
they bombard Vienna, 28 ; resigns his 
crown, atOlmutz, to his nephew, Fran- 
cis Joseph, Dec. 2 ; his resignation not 
accepted by the Hungarian Diet, 19, 
1848. 

Ferdinand I., the Just, king of Aragon, 
brother of Henry III., k. of Castile, re- 
gent in Castile for his nephew, John III., 
1406 — elected k. of Aragon, resigns his 
regency, and accepts the crown, 1412 — 
goes to Perpignan to hold a conference 
with pope Benedict XIII. and the em- 
peror Sigismund, 1415 — d. on his return, 
April 2, 1416. 

Ferdinand I., k. of Castile, son of Sancho 
III., k. of Navarre, in the division cf his 
father's . States, receives Castile, and 
founds the kingdom, 1035 — conquers 
Leon, and annexes it to Castile, 1037 — 
takes Viseu and Coimbra, 1040 — exacts 
tribute from his Moorish neighbours. 
1045 — extends his conquests to Madrid 
and Toledo, 1046 — makes war on his bro- 
ther, Garcias III., k. of Navarre, who 
falls in battle, 1053 — gains his last vic- 
tories over the Moors of Catalonia and 
Valentia, 1064 — c?. Dec. 27, 1065. 



FEE 



299 



FEE 



Ferdinand II., son of Alfonso VII., k. of 
Castile, inherits Leon as a separate king- 
dom, 1157— founds the order of Knights 
of S. Iago de Compostella, 1161 — sepa- 
rated from his queen by pope Alexander 
III., 1175— d. 1188. 

Ferdinand III., k. of Castile, son of Al- 
fonso IX., k. of Leon, b. 1200; inherits 
Castile from his mother, Garsenda, dau. 
of Alfonso VIII., 1217— joins the other 
Christian kings in war against the 
Moors, and takes Huesca, 1224 — on his 
father's death, succeeds in Leon and re- 
unites the two kingdoms ; pushes his 
conquests to Jaen, 1230 — attacks the 
Moors in Seville, 1232 — takes Ubeda, 
1235 — conquers Cordova and part of An- 
dalusia, 1236 — his supremacy establish- 
ed by his son, Alfonso, in the Moorish 
kingdom of Murcia ; he founds the uni- 
versity of Salamanca, and transfers to 
it the schools of his grandfather, Alfonso 
VIII., at Palencia, 1240 — Mahomed gives 
up Jaen to him, and places Granada under 
his protection, 1243 — he lays siege to 
Seville, the Moors of Granada assist him, 
1246 — Seville surrenders, 1247— d. at Se- 
ville, May 30, 1252. 

Ferdinand I V.,k. of Castile, son of Sancho 
IV., b. 1285; succeeds him, with his mo- 
ther, Maria, regent, 1295 — coalition of 
France, Navarre, Aragon, Portugal, and 
Granada, with the malcontent princes, 
Alfonso and Juan, against him ; his mo- 
ther, with the assistance of Juan Lara, 
maintains the throne, 1296 — peace with 
Portugal 1297; with Granada, 1304 — 
divides Murcia with the k. of Aragon by 
the treaty of Campillo, 1305— takes Gib- 
raltar, and, by a treaty of peace, ac- 
quires other territory in Granada, 1308 
— d. 1312. 

Ferdinand de la Cerda. eldest son of Al- 
fonso X., k. of Castile, d. 1275 — his sons 
are excluded from the throne by their 
uncle, Sancho IV., 1284. See Alfonso 
de la Cerda. 

Ferdinand, son of John II., k. of Aragon 
and Navarre, b. 1453 — marries Isabella, 
daughter of John II., k. of Castile, and 
heiress of the kingdom, 1469 — succeeds 
as joint sovereign with her, and is Fer- 
dinand V. of Castile, 1475 — rebuts the 
claims of Joanna, the alleged daughter 
of Henry IV., and defeats her affianced, 
Alfonso V. of Portugal, at Toro, 1476— 
on the death of his father, succeeds as 
Ferdinand II. of Aragon, which is hence- 
forth united to Castile, 1479 — defeats 
Alfonso again at Albuera ; makes peace ; 
joins a league against the Turks, 1481 — 
makes war on the Moors of Granada, 
1482 — takes Abu Abdallah prisoner, and 



releases nim, 1483 — takes Honda and 
other towns, 1485 — defeats Abdallah el 
Zagal, and lays siege to Velez Malaga ; 
endeavours to preserve the peace cf 
southern Italy, 1486 — invests New Ma- 
laga, 1487 — takes it, 1488 — conquers 
Guadix, Almeria, and Baza, 1489— Ab- 
dallah el Zagal gives up his territories, 
1490— Granada besieged, 1491 — surren- 
ders, and the Moorish rule in Spain ends, 
Jan. 2, 1492— Columbus fitted out for his 
voyage, Aug. 3. See Columbus. — By the 
treaty of Narbonne, Charles VIII. of 
France restores Roussillon and Cerdagne 
to Spain, 1493 — Ferdinand joins in a 
league against him, 1495 — marries his 
daughter, Joanna, to Philip, son of the 
emperor Maximilian, 1496 — and Philip's 
sister, Margaret, to his only son, John, 
who d. in Oct. 1497 — compels the Moors 
to embrace Christianity or quit Spain, 
1499 — marries his youngest daughter, 
Katharine, to Arthur, prince of Wales, 
Nov. 14, 1501 ; conquers Naples, in con- 
cert with France, 1501 — quarrel about the 
spoil, 1502 — obtains the whole of Naples, 
1503— death of his queen, Isabella, 1504 
— he retains the government of Castile ; 
jealous of his son-in-law, Philip ; con- 
cludes a treaty of peace with France, 
and marries Germaine de Foix, niece of 
Louis XII., who gives as her dowry all 
his claims on Naples, 1505— on the death 
of Philip and the insanity of Joanna, 
Ferdinand continues to hold Castile for 
their young son, Charles ; quarrels with 
the emperor Maximilian ; visits Naples, 
1506 — confers with Louis at Savona, 1507 
— accedes to the league of Cambray 
against Venice, 1508 — conquers the 
northern coast of Africa, 1510— joins the 
Holy League of pope Julius II. against 
France, 1511 — conquers Navarre, 1512 — 
truce with France, 1513 — leagues with 
the emperor and pope against Francis I. 
on his ascending the throne of France, 
1515— d. Jan. 23, 1516. 

Ferdinand VI., k. of Spain, son of Philip 
V., b. 1713— succeeds, 1746 — treaty of 
commerce with Great Britain, 1750 — 
ministry of Ricardo Wall, 1755— d. Aug. 
10, 1759. 

Ferdinand VII., k. of Spain, son of Chas. 
IV., b. Oct. 14, 1784— his father abdicates 
in his favour, Mar. 19, 1808— he resigns 
at Bayonne, and is sent by Napoleon to 
Valencay ; the junta of Seville assumes 
the government in his name. See Spain, 
George III., k. of Great Britain, Wel- 
lington, duke of, and Napoleon I. 
— Liberated by Napoleon and sent to 
Spain, Dec. 11, 1813 — dissolves the 
Cortes, abolishes the Constitution, re- 



I£R 



300 



FEIt 



Ferdinand VII. — continued. 
Btores the Inquisition, and treats the 
defenders of the country with the basest 
ingratitude, 1S14 — he joins the Eu- 
ropean alliance, May 2, 1815— receives 
a compensation from Great Britain for 
abolishing the slave trade ; retains Oli- 
venca, and quarrels with Portugal; go- 
verned by his priests, neglects the advice 
of the allied sovereigns to abandon his 
arbitrary course ; Porlier and Lascy are 
executed, 1817 — insurrection at Valencia 
repressed, 1819— Kiego and Quiroga at 
the head of the troops assembled in the 
isle of Leon demand the restoration of 
the Constitution of 1812, Jan. 5, 1820— he 
submits, Mar. 3— abolishes the Inquisi- 
tion, banishes the Jesuits, and convokes 
the Cortes, which meet, July 9 — dis- 
simulation and secret treachery on his 
part ; Army of the Faith organized, 1821 
— conspiracy of sovereigns at Verona ; 
France undertakes to crush the Spanish 
patriots ; the royal guards at Madrid de- 
clare against the Constitution ; a royalist 
junta formed at Urgel. 1822— the Aus- 
trian, Prussian, and Russian ambassa- 
dors recalled from Madrid; Louis XVIII. 
declares war; a French army enters 
Spain; arrives at Madrid, May 24, 182:-> 
— the Cortes retire to Seville aih! take 
Ferdinand with them ; thence to Cadiz, 
where they give him liberty, Oct. 1 — 
Cadiz surrenders; the Constitution is 
abolished; the reign of tyranny restored; 
Riego executed as a traitor at Madrid, 
Nov. 7 — Ferdinand assists the. partisans 
of Don Miguel, 1828 — death of his qu., 
Josephina Amalia; he. marries Maria 
Christina, daughter of Francis I., k. of 
Naples, 1829 -abolishes the Salic law, 
and declares the throne of Spain to be 
heritable by females, March 29, 1830— 
birth of his daughter, Maria Isabella, 
the present queen, Oct. 11— protest and 
revolt of his brother, Carlos ; acknow- 
ledges Louis Philip in France; treach- 
erous seizure and execution of Toi'l'ijos 
and his companions at Malaga, Dec. 4, 
1831 — falls ill, and appoints his queen 
regent, Oct. 1832— d. Nov. '2'.), 1888. 

Ferdinand, k. of Hungary. See Ferdi- 
nand, I. II., and 111., emperors of Ger- 
many. 

Ferdinand I., k. of Naples, natural son of 
Alfonso V., k. of Aragon, b. 1426; re- 
ceives Naples at his father's death, 1458 
— disturbed by rebellious nobles, and the 
hostility of John, son of Regnicr d'Anjou, 
1459 — defeated on the river Sarno, July 
7 ; the pope and Francesco Sforza assist 
him, 1460 — supported in Naples by 
Sranderbeg, with a body of Albanians, 



1461— defeats John of Anjou at Troja, 
Aug. 18, 1462 — murders Jacopo Picci- 
nino, 1465 — marries Joanna, daughter of 
John II., k. of Navarre, 1477 — joins the 
pope in war against Florence, 1478 — is 
visited by Lorenzo de' Medici, 1479 — 
concludes a treaty with the Florentines, 
Dec. 3, 1480— Otranto stormed by the 
Turks ; recovered from them, Sept. 10, 
1481 — the nobles resist the taxes imposed 
on them, 1485 — Innocent VIII. encou- 
rages their revolt, and incites the duke 
of Lorraine to claim Naples, 1486 — ex- 
communicates and deposes Ferdinand for 
refusing his annual tribute, 1489 — the 
Anjou claim to the crown of Naples re- 
vived, 1493— d. Jan. 25, 1494. 

Ferdinand II., k. of Naples, son of Alfonso 
II., receives the crown on his father's 
abdication, 1495 — obliged, by the in- 
vasion of Charles VIII., to retire to 
the isle of Ischia, 1495— recovers great 
part of his kingdom, July 7 — d. Oct. 5, 
1496, 

Ferdinand IIL, k. of Naples. See Ferdi- 
nand, k. of Castile and Aragon. 

Ferdinand IV., k. of Naples, third son of 
Carlos (Charles III. of Spain), b. Jan. 
12, 1751 — receives Naples when his fa- 
ther sneceeds in Spain, 1759— takes the 
government into his own hands, 1767 — 
joins the coalition against France, 1793 — 
makes peace, Oct. 10, 1796— renews the 
war, 1798— retreats to Sicily. Jan. 2, 1799 
— the French occupy Naples, and esta- 
blish the Parthenopean republic, 23; 
cardinal Ruffo, with British and Russian 
aid, recovers Naples, June 13; the king 
returns, July 10; concludes a treaty of 
peace at Florence, March 28, 1801 — 
issues a Declaration of Neutrality, Juno 
8, 1803— French troops occupy his States ; 
is obliged to dismiss his minister, Acton, 
1804— allows an Anglo- Russian army to 
land in Naples, Nov. 20, 1805— Napoleon 
declares that " Ferdinand IV. has ceased 
to reign," Dec. 27 — retreats again into 
Sicily, and is protected there by a Bri- 
tish naval aud land force, Jan. 25, 1806 
— lord Wm. Bentinck appointed captain- 
general of Sicily, obtains for the people 
a free constitution; the k. makes his sou 
regent, and the qu. withdraws, 1812 — 
restored in Naples, and takes the title of 
Ferdinand I., king of the Two Sicilies, 
June 3, 1815— obliged by gen. P£pe and 
the Carbonari to grant a free constitu- 
tion, ls20 — goes to Laybach, annuls the 
constitution, to which he had sworn 
fidelity, and is conducted back to Naples 
by an Austrian army, May 15, 1821 — 
revokes tin; Sicilian constitution; d, 
Jan. 4, 1S25. 



FER 



301 



FER 



Ferdinand II., k. of the Two Sicilies, son 
of Francis I., b. Jan. 12, 1810— succeeds 
to the throne, Nov. 8, 1830 — dispute with 
Great Britain on the sulphur monopoly, 
settled under the mediation of France, 
Mar. 15, 1840 — revolt of Palermo, Jan. 
12, 1848 — constitution proclaimed at Na- 
ples, 29 — the English and French ad- 
mirals mediate for the people of Palermo, 
Mar. 6, 1849 — Ferdinand issues a decree, 
that all teachers and tutors in his do- 
minions, male or female, public or 
private, must be examined as to their 
religious belief, Oct. 27 — intolerable ty- 
ranny of his government, 1S55. 

Ferdinand, k. of Portugal, son of Peter 
I., b. 1345— succeeds his father, 1367 — 
claims the throne of Castile, 1369— he 
offends his people by his marriage with 
Eleanor Tellez, 1371 — Henry II. of Cas- 
tile invades his kingdom, and compels 
him to make peace, 1373 — he marries his 
only child, Beatrice, to John I. of Cas- 
tile ; d. Oct. 20, 1383. 

Ferdinand, prince of Brunswick. See 
Brunswick, p. 118. 

Ferdinand Gonsalvo, count of Castile. 
See Auoa, and Castile. 

Ferdinand, son of Alfonso XI., k. of Cas- 
tile, put to death by his brother, Peter 
the Gruel, 1358. 

Ferdinand, archduke of Austria. See 
Ferdinand III., emperor. 

Ferdinand, count of Flanders, 1206-1233. 

Ferdinand, son of John I., k. of Portugal, 
accompanies his brother Edward's un- 
fortunate expedition against Tangier, is 
made prisoner by the Moors, and d. in 
captivity, 1437. 

Ferdinand I., grand duke of Tuscany, 
second son of Cosmo I. de' Medici, created 
a cardinal, succeeds his brother, Francis 
Maria, Oct. 19, 1587— plants a colony of 
Jews at Leghorn, 1604 — d. Feb. 7, 
1609. 

Ferdinand II. de' Medici, grand duke of 
Tuscany, b. 1610 — succeeds his father, 
Cosmo II., 1621 — compelled by Blake 
to desist from supporting Spain, 1655— 
d. May 23, 1670. 

Ferdinand III., grand duke of Tuscany, 
second son of Leopold II., b. May 6, 1769 
— receives Tuscany on his father being 
elected emperor of Germany, 1790 — 
wishes to remain neutral ; is compelled 
to join the coalition against France, 1793 
— makes peace, Feb. 9,1795 — expelled 
by the Frencli gen., Dupont, 1800. See 
Etruria, kingdom of. — Receives Salz- 
burg with the title of elector, 1803 — 
Salzburg taken from him, and he is 
made elector of Wurzburg, 1805 — made 
grand duke, and joins the confederation 



of the Rhine, Sept. 25, 1806 — recovers 
Tuscany, 1814— d. June 18, 1824. 

Ferdinand, duke of Parma, son of Philip, 
b. Jan. 20, 1751— succeeds his father in 
Parma, Piueenza, and Guastalla, July 
18, 1765— expels the Jesuits, 1768— call's 
upon pope Clement XIII. to suppress 
the Order, 1769— d. Oct. 9, 1802. 

Ferdinand Charles Maria, duke of Par- 
ma, son of Charles Louis, k. of Etruria, 
and afterwards duke of Lucca, and of 
Parma, b. Jan. 14, 1823 — receives Parma 
on his father's abdication, Mar. 14, 1849 — 
assassinated, Mar. 26, 1854. 

Ferdinand Maria, elector of Bavaria, son 
of Maximilian, succeeds him, 1651 — a 
1679. See Bavaria. 

Ferdinand, son of Philip III., k. of Spain, 
appointed by his brother, Philip IV., 
gov. of the Spanish Netherlands, 1633-41. 

Ferdinand, duke of Mantua, son of Vin- 
cent Gonzaga, made a cardinal, 1606— 
succeeds his brother, Francis TIL, and 
lays down his purple, 1612— d. Oct. 29, 
1626. 

Ferdinand I., or Ferrante Gonzaga, count 
of Guastalla, 1539 — serves in the army of 
Charles V. against the duke of Cleves, 
1543— viceroy of Sicily, 1545 — gov. of 
Milan, 1546— answers complaints of the 
Milanese against his government, 1554 
— distinguishes himself in the Nether- 
lands at the battle of St. Quentin; d. at 
Brussels, Nov. 15, 1557. 

Ferdinand II., duke of Guastalla, 1575- 
1630. 

Ferdinand III., duke of GuastaUa, 1632- 
1678. 

Feedulf, duke of Friuli, slain in battle 
against the Slavonians, 706. 

Ferdusi, the Persian poet, writes his Shah- 
nameh, or Book of Kings, 1000. 

Ferentino, congress of, held by pope Ho- 
norius III. to promote the fifth crusade, 
1223. 

Ferganah, a remote province, to which 
Yezdejerd, k. of Persia, retires after 
his defeat at Jaloulah, 637. 

Ferguson, Adam, b. 1723 — d. 1816. 

Ferguson, James, b. 1710 — d. 1776. 

Ferguson, R., tried and imprisoned for at- 
tempting to rescue O'Connor, April 15, 
1799. 

Ferguson, Sir R., moves for an account of 
the expenses of the Milan commission, 
which is refused, July 6, 1820. 

Ferguson discovers the planet " Euphro- 
syne," Sept. 1, 1854. 

Feria, the duke cf, Spanish governor of 
Milan, occupies Aie Valteline, to support 
the revolt of the Catholics against the 
Protestant government of the Grisons, 
1620. 



FER 



302 



FER 



Ferozeshah, battle of, the Sikhs defeat- 
ed, Dec. 22, 1845. 

Ferrante. See Ferdinand Gonzaga. 

Ferkara, first mentioned by Paul Warne- 
fiid as part of the exarchate of Ravenna, 
568-752 — a free city, 1067— submits to 
Matilda, countess of Tuscany, 1101 — Guy 
Salinguerra leads the Ghibelin faction, 
1118— succeeded by Torello, 1150— Wm. 
Adelard gives predominance to the 
Guelf party (see Adelard, Wm.), and 
Ferrara joins the Lombard League, 1174 
— Salinguerra II., son of Torello, chief of 
the Ghibelins, 1195 — Azzo, marquis d' 
Este opposes him, 1196. See Este, Azzo 
D', VI. — Is expelled by the Ghibelins, 
1209 — recovers his influence, 1211 — d. 
1212— Aldrovandino, his son, succeeds ; 
d. 1215. See Azzo VII., marquis of 
Este. — Giacomo Torello heads the Ghi- 
belins, 1244— Obizzo D'Este, 1264-1293 
—Salinguerra III., 1270. See Azzo VIII., 
marquis of Este.— Fulk D'Este, 1308— 
the Ghibelin faction expires with Salin- 
guerra III. 

Pope Clement V. claims Ferrara as 
a fief of the church, and gives the go- 
vernment to Robert, k. of Naples, 1309 
— the Ferrarese attempt to regain in- 
dependence, and are cruelly repressed 
by the cardinal-legate, Pelagrua, 1310— 
expel Robert's garrison and restore the 
government jointly to Obizzo III., Rinal- 
do, and Nicholas I., sons of Aldrovandino, 
marqui s d' Este, 1317 — their cousin, Azzo, 
and other nobles, assist them to repel a 
formidable attack made by the legate, 
who is repulsed with great loss, 1333 — 
Rinaldo d. 1335— Nicholas I. d. 1344— 
Obizzo I II . d. 1352 — his eldest son, Aldro- 
vandino III., elected signor of Ferrara, 
Mar. 21, 1352— d. of the plague, Nov. 2, 
1361 — his brother, Nicholas II., succeeds ; 
d. Mar. 26, 1388— and is followed by his 
brother, Albert, who joins the league 
against Gian Galeazzo Visconte, 1390 
— founds the university of Ferrara, 1391 
— d. July 30, 1393 — and has for successor 
his son, Nicholas III., the pacificator of 
Italy ; under his auspices peace is con- 
cluded at Ferrara between Venice, Mi- 
lan, and Florence, April 18, 1428 — and 
another general treaty, 1433. 

Pope Eugenius IV. calls a council at Fer- 
rara, 1437 — the council opened by cardinal 
Nicholas Albergati, J an. 8, 1438— declares 
that of Basle at an end ; the pope ar- 
rives, Jan. 27, and the Greek emperor, 
John VI., March 4 : the council removed 
to Florence, 1439— Nicholas III. held in 
high esteem by Philip Maria Visconte, 
is invited by him to Milan, and d. there ! 
suddenly, Dec. 26, 1441 — his natural son, 



Lionel, is made his heir by his will' 1 
Lionel co-operates with pope Nicholas 
V. in restoring peace between the Italian 
republics and Alfonso V., k. of Aragon 
and Naples, and soon afterwards d., Oct. 
1, 1450 — his brother, Borso, also a na- 
tural son of Nicholas III., succeeds; is 
invited to Rome by pope Paul II., and 
receives from him the title of duke of 
Ferrara, April 14, 1471— d. May 27. 

Isfollowed by his brother, Hercules I.,a 
legitimate son of Nicholas III. ; he sup- 
ports Lorenzo de' Medici against pope 
Sixtus IV., 1478— assists in recovering 
Otranto from the Turks, 1481— is fiercely 
attacked by Venice and the pope, 1482 — 
the pope withdraws, but the Venetians 
continue their hostilities, 1483— peace 
restored by the treaty of Bagnalo ; the 
duke of Ferrara loses Rovigo, Aug. 7, 
1484— sends his eldest son, Alfonso, to 
travel in England, France, and Spain, 
1503— d. Jan. 25, 1504. See Este, Alfon- 
so I., D\ — He joins a coalition against 
Venice, 1508 — is attacked by pope Julius 
II., 1510 — repels their attacks, and reco- 
vers part of his lost territories, 1511 — 
invited to Rome; treacherously impri- 
soned ; released, 1512— appointed gonfa- 
lonier of the church by Leo X., 1513 — 
is deceived by his promise to restore 
Modena and Reggio, 1515— Leo attempts 
to take Ferrara, 1519 — instigates a plot 
to assassinate Alfonso, 1520— excommu- 
nicates him, and lays his State under an 
interdict ; the duke in a printed mani- 
festo exposes the papal iniquities, and is 
saved by Leo's death, 1520— joins the 
league against Francis I., 1523 — takes 
Modena, June 5, 1527 — the emperor 
Charles V. decides against the papal 
claims on Ferrara, Dec. 21, 1530— Cle- 
ment V. resists this award ; submits to 
it, Oct. 12, 1531— Alfonso I. d. Oct. 31, 
1534. 

Is succeeded by his son, Hercules 
I.; Calvin preaches at Ferrara, and is 
expelled, 1536 — Hercules II. joins the 
French army under the duke of Guise, 
1556— d. Oct.3, 1559— his son, Alfonso II., 
succeeds; Ferrara nearly destroyed by 
an earthquake, which commences Nov. 16, 
and continues to the end of the year, 1570 
— Alfonso II. confines Tasso as a lunatic, 
1579 — d. Oct. 27, 1597— Csesar, grandson 
of Alfonso I., is declared heir to the lands 
of D'Este, and elected lord of Ferrara, 
pope Clement VIII. revives the old 
claims of the church ; excommunicates 
Caesar, and marches an army against 
him, 1597 — Ferrara is given up by the 
House of D'Este, who retain only the 
title of dukes of Modena, 1598— Ferrara 



FEZ 



FIF 



occupied by Massena, June 19, 1796 — 
held by the Austrians, after the evacua- 
tion of the rest of the papal States, 1838 
— occupied by Austrian troops, 1847. 

Ferrars, George, M.P., arrested for debt ; 
released by order of the House ; and an 
Act passed to secure members of par- 
liament from such liabilities, 1542. 

Ferrers, Laurence Shirley, earl, hanged 
at Tyburn, for murder, May 5, 1760. 

Ferretti, Mastai, b. 1792— chosen pope, 
1846. Sec Pius IX., pope. 

Ferrier, Miss, the novelist, tf. 1854. 

Ferro, one of the Canary islands, from 
which the degrees of longitude are 
measured in many maps. See Erup- 
tions, Volcanic. 

Ferrol, projected attack on, by the earl of 
Essex and sir Walter Ealeigh, 1597 — 
unsuccessful attack on, by sir Edward 
Pellew, and sir James Pulteney, Aug, 25, 
1800— naval battle off; the French and 
Spanish fleets defeated by sir Robert 
Calder, July 22, 1805— taken by Soult, 
Jan. 27, 1809. 

Ferruckabad. See Furruckabad. 

Fersek, count, suspected of having caused 
the death of Charle3 Augustus, crown 
prince of Sweden ; is murdered by the 
populace, June 20, 1810. 

Fesch, cardinal, by means of a national 
council, effects a compromise between 
the pope (Pius VII.) and Napoleon, Aug. 
5, 1811. 

Festivals. See Pia. 

Festus, gov. of Judaea, before whom Paul 
pleads, 61 — superseded by P. Albinus, 
63. 

Festus, consul of Rome, 439 — another, 472. 

Festus, Rufus, writes his "Breviary," 364. 

Fethanlea, battle of; Ceawlin, king of 
Wessex, defeats the Britons, 584. 

Feuchtwangen, Conrad von, grand mas- 
ter of the Teutonic knights in Prussia, 
1290. 

Feuchtwangen, Siegfried von, grand mas- 
ter of the Teutonic knights in Prussia, 
1303. 

Feudal constitution commenced in France 
by Clovis I., 4-^-507 — established in 
England by William the Conqueror, 

• 1066-1080— embodied in the Assise of 
Jerusalem, 1099 — introduced in Bohemia, 
by Charles IV., 1354. 

Feva, chieftain of the Rugians, taken 
prisoner by Odoacer, 487. 

Feversham, James II. is detained at, 1688. 

Feversham, earl of, sent by Charles II. to 
negotiate with Louis XIV., 1677 — com- 

i mands the army of James II. against 
the duke of Monmouth, 1685. 

Fez, the kingdom of, founded, 787. See 
Edris Ben Abdallah.— The city fruit, 



806. See Edris Ben Edris. — Invaded 
by Musa Ben Abi Alifia, 917 — taken 
by him, 924 — Abderahman III. assists 
the Edrisites in, 929— is proclaimed k., 
931 — the Fatimites regain the ascend- 
ancy, 932 — Abderahman renews his at- 
tempt to conquer them, 949 — they re- 
main masters of Fez, 968~Saracens of 
Spain repeat (their invasion, and are de- 
feated at Tangier, 972— Galib restores 
Al Hakem's authority, 974 — Al Hassan, 
the last Edrisite k. surrenders to AlmaD- 
sor, and is beheaded, 984 — Fez becomes 
a dependency of Spain, 985— revolt of 
Zeir Ben Atia, 996 — the authority of the 
Spanish caliph restored, 998— becomes 
subject to Morocco, 1550. 

Ficinus, Marsilius, teaches the philosophy 
of Plato ; warm discussions begin be* 
tween its advocates and those of Aris- 
totle's doctrines, 1470 — translates the 
works of Plato ; assists in founding the 
academy of Florence, 1476 — d. Oct. 1, 
1499. 

Fiden^: taken, and razed by the Romans, 
B.C. 435 — the amphitheatre erected by 
Acilius falls down, many thousands of 
the spectators are buried in the ruins, 
a.d. 27. 

Fidenas, L. Sergius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
437 — militaxy tribune, 433. 

Fidenates- defeated by the Romans, b.c. 
437. See Fiden^e. 

"Fides," the planet, discovered by M. 
Luther, at Basle, Oct. 5, 1855. 

Field of the Cloth of Gold. See Ardres. 

Fielden, John, M.P. for Oldham— d. 1849. 

Fielding, Henry, b. 1707 — his novel of 
" Tom Jones " produced. 1746— d. 1754. 

Fielding, sir John, d. 1780. 

Fieschi, the Guelf, continue to molest 
Genoa, and seize Monaco, 1297. 

Fieschi attempts to assassinate Louis 
Philippe, July 28, 1834 — is executed, Feb. 
6, 1835. 

Fiesco, count of Lavagna, conspiracy of, 
at Genoa, Jan. 2, 1547. 

Fiesco, Louis del, the Genoese admiral, 
defeated by the Venetian, Victor Pisani, 
1378. 

Fiesco, Matteo del, raises a revolt at Ge- 
noa, and is discomfited by Prospero 
Adorno, 1477. 

Fiesco and Grimaldi, Guelfs, expelled 
from Genoa, by Doria and Spinola, Ghi- 
belins 1296. See Fieschi. 

Fife, Edward Balliol lands on the coast 
of, 1332. 

Fifth-monarchy men, fanatics who preach 
a millennium and the kingdom of Christ, 
1649— conspire against Cromwell, 1653— 
punished and suppressed by Charles II , 
1661, 



FIN 



304 



FIR 



Figulus, C. Marcius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
162—11., 156. 

Figulus, C. Marcius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
64. 

Filangieri, Gaetano, b. 1752. 

Filiberta, daughter of Philip II., duke of 
Savoy, married to Julian de' Medici, 
1515. 

Filiberto I., duke of Savoy, eldest son of 
Amadeus IX., succeeds his father, 1472 
— d. Apr. 22, 1482. 

Filiberto II., duke of Savoy, eldest son of 
Philip II., b. 1480— succeeds his father, 
1497 — marries Margaret, daughter of the 
emperor Maximilian I., and widow of 
prince John of Spain, 1499— d. 1504. 

Filiberto. See Emanuel Filiberto. 

Fillmore, Millard, b. 1800— vice-president 
of the U. S., 1849— succeeds as president 
on the death of gen. Taylor, 1850— re- 
tires, 1853. 

Fimbria, C. Flavius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
104— assassinates L. Valerius Flavius 
on his march to the East, and takes the 
command of his army, 86— arrives in 
Asia and defeats Mithridates, 85— Sylla 
prepares to disarm him ; he is deserted 
by his army and commits suicide, 84. 

Finale bombarded by admiral Rowley, to 
detach the Genoese from their alliance 
with France and Spain, 1745. 

Finan, bp. of Lindisfarne, 650 — d. 660. 

Finance, a regular system of, introduced 
by Darius Hystaspes, B.C. 503. 

Finch, Heneage, b. 1621— made earl of 
Nottingham, and lord chancellor, 1673— 
d. Dec. 18, 1682. 

Finch, Heneage, created lord Guernsey by 
qu. Anne, 1704— earl of Aylesford by 
Geo. I., 1714 — dismissed from office, 1715. 

Finch, sir John, the Speaker, forcibly held 
in the chair while the Commons pass 
their "Remonstrance," March 2,1629— 
made lord keeper; is impeached by the 
Commons, and escapes to Holland, 1640. 

Finck, the Prussian general, surrenders 
with his army to count Daun, 1759. 

Finden, William, the engraver, b. 1786— 
d. 1852. 

Finisterre, Cape, naval battle off; ad- 
mirals Anson and Warren defeat the 
French, May 3, 1747. 

Finland, the coast of, conquered by Erik 
IX., k. of Sweden. 1157 — the Swedes 
in, .encroach on Russia, 1240— divided 
among the sons of Gustavus Vasa, 1560 
— conquered by the czar Peter, 1714— 
restored, 1721— surrendered by Lewen- 
haupt to the Russians, 1742— the greater 
part is restored by the peace of Abo, on 
condition of Augustus Frederic, duke of 
HolsteinGottorp, being elected successor 
to the crown of Sweden, 1743— invaded 



by the Russians, Feb. 21 — Abo, Swe* 
bofg, and all the strong places taken ; 
truce, Nov. 20, 1808— ceded to Russia by 
the peace of Fredericshamm, Sept. 17, 
1809— the Gulf of, blockaded by the 
British and French fleets, Apr. 12, 1854. 

Fiorenzuola, near Piacenza, battle of; 
Berenger defeated at, by Rudolf, king of 
France, and the Italian nobles, 923. 

Fire engine, nearly on the principle of 
the steam-engine, used to raise ballast 
and water, a patent granted for it, 1618. 

Fire, Greek. See Callinicus and Con- 
stantinople. 

Fieeb, some of the most remarkable : — 

Albany, Aug. 17, 1849. 

Albion Mills, near Blackfriars Bridge, 

London, March 3, 1791. 

Aldersgate St., 40 houses, Nov. 5,1783. 

Amsterdam theatre, May 15, 1772. 

Argyle Rooms, London, Feb. 5, 1830. 

Astley's amphitheatre, Sept. 17, 1794; 

Sept. 1, 1803 ; with 40 houses, June 8, 
1841. 

Bankside, mustard mills, Aug. 28, 

1814. 

Belvoir Castle, Rutlandshire, 1816. 

Bermondsey, April 24, 1852; again, 

June 25,1854; Rope factories in Blue 
Anchor Road, Lucas's wharf, and many 
other waterside premises, Mar. 16, 1855. 

Billingsgate, May 14, 1814. 

Blandford (Dorsetshire), June 5, 1731. 

Bread Street, Cheapside, premises of 

Messrs. Townend, and many others in 
the neighbouring streets, Dec. 31, 1853 ; 
loss more than £100,000. 

Broadwood's Pianoforte manufactory, 

69, Horseferry Road, Westminster, Aug. 
12, 1856, 1000 pianofortes burnt. 

Bromley flax mills, Feb. 13, 1854. 

Brooklyn (New York), Sept. 9, 1848. 

Bury Street, St. Mary Axe, a great 

mnny houses, June 12, 1811. 

Camberwell old church, Feb. 7, 1841. 

Canton, 15,000 houses, March 3, 1820. 

Charleston, South Carolina, April 27, 

1S38. 

Chandos Street, Covent Garden, June 5> 

1806, when the notorious brothel, the Key, 
was burnt to the ground. It broke out 
in a room where a schoolmaster was in 
company with a courtezan ; again, Sept. 
30, 1853, when the extensive premises 
of Savill and Edwards were consumed. 

Christ Church College, Oxford, March 

3, 1809. 

Circus, now Surrey theatre, Aug. 12, 

1805. 

City Road, Gutta-percha works, loss 

£100.000, June 5, 1853. 

Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1344. 

Collard's Pianoforte manufactory,, 



FIR 



305 



FIR 



Fiues— continued. 

Oval Koad, Camden Town, (recently 

built), Dec. 19th, 1851, loss £60,000. 
Conduit Street, July 9, 1809, where 

Mr. Wyndham, in endeavouring to save 

Mr. North's library, received an injury 

which caused his death. 
Constantinople, three days' fire, 433 ; 

446 ; 465, six days ; 509 ; 12,000 houses 

and 7000 peonle burnt. Sept. '27, 17549 ; 

May 31, 1745'; Jan. 29, 1749; July 5, 

1756 ; Aug. 22, 1702. 
Copenhagen, Oct. 20, 1728 ; June 6, 

1759 ; palace, Feb. 1794 ; arsenal, 1795. 

Cornhill, and Change Alley, London, 

200 houses, March 25, 1748 ; again, Nov. 
7, 1765. 

Covent Garden, 50 houses, 1759. 

Covent Garden theatre, Sept. 20,1808; 

March 5, 1856, during a bal masquee. 

Cowdray House, Sept, 25, 1793. 

Cubitt's, Pimlico, Aug. .17, 1854. 

Custom-house. London, Feb 12, 1814. 

Dartford, Phoenix paper-mills, Feb. 16, 

1852. 

Dockhead, May 2, 1785. 

Doncaster Church, entirely destroyed, 

Feb. 28, 1853. 
Dover Street, Piccadilly (Raggett's 

hotel), several lives lost, May 27, 1845. 
Drury Lane theatre, 1672 ; Feb. 24, 

1809. 
— — Dublin, House of Commons, Feb. 28, 

1792; Custom-house, Aug. 10, 1833; 

Royal Arcade, April 25, 1837; Hutton's 

coach factory, Jan. 4, 1851. 

Duke St., Blackfriars, Messrs. Clowes 

and Sons' printing office, Jan. 10, 1852. 

Duke St , Lincoln's Inn, Nov. 30, 1759. 

Duke Street, London Bridge, Feb. 19, 

1851 ; great damage. 

Eastern Counties Railway, Bethnal 

Green, Sept. 18, 1851. 

East Smithfield, Aug. 27, 1840. 

Edinburgh, Lawn market, 1771 ; June 

and Nov. 1824; three days, May 6-8, 
1842 ; Adelphi theatre, May 24, 1853. 

English Opera House (Lyceum), Feb, 

16, 1830. 

Falmouth theatre, Aug. 22, 1792. 

Fenning's Wharf, and other large 

warehouses, foot of London Bridge, Aug. 
30, 1836, loss £250,000. 

— — Fleet Street, No. 134, the warehouse 
of Dobbs and Kidd, Apr. 1, 1856. 

Fleet Street, No. 69, the spacious pre- 
mises of Bacon, Perkins, and Fetch, 
printers of the Bank-notes, Mar. 11, 1857. 

Floxley Abbey, April 1, 1777. 

Fonthill Abbey, Feb. 12, 1755. 

Frith Street, Soho, Dec. 2, 1803. This 

fire began by a spark falling into a heap 
of tow, at Messrs. Mosers' the iron- 



founders, and burnt for several day*, 
consuming the whole square of houses 
between Compton St., Greek St., and 
Queen St., with the exception of a house 
at the corner of Compton St., occupied 
by Mr. Reid, a grocer, whiqh, owing to a 
change in the wind, entirely escaped. 

Glasgow theatre, 1780 : again, 1829; 

many warehouses, loss £150,000, Jan, 14, 
1832 ; theatre, again, 1845 ; large de- 
struction of property, May 6, 1849. 

Glastonbury, town and abbey, 1184. 

Gravesend, Aug. 11, 1850. 

Halifax, Messrs. Whitworth's mills, 

Oct. 4, 1853, loss £S0,000. 

Hamburg, great fire at, May 7, 1842. 

Hatfield House, Herts, the marchio- 
ness of Salisbury perishes in the flames, 
Nov. 27, 1835. 

Hermitage - stairs, 31 houses, 1779 ; 

April 1, 1790. 

Hindon, Wilts, July 2, 1754. 

Holland St., Blackfriars, Routledge 

and Co.'s saw-mills, and many other pre- 
mises, including Messrs. Pennies', Feb. 

16, 1855, damage £150,000, and one life 
lost. 

Horselydown, 30 houses, besides ships, 

April 30, 1780. 

King's Bench prison, 50 residencies, 

July 14. 1799. 

Kirkman's pianoforte manufactory, 

Golden Square, and neighbouring houses, 
Aug. 10, 1853. 

Lambeth, Myers' timber wharf, Bel- 
vedere Road; Grissell and Peto's, and 
others, Feb. 7, 1850, very extensive. 

Lirnehouse Bridge, Dec. 4, 1716. 

Lincoln's Inn, New Square, Jan. 14, 

1849, extensive. 

Lisbon, custom-house, May 31, 1766; 

royal palace, Nov. 6, 1794. 

Liverpool, Apothecaries' Hall, March 

20, 1845 ; Brancker's sugar-house, Dec. 
28, 1843; Dublin Company's warehouses 
Jan. 24, 1834 ; Duke's warehouses, May 
4,1843; Mav27,1843; Fawcet's foundry, 
March 6, 1843 ; Fenwick Street, Dec. 22, 
1831; Formby Street, loss more than 
half a million, Sept. 23, 1842; Gibraltar 
Row, May 24, 1833 ; Glover's wharf, July 
21, 1851 ; Goree Buildings, property de- 
stroyed to the amount of more than 
£1,000,000 sterling, Sept, 15, 1802 ; Feb 

17, 1846; Hill's rice-mills, Nov.25,184S* 
Lancelot' s-hey, Jan. 14, 1833; Oct. 10, 
1834; Liver mills, May 25, 1842; Liver 
Street, Nov. 16, 1829 ; Oil Street, March 
16,1844; Okell's sugar-house, May 23, 
1799 ; Pack's shed, April, 14, 1851 ; Suf- 
folk Street, Jan. 31, 1818; sugar-honse 
March 21, 1830; Tabley Street, Nov. 
23, 1826 ; town-hall and exchange, Jan. 

x 



FIR 



306 



FIR 



Fires— continued. 
18, 1795 ; Wapping, Oct. 22, 1823; North 
Shore cotton mills, May 17, 1853, loss 
£80,000; Bonded warehouses, near the 
Docks, Oct. 26, 1854, loss £95,000. 

London, St. Paul's minster burnt, 962, 

1077; the houses on London Bridge burnt, 
3000 people drowned, July 10, 1212 ; great, 
of London, from Sunday morning, Sept. 
2, till Thursday, 6, 200,000 sufferers en- 
camp in the fields about Islington and 
Highgate, 1666. 

London Wall, Oct. 6, 1849. 

Sept. 12, 1852, extensive. 

Long Acre, Home's coach factory, 

Aug. 31, 1851. 

Love Lane, city (Rose and Crown), 

May 18, 1851, 4 lives lost. 

Lyceum. Ses English Opera House. 

Manchester, theatre, 1789 ; calico fac- 
tory, March 15, 1792; warehouses of 
Green and Co., March 30, 1813 ; ware- 
houses of Messrs. Ryland and others, 
March 1, 1854, loss £183.000. 

Mark Lane, Allnutt's; Ashlins, and 

Hayter and Howell's warehouse, Sept. 19, 
1850, loss £200,000. 

Memel, Oct. 4, 1854 ; the town ail but 

destroyed; 5000 persons rendered house- 
less. 

Mile-end, London, Jan 22, 1821, loss 

£200,000. 

Millwall, Poplar, Scott Russell's pre- 
mises, Sept. 10, 1S53, damage £100,000 ; 
Etna Steam Battery, burnt there on the 
stocks, May 3, 1855, value £120,000 ; a 
third fire, March 12, 1856. 

Minories, 30 houses, March 23, 1797. 

Montreal, cathedral, April 7, 1S49 ; 

a large portion of the city, July 8, 1852. 

Moscow, burnt by the Tartars, 1571 ; 

by the Russian governor Rostopchin, 
Sept. 14, 1812 ; on the entry of the French 
under Napoleon, 11,840 houses consumed, 
besides palaces and churches. 

Nantucket, July 13, 1846. 

Newcastle-on-Tyne, Gateshead, Oct. 

6, 1854, very extensive, with terrible ex- 
plosions ; 50 lives lost, 100 wounded — a 
million of property destroyed. 

Newgate, by the Gordon mob, June 2, 

1790. 

New York, loss 20,000,000 dollars, Dec. 

16, 1835 ; Sept. 6, 1839 ; July 19, 1845 ; 
Park theatre, Dec. 16, 1848; Messrs. 
Harpers, publishers, Dec. 10, 1853, loss 
above a million of dollars ; warehouses 
in Front street, and shipping, Dec. 20, 
1853, loss 650,000 dollars. 

Olympic theatre, March 29, 1849. 

Opera House, Haymarket, June 17, 

1788. 

~ ■ Pantheon, Oxford Street Jan. 14, 1792. 



Paris, 58S. 

Parliament, Houses of, Oct. 16, 1834. 

Pavilion theatre, Whitechapel Road, 

Feb. 13, 1856. 
Petersburg, 1736, 1780, 1796 ; imperial 

palace, Dec. 29, 1837. 
Philadelphia, Oct. 4, 1839 ; July 9, 

1850. 
Pickford's wharf, City Road, Feb. 26, 

1824; Gloucester Road, Regent's Park, 

June 10, 1857. 

Pimlico, Oct. 25, 1839. 

Pittsburgh. April 11, 1852. 

Portsmouth dockyard, July 27, 1770 ; 

Dec. 7, 1776. 
Quebec, May 28 and June 28, 1845 ; 

theatre, Jan. 12, 1846. 

Ratcliffe Cross, 630 houses ; loss 

£1,000.000, July 23, 1794. 

Red Lion Street, 15 houses, June 6, 

1823. 

Rome, Capitol burnt, B.C. 83 ; (Nero's), 

July 19, a.d. 64 ; the Capitol, again, 69-- 
80; Capitol, by lightning, 188; the tem- 
ples of "Vesta and Peace burnt, 191. 

Rotherhithe, June 1, 1765 ; Oct. 12. 

1790, 20 houses ; Sept. 14, 1791, 60 houses 
besides ships ; March 16, 1820, extensive 
damage; Feb. 1, 1856, Evans and Co., 
and others, extensive. 

Royal Exchange, London, Jan. 10, 1838. 

St. John's, Newfoundland, June 13, 

1846. 

St. Martin's Lane (Ben Caimt's public 

house), Jan. 15, 1851, 3 lives lost. 

St. Paul's Churchyard, warehouse of 

Pawson and Co., Feb. 24, 1853. 

St. Paul's Church, Coyent Garden, 

Sept. 11, 1795. 

SanFraneisco destroyed, May 8, 1851, 

being the seventh time within four years 

Saragossa theatre burnt, 600 persons 

perish, Dec. 17, 1778. 

Savannah, April 11, 1852. 

Shad Thames flour mills, July 17, 

1856. loss £100,000. 

Shadwell, 50 houses, Sept. 10, 1736 ; 

30 houses in 1761; Nov.l, 1796, 20 houses 

Sheerness, Jan. 4, 1830. 

Smithfield, 28 houses, 1761 ; again 

Aug. 14, 1822, extensive. 

Southwark, 60 houses : consumed, 1676 ; 

Aid. Humphrey's, and other large ware- 
houses, June 19, 1851, loss principally in 
hops, £100,000. 

Spitalfields, Oct. 4, 1852. 

Store Street, Tottenham Court Road, 

Sept. 27, 1802, very extensive. 

Strand, 40 houses, 1781. 

Thames Street, near the Custom- 
house, Feb. 11, 1800, three West India 
warehouses, loss £300,000. 

Throgmorton Street, 20 houses, 1774. 



FIT 



307 



FLA 



Fires— continued. 

Tiverton, June 5, 1731 ; Aug 3, 1794. 

Tottenham Oil Mills, on the Lea 

river, Aug. 8, 1S52. 

Tower of London, Jan. 31, 1774 ; Oct. 

30,1841, 2S0,000 stand of arms destroyed. 

Venice, 1106. 

Wapping, 150 houses, Dec. 4, 1716 ; 

Sept. 28. 1775, 30 houses; Oct. 6, 1800, 
30 houses ; July 21, 1794, 630 houses, loss 
a million; June 16, 1840, 12 houses. 

Warehouses, A to D, at foot of Lon- 
don Bridge, and part of St. Saviour's 
church, June 23, 1S51, loss £250,000. 

Washington, post-office and patent- 
office, Dec. 15, 1836 ; the Capitol, Dec. 
24,1851. 

Westminster Abbey tower, July 9, 

1803. 

Whittington Club, Strand (on the 

site of the Crown and Anchor tavern! 
Dec. 3, 1854. 

Whitehall palace, Jan. 5, 1698. 

Windsor Castle, damaged, March 19, 

1853. 

Windsor Forest, Apr. 17, 1785. 

Wynyard House, Feb. 19. 1841. 

York Minster, Feb. 1, 1829 ; May 19, 

1840. 

Fires, incendiary, prevalent in England, 
1833. 

Fireworks, display of, in London, to cele- 
brate the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Nov. 
23, 1748; at Paris, on the marriage of 
Louis XVI., May 31. 1770 ; in London, on 
the Peace Jubilee, Aug. 1, 1814; at the 
coronation of William IV., Sept. 8, 1831 ; 
on the peace with Russia, May 29, 1856. 

Fire-worshippers. See Magi. 

Firmicus Maternus, fl. 343. 

Fi rmus, an Egyptian merchant, revolts in 
Egypt against Aurelian ; is defeated, 
273. 

Firmus, a Moor, revolts in Africa against 
Valentinian — Theodosius, the Elder, is 
sent against him, 372 — compelled to seek 
refuge among the Moors, 373 — commits 
suicide to avoid being given up by them, 
374. 

Fijroze, k. of Persia, succeeds his father, 
Yezdejerd II., 458— d. 482. 

First fruits. See Annats. 

Fisher, John, bp. of Rochester, refuses 
the oath of the king's supremacy, is 
committed to the Tower, and attainted, 
1534 — created a cardinal ; beheaded, J une 
22, 1535. 

Fishmongers' Company, in London, found- 
ed, 1384. 

Fissiraga, a Guelf family in Lodi, raised 
to importance by N apoleon della Torre, 
1269. 

Fitzclarence, the name taken by the fa- 



mily of the duke of Clarpnce (Wm. IV.) 
and Mrs. Jordan. See M jnster, George, 
earl of. — Augustus, the rev. lord, 6. 1S04 
—d. 1S54— gen. lord Frederic, b. 1S00— 
d. 1854. 

Fitzgerald, lord Edward, dismissed from 
the army, 1792— engages in the Irish re- 
bellion, 1798 — is mortally wounded in 
resisting his apprehension, and dies of 
his hurts, June 3 — his attainder reversed, 
July 1, 1819. 

Fitzgerald, lady Pamela, wife of lord 
Edward, and daughter of the countess 
de Genii s, ordered to quit the kingdom, 
April 1798— d. 1831. 

Fitzgerald, Maurice, one of Richard 
Strongbow's companions, lands in Ire- 
land, and takes Wexford, Waterford, and 
Dublin, 1169. 

Fitzgibbon, John. See Clare, earl of. 

Fitzharris, Edward, committed to New- 
gate for a libel, Feb. 28, 1681— removed 
to the Tower, March 11 — executed at 
Tyburn, as a traitor, July 1. 

Fitzherbert, Mrs., b. 1756 — her alleged 
marriage to the prince of Wales denied 
by Fox in the House of Commons, April 
20, 17S7— Dr. Withers convicted of a libel 
on her, July 14, 17S9— d. 1837. 

Fitzjames, James. See Berwick, duke of. 

Fitzwilliam, William Wentworth Fitz- 
william, earl of, b. 1747 — secedes from 
the Whigs, and supports W. Pitt's ad- 
ministration, July 11, 1794 — appointed 
viceroy of Ireland, Dec. 10 — being 
thwarted in his measures for the relief 
of the Irish Catholics, he resigns, Feb. 
21, 1795- dismissed from the lord lieute- 
nancy of the West Riding of Yorkshire, 

' Oct. 23, 1819— d. 1833. 

Fitzwilliam, Richard, viscount, founder 
by his will of the Museum at Cambridge 
—d. 1816. 

Fitzwilliam, Mrs., the actress, b. 1S02 — 
d. 1854. 

Five-burghs. See Danes. 

Five hundred, Council of, the legislative 
body of the new French constitution, 
established, Oct. 28, 1795. 

Five per cents., Navy, interest on, re- 
duced to Four, Feb 25, 1822. 

Flaccinator, M. Bossius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 318. 

Flaccinator, M. Bossius, military tribune 
of Rome, B.C. 433. 

Flaccus, consul of Rome, 174. 

Flaccus, Valerius, writes his " Argonau- 
tica," 81. 

Flaccus, Verrius, preceptor of the impe 
rial family at Rome, 8. 

Flaccus, C. Fulvius, consul of Rome, sent 
to Sicily to put down a rebellion of the 
slaves, b.c. 134. 



TLA 



803 



FLA 



Flaccus, C. Norbanus, con3ul of Rome, B.C. 
38— others, 24; and a.d. 15. 

Flaccus, C. Valerius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
331— another, 93. 

Flaccus, L. Lucretius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
393. 

Flaccus, L. Pomponius, consul of Rome, 17. 

Flaccus, L. Valerius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
261 — another, 195— proconsul, Is fiercely 
resisted by the Insubres and Boii about 
Mediolanuin, 194 ; others, 152, 131, 100. 

Flaccus, L. Valerius, on the death of Ma- 
rius, appointed consul of Rome to supply 
his place ; assassinated on his march to 
the East by C. Fimbria, B.C. 86. 

Flaccus, M. Fulvius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
264. 

Flaccus, M. Fulvius, consul of Rome, as- 
sists the Massilians by defeating the 
Transalpine Ligurians and the Salyans, 
b.c. 125. 

Flaccus, P. Valerius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
227. 

Flaccus, Q. Fulvius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
237 ; II. 224 ; III. 212 ; IV. 209— another, 
179. 

Flaccus, Ser. Fulvius, consul of Rome, 
conquers the Vardsei, in Dalmatia, b.c.135. 

Fladknhbim, battle of; the emperor Henry 
IV. defeated by Rudolf of Swabia, Jan. 
27, 1080. 

Flag of truce fired on by the Russians at 
Odessa, April 6, 1854 — again, at Hango, 
in Finland, June 5, 1855. 

Flagellants commence their exhibitions 
in Italy, 1334 — declared heretics by pope 
Clement VI., who issues a Bull against 
them, 1349 — appear in England, 1352 — 
ninety-one burnt by the Inquisition, 1414. 

Flamma, L. Volumnius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 307 ; II. 296. 

Flaminian gate destroyed by an inunda- 
tion of the Tiber, 791. 

Flaminian way. See Flaminius, C. Ne- 
pos.— Continued by ^Emilius Paulus to 
Placentia, B.C. 182. 

Flaminius, C, consul of Rome, B.C. 187. 

Flaminius, C. Nepos, tribune of Rome, 
carries against the senate and the violent 
opposition of his own father, a law for 
dividing among the people the lands 
taken from the Keltse in Picenum, B.C. 
232 — consul of Rome, 223 — censor; builds 
the Circus Flaminius and constructs the 
Via Flaminia from Rome to Ariminum, 
220 — consul II.; defeated and slain by 
Hannibal at Thrasymene, 217. 

Flaminius, T. Quinctius, consul of Rome, 
takes the command in Greece, drives 
Philip V., k. of Macedon, from the de- 
file of Antigonia, and enters Thessaly; 
takes Elatea and Thebes, aud detaches 
the Achseans from Philip, B.C. 198 — de- 



feats him at Cynoscephalae, and dictates 
terms -of peace, 197 — proclaims the de- 
cree of the Roman senate for the free- 
dom of Greece, at the Isthmian games, 
196 — his command in Greece prolonged ; 
he compels Nabis to submit, and sets 
Argos free to rejoin the Achaean League, 
195 — returns to Rome, 194 — sent to 
Greece, 192— defeats Antiochus at Ther- 
mopylae, 191. 

Flaminius, L. Quinctius, brother of T. 
Quinctius, consul of Rome, B.C. 192. 

Flaminius, T. Quinctius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 150— another, 123. 

Flamstead, John, b. 1646 — astronomer 
royal at the Greenwich Observatory, 
1675 — publishes his Catalogue of the 
Fixed Stars, 1688— d. 1719. 

Flanders, in the north of Gaul, conquered 
by Caesar, and made part ot the Roman 
province of Gallia Belgica, B.C. 57 — oc- 
cupied by the Ripuarian Franks, a.d 
420 — part of the dominions of Clovis, 
510— of the kingdom of Soissons after 
his death, 511— long tranquil and pros- 
perous, begins to engage in commercial 
intercourse with England, 629— and from 
its proximity to the wool markets of that 
country becomes soon afterwards a seat 
of manufacturing industry. See Flem- 
ings. 

Created an independent county, 862. 
See Baldwin I. — III., and Arnulf I. 
— Fairs are established in, and manu- 
factures actively promoted, 963. See 
Arnulf II. and Baldwin IV. — A great 
inundation in, 1014 — Hardacanute ar- 
rives in, to claim the English crown, 
1038. See Baldwin V. and VI., and Ar- 
nulf III. — Robert I., the Frisian, defeats 
Philip I., k. of France, at Mount Cassel, 
1071. See Baldwin VI. and VII.— 
Charles, the Good, slain ; Flanders is 
given by Louis VI. to William Clito, son 
of Robert, former duke of Normandy, 
1127. See Baldwin VIII. and IX.— 
Treaty with Venice for the fourth cru- 
sade, 1201— visit of Baldwin II., emperor 
of the East, to implore aid from Western 
Europe, 1237. See Dampierre, Guy de. 
— Alliance with Edw. III. of England, 
1334. See Artevelde, James Van. — 
Edward disbands his army, 1339 — lands 
again, 1340 — unsuccessful crusade of the 
bp. of Norwich to support pope Urban 
VI., 1383— on the death of Louis II., 
Philip, duke of Burgundy, inherits 
Flanders, 1384. See Burgundy, duchy 
of. 

Succession of the counts of Flanders. 
Baldwin I., 862—879. 

■ II., 879—918. 

— III., with Arnulf I., 918 -965. 



FLA 



309 



FLE 



Flanders — continued. 
Arnulf II., 965—989. 
Baldwin IV., 989—1036. 

V., 1036—1067. 

VI., the Good, 10G7— 1070. 

Arnulf III., 1070—1071. 

Robert L, the Frisian, 1071—1093. 

II., 1093—1111. 

Baldwin VII., 1111—1119. 
Charles, the Good, 1119—1127. 
William Glito, 1127—1 . 28. 
Thierry, 1128—1168. 
Philip of Alsace, 1168—1191. 
Margaret I. and Baldwin VIII., 1191— 
1194. 

IX., 1194—1206. 

Jane and Ferdinand, 1206—1233. 
Jane, alone, 1233—1244. 
Margaret II., 1244—1280. 
Guy de Dampierre, 1280—1305. 
Robert III., 1305— 1322. 
Louis I., 1322—1346. 

II., 1346—1384. 

Margaret of Anjou, and Edward, prince 
of Wales, escape into, after the battle 
of Hexham, 1463— Edward IV. arrives 
in, to obtain aid from thr> duke of Bur- 
gundy, 1470 — first campaign in which 
Charles V. and Francis I. command 
against each other, 1521— English auxi- 
liaries support the Spaniards against the 
French, 1557 — they agree to a suspension 
of arms, Oct. 17,1558-CharlesI. threatens 
to oppose the French and Dutch in, 1639 
— success of the French, 1646. See Ne- 
therlands. — Conde commands the 
Spanish forces, 1654 — many of the people 
emigrate into England, 1668 — Louis 
XIV. makes new claims in, 1680. See 
France and Belgium. 

Flat Bush, battle of. See Long Island. 

Flavia, Domitilla. See Domitian. 

Flavian family. See Flavius. 

Flavianus I. and II. See Antioch, bp. of. 

Flavianus. See Constantinople, bp. of. 

Flavius, Cn., publishes his Calendar of 
Court Days, and makes himself popular 
at Rome by other services, for which he 
is elected Curule iEdile, B.C. 306 — after 
having reconciled all the orders at 
Rome, erects a temple to Concord, 305. 

Flavius, introduced as an imperial name 
by Vespasian, 69 —and afterwards to de- 
note his family, and assumed by many 
succeeding emperors in their Consular 
Fasti. 

Flavius Arcadius, consul of Rome, 385 — 
II., 392; III., 394; IV., 306; V., 402; 
VI., 406. 

N.B. supply these dates to the emperor 
Arcadius, p. 47. 

Flax brought into Gaul from Egypt, about 
B.C. 1 — first grown in England, 1533 — 



its cultivation promoted in Ireland, 
1851. 

Flaxman, John, the sculptor, b. 1754 — d. 
1826. 

Fleece, Golden, the Order of the, insti- 
tuted, 1430. See Burgundy, Philip, the 
Good, duke of. 

Fleet Market, London, opened, 1737 — 
the new market opened, Nov. 20, 1829 — 
the old market named Farringdon-st. 

Fleetwood marries Cromwell's daughter, 
the widow of Ireton, and is made go- 
vernor of Ireland, 1654— petitions Crom- 
well not to accept the crown, 1657— 
desires Richard Cromwell to dissolve 
the parliament, 1659. 

Fleming, Richard, founds Lincoln College, 
Oxford, Oct. 13, 1427. 

Flemings land at Scarborough to support 
Tostig, earl of Northumberland, and 
are totally routed by Harold at Stam- 
ford bridge, Sept. 25, 1066 — having before 
bought and carried away the wool of 
our eastern counties, introduce the art of 
spinning it into yam at Worstead, in 
Norfolk, and make stuffs of it in Nor- 
wich, 1132 — relieve the besiegers of Acre, 
1189 — support Otho IV., emperor of Ger- 
many, 1214 — defeat the French at Cour- 
tray, July 11, 1302 — are defeated by 
Philip IV., Aug. 16, 1304— revolt and 
are defeated by Philip VI. of France at 
Mount Cassel, Aug. 23, 1328— are de- 
feated by the French at Rosebecque, near 
Ypres, 1382 — receive and support Perkiu 
Warbeck, 1492— for which Henry VII. 
punishes them by stopping their trade 
with England, 1493 — they refuse to 
shelter the impostor, and their commerce 
is restored, 1497 — many of them ap- 
pointed to oflices in Spain, cause dis- 
satisfaction in that kingdom, 1520 — re- 
volt against the heavy taxes imposed 
by Chas. V., 1539 — are suppressed by 
him, and the citizens of Ghent deprived 
of their privileges, 1540. See Nether- 
lands. 

Flensburg, Margaret, qn. of Denmark, 
Norway, and Sweden, dies at, 1412 — calls 
on the k. of Denmark for reforms, 1830 
— taken by Prussian and Hanoverian 
troops, April 25, 1848 — occupied by the 
Danes, July 16, 1850 — assembly of the 
nobles at, June 15, 1851 — railway to Ton- 
ningen opened, Oct 25, 1854. 

Fletcher, John, the dramatist, o. 1576— 
fl. 1614— d. 1625. 

Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, excites 
violent debates in the Scotch parliament 
by his motion respecting the Hanoveriau 
succession, May 6, 1703. 

Fleurus, battles of, the prince of Wal- 
deck defeated by marshal Luxemburg, 



FLO 



310 



FLO 



July 1, 1690— the allies defeated by the 
French gen. Jourdan, who uses the bal- 
loon telegraph, June 26, 1794. 

Fleukt, afterwards cardinal, b. 1653 — 
prime minister to Louis X. ; relieves the 
financial embarrassments of France, 1726 
— his pacific policy, aided by that of 
Walpole, effects the signature of pre- 
liminaries by all the discordant States 
except Spain, at Paris, May 29, 1727— 
d. Jan. 29, 1743. 

Flinders, captain, explores the southern 
coast of New Holland, 1801. 

Flintshire, volcanic eruption in, Feb. 4, 
1773. 

FLODDEN-FiELD,battle of, the Scots defeated 
by the earl of Surrey, Sept. 9, 1513. 

Flogging of soldiers censured by Cobbett, 
for which he is fined and imprisoned, 
July 2, 1810— J. Drakard, editor of the 
Stamford News, also punished for like 
comments, May 25, 1811— a new clause 
in the annual Mutiny Act authorises 
courts-martial to dispense with it, June, 
1811. 

Flood, Mr., withdraws his motion for par- 
liamentary reform, Mar. 4, 1790. 

Floods. See Inundations. 

Flor, Roger di, or Kobert Blum, a Tem- 
plar, is degraded from the Order, retires 
to Genoa, where he fits out a private 
galley, and seeks his fortune as an ad- 
venturer, 1291— enters into the service 
of Frederic, k. of Sicily, 1298— forms out 
of the mercenaries who had served in 
Sicily his Catalan Grand Company, 1303. 
See Catalan Grand Company. — Created 
Csesar, 1306 — assassinated at Adriano- 
ple ; 1307. 

Flora, a planet, discovered by Mi'. Hind, 
at London, Oct. 10, 1847. 

Florence, the Uoman Florentia, accord- 
ing to some, one of Sylla's military colo- 
nies originally at Faesulse, B.C. 80— ac- 
cording to others, founded on the banks 
of the Amo by the triumvirs, 60— a flou- 
rishing city in the time of the emperor 
Tiberius I., a.d. 30— besieged by Rada- 
gaisus, who is defeated and slain there by 
Stilicho, 405 — a school founded by Lo- 
thaire, 8:29— Gerard, bp. of, elected pope 
Nicholas II., 1059— war with Lucca and 
Sienna, 1144— an independent republic, 
1198— holds out against the emperor 
Fred. II., 1240 — adopts a democratic con- 
stitution, and unites the Guelfs andGhi- 
bp.lins, 1250— assisted by Manfred, k. of 
Sicily, the Ghibelins prevail, 1260— the 
citizens elect Charles of Anjou gov. for 
ten years, 1267 — invited to protect Pisa 
against the Genoese, 1285 — besiege that 
city, and arerep ilaed by Guido da Monte- 
fcltro, 1292. 



Prosperous and rich, Florence is di- 
vided by the , factions of the Bianchi 
(Whites), under Vieri de' Cerchi, and the 
Neri (Blacks), headed by Corso de' Do- 
nati; the former have the ascendancy, 
and reject the offered mediation of pope 
Boniface VIIL, 1300— Charles de Valois, 
admitted under the plea of restoring 
peace, allows the Neri to ill-treat and 
drive out their opponents, 1301 — a 
great part of the city burnt by the vio- 
lence of these factions, 1304 — Robert, k. 
of Naples, appointed gov. for five years, 
1313— battle of Cappiano, 1325. See Cap- 
piano. — Charles, duke of Calabria, son of 
Robert, elected gov. for five years, 1326 
— Lucca ceded to Florence by Mastino 
della Scala, which the Pi sans oppose by 
war, 1341— Walter de Brienne, titular 
duke of Athens, appointed captain, makes 
peace with Pisa, 1342— the citizens ex- 
pel him, and establish a popular govern- 
ment, 1343— the plague rages, 1348. 

English mercenaries, employed by Pisa, 
defeat the Florentines, 1363 — are defeat- 
ed by them, and peace follows between 
the two republics, 1364— Florence, at- 
tacked by the legate of pope Gregory 
IX., engages the services of Sir John 
Hawkwood, who repels the invasion, 
1375— excites a general revolt in the 
papal States, takes Bologna, is excom- 
municated, and laid under an interdict, 
1376— rejects the overtures of the pope, 
1377 — a revolt of the people, headed by 
Silvester de' Medici, is suppressed, 137b 
— Sir John Hawkwood quits the service 
of the Florentines; their merchandize 
seized by the Genoese, and by Louis, 
duke of Anjou, in Provence, 1382— they 
call him back, to oppose John Galeazzo 
Visconte, duke of Milan, and assist Da 
Carrara to recover Padua, 1390 — he foils 
the Milanese, 1391— d., and is interred at 
Florence with funeral honours, 1394. 

Emanuel Chrysoloras employed by the 
government to teach Greek, 1396— hos- 
tilities recommenced by the duke of 
Milan, 1397 — peace concluded, 1398 — 
Florence and Venice endeavour to take 
advantage of the disordered state of 
Italy, 1403— Pisa conquered, Oct. 9, 1406 
— pope John XXIII. retires to Florence, 
1413 — the Florentines dissuade Ladislas, 
k. of Naples, from besieging him in Bo- 
logna, 1414— obtain Leghorn, 1421— are 
defeated by Philip Maria Visconte, duke 
of Milan, 1424 — league with Venice 
against Milan, 1425 — agree to a congress 
at Ferrara to treat of peace, 1427 — con- 
clude peace, April 18, 1428-renew their 
league with Venice, and besiege Lucca, 
where they are repelled by Francesco 



FLO 



311 



FLO 



Florence continued. 
Sforza, 1430 — war again with Milan; 
their fleet combined with the Venetians 
defeats the Genoese near Portofmo, Aug. 
27, 1431— peace concluded at Ferrara, 
Apr. 26, 1433. 

Cosmo de' Medici founds the univer- 
sity, but through the intrigues of Ri- 
naldo degli Albizi, and his other ene- 
mies, he and his family are banished, 
1433 — recalled, and his enemies are ex- 
iled ; pope Eugenius IV., driven from 
Rome, comes to Florence ; the republic 
engages the services of Francesco Sforza, 
1434— alliance with Genoa, 1436— Sforza 
returns to Milan; the friendship of Ve- 
nice cools ; Cosmo de' Medici goes as 
ambassador to revive it, 1438 — as gonfa- 
lonier of Florence renews the league, and 
engages Sforza again, who restores vic- 
tory to the confederates, 1439 — the 
Council of Ferrara removed to Florence, 
concludes the Union of the Latin and 
Greek churches, July 6, 1439 — general 
peace in Italy, 1441 — the pope leaves 
Florence, 1443 — Cosmo de' Medici 
founds the library, and patronizes learned 
men, 1444 — supports Sforza against the 
pope, and Alfonso, k. of Aragon and Na- 
ples, 1446 — pope Nicholas V. mediates 
peace, 1450 — alliance with Sforza, now 
duke of Milan, who is threatened by 
Venice, 1451 — war commences, 1452 — 
peace of Lodi, April 9, 1454 — league 
against the Ottomans, 1455 — death of 
Cosmo de' Medici, Aug. 1, 1464 — and of 
his son, Pietro, Sept. 3, 1469. 

Lorenzo and his brother, Julian, govern 
Florence; another league formed against 
the Turks, 1470 — the duke and duchess of 
Milan are magnificently entertained by 
Lorenzo de' Medici, 1471. See Volteeea. 
— The Platonic Academy rises under his 
auspices, 1476 — conspiracy of the Pazzi, 
abetted by pope Sixtus IV.; Julian de' 
Medici assassinated, Apr. 26, 1478— Lo- 
renzo escapes and rules alone ; the 
archbp. of Pisa, implicated in the plot, 
is put to death, and the cardinal-legate 
imprisoned, for which the pope lays an 
interdict on the city, and engages Ferdi- 
nand, k. of Naples, to join him in a war 
against Florence ; the republic is assist- 
ed by Louis XI., k. of France, the regent 
of Milan, and by Venice, Ferrara, and 
Rimini ; the emperor Frederic IV., and 
Matthias Corvinus, k. of Hungary, send 
ambassadors to protest against the con- 
duct of the pope, who disregards their 
advice, 1478— he demands the expulsion 
of Lorenzo, who goes to Naples and con- 
ciliates the friendship of Ferdinand, 
1479— pope Sixtus, alarmed by the Turk- 



ish seizure of Otranto, foregoes his ani- 
mosity, and concludes a treaty with 
Florence, 1480— the Florentines assist in 
recovering Otranto, 1481 — unit^ with 
other States to preserve peace in South- 
ern Italy, 1486— recover Sarzana from 
the Genoese, 1487 — death of Lorenzo de' 
Medici, April 7, 1492. 

His eldest son, Pietro, occupies his 
station in the republic ; is expelled, 
with his brothers, by Charles VIII., 
king of France, 1494— Pisa regains in- 
dependence, 1495 — is besieged by the 
Florentines, 1496 — the Medici attempt 
to regain their power, and are repulsed, 
1497 — Savonarola, and two of his dis- 
ciples, burnt at Florence, by desire of 
pope Alexander VI. ; Louis Maria, duku 
of Milan, assists the Florentines in their 
siege of Pisa, 1498— their gen., Paolo 
Vitelli, fails in his attack, and is behead- 
ed, 1499 -they renew the siege, and 
again abandon it with great loss, 1500— 
return to the attack, 1504— make them- 
selves masters of the city, June 8, 1509 
— the Medici conducted back to Florence 
by a Spanish army ; Julian, the young- 
est son of Lorenzo, takes the lead, Aug. 
31, 1512— joins in a league against Fran- 
cis I., k. of France, 1515— d. March 17, 
1516 — his nephew, Lorenzo II., d. April 
28, 1519. 

Pope Leo X. sends his cousin, car- 
dinal Julius de' Medici, to maintain the 
family ascendancy in Florence, 1519 — 
he rules there after he becomes pope 
Clement VII., 1523— includes Florence 
in his secret treaty with Francis I., 1524 
— his family expelled from Florence, and 
the republic revived, 1527— stipulates in 
a treaty with Chas. V. for the restoration 
of his family, 1529 — Florence refuses 
to admit them, and is besieged by a 
Spanish army, under Filiberto, prince 
of Orange, 1529 — he is killed in the 
attack, but Florence is taken, and Alex- 
ander, a natural son of Lorenzo II., ap- 
pointed gov. for life, Oct. 28, 1530. See 
Alexander de' Medici. — He is succeed- 
ed by Cosmo, a descendant of Lorenzo, 
brother of the first Cosmo, 1537— created 
grand duke of Tuscany by pope Pius V., 
Sept. 1, 1569. See Tuscany. — A plot 
formed at Florence against his son and 
successor, Francis, detected, and the con- 
spirators punished, 1578 — the Academy 
Delia Crusca founded, 1582 — treaty of, 
between the French republic and Naples, 
Mar. 18, 1801. See Feedinand IV., k. 
of Naples. — Ravages of the cholera, 
1855. 
Floeence of Worcester writes his Chro- 
nicle, 1119. 



FOI 



312 



FON" 



Florkntius, consul of Rome, 361— others, 
429, 515. 

Florence I. to V. See Friesland, and 
Holland, counts of. 

Florenz of Hainault marries Isabella de 
Villehardouin, 1291 — d., leaving a daugh- 
ter, Maud, heiress of the principality of 
Achaia, 1297. See Achai a, principality 
of, and Maud. 

Florian, brother of the emperor Tacitus, 
aspires to succeed him ; is killed by the 
soldiers at Tarsus, 276. 

Florida discovered, by the Spaniard Juan 
de Leon, 1512— a Huguenot colony plant- 
ed in, 1564 — the colonists killed or ex- 
pelled by the Spaniards as heretics, 1567 
— attacked with success by Sir Francis 
Drake, 1586 — ceded to the United States 
by Spain, 1820 — admitted into the Union, 
1845. 

Florida Blanca. See Blanca. 

Florin. See Coinage. 

Florus composes bis epitome of Roman 
history, 116 — excites the jealousy of Ha- 
drian, 118. 

Florus, Cn. Aquilius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
259. 

Florus Gessius, Roman gov. of Judaea, 
64. 

Florus, Julius, heads a revolt in Gaul, 21. 

Flower, a bookseller of Cambridge, prose- 
cuted for selling Gilbert Wakefield's 
answer to the bp. of Landaff, July 17, 
1798. 

Flushing taken by the revolted Nether- 
landers, 1572. See Cautionary Towns. 
— Annexed to France, Jan. 23, 1808 — 
captured by the English, Aug. 15, 1809 
— the works destroyed and abandoned, 
Dec. 25. 

I'ockeday, M., b. 1758 — member of the 
National Convention; voted against the 
death of Louis XVI., 1793— d. 1853. 

"Fcedera." See Rymer. 

Foggia, battle of; Manfred defeats the 
troops of pope Innocent IV., 1254 — 
Charles of Anjou, k. of Naples, d. there, 
Jan. 7, 1285. 

Foix, Eleanor de. See Eleanor of Na- 
varre. 

Foix, Francis Phoebus de, son of Gaston 
the younger, succeeds his grandmother, 
Eleanor, as k. of Navarre, 1479— d. 1483. 

Foix, Gaston de. See Eleanor of Navarre. 

Foix, Gaston de, the younger, son of Gas- 
ton and Eleanor, b. 1444 — killed in a 
tournament, 1470. 

Foix, Katharine de, daughter of Gaston 
the younger, succeeds her brother, 
Francis Phoebus, on the throne of Na- 
varre, 14S3 — marries John D' Albret, 1484. 
See Albret, John D'. 

Foix, Gaston De, duke de Nemours, nephew 



of Louis XII., king of France, b. 1489— 
serves in the French army in Italy 
against Venice, and is appointed gov. of 
Milan, 1511 — relieves Bologna, recoverg 
Brescia' and Bergamo, and gains the 
battle of Ravenna, in which he is killed,, 
April 11, 1512. 

Foix, Germaine De, sister of Gaston, mar- 
ries Ferdinand, k. of Spain, to whom her 
uncle, Louis XII., gives as her dowry all 
his claims on the kingdom of Naples, 
1505. 

Fokshani, battle of; the Turks defeated 
by the Austrians and Russians. July 31, 
1789. 

Folkstone, first experiment of a subma- 
rine telegraph at, Jan. 10, 1849. 

Folkstone, viscount, moves a vote of cen- 
sure on marquis Wellesley's Indian go- 
vernment, which is negatived, March 9, 
1808 — presents a petition for Reform 
from the Spa-fields meeting, 1816. See 
Radnor, earl of. 

Folkunger, a family nearly allied to the 
throne, grow powerful in Sweden, and for 
a time expel Eink XL, 1229 — overcome 
by him, 1234 — Birger Jarl restores their 
ascendancy, 1249. See Birger Jarl. 

Follett, Sir "William, b. 1798 — attorney- 
general, 1844— d. 1845. 

Fontaine, Jean De La, b. 1621 — the first 
collection of his Fables published, 1668 
—the second, 1678— d. 1695. 

Fontaine, La, August, the German no- 
velist, b. 1756— d. 1831. 

Fontaine, Louis, the architect, b. 1763— d, 
1853. 

Fontaineblf.au, the emperor Charles V 
arrives at, 1539 — treaty of between France 
and Sweden against him, 1542 — peace 
concluded at, between Denmark, Sweden, 
and Brandenburg, Sept. 2, 1679— Mat- 
thew Prior negotiates privately at, 1711 
—preliminaries of peace signed at, by 
the duke of Bedford, Nov. 3, 1762— Chas. 
IV. of Spain and his qu. sent there by 
Napoleon, Apr. 30, 1808 — decree for burn- 
ing English manufactures issued at, 
Aug. 18, 1810— Napoleon abdicates at, 
Apr. 6, 1814. 

Fontarabia, conference at, between Louis 
XL of France and Henry IV. of Castile, 
1463 — the French retire from the siege 
of, 1638— taken by the duke of Berwick, 
1719. 

FoNTEius.with the proconsul Caepio, killed 
by the Picentines, b.c. 90. 

Fontenat, in Auxerre, battle of, between 
the three sons of Louis I. ; Lothair de- 
feated by Louis and Charles, June 25, 
841. 

Fontenelle, b. 1667 — d. 1757. 

Fontenoy, battle of; the duke of Cumber- 



FOR 



313 



FOS 



land defeated by the marshal de Saxe, 
Apr. 30, 1745. 

Fonthill Abbey. See Beckford, Wm., 
and Farquhar, John. 

Fontinalis, A. Aterius, consul of Home, 
b.c. 454. 

Foote, Samuel, the actor, I. 1721— d. 1777. 

Forbes, Brigadier, takes Fort Du Quesne, 
Nov. 25. 1758. 

Forbes, Sir Charles, b. 1773— d. 1849. 

Forbes, Prof. E., b. 1815— d. 1854. 

Forbin, Louis count de, director of the 
Parisian museums, b. 1779 — d. 1841. 

Forcheim, the diet of, elects Rudolf of 
Swabia k. of Germany, 1077. 

Ford, John, b. 1586-d. 1651. 

Ford, Col., one of the supervisors of In- 
dian affairs, lost at sea, 1769. 

Ford, Rev. James, a liberal benefactor by 
his will to Trinity College, Oxford,^ 1850. 

Fordyck, Col., killed in an action with the 
Caffres, Nov. 6, 1851. 

Foreign Enlistment Act, passed to pre- 
vent British subjects assisting the S. 
American Republics, May 13, 1819 — sus- 
pended in favour of Spain, June 9, 1835. 

Foreign Enlistment Bill passed, for re- 
cruiting the British army, 1854. 

Foreign Loans depreciated by a panic in 
the market, 1822— excessive speculation 
in, followed by a general panic, and the 
ruin of many, 1825. 

Foreigners prohibited admission to the 
royal dockyards, July 30, 1779. See 
Alien Act. 

Forest, subterranean, discovered on the 
coast of Lincolnshire, 1799 — submarine, 
discovered at Morlaix, 1812. 

" Forfarshire Steamer," wrecked on the 
Fern isles ; some of the crew saved 
through the heroism of Grace Darling, 
Sept. 5, 1838. 

Forfeited estates of the Jacobites, in 
1716, valued at £1,652,450 — many more 
in 1746 — some are restored, 1784. 

Forgery, first execution for, June 4, 1731 
— the crime increases ; numerous prose- 
cutions, 1817 — thirty-eight bills found 
in one Old Bailey sessions, Sept. 11,1818 
— the severity of the law generally dis- 
approved; two juries refuse to convict, 
Dec. 5, 1818— many petitions against it 
presented to parliament, 1819 — Bills to 
mitigate it brought in by Sir James 
.Mackintosh, 1820 — thirty-five indict- 
ments at the Old Bailey, Apr. 11, 1821— 
punishment of death for forgery abolish- 
ed, Aug. 1832. 

Forli, defended against the Guelfs by the 
marquis Guido da Montefeltro, 1282 — 
submits to them, and the Ghibelin re- 
fugees are dispersed, 1283— surrenders to 
the Frencn, 1512. 



Form of prayer for the sovereign and hia 
family, first ordained by the sixteenth 
council of Toledo, 693. «, 

Formigny, battle of. See Clermont, count 
de. 

Formosus, bp. of Porto, elected pope, S91 — 
crowns the emperor Arnulf, and d. soon 
afterwards, 896— pope Stephen VII. (or 
VI.) declares his election void, disinters 
his body, and throws it into the Tiber, 
896 — all the proceedings of Stephen 
against him are annulled by a council 
held by John IX., 898. 

Forster, the Jacobite commander, taken 
prisoner at Preston, Nov. 13, 1715 — ex- 
pelled from the House of Commons, Jan. 
10, 1716 — escapes from Newgate to 
France, Apr. 10. 

Fort, Le, b. 1634— tutor of the czar Peter 
I., Ifi84 — his adviser and prime minister 
1689— d 1698. 

Fort Detroit. See Brock, General. 

Fort. See Du Quesne, Erie, Louts, Ni- 
agara, Ontario, Oswego, and St. David. 

Fort William, in Bengal, Shere Singh 
and other Sikh captives removed to, Jan, 
17, 1851. 

Fort William Henry, in Canada, taken 
byMontcalm,Aug. 9, 1757. 

Fortebraccio, Nicholas, the Condottiere, 
takes Rome, 1434— defeated and slain at 
Capo del Monte, 1435. 

Fortescue, Sir John, educates prince Ed- 
ward at Angers, 1467. 

Forth. See Agricola, Cn. Julius. 

Forth, the, crossed by Cromwell, 1651. 

Forth and Clyde canal opened, July 28, 
1790. 

Forthere, bp. of Sherborne, 709. 

Fortresses, ministerial plan for, opposed 
by R. B. Sheridan, and defeated by the 
Speaker's casting-vote, Feb. 27, 1786. 

Forts round Paris, debates in the French 
Chambers respecting the construction 
of, 1833— the law passed, 1841. 

"Fortuna," the planet, discovered by 
Hind, Aug. 22, 1852. 

Fortunatus, Venantius, a presbyter, ad- 
dresses poems to the emperor Justin II., 
to the empress Sophia, and to Childe- 
bert, 570— bp. of Poictiers, 595— d. 600. 

Forty-shilling freeholders of England, 
the franchise restricted to, 1431 — of Ire- 
land, on the passing of the Catholic Re- 
lief Act, disqualified, the qualification 
being raised to £10, 1829. 

Forum Julii. See Frejus and Friuli. 

Forum Palladium built by Domitian, 92. 

Forum of Trajan, built 113. 

Fosbroke, T. D., b. 1770-rf. 1842. 

Foscaro, Francescc, doge of Venice, 1423 
—deposed by the council of Ten; d. of 
grief, 1457. 



FOX 



314 



niA 



Foscolo, Ugo, b. 1777— d. 1827. 
Fossalta, battle of, May 26, 1249. See 

Bologna and Enzio. 
Fotheringay castle built, 1408. See 
Mary, qu, of Scots. — Pulled down by 
her son, James I., 1604. 
Foucault. See Falcandus. 
Fouche concerts with Bonaparte and 
Sieyes, a change of government, which is 
effected by military force, Nov. 9, 1799— 
appointed minister of police, Dec— cre- 
ated duke of Otranto, 1809— dismissed, 
June 3, 1810— re-appointed by Napoleon, 
March 21, 1815 — dismissed by Louis 
XVIII., Sept. 19. 
Foundling hospital; London, first sug- 
gested by Capt. Coram, and a charter 
granted for its erection, Oct. 17, 1739 — 
first performance of Handel's Messiah, 
in the chapel, May 1, 1753— opened for 
the reception of children, June 2, 1758. 
Fountains constructed by Abderahman 
II., to relieve the drought in Spain, 847. 
Fouquet, finance minister to Louis XlV., 
displaced and prosecuted for malver- 
sations, 1661. 
Four pek cent, stocks reduced to 3£ per 

cent., 1824. 
Four per cent, annuities, interest on, re- 
duced, May 3, 1834. 
Fox, Richard, bp. of Winchester, intro- 
duces Wolsey to Henry VIII., 1509— 
founds Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 
1516. 
Fox, Edward, almoner to Henry VIII., sent 

by him to treat with the pope, 1528. 
Fox, John, author of the " Book of Mar- 
tyrs," d. 1587. 
Fox, George, founds the society of Friends 
or Quakers, 1647 — imprisoned at Not- 
tingham, 1649— d. 1691. 
Fox, Henry, b. 1705 — appointed a lord of 
the treasury, 1743 — he unites with W. 
Pitt in opposition to the duke of New- 
castle, 1754 — secretary of state, Nov. 10, 
1755— resigns, 1756 — paymaster of the 
forces, 1757 — defends the articles of the 
treaty of peace, Nov. 1762 — created a 
peer, April 16, 1763. See Holland, Fox, 
lord. 
Fox, commodore, captures forty French 

ships off Cape Ortegal, June 16, 1747. 
Fox, Charles James, second son of Henry, 
lord Holland, b. 1748— makes his maiden 
speech in support of the address on the 
opening of the parliament, Jan. 9, 1770 
— becomes a junior lord of the admi- 
ralty, Jan. 28 — removed from office, Feb. 
28, 1774 — wounded in a duel with Mr. 
Adam, Nov. 30, 1779 — his motion for ter- 
minating the American war negatived, 
June 12, 1781 — made foreign secretary, 
Mar. 30, 1782 — supports Pitt's motion 



for parliamentary reform, May 7— in« 
troduces a measure of concession to Ire- 
land, May 18 — resigns, July; forms a 
coalition with lord North, March, 1783 — 
foreign secretary, April 2 — introduces 
his India Bills, Nov. 18— they are passed 
by the Commons, but thrown out by the 
Lords — dismissed from office, Dec. 18 — 
denies the marriage of the prince of 
Wales to Mrs. Fitzherbert, Apr. 20, 1787 
— opens the Benares charge against 
Warren Hastings, April 22, 1788— moves 
the repeal of the Corporation and Test 
Acts, March 2, 1790 — dissension between 
his partisans and Burke's, respecting the 
French Revolution, Feb. 9 — condemns all 
laws which attach penalties to opinion, 
Feb. 21, 1791 — final separation from 
Burke, May 6 — his Libel Bill postponed 
until the next session, May 20— passed, 
and decides the power of juries in trials 
for libel, Apr. 30, 1792— his pacific pro- 
positions negatived, Feb. 18, 1793— se- 
cedes from attending in parliament, Nov. 
2, 1797 — struck out from the list of privy 
councillors for repeating the duke of 
Norfolk's toast, " the Majesty of the 
People," May 25, 1798 — is received at 
the Tuileries, Sept. 3, 1802 — unites with 
Pitt in opposing the Addington ministry, 
April 16, 1804— in excluded from office 
by the king, May 12 — presents the Ca- 
tholic petition to the Commons, May 13, 
1805 — becomes foreign secretary, Feb. 5, 
1806 — writes to Talleyrand on an offer 
made to assassinate Napoleon, Feb. 20 — 
procures a vote in the Commons for the 
abolition of the slave trade, June 10— d. 
Sept. 13 — is buried in Westminster 
Abbey, Oct. 10 — his statue placed in 
Bloomsbury square, 1816. 

Fox, Mr., architect of the Crystal Palace, 
knighted, Oct. 1851. 

Foy, General, leader of the patriotic party 
in the French Chamber of Deputies, b. 
1775— d. 1825. 

Fracinet. See Fraxinet. 

Fkaga, siege of, by Alfonso I., k. of Ara- 
gon, 1132 — battle of; he is defeated and 
slain by the Meors, 1134. 

Framlingham, in Suffolk, qu. Mary escapes 
to, on the death of Edw. VI., and claims 
the throne, 1553. 

Francavilla, in Sicily, battle of; the Aus- 
trians defeated by the Spaniards, June 
20, 1719. 

France, the modern designation of the 
greater part of the Gallia of the Ro- 
mans, called Frankenric, or empire of 
the Franks, after its conquest by Clovis, 
4S1 — 511. See Gaul and Franks — Its 
Latin name of Francia took gradually 
its present form, which comprehended 



FRA 



315 



FRA 



Fbakce — continued. 
at first a large portion of Germany, and 
was not strictly appropriated as now 
used, till after the division of Charle- 
magne's empire among his three grand- 
sons, when Charles, the Bald, became, 
properly speaking, the first k. of France, 
840. For his predecessors, see Franks ; 
and for the events of his own and each 
succeeding reign, refer to the name of 
the respective sovereigns in this Index, 

Kings of France. 
Carlovingians —continued. 

Charles II., the Bald 840— 877 

Louis II., the Stammerer 877 — 879 

Louis III. and Carloman ... 879 — 832 

Carloman alone 882 — 884 

Charles III., the Fat 884— 888 

Eudes, count of Paris 888—898 

Charles IV., the Simple 898— 922 

Robert I., count of Paris 922— 923 

Rudolf, duke of Burgundy 923— 936 

Louis IV., d'Outremer 936— 954 

Lothaire 954— 986 

Louis V., le Faineant 986— 987 

Housk of Capet. 

Hugh Capet 987— 996 

Robert II 996—1031 

Henry I 1031—1060 

Philip 1 1060—1108 

Louis VI., the Fat 1108—1137 

Louis VII 1137—1180 

Philip Augustus 1180—1223 

Louis VIII 1223—1226 

Louis IX., Saint Louis 1226—1270 

Philip III., the Bold 1270—1285 

Philip IV., the Fair 1285—1314 

Louis X., Rutin 1314—1316 

John 1 1316,5days 

Philip V., the Long 1316—1322 

Charles IV., the Fair 1322—1328 

House of Valois. 

Philip VI., de Valois 1328—1350 

John II., the Good 1350—1364 

Charles V., the Wise 1364—1380 

Charles VI., the Well-leloved 1380—1422 
Charles VII., the Victorious... 1422—1461 

Louis XI 1461—1483 

Charles VIII 1483—1498 

House of Orleans. 

Louis XII 1498—1515 

House of Angouleme. 

Francis 1 1515—1547 

Henry II 1547—1559 

Francis II 1559—1560 

Charles IX 1560—1574 

Henry III 1574—1589 

House of Bourbon. 

Henry IV., of Navarre 1589—1610 

Louis XIII 1610—1643 

Louis XIV 1643-1715 

Louis XV 1715—1774 



Louis XVI 1774— 

The revolution begins, June 17, 1789. 
Louis dethroned, and the republic de- 
clared, Sept. 22, 1792. 
Government of the National Convention 
with an Executive Committee, 1792 — 
1794. 

See French Revolution. 
Louis beheaded, Jan. 21, 1793. 
Louis XVII., title given by the royalists 

to his son the dauphin, 1793 — 1795. 
Louis XVI II., title, on his death, as- 
sumed by his eldest uncle, 1795. 
Government of the Directory, 1794 — 

1799. 
Napoleon Bonaparte, first consul, 1799— 
for ten years, May 6— for life, Aug. 2, 
1S02. 
Napoleon I., emperor, May 18, 1804 — de- 
posed by the senate, April 1 — abdi- 
cates, April 6, 1814. 
Napoleon II., title given by his partisans 
to his son the duke of Reichstadt,who 
d. July 22, 1832. 

Bestoration of the Bourbons. 
Louis XVIII. declared k. by the senate, 

April 10, 1814. 
Return of Napoleon I., and empire of a 
hundred days, March 20— June 27, 
1815. 
Louis XVIII. returns, July 8, 1815— d. 

1824. 
Charles X., 1824. 
Revolution of the barricades, July 27 — 

29. 
Charles abdicates, Aug. 1830. 
Louis Philip, duke of Orleans, 1830. 
Revolution breaks out, Feb. 23, 1848. 
Louis Philip abdicates, Feb. 24. 
Republic proclaimed, Feb. 26. 
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected pre- 
sident, for four years, Dec. 20, 184o— 
for ten years, Jan. 15, 1852. 
Empire restored. 
Napoleon III. elected. Dec. 1, 1852. 
France, Isle of. See Mauritius. 
Frances, daughter of Cromwell, married 
to a grandson of the earl of Warwick, 
1657. 
Francesco. See Francis. 
Francfort, or Frankfurt, on the Mein. 
See Diets; and elections and corona- 
tions of different emperors. — Treacher- 
ously seized by the French marshal De 
Soubise, 1759 — taken by the French gen. 
Custine, Oct. 21, 1792— retaken by the 
Hessians, Dec. 2— made, by Napoleon, 
the seat of the Confederation of the 
Rhine, 1806 — declaration of the allied 
sovereigns issued at, Dec. 4, 1813— seat 
of the Federal Diet of, renovated Ger- 
many, 1814 — popular commotions at, 



TRA 



316 



FRA 



March 3, 1848— the Diet proposes the 
meeting of a German parliament, March 
11 — supports Schleswig and Holstein 
against Denmark, April 12 — the parlia- 
ment meets, May 18 — the archduke John 
elected regent, arrives, Aug. 3 — riots ; 
major Auerswald and prince Lichnowski 
killed, Sept. 18— the parliament elects 
the k. of Prussia emperor of Germany, 
March 28, 1849 -he rejects the offer— 
the emperor of Austria withdraws, Apr. 
3 — meeting of the Peace Society, Aug. 
22, 1850 — definitive treaty ot peace be- 
tween Denmark and Prussia signed at, 
Oct. 26— the Diet restored, Aujf. 23, 1851. 

jJ'ranofort on the Oder, university of, 
founded, 1506 — united to that of Breslau, 
1816. 

Tranche Comte, part of the original king- 
dom of the Burgundians, between the 
Rhone', the Saone, Mount Jura and the 
Rhine, conquered by the Franks, 534— 
part of the duchy of Burgundy, 877 — 
severed from it, and given as the Pala- 
tinate of Burgundy to Rudolf 1 1 1., king of 
Aries, 1002 — bequeathed by him to the 
emperor Conrad II., and annexed to Ger- 
many, 1032 —recovered by the dukes of 
Burgundy ; and on the death of the last 
duke, Charles the Bold, seized by Louis 
XI., k. of France, 1477— offered by Louis> 
XII. in the treaty of Blois, as part of 
the dowry of his daughter Claude, 1504 
— the treaty annulled, 1506 — given to 
Philip II. of Spain, on his marriage with 
Isabella, daughter of Henry II., king of 
France, 1559— conquered by Louis XIV., 
1674 — confirmed to him by the pe,ace of 
Nimwegen, 1678. 

Francia, b. 1755 — president of Paraguay, 
1816 — war with Bolivar, 1824 — suppresses 
the monastic orders in Paraguay, 1825 — 
d. 1840. 

Francis Stephen I., emperor of Germany, 
son of Leopold, duke of Lorraine, b. 1709 
— succeeds his father as duke, 1729 — by 
the treaty of Vienna his states are given 
to Stanislas IV., k. of Poland, and he is 
compensated by the reversion of Tus- 
cany, 1735 — marries the arch-duchess 
Maria-Theresa, daughter and heiress of 
the emperor Charles VI., Feb. 12, 1736 — 
becomes grand-duke of Tuscany, 1737 — 
co-regent with Maria-Theresa, of Hun- 
gary, and her other hereditary states, 
1740— elected emperor, Sept. 2, 1745 — 
crowned, Sept. 28 — makes peace with 
Bavaria and Prussia, and his title is ac- 
knowledged by them ; the French and 
Spaniards conquer Parma, Savoy and 
Milan, and great part of the Austrian 
Netherlands, 1745— take Brussels, Na- 
mur, Antwerp, and the rest of the Ne- 



therlands; are defeated by the Aus- 
trians and Sardinians at Lazzaro and 
Rotto Freddo, and driven out of Italy; 
Provence invaded, 1746— siege of Genoa 
by the Austrians ; negotiations com- 
mence at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1747— peace 
concluded, Oct. 7, 1748 — secret alliance 
with Russia, 1753 — and with France 
against Prussia ; the Seven Years' War 
begins; 1756. See Frederic II., king of 
Prussia. — Peace of Hubertsburg, Feb. 15, 
1763— Francis d. Aug. 18, 1765. 

Francis II., emperor of Germany, son of 
Leopold II., b. Feb. 12, 1768— inherits 
the Austrian dominions, March 1,1792 — 
is elected emperor, July 14 — meets the 
k. of Prussia at Mentz, 23 — and concerts 
measures for carrying on the war against 
France. See French Revolution. — 
shares in the second partition of Poland, 
1793 — commands his army in person, and 
takes Landrecy, April 24, 1794 — receives 
the third share of Poland, 1795 — con- 
cludes the treaty of peace at Campo 
Formio, and obtains Venice, Oct. 17, 1797 
— joins the second coalition against 
France, 1799. See French Revolution, 
and Bonaparte, Napoleon. — Agrees to 
the peace of Luneville, Feb. 9, 1801 — 
annuls the elective title of emperor of 
Germany, and assumes that of — 

Francis I., hereditary emperor of Austria, 
Aug. 11, 1804— joins the third coalition 
against France, 1805. See Napoleon I. 
—By the treaty of Presburg, loses Venice, 
the Tyrol and other parts of his empire, 
Dec. 26, 1805— compelled to be neutral 
in the fourth coalition, and to allow the 
Confederation of the Rhine, 1806 — enters 
into the fifth coalition, 1809. See Napo- 
leon I.— Signs the humiliating treaty of 
Vienna, Oct. 11 — gives his daughter, 
Maria-Louisa, in marriage to Napoleon, 
Apr. 1, 1810 — agrees to furnish an auxi- 
liary contingent to the French army 
against Russia, March 24, 1812 — nego- 
tiates secretly with Great Britain and 
Russia, March 20, 1813 — takes part in 
the congress of Prague, July 5— joins 
the sixth great coalition, Aug. 15. See 
Napoleon I. — Battle of Leipsic, Oct. 16 
— 19— Francis at Francfort, Dec. 4 — re- 
pairs to the head quarters of the allied 
army in France, Jan. 25, 1814 — enters 
Paris, March 31 — by the treaty of peace 
recovers the Tyrol, Lombardy, and all 
his lost States, May 30— joins the Euro- 
pean declaration of war on Napoleon's 
return to France, March, 1815 — arrives 
again at Paris after the battle of Water- 
loo, July 10 — becomes a party to the 
" Holy Alliance," Sept. 26— is induced 
by Metternich to oppose all liberal ten- 



FEA 



317 



FEA 



dencies in Europe ; congress of Troppau 
and Laybach, 1820 — Austrian armies 
annul the constitution in Naples, and ar- 
rest a revolutionary movement in Pied- 
mont ; Alexander Ipsilanti, leader of the 
Greek insurrection, imprisoned, 1821 — 
ambassador recalled from Madrid; Great 

, Britain accepts £2 500,000 in full pay- 
ment for loans of £30,000,000, 1823— Don 
Miguel received at Vienna, 1823 — troops 
withdrawn from Naples, Dec. 1826 — Ip- 
silanti released, 1828— an insurrection in 
Milan repressed, 1830 — Austrian troops 
crush an attempt to form a federal re- 
public in Italy, 1831 — Francis d. March 
2, 1835. 

Francis Charles Joseph, archduke of 
Austria, second son of the emperor Fran- 
cis, b. Dec. 7, 1802— marries Sophia, prin- 
cess of Bavaria, 1824 — waives his right 
to the throne in favour of his son, Fran- 
cis Joseph. 

Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria, son 
of the archduke Francis Charles Joseph, 
b. Aug. 18, 1830 — ascends the throne on 
the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand, 
Dec. 2, 1848 — has to contend against his 
revolted subjects in Hungary and Italy; 
his troops invest Comorn, Jan. 3, 1849 — 
are defeated at Hermannstadt, 21 — at 
Godolo, April 6 — Kossuth declared by 
the Diet supreme gov. of Hungary ; the 
Austrians defeated near Gran, 20— -the 
emperor invites the assistance of Russia, 
May 1 — his troops defeated at Altenburg 
and Oedenburg, 7 — the Hungarians re- 
cover Pesth ; conference of the emperors 
Francis Joseph and Nicholas at Warsaw, 
22 — the Hungarians are overcome; Kos- 
suth and Bern take flight into Turkey, 
Aug. 12 — G6rgey surrenders, 13— the two 
emperors require the sultan to give up 
the fugitives, 23 — lower their demands 
on the interposition of Great Britain and 
France, Oct. 17. 

In Italy, the Austrian gen. Radetzky 
defeats Charles Albert at Novara, Mar. 
23 — Brescia bombarded and the in- 
habitants massacred, 30 — Venice block- 
aded, April 17 — Ancona taken, June 
18 — the grand duke of Tuscany, Leo- 
pold IT., restored by an Austrian army ; 
peace concluded at Milan, Aug. 6 — 
amnesty proclaimed, 18 — Venice sub- 
mits, 22— Francis Joseph dissents from 
the election of the king of Prussia to be 
emperor of Germany ; withdraws from the 
Francfort parliament; protests against 
that of Erfurt ; concludes an " interim " 
treaty with the king of Prussia, Nov. 20, 
1849 — proposes to him a mutual disarm- 
ing to avoid the threatened collision be- 
tween them, Nov. 7, 1850— meets the 



emperor Nicholas again at Warsaw, con- 
curs with Prussia and the Federals to re- 
store order in Hesse Cassel and Holstein, 
20 — his commissioners at Kiel obtain 
the submission of Holstein and Schles- 
wig to the king of Denmark, Feb. 1, 1851 
— on the death of prince Schwartzenberg 
places count Buol Schauenstein at the 
head of the office of foreign affairs, April 
5, 1852 — visits Berlin, Dec. ] 7 — wounded 
by an assassin, Feb. 18, 1853— concludes 
a treaty of commerce with Prussia, 19 
— advises the emperor Nicholas to desist 
from his measures against Turkey, May 
30 — meets him at Olmiitz, Sept. 24— 
holds a conference with Great Britain, 
France, and Prussia at Vienna on the 
affairs of Turkey, Dec. 5— assents to the 
principle of the Western alliance, but 
declines to act, March 7, 1854— proposes 
four conditions as the basis of peace; 
occupies the principalities of Wallachia 
and Moldavia, Sept.6-conferences opened 
at Vienna, Nov. 28— treaty of alliance 
with Great Britain and France, Dec. 2 — 
Francis Joseph marries the princess Eli- 
zabeth of Bavaria, April 24, 1854— the 
conferences at Vienna broken up, April 
21, 1855 — the emperor sends count Va- 
lentine Esterhazy to propose new nego- 
tiations, Dec. 28— takes part in the con- 
gress of Paris, and concurs in the treaty 
of peace, March 30, 1856— resists the in- 
terference of the pope with heretical 
books. 
Francis I., king of France, son of Charles,, 
count d'Angouleme, b. 1494. See An 
gouleme, Francis, count of.— Succeeds 
Louis XII., being the eldest living male 
descendant of Charles V., k. of France, 
1515 — on his accession, the emperor 
Maximilian I., pope Leo X., Ferdinand, 
king of Spain, the Swiss Cantons, Flo- 
rence and Milan, combine in a league 
against him ; lie invades Italy, recovers 
Genoa, gains the battle of Marignano, 
and obtains possession of Milan ; has an 
interview with the pope, concludes 
peace, abandons the Pragmatic Sanction 
of Bourges, and agrees to a new Con- 
cordat, 1515. 

Makes treaties with the emperor, 
the king of Spain, and the Swiss; 
allows Henry, son of John d'Albret, to 
retain tho title of king of Navarre, 
1516 — renews his league with the re- 
public of Venice, 1517 — makes a treaty 
with Henry VIII. and pensions Wolsey, 
1518— competes with Chas. I. of Spain 
for the empire, 1519— holds the interview 
of the Field of the Cloth of Gold with 
Henry VIII. June 4-24, 1520— begins 
war against the emperor Charles in Na- 



FRA 



318 



FRA. 



Francis I., k. of France— continued. 
varre ; commands against him in Flan- 
ders; is d-ceived by the pope, and loses 
Milan, 1521— Henry VIII. declares war 
against him, 1522 — the duke of Bourbon 
deserts him, and goes to Germany ; Fer- 
rara and Venice join his enemies ; they 
attack him on all sides, but he maintains 
himself against them. 1523 — invades 
Italy, and regains Milan, 1524. 

Is taken prisoner at Pavia, Feb. 24, 1525 
— and conveyed to Madrid ; released, and 
arrives in France, Mar. 17, 1526— refuses 
to give up Burgundy; forms a Holy 
League with the Italian States, and with 
Henry VIII., May 22 — his gen. Lautrec 
is successful in Italy ; a marriage treaty 
with England, May 29, 1527— another 
campaign in Italy, 1528 — peace of Cam- 
bray with the emperor, Aug. 5, 1529 — 
pope Clement VII. inclines to him, 1531 
— he renews his treaty with Hen. VIII., 
and lias interviews with him at Calais 
and Boulogne, < >ct. 11,1532— Britanny de- 
finitively annexed to France; endeavours 
to mediate between Henry VIII. and the 
pope. 1533— his second son, Henry, duke 
of Orleans, is married to Katharine de' 
Medici, Oct. 27; his sister, Margaret, 
qu. of Navarre, avows heretical opinions 
he supports the Protestants in Germany, 
but persecutes those in France, 1534. 

Revives his claim on Milan, and enters 
Savoy, 1535— refuses Charles's offer of 
Milan to his third son, the duke of An- 
gouleme, and requires it for the duke of 
Orleans; his eldest son, the dauphin, d. 
suddenly ; he takes Turin, and attempts 
to surprise Genoa, 1536 — truce with 
Spain, and treaty with the sultan Soli- 
man, 1537 — interview with the emperor 
C'.iarles at Aigues Mortes, 1538— re- 
ceives him atFontainebleau, 1539— enter- 
tains him at Paris, Jan. 1, 1540— obtains 
a promise of Milan for the duke of Or- 
leans, which Charles gives, Oct. 11, to 
his own son, Philip; demands satisfac- 
tion for the murder of two of his ambas- 
sadors in Italy on their way to Constan- 
tinople, and contracts leagues with the 
Protestant States, 1541— war renewed 
with Spain, 1542— siege of Nice, 1543 
—war with England; Henry VIII. takes 
Roulogne ; battle of Ceresuola, April 14, 
1544 — peace with the emperor concluded 
at Crespy, Sept. 18, 1544— attempts a 
landing in England, 1545— peace with 
England, June 7, 1546— Francis d. Mar. 
22, 1547. 
Fbancis II., king of France, son of Henry 
II., b. 1543— affianced to Mary, queen of 
Scots, 1548— married to her, Aivil 18, 
1558— succeeds his fathel July 20, 1559 



— is governed by his mother Katharine 
de' Medici and the Guises ; refuses to 
ratify the treaty of Edinburgh, 1560 — 
league of Amboise against the house of 
Guise ; Francis d. Dec. 5, 1560. 
Francis I , king of Naples, son of Ferdi- 
nand IV., b. Aug. 19, 1777— succeeds, 
Jan. 4, 1825 — attempts some reforms, 
1828 — escapes assassination, 1829 — d. 
Nov. 8, 1830. 
Francis Phcebus, king of Navarre. See 

Foix, Francis Phcebus De. 
Francis I., duke of Britanny, 1442 — 1450. 
Francis II., duke of Britanny, 1458— 1488. 

See Bketagne. 
Francis Hyacinth, duke of Savoy, eldest 
son of Victor Amadeus, b. 1632— contests 
for the regency on his accession, 1637 — 
d. Oct. 1638. 
Francis I., or Francesco-Maria, grand duke 
of Tuscany, son of Cosmo I., b. 1540 — 
succeeds, 1574 — is captivated by Bianca 
Capello, and marries her, 1579 — both d 
by poison, 1587. See Capello, Bianca. 
Francis II., grand duke of Tuscany. See 
Francis Stephen I., emperor of Ger- 
many. 
Francis, duke of Milan. See Sforza. 
Francis Maria, duke of Milan. See 

Sforza, Francesco Maria. 
Francis I., duke of Modena, son of Al- 
fonso III., b. 1610 — succeeds on his fa- 
ther's retirement, 1629— obtains Corregio 
from Philip IV. of Spain, 1636— attaches 
himself to France, 1646 — wounded at the 
siege of Pavia ; raises the siege, Sept. 
15, 1655 — commander-in-chief of the 
French armies in Italy, 1656— d. Oct. 14, 
1658. 
Francis II., duke of Modena, son of Al- 
fonso IV., b. March 6, 1660— succeeds 
his father, under the regency of his mo- 
ther, Laura, July 16, 1662— his sister, 
Mary Beatrice, marries James, duke of 
York, 1673— d. Sept. 6, 1694. 
Francis III., duke of Modena, son of Ri- 
naldo, b. July 2, 1698— marries Charlotte 
Agl'ae, daughter of Philip, duke of Or- 
leans, 1726 — visits Paris, London, Hol- 
land and Vienna, 1735 — succeeds his fa- 
ther, 1737 — endeavours to preserve neu- 
trality in the war of the Pragmatic 
Sanction; his States are occupied and 
ravaged by both hostile armies, 1742 — 
d. 1780. 
Francis L, duke of Lorraine, 1554 — 1555. 
Francis II., duke of Lorraine jointly with 
his brothers Charles III. and Nicholas 
Francis, 1624. See Charles III., duke 
of Lorraine — d. 1670. 
Francis III., duke of Lorraine. Sea 
Francis Stephen I., emperor of Ger- 
many. 



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319 



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Francis L, signor of Mantua, 1382—1407. 

See Gonzaga and Mantua. 
Francis II., duke of Mantua, succeeds, 
1540— accidentally drowDed in the lake, 
Feb. 21, 1550. 
Francis III., duke of Mantua, succeeds 
his father, Vincent Gonzaga, Feb. 18, 
1612— <Z. Dec. 21. 
Francis, duke of Parma. See Farnese, 

Francis. 
Francis, a Benedictine monk, recom- 
mended by James II., to the University 
of Cambridge, is refused admission, Feb. 
9, 16S7. 
Francis, John, fires a pistol at qu. Vic- 
toria, May 26, 1842 — transported for life, 
June 17. 
Francis, sir Philip, b. 1740 — supposed to 
have written the letters of Junius; d. 
1818. 
Francis d'Assise, duke of Cadiz, marries 
his cousin, Isabella II., qu. of Spain, Oct. 
10, 1846 — separates from her, but is af- 
terwards reconciled, 1847. 
Franciscan order of Mendicant friars, 
founded by Francis John Bernadoni, 1207 
—on his death, disputes arise among 
them, 1226 — contend with the Domini- 
cans for superiority in the university of 
Paris, 1231. 
Franconia. See Austbasia, East France, 
and Conrad, count of Franconia. — Eber- 
hard, duke, 912— joins a league against 
the emperor Otho I., 936— d. 939— Conrad 
II., d. 955— Otho, d. 1004 — Conrad III., 
d. 1011 — Conrad IV, elected k. of Ger- 
many, 1024. See Conrad II., emperor 
of Germany. — His son, Henry III., makes 
Franconia a royal domain, 1039 — the 
dukedom revived for Conrad V., 1116 — 
he refuses to acknowledge Lothair, duke 
of Saxony, as emperor of Germany, 1125 
— is himself elected, 1138. See Conrad 
III., emperor of Germany. — Franconia 
made one of the circles of the German 
empire by Maximilian I., 1500 — its Ca- 
tholic bishoprics taken by the Swedes, 
1631. 
Frankenhausen, battle of; the insurgent 

German peasants defeated, 1525. 
Frankfurt. See Francfort. 
Franklin, Benjamin, b. 1706 — publishes 
"Poor Eichard's Almanac," 1732— by his 
electrical kite ascertains the nature of 
lightning, and invents the conductor, 
1752 — presents to the privy council the 
petition of the Massachusetts assembly, 
and is removed from his office of de- 
puty postmaster general for the colonies, 
Jan. 29, 1774 — signs the American 
Declaration of Independence, July 4, 
1776 — goes as U. S. ambassador to 
France, 1776— arranges the provisional 



treaty of peace at Paris, Nov. 20, 1782— 
one of a commission to prepare a consti- 
tution for the American states, 1787— d. 
April 17, 1790. 
FRANKLiN,lieut.,firstexplores the Northern 
Ocean in the " Trent," 1818— now captain, 
sails from Liverpool, Feb. 16, 1825— re- 
turns, Sept. 29, 1827— now Sir John, pro- 
ceeds on his Arctic expedition, with the 
" Erebus" and " Terror," May 23, 1845— 
the "Plover" despatched in search of 
him, Jan. 1, 1848— Sir J. C. Boss returns 
from an unsuccessful search, Nov. 3, 1849 
— Sir Edward Belcher sails in search, 
April 21, 1852— Dr. Eae announces his 
fate, Oct. 22, 1S54— the House of Com- 
mons vote a monument to him, July 31, 
1855. — the steam-yacht, Fox, purchased 
by Lady Franklin, is despatched in 
search of him, under the command of 
capt. M'Clintock, July, 1857. 
Franks, or The Free, a confederation of 
various tribes in the north-western parts 
of Germany, first known about 240 — 
some of them invade the northern pro- 
vinces of Gaul, 254— penetrate through 
Gaul into Spain, and sack Tarraco, 256— 
repulsed by Probus, while invading 
Gaul ; some of the prisoners removed to 
Pontus, seize a fleet in the Euxine, 
escape through the Bosphorus, plunder 
cities on the Mediterranean, and return 
to Germany, 277— send an embassy, with 
their king at its head, to beg peace of the 
emperor Maximian, 288 — are deterred 
by Constantine from attacking Gaul, 309 
— watched by Crispus on the frontier of 
the Ehine, 319 — defeated by him, 320— 
invade Gaul and resist Constans, 341 — 
are compelled to retire and beg for peace, 
342 — defeated by Julian, and pursued 
over the Ehine, 358 — a part of them, 
styled Eipuarian Franks, occupy the 
banks of the Lower Rhine ; supposed 
time of Pharamond, 412 — pillage Treves, 
420 — the Merovingian monarchy begins 
about 421 — Clodion defeated by iEtius, 
and driven back to his cantonments, 428 
— abrotherof Meroveus claims thethrone, 
and is supported by Attila, 450— the two 
parties fight on opposite sides in the 
battle of Chalons, 451— they banish Chil- 
deric I., and, for a short time, make 
iEgidius their king, 462 — accession of 
Clovis I., 481. See Clovis I.— After the 
conquest of Aquitaine, 507, the greater 
part of Gaul being subject to the Franks, 
takes the name of Frankenric, empire of 
the Franks. See France. — They become 
celebrated in the East, and their name is 
used from about 700 by Greeks and Mo- 
hammedans as a general designation of 
all the people of the West ; they begin 



FRA 



320 



Frank*— continued. 
to fight ou horseback in 77S. from which 
time the age of chivalry begins. 

session of the kin.s of the Franks 
prior to France becoming a separate 

C:\iion 42> 

Aferoveus 

-;deric 1 458-481 

Ckmsl 4S1— oil 

His four sons divide ins kingdom. 
ieterich 1. reigus :.: I 

511 — 534 
C :.lodomir. at Orleans. See C 

511—534 

Childebert I ,al Paris 511— 558 

Chlotair. at Soissons, See Chlotair. 

511—561 
They defeat and murder Sigisniund, k. 
of the Burgundians, 523 — his 
Gondemar. defeats Chlodoniir at Voiron, 
who falls in battle, and his three brothers 
divide the kingdom, 524— Thierry- conquers 

Fhuringians, and adds their la:, 
hi- :ttii. 530 — on his death, his sou. 
Theodebert I. reigns at Metz .. 53i- 
He aud his two uncles overpower Gon- 
demar, and divide Burgundy among 
them. 534— he invades Italy and plun- 
sease attacks his army 
and compels him to retain 
Theodebald. son of Thee 
succe ther, at Mets, 548— 

the plague. 554 — Chlotair take* 
sion of his lands : and by the Salic 
law. acquires those of Childebert 1 . 558. 
The kingdom again divided t 

of Chlotair. 
C aribert reigns at Paris .... 

Sigebert I., at Metz 561—"": 

- a r :. asia. Bkuxkhild, aud Frz- 

-.tram. at Orleans 561 — 594 

ChilpericL,a4 561 — 5S4 

the death of Charibert. the Salic law 
among his three 
?ee Bcbgdhdt, or Or- 
leans. 
Childebert II.. son " — 

succeeds his father. 57S — 596 — Chit 
peric I. murdered by Fred 
Chlotair II.. son of Chilperic I., b. 584 — 
his father, at Soissons, 5S4 
— J. 688. See Chlotaik II.— On Gon- 
tram's death, his nephew, Childebert 
II.. adds Burgv. strasia, 594. 

Theodebert 11 Childebert 1L, b. 

5S6— succeeds his father in Australia, 
596— d. 612. 
Thierry, or Dieterich II. youngest son of 
Childebert 11.. p. 5S$^-inherits Bur- 
gundy from his father. 596 — d. 613 
The "degeneracy of the Merovingian j 



FRA 

kings allows t «? Mayors of the Palace 
s rp Miitho.ity.599 — Theodebertll. 
murdered by Brunehild — Austrasia 
i to Burgundy by his brother, 
Thierry. 612 — on the death of Thierry, 
the dominions of the Franks are again 
reunited by Chlotair II.. 618—688. 

rt I., son of Chlotair II.. receives 
Austrasia from him, 622 — snc< 
him as sole king of the Pranks, 688 — 
& See DAeoBKRT I. 
Charibert. a younger son of Chlotair II., 
k. of Aquitair 630. 

t II.. son of Dagobert I., o. 630— 
k. of Austrasia. 63S— 656. 

- .L.son of Dagobert I., &. 633— king 
of Neustria and Burgundy. 63$ — 656, 
Chlotair III., son of Clovis II.. &. 651— 
sole k. 656— retains ouly Xeustriaand 
gundy, 660 — 670. 'See Chlotaik 
III. 
Childeric II.. son of Clovis II.. K 652— k. 
of Austrasia, under the Mayor of the 
Palace. "SYulfoald. 660—673. " 
Thierry, or Dieterich 111., youngest son 
of Clovis II.. a. 654 —on the death of 
his brother. Chlotair 111., k. of Neus- 
tria aud Burgundy. 670. See EBBOIK. 
r of the Palace. — Driven booh 
into a monasterv ; comes out, 673 
B91. 

at II.. son of Sigebert II.: on his 
father's death, sent to Ireland by Grim- 
See Gkimoald. M; 
the Palace.— Brought lack by Wulfo- 
ald aud made k. of Austrasia, 674— 
murdered 
Pepin of Heristal, and Martin, govern 
with the title of dukes, 680. 
See Pepix of Heristal — d. 714. 

1 II.. son of Thierry 111., nominal 
: Neustria, 691 — 695. 
ChUdebert III., son of Clovis III.. 5.6S4, 
tninalk. of Neustria, 695- 711. 
at III., son of Childebert III., 
nils his place. 711—715. 
Chilperic II., sou of Childeric II . h. 673 
ide k. by the Neustrians, with Ka- 
ginfried Mai *r Porno. 715 — submits to 
Charles Martel. 717— d. 7- 
Charles Martel. son t "Pepin of Heristal, 
i 5— inherits bis lather's authority, 
714 — is opposed by his mother-in-law, 
Plectrndis : overcomes her. 715. See 
Austrasia. — ./. 741. 
Thierrv. or Dieterich IV„son of Dagonert 
III., i. 712— allowed by Charles Martei 
fo take the title of k.. 720 — d. 737. 
Carloman. son of Charles Martel, rules 
in Austrasia. 741—747. SeeArsTRASiA. 
Pepin, the Short, son of Charles Martel, 

reins Neustria, 741. 
Childeric III., son of Chilperic II , set 



FEE 



.VI 



FEE 



np as k. by Pepin, 742— deposed by 
him, and shut up in the monastery cf 
St. Bertin, 752. 

Carlovingian Dynasty. 
Pepin, k. of the Franks, 752—768. See 

Pepin, the Short. 
Carloman, son of Pepin, b. 751 — reigns in 
Neustria and Burgundy, 768—770. See 
Carloman, son of Pepin, p. 140. 
Charlemagne, or Charles I., son of Pepin, 
a. 742 ; k. of Austrasia, 768 ; of all the 
Franks, 771 — emperor of the "West, 800 
— d. 814. See Charlemagne, p. 155. 
Louis I., son of Charlemagne, 6. 778 — 
emperor of the West, 814 — 840. See 
Louis I. See France. 
Franzoni, archbp. of Turin, arrested, May 
4, 1850 — fined and imprisoned for resist- 
ing the authority of the State, 23 — ba- 
nished by the criminal court, Sept. 27. 
Frascati, built by the expelled inhabit- 
ants of Tusculum, 1191. 
Fraser, Simon. See Lovat, lord. 
Fras rr, general, defeats Holkar, near Deeg, 

and dies of his wounds, Nov. 15, 1804. 
Eraser, James, originator of "Eraser's 

Magazine," b. 1761— d. 1841. 
Fraser, John Baillie, b. 1784— d. 1856. 
Fkaustadt, battle of; the Swedish gen., 
Eenschild, defeats the Saxons and Eus- 
sians, Feb. 6, 1706. 
Fravitta, conquers Gainas, who had re- 
belled, 400— consul of Rome, 401. 
Fravitta. See Constantinople, bishops 

of. 
Fraxinet, or Fracinet, in Provence, occu- 
pied by the Saracens, 890— they are ex- 
pelled by Hugh, k. of Italy, 942 — again, 
by "William, count of Provence, 972. 
Frayssinoits, Dennis, b. 1765 — d. 1841. 
Fredegarius continues the History left 

by Gregory of Tours, 731. 
Fredegonda, concubine of Chilperic I., 
after causing him to divorce or murder 
two wives, is married by him, 567 — 
prompts the assassination of Sigebert I. 
at Vitry, 575 — kills her husband, and 
reigns in the name of her son Chlotair 
II., 584-d. 598. 
Frederic I. (Barbarossa), nephew of Con- 
rad III., b. 1121 ; elected emperor of Ger- 
many by the Diet of Frankfort, March 4, 
1152 — restores peace in Germany. See 
Austria and Bavaria. — Is invited by 
Lodi and other towns to protect them 
against Milan, 1153 — enters Italy with a 
large army, and holds a Diet atRoncaglia, 
1154 — takes Tortona, quarrels with pope 
Adrian IV., submits by holding the 
• pope's stirrup; is crowned at Eome, June 
18 ; returns to Germany, 1155 — marries 
Beatrice, daughter of Einaldo, count of 
Burgundy, 1156 — resists Adrian's at- 



tempt to claim Germany as a papal be- 
nefice, 1157— marches again into Italy; 
takes Milan ; holds another Diet at Bon- 
caglia, where the imperial jurisdiction 
over Italy is asserted; the office of pn- 
destaerected, and the alienation of church- 
lands prohibited, 1158. See Glossators. 
Eenewed discord between him and the 
pope ; he supports an anti-pope, "Victor 
IV.; the Milanese refuse obedience to 
his podesta, and are declared enemies of 
the empire, 1159— calls the council of 
Pavia, declares Victor pope, and is ex- 
communicated by pope Alexander III., 
1160 — besieges Milan, 1161 — takes and 
destroys it; all Lombardy submits to 
him, 1162 — retires before the army of 
the league of Verona, assisted by the 
Venetians; on the death of Victor, sets 
up Pascal III. in his place; is called 
upon to appoint a king in Sardinia, 11C4 
— holds a Diet at Ulm, and puts an end to 
a fierce intestine war among the German 
nobles, 1165 — reinforces his army, and 
returns into Italy, 1166— invests Ancona ; 
is resisted by the Lombard league ; de- 
feats the Sicilian auxiliaries of pope 
Alexander, and takes Eome ; he retires, 
in consequence of an epidemic disease, 
which destroys the greater part of his 
troops, 1167— yields to the league, re- 
treats into Germany, and, on the death 
of Pascal, makes Callistus III. anti- 
pope, 1168— the Lombards rebuild Milan, 
and enter into alliance with the pope 
and the Greek emperor, Manuel I., 1169 
— failure of his pacific overtures to the 
pope, 1170— he descends into Italy with 
a large army, and fails in his attack on 
Alessandria, 1174. See Ancona. 

Loses a great part of his army by the 
severe winter ; gains time for reinforce- 
ments to arrive by negotiating for peace ; 
and mediates between Genoa and Pisa, 
1175 — defeated at Legnano, May 29 ; 
makes propositions for peace, 1176-meets 
the pope at Venice, and concludes a truce, 
1177 — takes possession of Bohemia, 1178 
— secures the freedom of the Lombard 
cities by the peace of Constance, 1183 ; 
and pays them a pacific visit, 1184— mar- 
riage of his son, Henry, to Constance, 
heiress of the throne of Sicily ; they are 
crowned king and queen of Italy, at 
Milan, 1186— again at variance with the 
pope, and invades the papal states, 1187 
— takes the Cross, collects a numerous 
army, and negotiates with Isaac An- 
gelus to secure a safe passage through 
the Byzantine empire, 1188 — begins his 
march, April 23 ; is impeded by, and de- 
feats the Greeks ; winters in Thrace, 1189 
— storms Adrianople and Demotica; is 
Y 



FEE 



322 



PRE 



drowned in the river Calycadnus (Salef ), 
June 10, 1190. 
Frederic II., emperor of Germany, son of 
Henry VI., b. 1191 ; elected king of the 
Romans, 1196 — acknowledged in Sicily, 
with his mother, Constance, as regent ; 
after her death, pope Innocent III. takes 
the regency, 1198— Marquard claims the 
guardianship of him, hut is defeated by 
Innocent, 1200— on the death of his uncle, 
the emperor Philip, he inherits Swabia, 
as Frederic VI., duke, 1208 — the pope 
keeps him under his tutelage, and mar- 
ries him to Constance, daughter of Pedro 
of Aragon, 1209 — endeavours to transfer 
Germany to him from OthoIV., 1211 — 
Frederic arrives in Germany, collects a 
powerful party, and makes a league with 
Philip Augustus, k. of France, 1212— 
Otho defeated at Bouvines, relinquishes 
the empire, 1214. 

Frederic is crowned at Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle; promises Innocent to give up 
Sicily to his son, Henry, and undertake 
a crusade in the Holy Land, 1215 — 
calls his son, Henry, into Germany, 
1216 — seizes the palatinate of the Rhine, 
1218 — transfers Swabia to his son, 1219 — 
obtains his election to be k. of the Ro- 
mans ; is crowned emperor, at Rome, by 
pope Honorius III., who insists on his 
undertaking at once the promised cru- 
sade, 1220 — threatened with excommu- 
nication for his delay ; sends out an ar- 
mament of forty galleys, under the count 
of Malta ; visits Sicily ; holds a parlia- 
ment at Messina, and makes good laws 
for the government of that kingdom, 
1221 — death of the empress Constance, 
1222 — he pledges himself to proceed on 
the crusade within two years, and to 
marry John de Brienne's daughter, Yo- 
lanthe, 1223 — obtains another delay of 
two years for his crusade ; marries Yo- 
lanthe at Brindisi, and claims the titular 
kingdom of Jerusalem, in virtue of her 
right inherited from her mother. See 
Brienne, John De.— Orders the students 
at Bologna to remove to his new univer- 
sity at Naples, 1225 — revokes the order ; 
and, under the pope's mediation, con- 
cludes a treaty with the Lombard cities, 
1226. 

Embarks for the Holy Land; the 
sickness of his army, the death of the 
landgrave of Thuringia, and his own 
ill-health, cause him to land, for which 
he is excommunicated by pope Gregory 
IX. ; he writes, in Latin, " De Arte Ve- 
i andi cum Avibus," 1227 — he departs for 
Palestine ; the pope again excommuni- 
cates him; absolves his people from 
their allegiance ; declares a crusade 



against him in Apulia and Sicily, and 
sends John de Brienne to reduce .those 
countries ; Frederic lands at Acre ; Vo- 
lanthe dies in giving birth to her son, 
Conrad, 122S — the Hospitallers and Tem- 
plars are forbidden by the pope to obey 
him ; he concludes a treaty, by which 
the Sultan restores Jerusalem ; hastens 
back to Italy, and recovers the territo- 
ries taken from him in his absence, 1229 
— reconciled to Gregory, 1230 — the Al- 
magest of Ptolemy translated into Latin 
by his order, 1231— he meets Salinguerra 
and Eccelino da Romano at Ravenna, to 
concert measures against the marquis 
Azzo and the Lombard cities ; the 
Knights of Palestine are ordered by Gre: 
gory to obey him as k. of Jerusalem, 
1232 — rebellion of his son, Henry; the 
pope appeals to him for assistance against 
the senate and citizens of Rome, 1234. 

He marries Isabella, sister of Henry 
III. of England, at Worms ; forbids the 
extravagant payments usually made on 
such occasions to buffoons, mimics, and 
players; submission of his son, Henry ; 
he gives the duchy of Swabia to his 
second son, Conrad, 1235 — begins war 
against the Lombard cities, aided by 
Eccelino da Romano, takes Verona and 
Vicenza, 1236— defeats the Milanese at 
Cortenuova, Nov. 27 ; and sends their 
Carroccio to be placed in the Capitol of 
Rome ; theVenetians declare war against 
him ; his son, Conrad, elected k. of the 
Romans, 1237 — he fails in the siege of 
Brescia; defeats Azzo VII., marquis of 
Este, at Padua; the pope, Venice, and 
Genoa league against him, 1238— makes 
his natural son, Enzio, k. of Sardinia. 
See Enzio. — Gregory claims the island, 
and excommunicates him as a heretic 
and atheist; he justifies himself in a 
manifesto, drawn up by his chancellor, 
Peter de Vineis, 1239— a crusade pro- 
claimed against him by the pope ; he 
recovers Ravenna and Faenza ; Alessan- 
dria submits ; ravages the papal States 
and Tuscany; Florence holds out, 1240. 

APisan and Sicilian fleet, by his orders, 
captures twenty-two Genoese galleys, in 
which cardinals, prelates, and ambassa- 
dors were proceeding to hold a council 
at Rome ; takes Beneventum, and be- 
sieges Genoa by sea and land ; employs 
Richard, earl of Cornwall, to negotiate 
for peace, that he may defend Germany 
against the Mongols, 1241 — urges the 
cardinals to appoint a pope, aud releases 
some of his prisoners to attend the con- 
clave, 1243 — excommunicated and de- 
posed by pope Innocent IV., 1245— Inno- 
cent refuses all terms of accommodation 



FEE 



323 



FEE 



short of his unconditional submission, 
and urges the election of a new emperor ; 
his son, Conrad, collects an army in his 
defence, which is defeated by Henry, 
landgrave of Thuringen ; he puts down 
in person some conspiracies in Apulia. 
1246 — besieges Parma, 1247 — is obliged 
to raise the siege, Feb. 18, 1248— d. in 
Apulia, Dec. 13, 1250— by his will leaves 

• his natural son, Manfred, regent of Si- 
cily in Conrad's absence. 

Frederic (111.), son of Albert I., b. 1286— 
elected k. of Germany; makes war on 
his rival, Louis of Bavaria, 1314 — taken 
prisoner at the battle of Miihldorf, or 
Ampfing (Sept 28\ by Louis, who, from 
this time, reigns sole king of Germany; 
Robert, k. of Naples, and pope John 
XXII. offer to recognize Frederic, if he 
will give active support to their plans ; 
he sends his brother, Henry, with an 
army, who, on arriving at Brescia, learns 
the real nature of the party strife raging 
in Italy, and marches back again, 1322 — 
he renounces the crown of Germany, by 
the treaty of Traussnitz, and is released, 
1325 — surrenders to Louis, who treats 
him as his friend, 1326— d. 1329. 

Frederic IV., emperor of Germany, son 
of Ernest, count of Tyrol, b. 1415 ; 
elected, 1440 — requests the dauphin, as- 
sisted by his best generals, to employ 
part of the French army against Swit- 
zerland, 1444— refuses to give up Ladis- 
las, the young k. of Hungary; the Hun- 
garians, to obtain him, invade Austria, 
1446 — agrees to a Concordat at Vienna, in 
which he sacrifices some of the privi- 
leges gained by the former, 144S — mar- 
ries, at Rome, Eleanora, sister of Alfonso 
V., k. of Portugal ; receives from pope 
Nicholas the imperial crown, and the 
iron crown of Italy; visits Alfonso at 
Naples, and creates the marquis Borso 
d'Este duke of Modena and Reggio, 1452 
— gives up the custody of Ladislas, and 
creates Austria an archduchy, 1453 — 
frustrates the demands of the princes of 
Germany for a better-secured religious 
freedom, 1456 — the electors, dissatisfied 
with his want of energy, propose to ap- 
point a k. of the Romans as his coad- 
jutor, 1457— civil war between him and 
his brother, Albert, 1460 — besieged in 
Vienna, is relieved by George, k. of Bo- 
hemia, 1462— he renounces his claims on 
Hungary, 1463 — refuses the title of king 
to Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy; 
war between them, 1474 — some territories 
of Burgundy are annexed to Austria by 
the marriage of his son, Maximilian, to J 
Mary, daughter of Charles the Bold ; at 
war with Hungary, 1477— sends ambas- 1 



sadors to protest against the conduct of 
pope Sixtus IV. towards Florence and 
the Medici, 1478 — war renewed with 
Hungary, 1480— Maximilian elected k. of 
the Romans, 1486 — Frederic IV. d. Aug. 
20,1493. V 

Frederic, duke of Bohemia, 1178-1190 
See Bohemia. 

Frederic, duke of Brunswick, elected k. 
of Germany, 1400. See Brunswick. 

Frederic I., k. of Denmark and Norway. 
second son of Christian I., b. 1477 — under 
his father's will, inherits Schleswig and 
Holsteiu, 1481; of which his brother, 
John I., takes part from him, 14S2 — is 
called to the throne on the expulsion of 
his nephew, Christian II., 1523— acknow- 
ledges the independence of Sweden, and 
agrees to the treaty of Malmo, 1524— the 
opinions of Luther make great progress 
among his subjects ; the Diet of Odensee 
proclaims religious freedom, 1527. See 
Christian II.— Frederic d. 1534. 

Frederic II., k. of Denmark, son of Chris- 
tian III., b. 1534— succeeds his father, 
1559 — overcomes Ditmarsch, 1560 — war 
with Sweden, 1563— peace of Stettin con- 
cluded, 1570— Kronenburg fortified, and 
the Sound-toll levied, 1574 — dispute with 
England respecting the passage to Arch- 
angel, 1578— d. 1588. 

Frederic III., k. of Denmark, son of 
Christian IV., b. 1609— on succeeding his 
father, submits to many restrictions on 
his prerogative, imposed by the nobles, 
1648 — war with Sweden, 1657. See 
Charles X., k. of Sweden. — Peace re- 
stored by the treaties of Oliva and Copen- 
hagen ; the Diet confers absolute power 
on him, and the hereditary succession on 
his family, 1660— d. 1670. 

Frederic IV., k. of Denmark, son of Chris- 
tian V., b. 1676— joins against Sweden, 
with Poland and Russia, 1699. See 
Charles XII., king of Sweden. Visits 
Italy, but returns in haste, to renew the 
war with Sweden, and threatens the Swe- 
dish possessions in Germany, 1709— in- 
vades Sweden, and is repulsed by Stein- 
bock at Helsingborg, 1710— his troops 
occupy the duchy of Bremen, and invade 
Pomerania, 1711 — are defeated by Stein- 
bock at Gadebusch, 1712 — Altona burnt; 
surrender of Steinbock and his army, 
1712 — Bremen and Verden sold to Han- 
over, 1715— peace concluded at Frederics- 
burg, 1720 — Frederic IV. d. Oct. 12, 
1730. 

Frederic V., k. of Denmark, son of Chris- 
tian VI., b. Mar. 31, 1723— marries Lou- 
isa, youngest daughter of Geo. II , k. of 
Great Britain, and succeeds his father, 
Aug. 6, 1746— employs count Bernstorf, 



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the elder, as prime minister, 1751 — inhe- 
rits Pl6n, 1760— d. June 14, 1766. 

Frederic VI., k. of Denmark, son of Chris- 
tian VII., b. Jan 28, 1768— acts as regent 
for his father, 1784— insti-. ated by Rus- 
sia, sends an army to besiege Gothenburg; 
Great Britain, Holland, and Prussia, 
protect Sweden, 1788— neutrality alliance 
with Sweden, 1794 — serfdom abolished ; 
a Danish frigate and convoy captured by 
a British squadron ; the Armed Neutral- 
ity revived, 1800— Danish vessels em- 
bargoed in Great Britain, and West In- 
dia islands taken; Danish troops occupy 
Hamburg and Lubeck ; Copenhagen 
attacked by lord Nelson, Apr. 2 — truce 
concluded; Hamburg and Lubeck eva- 
cuated, May 23 — embargo removed, June 
1— treaty of St. Petersburg restores peace, 
17, 1801 — Copenhagen bombarded, and 
the Danish fleet seized by the British, 
Sept. 2-5. 1807 — Heligoland and the 
West India islands taken ; Frederic VI. 
succeeds as king on the death of his fa- 
ther, Mar. 12, 1808— Holstein occupied by 
Chas. John, 1813 — Norway ceded to 
Sweden, Jan. 14, 1814 — Frederic VI. d. 
Dec. 3, 1839. 

Frederic VII., Chas. Christian, k. of Den- 
mark, son of Christian VIII., b. Oct. 6, 
1808— succeeds his father, J an. 20, 1848— 
Schleswig and Holstein desire to remain 
members of the Germanic body, Mar. 22 
— declare their independence at Kiel, 23 
— are supported by the k. of Pru sia, 24 
— by the Frankfort Assembly, Apr. 12 — 
Prussian and Hanoverian troops take 
Schleswig, 23 — Flensburg, 25 — Den- 
mark, supported by Sweden and Russia, 
blockades the German ports ; the Danes 
defeated by the Prussians at Duppeln, 
June 5 — Great Britain mediates the 
truce of Malmo, Aug. 26, 1848— hostili- 
ties renewed ; the Danish naval force 
defeated in the harbour of Eckernfiord, 
Apr. 5, 18-19 — the Danish intrenchments 
at Duppeln forced, 13— the Prussians 
repulsed at Aarhuus, May 31 — armistice 

' and preliminaries of peace with Prussia, 
July 10— rejected by the Schleswig and 
Holstein Diet, 21 — their army enters 
the town of Schleswig, July 15, 1850 — 
the Danes occupy Flensburg and the 
island of Femern, 16 — gain a complete 
victory at Idstedt, 26— take Eckernfiord, 
28 — Treaty of London to settle the dis- 
pute, Aug. 2 — Frederic marries Lola 
Rasmussen, 7 — concludes a definitive 
treaty of peace with Prussia, Sept. 26, 
1850— the German powers demand the 
submission of Holstein and Schleswig, 
Jan. 6, 1851 — the provincial authorities 
resign and disband their army, Mar. 29 



— treaty of the European powers, for 
securing the succession of Christian, 
duke of Schleswig Holstein Glucksburg, 
May 8, 1852. 

Fred ric, second son of Frederic V., k. of 
Denmark, b. 1753— presumptive heir to 
the throne, and father of Christian VIII., 
d. Dec. 7, 1805. 

Frederic, count of Hohenzollern, b. 1372 — 
burggrave of Nuremburg, 1389 — buys the 
margraviate of Brandenburg, of the em- 
peror Sigismund, and founds the present 
royal family of Prussia, 1415. See Bran- 
denburg. 

Frederic II., second son of Frederic I., 
elector of Brandenburg, 1440-1470. See 
Brandenburg. 

Frederic Albert, archduke of Prussia, son 
of Albert, the first duke,&. 1553— succeeds 
his father, 1568— being a minor, of weak 
intellect Joachim II., elector of Branden- 
burg, is appointed administrator of his 
duchy ; he marries Maria Eleanora, 
daugh ter of Wm ., d uke of J uliers, C leves, 
and Berg ; and by the marriage of their 
daughter, Anna, to the elector John Si- 
gismund, Prussia is annexed to Bran- 
denburg at the death of Frederic Albert, 
1618. 

Frederic William, the Cheat, elector of 
Brandenburg and duke of Prussia, 1640. 
See Brandenbukg. — Emancipates Prus- 
sia from feudal allegiance to Poland, 1656 
— acquires the absolute sovereignty of 
Magdeburg, 1680— d. 1688. 

Frederic I. (as elector, Frederic III.) — see 
Brandenburg — king of Prussia, 1701 — 
abolishes serfdom in his States, founds 
the Order of the Black Eagle, and esta- 
blishes the Academy of Berlin, under the 
superintendence of Leibnitz, 1702— vi- 
sited by the duke of Marlborough, 1704 
-5 — Neufchatel, in Switzerland, awarded 
him, 1707 — he threatens the Swedish 
possessions in Germany, 1709— d. Feb. 
25, 1713. 

Frederic William I., k. of Prussia, son of 
Frederic I., b. Aug. 4, 1688 — succeeds his 
father on the throne, Feb. 25, 1713 — his 
title recognized by the treaty of Utrecht, 
and part of Guelderland given to him ; 
Stettin is delivered to him by the Rus- 
sians, 1713 — and ceded to him by the 
peace of Stockholm, with the islands of 
Usedom, and Wollin, and part of Pome- 
rania, 1720— founds his establishments 
at Potsdam, 1724 — imprisons his sou, 
Frederic, prince royal, and beheads his 
friend, Katte, 1730 — plants in his States 
colonies of Protestant emigrants from 
Salzburg, 1732 — gives an asylum to Sta- 
nislas, when expelled a second time from 
Poland. 1734— d. May 31, 1740. 



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325 



PRE 



Fb-deric II. (the Great), k. of Prussia, son 
of Frederic Wm. I., b. Jan. 24, 1712— 
ascends the throne, May 31, 1740 - seizes 
some lordships in Silesia, 1740 — takes 
Breslau, Jan. 3, 1741— defeats the Aus- 
trians at Molwitz, Apr. 10, and becomes 
master of all Silesia ; concludes an alli- 
ance with Geo. II., k. of Great Britain, 
and secures his acquisitions by the treaty 
of Breslau, June It, 1742 — renews the 
war, invades Bohemia, and takes Prague, 
1744 — on the approach of an Austrian 
army, under prince Charles of Lorraine, 
he withdraws into Silesia ; defeats the 
Austrians and Saxons at Friedberg, 
Sohr, and Pima ; conquers the electorate 
of Saxony ; under the mediation of Great 
Britain, concludes a treaty of peace at 
Dresden, Dec. 25, 1745— restores Saxony, 
is confirmed in the possession of Silesia, 
and acknowledges the emperor Francis 
I. ; regarded with jealousy by other po- 
tentates; amicably terminates his dis- 
cussions with George II. respecting East 
Friesland and the Silesian loan, 1753. 

Declares that he will resist the entrance 
of any foreign troops whatever into Ger- 
many, 1755— takes possession of Saxony ; 
the elector retires to Warsaw ; his army 
surrenders ; the Prussians enter Bohe- 
mia; battle of Lowositz; both armies 
claim the victory, and both retreat, 1756 
— he is victorious at Prague, May 6 ; de- 
feated at Kolin, 18 ; Prussia invaded by 
the Austrians, French, Russians, and 
Swedes ; gen. Lehwald defeats the Russi- 
ans at Norkitten, and repels the Swedes ; 
Frederic, by his victory at Rosbach, Nov. 
5, drives out the French, 1757 — defeats 
the Austrians at Lissa, Dec. 5 ; recovers 
Breslau from them, 21, and all Silesia, 
1757 — recovers Schweidnitz; besieges 
Olmiitz ; retires into Bohemia; takes 
Konigingratz ; defeats the Russians at 
Zorndorf, Aug. 25; is defeated by the 
Austrian marshal, Daun, at Hochkir- 
chen, Oct. 14 ; concludes a new treaty 
with Great Britain, Dec. 7, 1758. 

Defeated by the Russians atZulichau, 
July 23; atCunersdorf, Aug. 12, 1759 -the 
Austrians recover Leipzig and Dresden ; 
the Prussian gen., Finck, surrenders to 
marshal Daun, 1759 — Laudohn defeats 
the Prussians at Landshut, June 23; 
takes Glatz, and besieges Breslau ; is re- 
pulsed by prince Henry ; Frederic fails 
in an attempt on Dresden, July 17, 1760 
— defeats Laudohn at Psaffendorf, Aug. 
14; the Austrians and Russians take 
Berlin ; Frederic defeats Daun at Tor- 
gau, Nov. 3; the Austrians reduce 
Schweidnitz, and the Russians Colberg, 
1761 — Fred., almost at the last extre- 



mity, is saved by the death of Elizabeth 
empress of Russia, Jan. 5, 1762 — net 
successor, Peter III., makes peace with 
him, Apr. 7 : peace also with Sweden ; 
Fred, unites his armies against Austria ; 
becomes master again of Schweidnitz 
and Silesia, which he retains by the 
treaty of Hubertsburg, Feb. 15, 1763— 
interferes in behalf of the Polish Pro- 
testants, 1766 — sends an army into Po- 
land, 1771 — agrees to the first partition 
traaty, 1772 — opposes the designs of the 
emperor Joseph II. on Bavaria, 1778 — 
war averted by the peace of Teschen, 
May 13, 1779 — joins the Armed Neutral- 
ity, 1781 — supports Wm. V. against the 
Anti-Orange party in Holland, 1783 — 
opposes the re-opening of the Scheldt, 
1784 — prevents the exchange of Belgium 
for Bavaria, 1785— d. Aug. 17, 1786— a 
statue of him, by Rauch, erected at 
Berlin, May 31, 1851. 

Frederic William II., k. of Prussia, son 
of Frederic II., b. Sept. 24, 1744— succeeds 
his father, Aug. 17, 1786 — in concert 
with Great Britain, reinstates the stat- 
holder William V., 1787 — triple alliance 
with Great Britain and Holland, to pro- 
tect Sweden against Denmark and Rus- 
sia, and repress the Belgian revolt, 1788 
— encourages the Poles to adopt a new 
constitution, and resist Russia, 1789 — 
the triple alliance restores order in Bel- 
gium, on condition of the emperor Joseph 
II. making a separate peace with Tur- 
key, 1790 — acquires Anspach and Bay- 
reuth ; guarantees the new Polish con- 
stitution; enters into the treaty of Pil- 
nitz with the emperor Leopold II. for 
restoring the royal authority in France, 
Aug. 27, 1791 — abandons the Poles ; 
sends an army into France under the 
duke of Brunswick ; meets the emperor 
at Mentz, July 23, 1792. For the events 
of the war, see French Revolution — 
Shares in the second partition of Poland, 
1793 — receives a subsidy from Great 
Britain, and negotiates for peace with 
France, 1794 — concludes the treaty of 
Basle, Apr. 5, 1795— receives his third 
share of Poland, Oct. 24; d. Nov. 16, 
1797. 

Frederic William TIL, k. of Prussia, son 
of Fred. Wm. II., b. Aug. 3, 1770— suc- 
ceeds his father, Nov. 6, 1797— joins the 
Armed Neutrality ; takes possession of 
Hanover, and the city of Bremen, 1801 
—occupies Hanover again, Apr. 1, 1806 — 
Great Britain declares war against him ; 
they re-unite in the fourth coalition 
against France, Aug.; he requires Na- 
poleon to withdraw his army from Ger- 
many, and sets out to join his own, Sept. 



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326 



FEE 



Fbedekic William III.— continued. 
21 ; defeated at Auerstadt and Jena, Oct. 
14; Berlin taken, 28 ; prince Hohenlohe 
lays down his arms, Nov. 6; Bluclier sur- 
renders, 7; Magdeburg taken 8; battle of 
Pultusk, Dec. 26 ; Breslau taken ; Silesia 
conquered, Jan. 7, 1807 -battle of Moh- 
rungen, 25 ; of Eylau, Feb. 8 ; Dantzig 
taken, May 26 ; battle of Friedland, June 
14 ; K6nigsberg taken, 16 ; Prussia made 
quite subservient to France by the treaty 
of Tilsit, July 8 ; Berlin evacuated, Dec. 
3, 1808 — the k. and qu. visit Petersburg, 
Jan. 7, 1809 — Hardenberg prime minis- 
ter, June 6, 1810 — qu. Louisa Amelia d. 
July 19; university of Berlin opened, 
Oct. 15; the universities of Francfort on 
the Oder and Breslau united, Oct. 19, 
1811 — treaty with Napoleon to furnish a 
contingent against Russia, Feb. 24, 1812 
— gen. Yorck capitulates or deserts with 
his army to the Russians, Dec. 31 ; Fred. 
Wm. retires to Breslau, meets the em- 
peror Alexander, and concludes the 
treaty of Kalisch, Feb. 28, 1813. For 
the events of the war, see Napoleon I. 
— Promises his subjects a representative 
government, Oct. 27; visits the prince 
regent in London, June 7-27, 1814 — by 
the Act of the Vienna Congress recovers 
all his lost territories, June 9, 1815 — 
arrives in Paris, July 10 ; joins the Holy 
Alliance, Sept. 26 — marries his daughter, 
Charlotte, to Nicholas, grand duke of 
Russia, July 1, 1817 — recommends the 
Lutheran and Calvinist churches to 
unite, Oct. ; adds some minor universi- 
ties to Bonn, 1818— visits Louis XVIIL, 
Oet. 28; closes the gymnastic fencing 
schools in Berlin, 1819— his subjects dis- 
satisfied at not receiving the promised 
constitution ; sends ministers to the con- 
gresses of Carlsbad and Vienna ; meets 
the emperors of Austria and Russia at 
Troppau and Laybach, 1820- makes a 
Concordat with the pope, 1821 — joins the 
congress of Verona, 1822 — recalls his 
ambassador from Madrid, 1823 — marries 
the countess Harrach, whom he creates 
princess of Liegnitz. but not queen, Nov. 
9, 1824— obtains from the k. of the Ne- 
therlands the free navigation of the 
Rhine, 1826 — forms the Commercial 
Union of the States of Central Germany, 
June 1, 1829 — is visited by the czar 
Nicholas, and forms a close alliance with 
him, 1829— commotions in Berlin soon 
appeased, Sept. 16, 1830 — receives the 
Polish refugees, 1831 — expels them, 
Apr. 22, 1833— meets the sovereigns at 
Miinchengratz, Sept. 10; deposes the 
avchbp. of Posen, 1839 — d. June 7, 
1840. 



Frederic William IV., k. of Prussia, son 
of Frederic William III., b. Oct. 15, 1795 
— marries Elizabeth, princess of Bava- 
ria, Nov. 9, 1823— succeeds, and at his 
coronation is called upon by the States 
to give them the constitution promised 
them by his father, 1840— visits London, 
and is godfather to the prince of W les ; 
departs, Feb. 4, 1842 — summons to 
Berlin deputies from the provincial 
States of his dominions ; first approach 
towards a parliament, June 21, 1842 — 
promotes an Exhibition of German art 
and industry at Berlin, 1844 — conflict 
between the military and the populace 
at, Berlin, Mar. 18,1848 — he removes the 
soldiers from the city, 19; proposes a 
general confederation of Germany under 
a free constitutional government, 21; 
supports Holstein and Schleswig, 24 : 
opens the new National Assembly of 
Prussia, May 22. See Fred. VII., k. of 
Denmark. — Elected emperor of Germany 
by the Francfort parliament, March 28, 
1849— Austria, Hanover, and Bavaria 
dissent, and his own ministers persuade 
him to reject the offer ; introduces trial 
by jury ; sends troops to Baden, June 22 ; 
concludes an interim treaty with Aus- 
tria, Sept. 30 ; summons a parliament to 
meet at Erfurt, Nov. 20 ; slightly wound- 
ed by an assassin, May 22, 1850— con- 
cludes a treaty of peace with Denmark, 
July 2 ; occupies Cassel and Fulda, Nov. 
2; puts his whole army on the war 
footing, and calls out the landwehr, 7; 
concurs with Austria and the Federals 
to disarm and restore order in Hesse 
Cassel and Holstein, 29; meets the em- 
peror Nicholas at Warsaw, May 17, 1851 
— visited by the emperor Francis Joseph 
at Berlin, Dec. 17, 1852— commercial 
treaty with Austria, Feb. 19, 1853 — for- 
bids the oath prescribed by the Roman 
Catholic bp. of Treves in mixed mar- 
riages, Mar. 15 ; visited by the czar Ni- 
cholas at Berlin, Oct. 8; takes part in 
the conferences at Vienna on the affairs 
of Turkey, Dec. 5 ; recalls the chevalier 
Bunsen from his embassy in London, 
Apr. 26, 1854— acts ambiguously in the 
negotiations, Sept. ; is admitted to the 
congress of Paris, and concurs in the 
treaty of peace, 1856. 

Frederic Wm. Nic. Chas., son of Fred. 
Wm. Louis, eldest brother of Fred. Wm. 
IV., b. Oct. 18, 1831— visits qu. Victoria 
at Balmoral, Sept. 1855— treaty of mar- 
riage between him and the princess 
royal, June, 1857. 

Frederic I , k. of Sicily, 1198. See Fre- 
deric II., emperor of Germany. 

Frederic II.. k. of Sicily, youngest son of 



FRE 



327 



FEE 



Peter III. k.of Aragon and Sicily, b 1271 
— appointed regent by his brother, Jas. 
II., 1291 — on his brother's resignation to 
Chas., k. of Naples, is proclaimed k. by 
the people of Sicily, 1295 — threatened 
with war by his brother, 1297 — employs 
Roger di Flor, 1298 — defends himself 
valiantly with varied success, 1299 — 
makes peace, is recognized as king, and 
marries Leonora, daughter of Chas. of 
Naples, 1302— makes an alliance with 
the emperor Henry VII., who gives one 
of his daughters in marriage to his son, 
Peter, 1312 — associates his son on the 
throne with himself, 1321— d. 1327. 

Frederic III., k. of Sicily, second son of 
Peter II., b. 1341 — succeeds his brother, 
Louis, 1355— supported by the Arago- 
nese, recovers Palermo and Messina 
from the Neapolitans, 1365 — makes 
peace with Joanna I., queen of Naples ; 
takes the title of k. of Trinacria, 1372— 
d. 1377. 

Frederic, k. of Naples, second son of Fer- 
dinand I., succeeds his nephew, Ferdi- 
nand II, 1496— Chas. VIII. of France, 
and Ferdinand of Spain, conquer and 
divide his kingdom between them; the 
duchy of Anjou is given to him, 1501 — 
which he holds till his death, Sept. 9,1504. 

Frederic I, of Misnia, elector of Saxony, 
1423-1428. 

Frederic II., the Good, elector of Saxony, 
son of Fred. I, succeeds, 1428— on his 
death, his two sons, Ernest and Albert, 
divide his dominions, and begin two dis- 
tinct houses, 1464. 

Frkderic III., the Wise, elector of Saxony, 
son of Ernest, succeeds, 1486— supports 
Luther, 1518— regent of the empire dur- 
ing the vacancy ; checks duke Ulrich 
of Wirtemberg, and encourages Luther 
to deny the pope's supremacy, 1519 — 
after the Diet of Worms places him in 
safety at Wartburg, 1521 — secularizes 
his monastery, 1524— d. 1525. 

Fkderic Augustus I., elector of Saxony, 
second son of John Geo. III., o. 1670 — 
succeeds his brother, John Geo. IV.. 
1694— candidate for the throne of Poland, 
1696 — chosen king of Poland, and is re- 
quired to join the Romish church, 1697 
— joins the war against Chas. XII. of 
Sweden, 1699— invades Livonia and be- 
sieges Riga, 1700 — defeated at Clissau, 
July 20; Charles takes Warsaw, and 
demands his deposition, 1702 — again de- 
feated at Pultusk, May 1, 1703 — by a 
sudden attack, he seizes Warsaw, which 
on the approach of Charles he again 
abandons, and takes flight to Dresden, 
1704 — Charles dictates to him the treaty 
of Altranstadt, Sept. 14; he formally re- 



signs the crown of Poland, and gives up 
the Livonian patriot, Patkul, 1706 — re- 
stored by Peter of Russia, 1709 — the 
Poles-refuse to pay the taxes for the war 
with Sweden, 1715— the Jesuits perse- 
secute the Polish Protestants, 1717 — in- 
stigate a massacre of them at Thorn, 
1724— Fred. Aug. d. Feb. 1, 1733. 

Frederic Augustus II, elector of Saxony, 
and k. of Poland, son of Fred. Aug. I., 
b. 1696 — succeeds in Saxony, and 
through the influence of Austria and 
Russia, is elected in Poland, 1733— joins 
the coalition against Maria Theresa, qu. 
of Hungary, and in conjunction with 
France and Bavaria, conquers Bohemia, 
1741 — concludes a treaty of peace with 
her, June 11, 1742 — his electorate seized 
by the k. of Prussia, his army surren- 
ders, and he retires to Warsaw, 1756. 
See Frederic II, k. of Prussia. — Reco- 
vers his States by the treatv of Huberts- 
burg, Feb. 10, 1763— d. Oct. 5. 

Fuederic Augustus III., elector of Sax- 
ony, son of duke Frederic Christian, b. 
1750— succeeds his grandfather, 1763 — 
claims part of the Bavarian succession, 
and joins Prussia against Austria, 1778 
— receives compensation by the peace of 
Teschen, 1779 — treaty of neutrality with 
France, 1796— created k. (Fred. Aug. I.) 
by Napoleon, and joins the Confederation 
of the Rhine, Dec. 11, 1806— the duchy 
of Warsaw given to him, 1807 — attends 
the congress of Erfurt, Sept. 27, 180S — 
ally cf Napoleon against Russia, 1S12 — 
his contingent quits the French ranks at 
Leipzig, and joins the allies, 1813 — his 
States occupied by the allies, 1814 — are 
restored to him, but a third part given 
to Prussia, Jan. 23, 1815— d. May 5, 1827. 

Frederic Augustus IV. (or II, as king 
of Saxony), b. May 18, 1797— appointed, 
co-regent by his uncle, Antony Clement, 
Sept. 13, 1830 — succeeds him on the 
throne, June 6. 1S36 — visits England, 
May 28, 1844— d. Aug. 9, 1854. 

Frederic, k. of Sweden, son of the land- 
grave of Hesse Cassel, b. Apr. 28, 1676 — 
marries Ulrica Eleonora, daughter of 
Chas. XI, who, with the consent of the 
States, transfers the crown to him, Apr. 
2, 1720 — makes peace with Denmark, 
Prussia, and Poland, and alliance with 
Great Britain; peace with Russia, 1721 
— subsidized by France, 1727 — by his 
father's death, inherits Hesse Cassel, 
1730— the Diet divided by the Hats and 
Caps, 1735. See Caps.— The former pre- 
vail, 1738— cause a war with Russia, 
1741 — Lewenhaupt defeated, capitulates, 
and surrenders Finland, 1742 — peace of 
Abo. See Finland.— Frederic, as land- 



FEE 



323 



FRE 



grave, joins the confederacy against 
Prussia, 1744— d. Apr. 5, 1751. 

Fredeeic I., elector palatine, 1449-1476. 

Frederic II., elector palatine, 1544-1556. 

Fkederic III., elector palatine, 1559-1576. 

Frederic IV., elector palatine, 1583-1610. 

Frederic V., elector palatine, 1610 — mar- 
ries Elizabeth, daughter of Jas. I., k. of 
Great Britain, 1613 — elected k. of Bohe- 
mia by the Protestants, 1619 — totally 
defeated at the battle of Pragne, he 
loses his acquired kingdom, and the pa- 
latinate, and takes refuge at Rhenen, in 
Dutch Guelderland, 1620— his father-in- 
law, James, makes a weak effort to reco- 
ver the palatinate, which is laid waste 
by Tilly, with horrid barbarity, 1622— 
liis hereditary States and electoral title 
are transferred to Maximilian of Bava- 
ria; his library of Heidelberg taken to 
Vienna and Rome, 1623— d. 1631. See 
Charles Louis, elector palatine. 

Frederic I., duke of Wirtemberg, 1593- 
1608 

Frederic Eugene, duke of Wirtemberg, 
1795 — compelled to buy a truce with 
France, 1796— d. 1797. 

Frederic II. (William Charles), b. 1751— 
duke of Wirtemberg, 1797— marries the 
princess royal of Great Britain, May 18, 
1797 — receives the territory of Elwangen, 
and title of elector, 1803— of king, 1805 
— attends the congress of Erfurt, Sept. 
27, 1808— furnishes a contingent against 
Russia, 1812 — which joins the allies at 
Leipzig, 1813— d. 1816— his qii. d. 1828. 

Frfderic I., duke of Brunswick, 1434- 
1478. See Brunswick. 

Frederic II., duke of Brunswick, 1636- 
1648. See Brunswick Wolfenbuttel. 

Fredeuic I., duke of Saxe Gotha Alten- 
burg, 1675-1691. 

Frederic II., duke of Saxe Coburg Alten- 
burg, 1691-1732. 

Frederic III., duke of Saxe Coburg Alten- 
burg, 1732-1772. 

Frederic IV., duke of Saxe Gotha Alten- 
burg, succeeds his brother, Emilius Au- 
gustus, 1822— d. without issue, Feb. 11, 
1825" — his states are divided by treaty 
among the three other branches of his 
family, Nov. 15, 1826. 

Frederic, brother of Theodoric II., k. of 
the Visigoths, falls in battle against 
-iEgidius, near Orleans, 463. 

Frederic, prince of Hesse Cassel, marries 
the princess Mary, second daughter of 
Geo. II, k. of Great Britain, May 8, 1740 
— joins the Roman Catholic church, 1751 
— succeeds as landgrave, 1760. See 
Hesse Cassel. 

Frederic, prince of Holland, repelled by the 
Belgians before Brussels, Sept. 25, 1830. 



Frederic I, duke of Lorraine, 959-984. 

Frederic II., duke of Upper Lorraine, 
1026-1033. See Beatrice, his daughter. 

Frederic, son of Boniface II. and Beatrice, 
succeeds as duke of Tuscany, 1052 — d, 
still a minor, 1055. 

Frederic Louis, prince of Wales, son of 
George II. See Wales, Frederic Louis, 
prince of. 

Frederic William, youngest son of Fred- 
eric Louis, prince of Wales, b. May 24, 
1750-tf. Dec. 15. 1765. 

Frederic, duke of York, second son of 
George III. See York, Frederic, duke 
of. 

Frederic I., of Hohenstaufen, marries 
Agnes, daughter of Henry IV., emperor 
of Germany, and is created by him duke 
of Swabia, 1079-d. 1105. 

Frederic II., duke of Swabia, son of Fre- 
deric I., succeeds him, 1105 — refuses to 
acknowledge Lothaire II., and supports 
his brother Conrad, duke of Franconia, 
in his contest for the crown of Germany, 
1125-d. 1147. 

Frederic III., duke of Swabia, 1147 — king 
of Germany, 1151. See Frederic I., 
Barbarossa, emperor of Germany. 

Frederic IV.. duke of Swabia and Fran- 
conia, 1152—1167. 

Frederic V., duke of Swabia, second s^n 
of the emperor Frederic I., follows Fre- 
deric IV., 1169— accompanies his fathni 
on his crusade, and conducts the wreck 
of his army from Cilicia to Antioch. 119C 
— joins the camp before Acre, and d. 
there, 1191. 

Frederic VI , duke of Swabia, 120S-1219. 
See Frederic II, emperor of Gennany. 

Frederic, duke of Saxony, grand-master 
of the Teutonic knights in Prussia. 1498 
— refuses homage to Alexander, king of 
Poland. 1501 — withdraws into Germany, 
1504— d. 1510. 

Frederic Henry, second son of William, 
prince of Orange, stadtholder, after his 
brother Maurice, causes the intolerant 
laws against the Remonstrants to be re- 
pealed, 1625 — takes Bois-Ie-Duc, Maes- 
tricht. and Wesel; Turenne first studies 
under him the art of war, 1628— recovers 
Breda from the Spaniards, 1637 — he takes 
Sas van Ghent, and Hulst, 1644— d. 1647. 

Fri deric William, second son of Charles 
Leopold Frederic, j. Sept. 9, 1826 — grand- 
duke of Baden, May 4, 1852. See Baden. 

Fredirica Charlotte Ulrica, crown- 
princess of Prussia, marries Frederic, 
duke of York, Sept. 29. 1791. 

Frederica Caroline of Mecklenburg 
Strelitz, widow of the prince of Salms- 
Braunfels, marries the duke of Cumber- 
land, Aug. 29, 1815. 



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3-9 



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Freherica Sophia Wilhelmina, daughter 
of Augustus William of Prussia, mar- 
ries the stadtholder William V., 1767. 

Fredericshal besieged by Charles XII. of 
Sweden, who is killed before the place, 
Nov. 30, 1718. 

Fredericshamm, fortress of, stops the 
progress of the Swedes in Finland, 1788 
— peace of, between Russia and Sweden, 
Sept. 17, 1809. 

Freehold Estates' Bill introduced by 
sir Samuel Romilly, Jan. 28. 1807. 

Freeling, sir Francis, b. 1763— nearly 50 
years secretary G-.P.O., d. 1836. 

Freemasons, papal Bull issued against, by 
Clement XII., 1736. 

Freemasons' Hall, London, opened, May 
20. 1776. 

Fkegell^e, taken by the Romans from 
the Samnites. B.C. 313 -having revolted, 
is taken and razed to the gr uud by the 
pitetor Opiinius, 125. 

Fregoso, Battistino, doge of Genoa, 147S. 

Fregoso, Giano, expels the French from 
Genoa, and is appointed doge, 1512. 

Frejus, in the time of Augustus Forum 
thilii, and an important naval station; 
Bonaparte lands at, on Iris return from 
Earvpt, Oct. 8. 1799 — embarks there on 
his" way to Elba, April 28, 1814. 

Fremonatos. See Abba Salama, and 
Abyssinians. 

French Revolution prepared by the ideas 
of civil liberty brought from America 
by La Fayette and his companions, 
1787— Louis XVI. in want of monty, calls 
the first assembly of Notables, Feb. 22 — 
close of their sittings. May 25— the par- 
liament of Paris refuses to register the 
royal edicts, and demands an assembly 
of the States General. July 6 — banished 
to Troves, Aug. 15— recalled, Sept. 20 — 
civil and political rights conceded to 
Protestants, Nov. 19. 

1788. The government attempts to 
establish a cow' pleniere ; protest of the 
parliament of Paris, and arrest of some 
of its members, May 3 — national discon- 
tent aggravated by a failure of the crops 
and general scarcity ; Necker recalled 
to office, Aug. 27— edict for convoking 
the States General, Sept. 27 — second as- 
sembly of the Notables, Nov. 6 -decree 
that the Tiers Etat shall compose one 
half of the States General. 

1789. Election of the States General; 
clubs formed; that of Britanny becomes 
eventually the Jacobins ; commotions 
in the Faubourg St. Antoine, April 29 — 
at Marseilles, 30— meeting of the States 
General, consisting of clergy 291, nobles, 
270, Third Estate, 584, Slay 4— the Three 
Orders, united into one body, are declared, 



on the motion of the Abb^ Sieyes, to be 
the National Assembly, June 17 — meet- 
ing in the tennis-court, and oath to pro- 
vide a new constitution, 20 — royal sit- 
ting; the king commands the assembly* 
to separate ; encouraged by their presi- 
dent Bailly and by Mirabeau, they refuse 
to obey, 23— the king yields, 27— dis- 
misses Necker, July 11 — popular agi- 
tation and destruction of the Bastille, 
14 — the count d'Artois and other nobles 
set the example of emigration ; La Fay- 
ette commander of the national guard, 
and Bailly mayor of Paris, 16 — violent 
excesses of the populace, 22 — Necker re- 
called, 28— abolition of privileged orders, 
Aug. 4 — declaration of rights presented 
to the king, 13 — freedom of conscience 
and liberty of the press decreed, 24 — 
festival of the military officers at Ver- 
sailles, Oct. 1 — scarcity of provisions at 
Paris; the mob proceeds to Versailles, 
attacks the palace, and massacres the 
guards, 6 — the king and royal family 
brought to Paris, are followed 7 cy the 
National Assembly, who sit in the 
Riding School of the Tuileries, 12 — 
church property taken for the service of 
the State, Nov. 2 — the parliaments sus- 
pended, 3 — issue of assignats, Dec. 17 — 
the domains of the crown and estates of 
emigrants confiscated, 22. 

1790. Execution of the marquis de 
Favras, the first judicially condemned 
victim, Jan. 18— tumults in the southern 
provinces; France divided into 83 de- 
partments ; the king and the assembly 
swear fidelity to the new constitution, 
Feb. 4— monastic vows interdicted, 13 — 
right of primogeniture abolished, 24 — 
municipality of Paris created, May 1 — 
uniformity of weights and measures 
established, 8 — the right of making 
peace and war asserted by the Assembly, 
22 — titles, armorial bearings, and seig- 
norial distinctions abolished, June 19 — 
the church organized as a civil institu- 
tion, July 12— grand federation of the 
Champ de Mars, 14— celebration of the 
day in England ; Burke publishes his 
"Reflections," and Thomas Paine his 
" Rights of Man ;" justices of peace ap- 
pointed in France, Aug. 5— trial by jury, 
16 — resignation of Necker, Sept. 4— all 
ecclesiastics and public functionaries 
ordered to swear fidelity to the nation, 
the law and the king, Nov. 27 — Louis 
assents to the civil constitution of the 
church, Dec. 26. 

1791. The emperor of Germany de- 
mands the restoration of feudal rights 
in Alsace; additional troops voted by 
the National Assembly, Jan. 2b — the 



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FEENCH Revolution— continued. 
emigrant princes collect forces at 
Worms and Coblentz ; first ordination of 
constitutional bishops at Paris by Talley- 
rand, Feb. 25— threats of pope Pius VI., 
March 10 — death of Mirabeau, April 2, 
the first of the great men interred in the 
Pantheon; the guillotine introduced, 
May 31 — flight of the royal family, June 
20 — they are stopped at Varennes, and 
brought back to Paris, 25— the king's 
eldest brother escapes to Mons; order 
for emigrants to return within two 
months, July 9— the remains of Voltaire 
conveyed to the Pantheon, 11— second 
federation, 14— Bailly and La Fayette 
disperse a mob, calling for the deposition 
of the king, 17— treaty of Pilnitz be 
tween the emperor and the k. of Prussia, 
for restoring the royal authority in 
France, Aug. 27 — the constitution re- 
modelled, Sept. 3— accepted by the king, 
13 — Avignon and the Venaissin annexed 
to France, and the claims of the German 
princes in Alsace disallowed, 23 — last sit- 
ting of the National or Constituent As- 
sembly, 30 — the new constitution comes 
into operation ; meeting of the Legis- 
lative Assembly, elected under the in- 
fluence of the Clubs, Oct. 1— insurrection 
in La Vendee and Britanny ; massacres 
at Avignon, Aix, and Marseilles; Petion, 
mayor of Paris, Nov. 17- protest of the 
emperor of Germany against the rejection 
of his demands, Dec. 3— Gustavus III. 
of Sweden offers to lead a crusade against 
France ; Rochambeau and Luckner ap- 
pointed to command the armies of the 
North and of the Rhine, Dec. 16. 

1792. Ministry of Roland and the Gi- 
rondists ; war declared against Austria, 
April 20 — the French ambassador, M. 
Chauvelin, requests the mediation of 
Great Britain, May 2 — gen. Dillon, re- 
pulsed in his invasion of Flanders, is 
put to death ; success of La Fayette at 
Maubeuge, and of Luckner at Menin, 
June 20 — the Girondists dismissed; the 
Jacobins and republican party under 
Robespierre, Danton, and Marat, become 
bolder ; La Fayette, at the bar of the 
Legislative Assembly, denounces the 
Clubs, and demands their dissolution, 28 
— the Prussians invade France ; the As- 
sembly proclaims "the country in 
danger," July 11 — third federation in the 
Champ de Mars, 14— the volunteers of 
Marseilles arrive in Paris, and introduce 
their patriotic hymn ; the emperor and 
king of Prussia meet at Mentz, 23— 
manifesto of the duke of Brunswick, 
25— declaration of the French princes at 
Bingen, Aug. 2— the Prussians at Thion- 



ville, 5 — frightful massacres in Paris ii> 
stigated by Danton, Tallien, Billaud-Va- 
rennes, Collot d'Herbois and Santerre, 
10 — the Tuileries stormed; Louis and 
his family conducted to the Temple, de- 
cree of the Assembly for a National 
Convention, 13— the British ambassador, 
earl Gower, recalled from Paris, 17 — 
Roland and some of the Girondists re- 
stored to office ; La Fayette withdraws 
from France with some of his staff, 20 — 
they are imprisoned by the Germans, 
first at Wesel, then at Magdeburg, and 
lastly at Olmutz ; Longwy and Verdun 
taken by the Prussians, 23— atrocious 
outrages in Paris, Sept. 2, and suc- 
ceeding days — murder of the princess 
Lamballe ; the Prussians in Cham- 
pagne, 14— Kellermann defeats them at 
Valmy, 20— Dumourier defeats Clairfait 
in Flanders; National Convention opens, 
21 — the Jacobin majority occupy the 
highest benches, and are called " the 
Mountain ;" vain efforts of the Giron- 
dists to restrain their violence ; the k. 
deposed, and France proclaimed a re- 
public, 22 — the executive power lodged 
in the committee of the constitution, of 
which Sieyes, Condorcet, Thomas Paine, 
Brissot, Barrere and Danton are mem- 
bers, 29 — Victor Amadeus III. king of 
Sardinia, joins the league against 
France ; loses Savoy and Nice ; the 
Prussians commence their retreat, 30 — 
the French gen. Custine, takes Spires, 
Worms, and Mentz ; victory of Du- 
mourier at Jemappes, Nov. 6- he enters 
Brussels and conquers Belgium, 13 — 
Savoy made the 84th department of 
France, 21 — decree of the Convention 
for the trial of Louis XVI., Dec. 3. 

1793. Mis trial commences, Jan. 7 — 
sentence of death, 20 — executed, 21— M. 
Chauvelin, the French ambassador, or- 
dered to leave London, 23 — the British 
government refuses to negotiate, 30— 
war declared by the Convention, Feb. 1 
— by Great Britain, 11— coalition of the 
principal States in Europe against 
France ; civil war in La Vendue ; Du- 
mourier defeated at Neerwinden, aban- 
dons the Netherlands, March 18 — de- 
clares against the Convention, 25— takes 
refuge in the Austrian camp, with the 
duke of Chartres, Apr. 4— Committee of 
Public Safety installed at Paris with ab- 
solute power, 6— British troops arrive 
in Flanders ; the allied generals hold a 
council of war at Antwerp, 8— the French 
defeated at St. Amand, May 8— Valen- 
ciennes besieged, 23-the Girondists over- 
powered by the Jacobins, and the Reij,'n 
of Terror commences, June 2— Dumouritr 



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331 



FRE 



Fbknch Revolution— continued. 
arrives in London, and is ordered to leave 
the kingdom, 14 — revolt of the depart- 
ments of the Gironde and Calvados, of 
Lyons and Marseilles ; the Vendeans 
take Sanmnr and Angers : fail in their 
attack on Nantes, and fall back to the 
coast, 20 — another new constitution sub- 
mitted by the Convention to the vote of 
the people, 24 — Charlotte Corday assas- 
sinates Marat, July 14 — is guillotined, 
17 — Mentz retaken by the Prussians, 22 
— Valenciennes surrenders to the allies, 
26 — the new constitution adopted by the 
nation, Aug. 10 — but never earned into 
effect ; the levy en masse ordered ; mili- 
-tary enthusiasm of the people ; Carnot 
appointed conductor of the war, 16 — the 
French defeated at Lincelles by gen. 
Lake, 18— Toulon surrendered to lord 
Hood, 28 — Custine executed for the loss 
of Mentz ; the duke of York defeated 
at Dunkirk, Sept. 7 — Clairfait takes Le 
Quesnoy and Cambray, 10 — victory of 
the duke of Brunswick at Pirmasens, 
14 — Lyons taken by the Republicans ; 
thousands butchered by the guillotine, 
drowning, and grape shot, Oct. 8— Wurm- 
ser forces the lines of Weissemburg, 13 
— the prince of Coburg defeated by 
Jourdan, at Wattignies, 15— mock trial 
and execution of Marie Antoinette, 16 — 
of Brissot and the Girondists, 31 — of 
the duke of Orleans, Nov. 6 — of Madame 
Roland, 8— of Bailly, 11— suicide of M. 
Roland ; the Convention decrees the 
worship of the goddess of Reason, Nov. 
10 — introduces the new calendar, 24 — 
the duke of Brunswick gains the battle 
of Kayserslautem, 30 — the churches of 
Paris closed, Dec. 1 — are soon re-opened; 
Toulon evacuated by lord Hood, 19. 
See Bonaparte, Napoleon. — The French 
recover the lines of Weissemburg, 27. 

1794. Negro slavery abolished by the 
Convention, Feb. 4 — revolt of the Blacks 
in St. Domingo under Toussaint l'Ouver- 
ture; ferocious hostilities in La Vendee; 
La Roche Jaquelein slain; the Spaniards 
driven back from Roussillon; reign of 
Robespierre ; atrocities of the Revolu- 
tionary tribunal; Carrier, Tallien, and 
other Jacobins sent into the depart- 
ments ; slaughter everywhere ; Hebert, 
Anacharsis Cloots, and others of the Cor- 
deliers party executed, March 24 — M. 
Guillotin, 28 — Danton, Camille Desmou- 
lins, Fabre d'Eglantine, and others, Apr. 
5 — victory of Massena in Piedmont, 7 — 
Hoche expels the allies from Alsace; the 
Austrians take Landrecy, 24 — Pichegru 
Invades Belgium, 26 — Condorcet escapes, 
is captured, and ends his life by poison ; 



Lavoisier sacrificed, May 6 — Elizabeth, 
sister of Louis X VI., 10-theBritish troops 
in Flanders harassed by repeated at- 
tacks, repulse the French at Espierres, 
22. For maritime and colonial warfare, 
see George III., k. of Great Britain. — 
Jourdan defeats the allies at Fleurus, 
June 26 — French ascendancy at Geneva, 
July 19 — Robespierre denounced by Tal- 
lien, 27 — beheaded with seventy-one of 
his party, 28 — end of the Reign of Terror; 
the Committee of Public Safety re-estab- 
lished, Aug. 24 — the duke of York de- 
feated at Bois le Due, Sept. 14 — at Box- 
tel, 17 — crosses the Meuse, 21 — and takes 
post at Rhenen behind the Waal, where 
he loses a great part of his army from 
fatigue and sickness ; the Jacobin club 
suppressed, Nov. 11 — the French invade 
Spain ; Pichegru takes Cond£, and com- 
pletes the conquest of Belgium, 30 — 
Holland invaded, Dec. 25 — the king of 
Prussia negotiates for peace, 27. 

1795. Amsterdam taken, and Holland 
conquered by Pichegru, Jan. 29 — peace 
with Tuscany, Feb. 9 — submission ot 
Charette and part of La Vendue, 17 — the 
Jacobins endeavour to regain power, 
Apr. 1 — treaty of Basle with Prussia, 
5 — the British army embarks at Bremen, 
14— alliance with the Batavian Republic, 
May 16 — the Jacobins put down by the 
National Guard, 20 — revolutionary tri- 
bunal abolished, 31 — death of the dau- 
phin in the Temple, June 8 — liberation 
of his sister, 30— Luxemburg surrenders, 
July 12 — Bilbao, 17— emigrants attempt 
to land at Quiberon, 21 — treaty of Basle 
with Spain, 22 — the constitution of year 
III. approved by the Convention, and 
submitted to the nation, Aug. 22 — peace 
with Hesse Cassel,28— Dusseldorf taken, 
Sept. 6 — and Manheim, 20 — peace with 
Hanover, 23 — the constitution accepted 
by the people; clubs suppressed, 30 — 
the Austrian Netherlands united tc 
France, and form nine new departments, 
Oct. 1 — a rising of some of the sections 
of Paris put down, 4 and 5 — Wurmser 
recovers Manheim; Clairfait defeats 
Jourdan at Hochst, 11 — at Mentz, 29 — 
victory of Scherer over the Austrians 
at Loano, Nov. 23— armistice for three 
months ; the new constitution inaugu- 
rated, Oct. 28 — a Legislative Chamber 
of 500 ; a council of Ancients of 250 : and 
an Executive Directory of five, of whom 
Barras and Carnot take the lead. 

1796. Campaign in Italy. See Bona- 
parte, Napoleon. — Assignats super- 
seded by "mandats territoriaux," Mar. 
18 — Vendean war terminated, 29 — con- 
spiracy of Babeuf, May 10— peace with 



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French Eevolution — continued. 

Sardinia, June 3 — Kleber defeats the 
Austrians at Altenkirchen, 4 — treaty 
with the pope: Moreau crosses the 
Ehine, 24— takes Kehl, July 1 — the arch- 
duke Charles falls back to the Danube ; 
peace with Wirteinberg and Baden, 
Aug. 5 — the Archduke Charles defeated 
by Moreau at Neresheim, 10 — defeats 
Bernadotte at Neumarck, 23 — and Jour- 
dan at Wurzburg, Sept. 3— Jourdan falls 
back to the Lahn, 4— peace with Naples, 
Oot. 10 — retreat of Moreau to Hiiningen, 
26— the archduke lays siege to Kehl, 
Nov. 15— alliance with Spain ; failure of 
lord Malmesbury's negotiations for peace, 
Dec. 19. 

1797. Kehl surrenders, Jan. 9 — second 
campaign in Italy. See Bonaparte.— 
Peace with pope Pius VI. — Avignon 
and the Venaissin ceded to France, Feb. 
19— Hoche crosses theEhineat Neuwied, 
Apr. 17 — and Moreau, near Strasburg, 
20 — preliminaries of peace with Austria 
at Leoben, 18— Cisalpine and Ligurian 
republics formed ; Barthelemy takes the 
place of Letourneur as director ; execu- 
tion of Babeuf, May 25— commotion at 
Paris, Sept. 4 — triumph of the moderate 
party ; the violent sent to Cayenne ; 
failure of lord Malmesbury's renewed 
negotiations at Lisle, 20 — treaty of 
Campo Formio with Austria, Oct. 17 — 
the Ionian Tsles given up to France ; 
La Fayette and his companions released; 
congress of Eastadt to settle terms of 
peace with the German empire, Dec. 9. 

1798. Berthier takes Home, expels the 
pope, and establishes a republic, Jan. 
17 — Berne capitulates to Brune: the 
Helvetian republic proclaimed, April 12 
— Geneva incorporated with France, 26 
— mission of Talleyrand to Constantino- 
ple ; expedition to Egypt. See Bona- 
parte.— The works of art brought from 
conquered States placed in the Louvre ; 
Humbert lands in Ireland, Aug 22 — 
surrenders, Sept. 8 — commencement of 
the second coalition; Turkey declares 
war, 11 — a Neapolitan army drives the 
French from Eome, Nov. 26 — is defeated 
byMacdonald, Dec.4— the French occupy 
Piedmont, 9 -Championnet recovers 
Eome, 15 — invades Naples; the emperor 
Paul of Eussia joins the coalition, 23. 

1799. Naples taken by Championnet, 
and the Partuenopean republic estab- 
lished, Jan. 26 — campaign in Syria and 
Egypt. See Bonaparte.— The Ionian 
Islands taken by the Turks and Kus- 
Eians, March 1 — Jourdan and Bernadotte 
eross the Ehine, and the archduke Chas. 
the Lech, 4— war declared against Aus- 



tria and Tuscany, 22 — Jourdan defeated 
at Stockach, and driven back to the 
Ehine, 22 — Scherer defeated at Verona 
28-30 — at Magnano, April 5 — congress of 
Eastadt breaks up, 8— the French mi- 
nisters assassinated, 28 — the Eussians 
arrive in Italy, defeat Moreau at Cas- 
sano, and take Milan; conquer on the 
Adda,. May 27 — Macdonald abandons 
Naples, June 25 — defeated on the Treb- 
bia, 17 — discord in the Directory, 18 — 
Talleyrand retires from the office of 
Foreign affairs ; the government dis- 
ordered and distracted; Joubert defeated 
and slain at Novi, A ug.15— a Eussian army 
arrives in Switzerland, 17. — is defeated 
by Moreau at Zurich, 25 — the emperor 
Paul recalls his forces ; Eome surrenders 
to commodore Trowbridge, Sept. 27 — 
Suwarof returns to Eussia. Oct. 5 — the 
British expedition to the H elder, eva- 
cuates Holland, 20 — return of Bonaparte 
from Egypt, and military revolution, 
Nov. 9. See Bonaparte. — Ancona taken 
by the Austrians, 13 — Coni, Dec. 4 — 
a new constitution, 13— Bonaparte, first 
consul, CambaceVes second, and Le Brim 
third; Talleyrand minister for Foreign 
affairs, Carnot for war, and Fouche for 
police ; overtures for peace rejected by 
Great Britain, 25. 

1800. Pacification of La Vendee by the 
treaty of Li^on, Jan. 17 — treaty for the 
evacuation of Egypt, 24 — rejected by 
Great Britain, March 20 — Kleber de- 
feats the Turks atHeliopolis,drivesthem 
into Syria, and restores the French do- 
minion in Egypt; Massena defeated by 
the Austrians at Voltri, retires into 
Genoa, April 18— Moreau crosses the 
Ehine, 25— conquers at Engen, May 3— 
at M6skirch,5 — at Biberach, 9— the Aus- 
trians take Nice, and threaten to cross the 
Var, 11 — campaign of Marengo. See 
Bonaparte. — Assassination of Kleber; 
Menou takes the command in Egypt, 
June 14 — Moreau enters Munich, July 2 
— armistice of Parsdorf, 15 — of Hohen- 
linden, Sept. 20 — surrender of Malta to 
the British, Sept. 5 — differences with the 
U.S. adjusted by treaty, 30 — Tuscany 
occupied, Oct. 15 — hostilities renewed 
with Austria, Nov. 28— battle of Hohen- 
linden, Dec. 3 — Moreau crosses the Inn, 
Jan. 14, 1801 — takes Salzburg, 15 — de- 
feats the archduke John on the Traun, 
18 — armistice of Steyer, 25 — reign of the 
first consul, 1801-1804. See Bonaparte. 
— He refuses to clothe or maintain the 
French prisoners in England, Jan. 31, 
1801 — Menou defeated by the British at 
Alexandria, March 21 — they take Cairo 
and agree to a treaty for the evacuation 



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333 



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of Egypt by the French, June 27 — 
French empire established, May 18, 
1804. See Napoleon I., emperor. 
French Ekvolution of 1830. Union of 
parties against the Marti gnac ministry ; 
De Polignac called from his post of am- 
bassador in London, to form a new ca- 
binet ; his government influenced by the 
ultra-royalists and priests, 1829 — the 
Chamber votes an address hostile to 
him, March 16, 1830 — prorogued by the 
king, 19— dissolved, May 16 — the popu- 
lar party strengthened by the elections; 
the new Chamber dissolved before it 
meets ; unconstitutional ordinances laid 
before the king, July 21 — signed by him 
and published, 25 — journals suppressed, 
26 — popular resistance ; three days' war 
of the barricades in Paris, 27-29 — victory 
of the people ; the national guard re- 
stored, La Fayette commander, 30 — 
Louis Philip, duke of Orleans, appointed 
lieutenant-general, 31 — Charles X. ab- 
dicates, Aug. 2 — is conducted to Cher- 
bourg, 4 — Louis Philip proclaimed king, 
7. See Louis Philip, k. of the French. 
French Revolution of 1848. — General de- 
sire in France for an extension of the elec- 
toral franchise; Eeform banquet prohibit- 
ed by the government, Jan. 19 — violent 
scenes in the Chamber of Deputies; Odil- 
lon Harrot accuses the government of sell- j 
ing offices ; M. Berville declares that the 
Orleans dynasty had not performed its 
promise to the. nation, 22 — Guizot re- 
fuses to give any pledge of Eeform, Feb. 
12 — another banquet prohibited, 21 — 
Odillon Barrot impeaches the ministers ; 
Guizot resigns, 22 — no ministry formed; 
popular excitement; collision between 
the crowd and the troops, 23 — Louis 
Philip abdicates, 24 — provisional govern- 
ment formed, 25 — Republic proclaimed, 
26— Lamartine rejects the red flag; na- 
tional workshops opened; warrant for 
the arrest of Guizot and his colleagues, 
27— escape of the king and queen to 
Honfleur ; the duke de Nemours and 
other members of the royal family land 
at Dover ; Louis Napoleon offers his ser- 
vices to the Republic, March 2. See 
Bonaparte, Charles Louis Napoleon. — 
Pacific manifesto of Lamartine as fo- 
reign secretary, 3 — dangerous principles 
avowed by Ledru Rollin in his circular 
as minister of the interior; Louis Philip 
and his queen land at Newhaven, and 
Guizot at Folkstone, 3— foreign work- 
men ordered to leave France, 19 — irrup- 
tion of French revolutionists into Bel- 
gium repulsed, 29 — cool reception of 
Smith O'Brien and the Irish deputation 
by Lamartine, April 3 — meeting of Na- 



tional Assembly, May 4 — exrcutive com- 
mittee appointed, 10 — invasion of the 
Hall by Communists repressed by the na. 
tional guard; arrest of their leaders, 15 
— national workshops denounced; pro- * 
vincial workmen ordered to leave Paris ; 
insurrection and barricades, June 23 — 
the archbishop slain, 25 — the insurrec- 
tion put down, with great slaughter, by 
gen. Cavaignac, 26 — he is appointed pre- 
sident of the Council, 28 — the workshops 
suppressed, July 3— Louis Blanc and Caus- 
sidiere prosecuted ; escape to England, 
Aug. 25 — constitution discussed ; decree 
for electing the President of the Republic 
by universal suffrage, Oct. 7 — constitu- 
tion proclaimed, Nov. 12 — Louis Napo- 
leon elected President, Dec. 20— Cavaig- 
nac resigns his authority ; Odillon Bar- 
rot president of the Council, and Droiiyn 
de Lhuys minister for Foreign Affairs. 

1849. Proposed suppression of politi- 
cal clubs, and reduction of the Garde 
Mobile of Paris; attempted insurrection 
stifled by gen. Changarnier, Jan. 29— 
clubs abolished, March 20— Barbes and 
Albert condemned to transportation for 
life ; Blanqui, Raspail, and others, to 
imprisonment, April 2 — the expedition 
against Rome sanctioned by the Assem- 
bly, 17 — lands in ltaly,25— repulsed, 30 
— concludes an armistice, May 17— re- 
sumes hostilities, June 3 — another in- 
surrection quelled by Changarnier, 13 — 
Ledru Rollin and D'Alton Shee take 
flight, 14 — capitulation of Rome, 30. 

1850. Universal suffrage superseded by 
a limited constituency, May 31 — discus- 
sions with Great Britain on the Greek 
question ; ambassador recalled from Lon- 
don; amicable settlement, June 21— re- 
striction on the liberty of the press, 
Sept. 26. 

1851. Drouyn de Lhuys prime mi- 
nister ; Changarnier displaced ; Bara- 
guay d'Hilliers commands the army of 
Paris, and gen. Perrot the National 
Guard, Jan. 9 — the Assembly rejects the 
Dotation Bill. Feb. 10— St. Arnaud at- 
tacks the Kabyles, May 11 — petitions 
laid before the Assembly to revise the 
constitution and prolong the President's 
powers, 22 — reform of the commercial 
code rejected by the Assembly ; the 
Kabyles overcome and the war closed, 
July 17 — revision of the constitution re- 
fused by the Assembly, 19 — numerous 
arrests on a charge of conspiracy, Sept. 
3 — marquis de Turgot minister for fo- 
reign affairs, and St. Arnaud, for war, 
Oct. 27 — electoral law rejected, Nov. 13 
— Coup d'Etat. See Bonaparte, Chas. 
Louis NapoJeoD. — Changarnier Oavaig- 



FRI 



334 



FRI 



Fbench Revolution of 1848 — continued, j 
nac, and others, imprisoned, Dec. 2— 
insurrection, martial law, and dreadful 
iiassacres in Paris, 4— deportation of 
suspected persons, 18— the President re- 
elected by a majority of nearly seven 
millions, 24. 

1852. The ancient names of public 
edifices restored ; republican inscriptions 
erased, Jan. 6 — 600 political prisoners 
embarked for Cayenne, 8 — Thiers, 
Changarnier, Bedeau, Lamoriciere, Vic- 
tor Hugo, and others, banished, 10— new- 
constitution ; president for ten years ; 
senators appointed by him for life ; de- 
puties elected by universal suffrage, 15 
—property of the Orleans family confis- 
cated, 23— titles of nobility restored, 25 
—treaty with the Sultan for the protec- 
tion of "the " Holy Places" in Palestine, 
Feb. 13— French journals subjected to a 
licence, and foreign newspapers prohi- 
bited. 17 — martial law suspended, and 
the Code Napoleon restored, March 28— 
crystal palace in the Champs Elysees 
ordered, 30 — eagles delivered to the 
French army, May 10— conspiracy de- 
tected, July 1— Thiers and other eminent 
exiles allowed to return, Aug. 8— crystal 
palace commenced, Sept.6— Abdel Kader 
liberated ; the prefect of the Seine calls 
upon Louis Napoleon to restore the 
empire, Oct. 16— the Senate refer the 
question to the people, Nov. 4. See 
Bonaparte, Jerome. — Majority of more 
than seven millions of the French people 
in favour of restoring the empire, Dec. 
21 — Napoleon III. proclaimed. See 
Napoleon III., emperor of the French. 

Frend, William, expelled from his post ot 
fellow and tutor of Jesus College, Cam- 
bridge, 1793-d. 1841. 

Freodwulf, or Frithuwald, one of Ida's 
sons, reigns in Beraicia, 573-580. 

Freyburg, joins the Swiss confederacy, 
1481— treaty of, between Francis I. and 

• the Swiss Cantons, 1516 — assists the 

' Genevan reformers against the duke of 

" Savoy, 1519 and 1531— democratic agita- 

; tion in, 1830. 

Freyburg, in the Brisgau, battle of; the 
imperial gen., Mercy, defeated by Tu- 
renne and the duke d'Enghien, 1644 — 
taken by the French, 1677— again, Nov. 
26, 1713. 

Freycinet, M. de, sets out on his voyage 
of discovery, 1817. 

Freynada, Wellington falls back on, from 
Burgos, 1812. 

Frevre, general, conspires against the 
regency in Portugal, and is punished by 
death, 1817. 
Feiedbebg, in Saxony, battle of ; Frederic 



the Great, of Prussia, defeats the Aus- 
trians and Saxons, 1745. 

Friedberg, in the Upper Rhine, the 
French retire to, 1759. 

Frieoerichstadt, on the Eyder, built by 
Frederic, duke of Holstein Gottorp, for 
the expatriated Remonstrants, 1621 — 
besieged by the Holstein army, Sept. 29, 
1850. 

Friedland, battle of; the Russians defeat- 
ed by Napoleon, June 14, 1807. 

Friends of the People associate to ob- 
tain parliamentary reform, 1792. 

Frieslano (Frisia), or Vriesland, a mari- 
time district, between the Rhine and 
Weser, conquered by Drusus, B.C. 9 — 
revolts against Apronius, and becomes 
free again, a.d. 28— assists the revolt of 
the Batavi, 69 — extended towards the 
Elbe, 447 — tributary to the Franks, 550— 
unites with the islands of Holland, and 
forms an independent duchy under Adal- 
gaisus, about 650 — his son Radbod de- 
feated by Pepin of Heristal. 688 — and 
again at Durstadt, submits to him, 697 
— recovers his independence, 716 — d. 719 
— Poppo, the last duke, conquered by 
Charles Martel, and Friesland becomes 
part of the kingdom of the Franks, 734 
—attacked by Godfrey, k. of S.Jutland, 
who is slain in the war, 810 — a settle- 
ment in, granted by Louis I. to Harold 
of S. Jutland, 826 — made a nest of pi- 
rates by Roric, 850— given up to the 
Danes by Charles the Fat, 882— part of 
the County of Holland and of the German 
empire of Otho I., 936. See Holland. 
— Fits cut a fleet to assist the third 
crusade, 1189— separated from Holland 
by the formation of the Zuyder Zee, 
1231— the North Frisians defeat Abel, 
k. of Denmark, 1252 — William, count 
of Holland and k. of Germany, attempts 
to subjugate the people, is defeated and 
slain, 1256— Friesland joins the Union 
of Utrecht, 1579 — one of the Seven 
United Provinces. 1581— John William 
Friso, cousin of William III., appointed 
separate Statholder, 1702. See East 
Friesland. 

Friso, John William. See Friesland. 

Frithbekt, bp. of Hexham, succeeded by 
Alhmund. 766. 

Frithstan, bp. of Winchester, 910— d. 931. 

Frithwald, bp. of Whitherne, 735— suc- 
ceeded by Petwin, 763. 

Fritigekn, after the resignation of Ath- 
anaric, commands the Visigoths, 376 — 
succeeded by Alaric, 382. 

Fritzlar, in HesseCassel, prince Ferdinand 
of Brunswick retires to, on the approach 
of the duke de Broglie with reinforce- 
ments, 1760. 



FRO 



335 



ful 



Fbiuli, named from the Forum Julii of 
the Romans, erected into a duchy by Al- 
boin, k. of the Lombards, 572 — Rachis, 
duke,electedk.,744-defended by Charle- 
magne against the Avars and added to his 
kingdom,788— Berenger, duke, competes 
for the crown of Italy, 888— Friuli ad- 
heres to pope Gregory XII., 1409— con- 
quered by the Hungarians and recovered 
by Venice, 1412 — becomes a Venetian 
province, 1420— the Turks carry their de- 
predations to its borders, 1473— ravaged 
by them, 1499. See Venice. 

Fbobisher, Martin, sails, June 11, to seek 
a north-west passage ; fails ; returns, 
1576— with Drake, attacks the Spanish 
settlements in the West Indies, 1585— 
killed at the taking of Brest, 1594. 

Frohsdorf, interview of the dnkes of 
Bordeaux and Nemours at, Nov. 17, 
1853. 

Fkoila, son of Alfonso I., succeeds him as 
k. of the Goths in Spain, and founds 
Oviedo, 757 — he repulses the Saracens, 
■while besieging Pax Julia (Beja)— mar- 
ries Menina, sister of Aznar, 761 — ren- 
ders himself unpopular in the Asturias 
by the murder of his brother, Bimara- 
nus, 767— assassinated by Aurelius, who 
succeeds him on the throne, 768. 

Froila II., on the death of his brother, 
Ordonio II., usurps the throne of Leon 
and Navarre, 923— d. of the leprosy, after 
an ignoble reign of 14 months, 924. 

Froissart, b. 1337— writes his Chronicle, 
1398— d. 1401— his Chronicle continued 
by Monstrelet, from 1400. 

Frome, River, Canute lands at its mouth, 
on his return to England, 1015. 

Frome, Town, the inhabitants petition 
against the minister appointed for their 
church, Jan. 2, 1852. 

Fronde, war of the, commences, 1648 — 
terminated by the treaty of Rueil, but 
recommenced by Conde, 1649 — the duke 
of Lorraine abandons the Frondeurs, 
1652 — the war brought to an end, 1653. 

Frontinus, Julius, Roman governor of 
Britain, 73— superseded, 78. 

Frontinus, the geometrician, has the care 
of the Roman aqueducts, 97. 

Fronto, M., tutor of M. Aurelius, 133 — 
corresponds with him, 164— d. 169. 

Fronto, count, sent ambassador by the 
emperor Avitus to the Spanish Suevi, 
456. 

Fronto, M. Aufid., consul of Rome, 199. 

Fronto, M. Cornelius, consul of Rome, III., 
100. 

Frost, severe, in Britain, the Thames 
frozen nine weeks, 250 — the Black Sea 
covered with ice, 401 — in Britain, 508— 
the Danube crossed by the Bulgarians 



on the ice, 559 — the Bosphorus crossed 
on the ice in Jan. and Feb. 764— the 
Adriatic frozen; horses and carriages 
pass on the ice, S60 — the Thames frozen, , 
13 weeks, 923 — five weeks, 998— fourteen 
weeks in 1063, and eleven weeks, as far 
as Gravesend, in 1434 — the Baltic frozen, 
1306, 1323, 1349, 1402, 1408, and 1459— the 
rivers Rhine and Scheldt, 1565, and 1594 
— the Thames in 1607— the Zuyder Zee, 
1622— the Swedes cross the ice to attack 
Copenhagen, 1658 — a fair on the ice of the 
Thames for thirteen weeks, ending Feb. 
5, 16S4— very severe in all Europe, the 
Adriatic frozen, and in England it con- 
tinues three months, from Dec. 25, 1709 
— the Thames frozen over for eleven 
weeks (oxen roasted), 1716 — again for 
nine weeks in 1740, called the " Hard 
winter," when coaches' drove acr(>sjs — 
again in 1789 — the French cross theVvaal 
and Rhine on the ice to invade Holland, 
Dec. 25, 1794 — severe, of many wjeaks, 
travelling impeded by deep snow/oe- 
ginning Feb. 1799— the Thames frozen, 
and a fair on the ice, 1814. 

Frost, John, and other Chartists attempt 
an insurrection at Newport, in Mon- 
mouthshire, Nov. 4, 1839 — are trans- 
ported for life, Dec. 31 — pardoned, and 
return, 1855. 

Frugi, L. Calpurnius Piso, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 133. 

Frugi, M. Licinins Crassus, consul of 
Rome, 64. 

Frumarius, on the death of his father, 
Maldra, becomes k. of the Suevi in 
Spain, and invades Gallicia, 460— d. 464. 

Frumentius, or Abba Salama, preaches. 
Christianity to the Abyssinians, 329. 

Fucinus, Lake, the aqueduct of, com- 
menced by Caligula, 38; completed by 
Claudius I., 52. 

Fuentes, the count of, viceroy of the 
Netherlands, invades Picardy, 1595. 

Fuentes d'Onore, battle of, Wellington 
defeats Massena, May 6, 1811. 

Fulbert, bp. of Chartres, founds a school 
of theology, 1007— d. 1028. 

Fulda, the abbey of, built by Sturmio,744 
— the territory given to the prince of 
Orange Nassau, 1803 — occupied by the 
Prussians, Nov. 2, 1S50. 

Fulgentius Rttspensis, b. 468— banished 
with other African bishops, by Thoris- 
mund, 497 — bp. of Carthage, 508— d. Jan. 
1, 533. 

Fulgentius Ferrandus, disciple of Ful- 
gentius Ruspensis, and deacon of the 
church of Carthage, 546. 

Fulham, occupied by the Danes undef 
Hasting, 879— they -withdraw into Bel- 
gium, 880. 



EUR 



33i» 



GAE 



Fulk, bp. of Rheims, proclaims Charles 
IV., the Simple, k. of France, 892. 

Fulk. See Estk and Feerara. 

Fulk, count of Anjou. See Anjou. 

Fulk, of Neuilly, preaches a new crusade, 
1198. 

Fuller, Thomas, b. 1606— d. 1661. 

Fullo, L. Apustius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
226. 

Fulthorpe, Sir William, the Judge, con- 
demns Richard Scrope, archbp. of York, 
for rebellion against Henry IV., and is 
excommunicated for it by pope Innocent 
VII., 1405. 

Fulton tries his steamboat on the Seine, 
Aug. 9, 1803— his boats ply on the river 
Hudson, at New York, 1806. 

Fulvia, wife of Mark Antony, opposes 
Octavius; is driven from Rome, and 
retires to Sicyon, in Greece, where she 
d. 41. 

Fulvianus, L. Manlius Acidinus, consul 
of Rome, B.C. 179. 

Fulvius, On., consul of Rome. See Cen- 
tumalus. — Defeated near Herdonia by 
Hannibal, B.C. 210. 

Fulvius. See Flaccus. 

Fulvius, M. Nobilior, consul of Rome, 
compels the iEtolians to make peace, 
B.C. 189— celebrates a triumph, 187 — in- 
troduces athletic combats, 186 — censor, 
179 — Another, consul, 159. 

Fulvius, Qu. Nobilior, consul of Rome; 
conducts the war in Spain unsuccess- 
fully, B.C. 153. 

Fulvius, Servius Paetinus Nobilior, con- 
sul of Rome, B.C. 255. 

Fulvus, T. Aurelius, consul of Rome, 85 ; 
89 II.- Another, 120. 

Fundanus, Minucius, pro-consul of Asia, 
ordered by Hadrian to stop the persecu- 
tion of Christians, 125. 

Funding system ; money first borrowed on 
the security of the revenue by William 
III., 1690— national debt at his death, 
£16,394,702—1702. See N ational Debt. 
— Three per Cent. Consols originated, 
1731. See Consols, Five per Cents., 
Four per Cents., and Sinking Fund. — 
The total reduction of interest effected 
by successive financial operations be- 
tween the years 1815 and 1834, amounts 
to £4,237,337. 

Fundulus, (J. Fundanius, consul of Rome, 
besieges Hamilcar, in Eryx, B.C. 243. 

Funeral, public, of lord Nelson, Jan. 
1806— of the duke of Wellington, Nov. 
18, 1852. 

Funfkirchen occupied by Haynau, June 

21, 1849. 
Fur, excise duty on, remitted, Feb. 15,1830. 
Furius. See Camillus and Fusus. 

Fubneaux, capt., the companion of capt. 



Cook, returns to England, July 14* 

1774. 
Furnes, lost to the French by Guy de 

Dampierre, count of Flanders, 1297 — 

taken by the French, 1646. 
Furnii; the, father and son, distinguished 

orators and historians, b.c. 36 — C Fur- 

nius, the son, consul, 17. 
Furruckabad, or Ferruckabad, battle of; 

Holkar defeated by general Lake, Nov. 

17, 1804. 
Fursey. See Burgh Castle. 
Fuscianus, C. Allius, consul of Rome, II. 

188. 
Fuscus, consul of Rome, II. 225. 
Fuscus, a Roman general, defeated by the 

Dacians, 86. 
Fuseli, Henrv, b. 1741— d. 1825. 
Fust, Sir H. jenner, b. 1777— d. 1852. 
Fusus, Agrippa Furius, consul of Rome, 

B.C. 446. 
Fusus, P. Furius, consul of Rome, B.C. 472. 
Fusus, Sex. Furius, consul of Rome, B.C. 

488. 
Fusus, Sp. Furius, consul of Rome, B.C. 

481. 



G 



Gabelle, or salt duty, first introduced in 
France, 1286. 

Gabinius, Aulus, consul of Rome, B.C. 58 — 
ordered to restore Ptolemy Auletes, 57 
— accomplishes it; accused by Cicero of 
having oppressed the provinces of Ma- 
cedon and Syria, 56— brings Timagenes 
from Alexandria to Rome, 55. 

Gabinius, Publius, carries on the war in 
Germany against the Chatti, 41. 

Gabinius, k. of the Quadi, treacherously 
slain by the Romans ; his people invade 
Illyricum to avenge his death, 374. 

Gabor, Bethlem. See Bethlem Gabor. 

Gabrielle D'Estrees. See D'Estrees. 

Gadara taken by Vespasian, 68. 

Gadebusch, battle of; the Swedish gen., 
Steinbock, defeats the Danes, Poles, and 
Saxons, 1712. 

Gades. See Cadiz. 

Gaeta, the ancient Cajeta, made one of 
the Lombard duchies, 572— the duke of, 
forced to submit to the demands of pope 
Paul I., by Pepin, k. of France, 760— 
arms against the African and Spanish 
corsairs, 813— besieged by them, 846— 
they are driven from the siege by a vio- 
lent storm, 847 — its fleet assists in de- 
feating them. 849 -besieged by Roger de 
Loria, 1289— residence of the schismatic 



GAL 



337 



GAL 



pope, Gregory XII., who is ordered to 
depart by Ladislas, k. of Naples, 1412 — 
besieged by Alfonso V., of Aragon, and 
taken by his brother, Don Pedro, 1435 — 
Alfonso arrives, 1436 — taken by the 
Spanish gen., Montemar, Aug. 7, 1734. 

Gaetano, Giovanni, monk of Monte Ca- 
sino and chancellor of the church of 
Rome, elected pope, 1118. See Gela- 
sius II. 

GjEtulius, Cn. Lentulus, consul of Rome, 
26. 

Gage, general. See Colonies, American. — 
Dissolves the Massachusetts Assembly, 
May, 17, 1774 — destroys the colonial ma- 
gazines at Lexington, April 19, 1775— 
repulses the Americans at Bunker's 
Hill, and burns the suburb of Charles- 
Town, June 17 ; returns to England, and 
arrives in London, Nov. 13. 

Gages, the count de, Spanish gen., attacks 
Charles Emanuel, k. of Sardinia, 1743. 

Gaianus. See Alexandria, bishops of, 
537. 

Gain as, sent with an army against Tribi- 
gild ; rebels, but is overcome by Fra- 
vitta, 400 — slain near the Danube by 
Uldin, k. of the Huns, 401. 

Gainsborough. See Swein, k. of Den- 
mark. 

Gainsborough, Thomas, b. 1727— d. 1788. 

Gaisford, Dr., b. 1780— d. 1855. 

Galata, a suburb of Constantinople, ac- 
quired by the Venetians, 1204 — obtained 
by the Genoese by treaty with the em- 
peror Michael VIII., 1261— they make 
war on John VI., emperor, and capture 
the Greek fleet; the senate of Genoa 
orders the colony to desist from further 
hostilities, 1348. 

Galatia, the name given by the Greeks 
of Syria to the part of Asia Minor oc- 
cupied by the descendants of the Cim- 
merioi (see Cimmerians) when they are 
found to be Keltae, or Galatse, B.C. 278— 
its people, called Galatians, are first 
employed by Nicomedes, of Bithynia, 
against Antiochus Soter, 278 — they with- 
stand the forces of Syria, and Antiochus 
is killed fighting against them, 261 — 
attack Attains I., of Pergamus, but are 
defeated, 241. See Gallo-Gr.eci. — 
Paul's Epistle addressed to them,A.D.52. 

Galba, Servius Sulpicius, emperor of 
Rome, b. Dec. 24, b.c. 3 — carries on the 
war in Germany with Gabinius against 
the Chatti, a.d. 41 — commands in Spain, 
61 — proclaimed emperor by Viudex, gov. 
of Gaul, 68 — advances with his army 
from Spain, and is acknowledged em- 
peror by the Senate, 68— consul II. — 
adopts Calpurnius Piso ; murdered, Jan. 
16, 69. 



Galba, Servius Sulpicius, r. raetor of Rome, 
defeated by the Lusitanians, B.C. 151— 
publicly impeached by Cato for his 
slaughter of them, but acquitted, 150— x 
consul, 144. Another, consul, 108. 

Galba, C. Sulp., consul of Rome, 22. 

Galba, P. Sulpicius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
211 — leads the Roman fleet to Greece 
against the Achaeans, 208 — consul 11.200 
— endeavours to force his way into Ma- 
cedon, but fails, 199. 

Galba, Serv. Sulpic, consul of Rome, 33. 

Galbajo, Giovanni, doge of Venice, 787=- 
804. 

Gale, Theophilus, b. 1628— d. 1677. 

Gale, Thomas, historian, d. 1702. 

Galeazzo I. and II. See Visconte. 

Galeazzo, Maria. See Sforza. 

Galen, b. 130 — studies medicine under 
Satyrus, 147 — becomes famous at Per- 
gamus, 159— visits Rome, 162-164 — at 
Aquileia, 169— many of his works com- 
posed, 174 — some lost in a fire at Rome, 
191— d. 200. 

Galerius, M. Antoninus, son of the em- 
peror T. Antoninus Pius, d. soon after 
his father's accession to the throne, about 
140. 

Galerius, Caius Maximianus (Armenta- 
rius), appointed by Diocletian, with the 
title of Caesar, to administer the affairs 
of Gaul, Spain, and Mauritania, 292 — 
consul of Rome, 294 — gains victories 
over the Carpi and Bastarnae, 295 — de- 
feated by Narses, and severely repri- 
manded by Diocletian ; consul II., 297 — 
gains a complete victory over Narses in 
Armenia, and meets Diocletian at Ni- 
sibis, 298 — consul III., 300— passes the 
winter with Diocletian at Nicomedia, and 
urges him to repress the power of the 
Christian hierarchy; consul IV., 302 — 
takes the title of Augustus, on Diocle- 
tian's retirement ; consul V., 305 — consul 
VI., 306 — invades Italy, and, without 
fighting a battle, is obliged to retreat 
ignominiously ; declares Licinius em- 
peror, 307 — consul VII., 308 — acknow- 
ledges Constantine as Augustus, and 
allows the title to Maximian in Syria — 
attacked by a fatal disorder, 310 — issues 
an edict, April 30, to stop the persecu- 
tion of the Christians, and d. the next 
month ; consul VIII. {uncertain), 311. 

Galgacus, a leader of the Caledonians 
against Agricola, 84. 

Galib, sent by the Spanish caliph, Al 
Hakem II., with a powerful army into 
Africa, 973 — restores his authority in 
Fez and Western Africa, 974 — falls in 
single combat with Abdelmelic, governor 
of Toledo, 979. 

Galileo de' Galilei, 6. 1564 — compelled 

z 



GAL 



338 



GAL 



by the Inquisition to reject the Copemi- 
can system, 1633— d. 1642. 

G alitzin, prince, compelled by the czarina, 
Anne, to marry a girl of low birth, to 
live in a palace of ice, and celebx - ate 
the wedding with many strange cere- 
monies, 1740. 

Gall, John Joseph, I. 1758— introduces 
his system of craniology, 1803— d. 1828. 

Galla, wife of Julius Constantius, and 
mother of the Csesar Gallus. See 
Gallus. 

Galla, Placidia. See Placidia. 

Galla, daughter of Valentinian I., ac- 
companies her brother, Valentinian IT., 
in his flight to Thessalonica, where she 
meets and marries Theodosius I., 387 — 
d. 394. 

Galla of Malamocco, doge of Venice, 755 
— deposed, 756. 

Galland translates into French the 
" Thousand and One Nights" (Arabian 
Nights' Entertainment), 1704— d. 1715. 

Gallas, the imperial general, drives the 
Swedes back into Pomerania, 1638— is 
defeated by Banner, 1639— follows the 
Swedes into Jutland, where he is totally 
defeated by Torstenson, 1644. 

Galle, M., discovers the planet Neptune, 
at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846. 

Gallery of Paintings, the Montcalm, 
sold, June 8, 1849— that of the king of 
Holland, sold, Aug. 12, 1850. 

Gallery, National. See National Gal- 
lery. 

Gallery of the Louvre formed, 1798. 

Gallery, Historical, of Versailles, opened, 
June 11, 1837. 

Gallta. See Gaul. 

Gallicanus, consul of Rome, 127— others, 
150, 317, 330. 

Gallicia a province of Spain, conquered 
by D. Junius Brutus, June 9, B.C. 136 — 
occupied by the Vandals, a.d. 419 — they 
are expelled by Astorius, 420 — invaded 
by Hermanrich, k. of the Suevi, 431 — 
peace concluded with him, 433— its coast 
ravaged by the Vandal fleet from Africa, 
445 — invaded by Frumarius, k. of the 
Suevi, 460 — part of it recovered by 
Pelayo, 721 — by Alfonso I., 740 — infest- 
ed by the Danes, who are repulsed by 
Ramiro I., 846— an invasion of Muha- 
mad prevented by the destruction of his 
fleet, 867— attacked by Almondhir, 876— 
resigned by Alfouso III. to his son, Or- 
donio II., 910— reunited to Leon, 913 — 
invaded by Almansor, 993— inherited by 
Alfonso, son of Alfonso VI. See Al- 
fonso, k. of Gallicia. 

Gallicia, East, a province taken by Aus- 
tria in the first partition of Poland, 
1772. 



Gallicia, West, another province, ac- 
quired in the final partition, 1795 — 
ceded to the grand duchy of Warsaw by 
the treaty of Vienna, 1809 — recovered 
by Austria, 1814. 

Gallienus, Publius Licinius, emperor of 
Rome, son of Valerian, associated on the 
throne with his father, 253 — consul of 
Rome, 254 — takes the command of the 
army in Gaul, and makes Treves his 
head-quarters, consul II., 25& — consul 
III., 257 — the empire distracted by 
numerous revolts, 259. See Thirty 
Tyrants. — Valerian is made prisoner by 
the Persians ; Gallienus reigns alone ; 
defeats and kills Ingeuuus, who had re- 
volted in Illyricum ; also Regalianus ; 
his son, Saloninus is taken and slain by 
Postumus, 260— consul IV., 261- V., 262 
— celebrates the tenth year of his reign 
by public shows and games, and treats 
with Aureolus and Odenathus, 263 — de- 
clares Odenathus Augustus ; consul VI., 
264 — attacks Postumus and Victorinus 
without success, 265 — consul VII., 266 
— routs various Gothic tribes in Il- 
lyricum ; proceeds against Aureolus, 
in Italy, 267 — assassinated by his own 
troops, while besieging Aureolus in 
Milan, March 20, 268. 

Gallio, L. Junius, banished to Lesbos by 
the emperor Tiberius I., and recalled to 
Rome, 32 — adopts Novatus, elder bro- 
ther of Seneca, and gives him his name, 
42. 

Gallio, L. Junius, the younger, put to 
death, with his brother, Seneca, by Nero, 
65. 

Gallipoli, the Callipolis of the Greeks; 
a fleet collected at, by Isaac Angelus to 
convey the emperor Frederic I. and his 
crusaders across the Hellespont, 1190 — 
See Chersonesus Thracica. — Fortified 
by the Catalans, 1306 — Suleiman, son 
of Orchan, repairs the walls, and brings 
over a colony of Turks, who occupy the 
place, 1354 — landing of the allies, British 
and French army, April 5, 1854 — the 
Himalaya arrives, April 13. 

Gallipoli, in Italy, taken by Roger de 
Loria, 1285. 

Gallo-Gr^ci, the name given by the 
Romans to the Galatae of Asia Minor, 
when they are conquered by the consul 
Manlius, B.C. 189. See Galatia. 

Gallura. See Enzio and Adelaide of 
Sardinia. 

Gallus, C. Vibius Trebonianus, emperor 
of Rome, succeeds Decius, 251— pays the 
Goths a large sum of money to quit the 
empire, and returns to Rome ; consul II., 
252 — assassinated at Interamnse, 253. 

Gallus, C. Vibius Volusianus, son of the 



GAL 



339 



GAB 



emperor, consul of Rome, 252— consul II., 
killed with his father, 253. 

Gallus, son of Julius Constantius, and 
nephew of the emperor Constantine, is 
kept with his brother Julian six years 
in the castle of Macellum, where they 
have no instructor but Mardonius, an 
aged slave of his family, 345 — married 
to his cousin. See Const antina. — Cre- 
ated Caesar, and sent to Antioch to rule 
the East, takes the name of Flavius 
■Constantius, 351. See Constantius, Fl., 
for his consulships. Suppresses a revolt 
in Judaea, 352 — he and his wife commit 
great cruelties in the East, 353— called 
to the imperial court by the emperor 
Constantius II.; arrested during the 
journey; taken to Pola, in Istria, and 
executed, 354. 

Gallus, consul of Rome, 174 — another, 298. 

Gallus, JElius, gov. of Egypt, undertakes 
an expedition into Arabia, which fails, 
B.C. 24— is visited soon after by Strabo. 

Gallus, Ap. Annius Trebonius, consul of 
Rome, 108. 

Gallus. See Asinius Gallus. 

Gallus, C. consul of Rome, 198. 

Gallus, C. Asinius, consul of Rome, B.C. 8. 

Gallus, Cestius, defeated by the Jews, 66. 

Gallus, Cornelius, b. b.c. 67 — friend of 
Vii'gil ; pi*efect of Egypt, 30— disgraced 
for misgoverning, commits suicide, 26. 

Gallus, C. Cestius, consul of Rome, 35. 

Gallus, C. Pompeius Longinus, consul of 
Rome, 49. 

Gallus, C. Sulpicius, predicts an eclipse 
of the moon, which happens, June 21, 
B.C. 168 — consul of Rome, 166. 

Gallus, C. Sulpicius, consul of Rome, b.c 
243. 

Gallus, L. Anicius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
160. 

Gallus, L. Asinius, consul of Rome, 62. 

Gallus, L. Caninius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
37. 

Gallus, Plotius, teaches Latin rhetoric, 
b.c. 88. 

Gallus, Q. Ogulnius, consul of Rome, b.c. 
269. 

Galt, John, b. 1779— d. 1839. 

Galvani, Louis, of Bologna, b. 1737 — dis- 
covers galvanism, 1790— d. 1798. See 
Volta. 

Galves, the Spanish viceroy, expelled by 
the Mexicans, 1661. 

Galway, taken by gen. Ginkel, 1691— 
Queen's College endowed by Act of Par- 
liament, 8 and 9 Victoria, c. 56, 1845— 
railway to Dublin completed, Aug. 1, 
1851. 

Galway, the earl of, replaces the duke of 
Schomberg in the command of the army 
in Spain, 1704— he and his Portuguese 



allies take Alcantara, and having forced 
the duke of Berwick to retire, enter 
Madrid, June 24, 1706— totally defeated 
at the battle of Almanza, by the duke ef 
Berwick, April 14, 1707. 

Gama, Vasco de, a Portuguese navigator, 
sails for the eastern seas, July 9, 1496 — 
passes the Cape of Good Hope, and ar- 
rives at Calicut, 1497— lays the foun- 
dation of the Portuguese empire in 
India, and returns to his country, 1498. 

Gambette, Loy, the Burgundian code 
framed by Gundibald, 501. 

Gambier, admiral and lord, b. 1756— com- 
mands the fleet against Copenhagen, 
Sept. 2, 1807— destroys a French fleet in 
Basque roads, April 12, 1809— d. 1833. 

Game, Bill to legalize the sale of, rejected 
by the Lords, May 9, 1825. 

Game-laws, enforced by Bemabo Visconte, 
1374 — parliamentary committee ap- 
pointed on the, Feb. 27, 1845— regulated 
by a new Act, July 22, 1848. 

Games. See Antioch, Athens, Constan- 
tinople, Corinth, Delphi, Elis, Isth- 
mian, Olympic, Pythian, Decennalian, 
quinquennalian, secular, capitoline. 
— Exhibited to the Roman people, with 
great magnificence by Augustus, b.c. 2 — 
by Titus, at the opening of the Colos- 
seum, a.d. 80— by Sept. Severus, 197 — 
by Carinus, 284— by Diocletian, 302— by 
Constantine I., 326 — restored in Greece 
by Julian, 362 — condemned by Chryso- 
stom in his discourse, 399 — celebrated by 
Honorius at Rome, 404. 

Ganganelli. See Clement XIV., pope. 

Garcias, Ihiguez, count of Navarre, takes 
the title of king, 880 — slain in the battle 
of Aybar, against Muhamad, 882. 

Garcias II., k. of Navarre, son of Sancho 
II., succeeds his father, 994 — falls in 
the battle of Hisn Dhervera, 1000. 

Garcias III., son of Sancho III., divides 
his father's dominions with his brother, 
and is k, of Navarre, 1035 — defeats his 
brother Ramiro I.,k. of Arragon, 1042 — 
falls in battle against his other brother, 
Ferdinand of Castile, 1053. 

Garcias IV., k. of Navarre, is chosen by 
the Navarrese to succeed Alfonso I., 1134 
— assists in the taking of Almeria, 1147 
— d. 1150. 

Garcias. son of Alfonso III., rebels againsfc 
his father ; is defeated at Zamora, and 
imprisoned, 907 — receives Leon with the 
title of k., 910— d. 913. 

Garcias, a descendant of Aymer, count of 
Arragon, 858. 

Garcias Ferdinand, count of Castile, d. 
1005. 

Garcias Sancho,. count of Castile', 1005— 
d.1022, 

?2s 



GAS 



340 



GAU 



Garde Mobile. See French Revolution, 

1849. 
Gardiner, Stephen, made bp. of Winches- 
ter by Henry VIII., 1531— attempts to 
prejudice him against Katharine Parr, 
1544-1546— imprisoned, 1549 — deprived 
of his see, 1550— released by qu. Mary, 
and made Lord Chancellor, 1553 — cele- 
brates her marriage with Philip of Spain, 
1554 — counsels severe treatment of the 
English Protestants, 1555— d. Nov. 12, 
1555. 

Garibald, son of Grimoald, set aside by 
the Lombards, 671. 

Garibaldi, gen. of the Romans, defeats 
the Neapolitans, May 5, 1849— withdraws 
with a part of his army, after the capi- 
tulation of Rome to the French, July 3. 

Garigliano, the Liris of the ancients; 
its fort taken by Basilio Bugano, the 
Greek catapan, 1021— battle of the ; Gon- 
salvo de Cordova gains a victory over 
the French, and conquers Naples, Dec. 
28 1503. 

Garnerin, M., descends in a parachute, 
Sept. 21, 1802. 

Garnet, Henry, superior of the Jesuits, 
executed for taking part in the gun- 
powder plot, 1606. 

Gakonne, the river, crossed by Edward the 
Black Prince, to invade Languedoc, 1355. 

Garrick, David, b. 1717— makes his first 
appearance on the stage at Ipswich, 1741 
—performs at the theatre in Goodman' s- 
fields, 1742— takes Drury Lane theatre, 
1747— retires from the stage, June 10, 
1776. See Drury Lane Theatre.— d. 
1779. 

Garsenda, princess of Maine, and second 
wife of Albert Azzo II., marquis of 
Lombardy ; on the death of her brother 
Herbert, is invited with her husband by 
the people of Maine, to rule over them, 
1069— expelled by Wm. the Conqueror, 
1072— her son, Fulk, is progenitor of the 
family of Este, 1097. See Este. 

Garsenda. See Alfonso IX., k. of Leon. 

Garter, the Order of the, said to have 
been originated by Richard I., 1192— in- 
stituted, or revived, by Edw. III., Apr. 
23, 1349. 

Garth, Sir Samuel, d. 1719. 

Garth, gen. Thomas, b 1744— d. 1829. 

Gascoigne, Sir William, the chief justice, 
is insulted by Henry, prince of Wales ; 
commits him, 1412. 

Gascony, a part of Aquitania, early occu- 
pied by the Vascones, from whom it 
takes its name ; Messala Corvinus sub- 
dues a revolt there, B.C. 27. See Aqui- 
tain.— Some of its people, under duke 
Paulus, attempt to settle south of the 
Pyrenees, and are overcome by the Visi- 



gothic king Wamba, 674— their country 
conquered by Charles Martel, 735 — its 
people surprise, and defeat Charlemagne 
at Roncesvalles, 778 — commotions ap- 
peased by Louis I., 819— annexed with 
Guienne to the crown of England, 1152. 
See Eleanor and Guienne. — Invaded 
by Louis VIII. of France, 1224 — defended 
by the earls of Salisbury and Cornwall, 
1225 — conquered by Dunois, 1451 — a de- 
putation invites the English govern- 
ment to restore the province to its 
former allegiance, 1452— Talbot, earl of 
Shrewsbury, is sent with an inadequate 
force, is defeated and slain, 1453. 

Gas-lights introduced by Watt and Boul- 
ton in their works at Birmingham, 1798 
— by Philips and Lee in their factory at 
Manchester, 1805— exhibited by Winsor, 
on the wall of Carlton Gardens, June 4, 
1807— and in Golden Lane, Aug. 16— ge- 
nerally used in London, 1814 — strike of 
the London workmen, March 18, 1834. 

Gasparini Pergamensis Epistolje, the 
first book printed at the Sorbonne, in 
Paris, 1470. 

Gasparis, De, discovers " Hygeia," April 
12, 1849 — " Parthenope," May 11 ; and 
"Egeria," Nov. 2, 1850— "Eunomia," 
July 29, 1851—" Psyche," Mar. 17, 1852 
— " Themis," April 5, 1853. 

Gassendi, Peter, b. 1592— d. 1655. 

Gaston, John Baptiste, duke of Orleans, 
youngest son of Henry IV., k. of France, 
implicated in a plot against Richelieu, 
retires to Brussels with his mother, 
Mary de' Medici, 1631 — he endeavours 
to prevail by arms ; submits, and again 
leaves France, 1632— d. at Blois, Feb. 2, 
1660. 

Gaston de Foix. See Foix, Gaston De. 

Gastone, Giovanni. See Giovanni Gas- 
tone, duke of Tuscany. 

Gates, Sir Thomas, heads an emigration 
of the Puritans to Virginia, 1609. 

Gates, the American general, captures 
Burgoyne and his army at Saratoga, Oct. 
17, 1777— is defeated at Camden, by lord 
Cornwallis, Aug. 16, 1780. 

Gatun and Panama railway, opened, Oct. 
12, 1851. 

Gaul, first peopled by Kelts, whose Greek 
name of Galatse the Romans form into 
Galli, and call their country Gallia. See 
Celts. — Known to the Greeks from the 
time of their founding Massilia, B.C. 600 
— vines and olives first planted by them, 
536— Hannibal marches through, on his 
way to Italy, 218 — entered by the Ro- 
mans for the first time, to assist the 
Massilians against some Gallic tribes, 
154— again, by the consul Fulvius Flac- 
cus, 125— C. S'extius Calvinus takes the 



GAU 



341 



GAU 



Gaul — continued. 
command in, 124 — Aquae Sextiae (Aix), 
the first Roman colony, founded by him, 
122. See Allobroges, Aevekni, and 
Salves. 

The dominion of Rome extended be- 
yond the Rhone, and the colony of 
Narbo Martins (Narbonne) founded, 118 
— forcibly entered by the Cimbri and 
Teutones, who defeat the Romans, 105. 
See Cimbri. — Marius, with Sylla as his 
legate, appointed to take the command 
against them, 104. See Aix. — Invaded 
by the Helvetii and Tigurini, 72 — Caesar 
obtains the command for five years. See 
Caesar, Julius, Antony, Mark. — The co- 
lony of Lugdunum (Lyons) founded by the 
proconsul, Munatius Plancus, 43 — the 
frontier of the Rhine secured by the con- 
sul, M. A. grippa,27-visited by Augustus,27 
and 17 — prospers under the mild govern- 
ment of Drusus, 12 — again visited by 
Augustus ; the frontiers guarded by Ti- 
berius and Drusus, 10. 

The commotions of Floras and Sacrovir 
suppressed by Silius, a.d. 21 — Caligula's 
expedition, 40— Sabinus revolts, 70. See 
Sabinus. — Hadrian begins his survey of 
the provinces, 120 — persecution of the 
Christians in Gaul, 177 — Maternus re- 
volts, 189 — Clodius Albinus comes from 
Britain, 196. See Albinus, Clodius. — 
Alexander Severus repels the Germans, 
234. See Alexander, Severus. — The 
Franks invade the northern provinces 
of, 254 — Gallienus takes the command 
against them, 255 — they penetrate 
through the province into Spain, 256— 
Postumus checks the invaders, 258, and 
maintains independent sway ten years, 
259. See Postumus and Thirty Ty- 
rants.— Tetricns reigns, 267. See Te- 
tricus, and Aurelian. 

The Franks, Burgundians, and other 
German tribes repulsed by Probus, 
277 — Bonosus and Proculus rebel, 280. 
See Bonosus and Proculus. — Probus 
encourages the culture of vines, 281 
— Carinus is stationed in, by his fa- 
ther, 283 — the Bagaudse repressed by 
Maximian, 285-286 — he secures the re- 
pose of Gaul by a treaty with the 
Franks, 288— Gessoriacum seized by Ca- 
rausius, 289. See Carausius. — Galerius 
governs, 292. See Galerius. — Decay of 
its schools, 299. See Autun and Eume- 
nius. — Constantine arrives from Britain, 
307. See Constantine I. — His son, 
Crispus. repels the Franks and Alle- 
manni, 320— in the division of Constan- 
tine's empire, allotted to Constans, 337. 
See Constans I. 
Titianus, prse torian prefect, 343 — 



Magnentius revolts, 350 — Constantius 
sole emperor. See Constantius II. 
— The Allemanni, under Gundomad 
and Vadomar, repulsed by him, agijee 
to peace, 354 — Julian takes the com- 
mand, Dec. 1, 355. See Julian, emperor 
of Rome. — Harassed by the Allemanni, 
365 — they take Moguntiacum, and are 
repulsed by Valentinian, 368 — the 
Saxons infest the coast, 370— the Al- 
lemanni renew their incursions, and 
are defeated at Argentaria (Colmar) by 
Gratian, 378 — Ausonius prefect, 379 — 
Maximus lands from Britain, and is 
joined by the legions, 383. See Maxi- 
mus. — Revolt of Arbogastes at Vienne, 
392. See Arbogastes. — Gaul part of 
the Western Empire, 395 — the Vandals, 
Burgundians, and Suevi force a passage 
over the Rhine, and establish themselves 
in Gaul, 406 — disperse themselves un- 
resisted over the province ; Constantine, 
the rebel emperor, acknowledged,407. See 
Constantine. — Gerontius advances 
against him, 409. 

Adolphus fixes himself in the south, 
and the Ripuarian Franks occupy the 
northern parts, 412. See Franks. — 
Aquitaine given to Wallia by Hono- 
rius, who attempts to convene an an- 
nual assembly of the seven provinces, 
418— the Burgundians rule their lands 
mildly and peacefully, 420 — some Ger- 
man tribes penetrate as far as Aries, 
where they are repulsed by Aetius, 430 
— the Visigoths continue to encroach in 
the southern, and the coasts are infested 
by pirates from the north, 438 — invaded 
by Attila, who besieges Orleans, and is 
defeated at Chalons, 451. See Attila. 
— the Visigoths possess the greater part 
of Gaul; Childeric I., the Frank, takes 
Paris, 464— Aries and Marseilles taken 
by E uric, 470 — Auvergne ceded to him, 
474— Odoacer gives up to him all beyond 
the Alps, 478— Clovis, k. of the Franks, 
481. See Clovis I. — Acquires the lands 
of Syagrius, 486 ; and Aquitaine, 507 — 
after which the name of Gaul is gradually 
lost in that of Frankenric, or kingdom 
of the Franks. See France. — Mammo, 
with an independent Gothic force, com- 
mits depredations, 509— the Latin lan- 
guage modified by the admixture of 
other dialects ; many native Gauls re- 
tire into Armorica, and uniting with the 
indigenous Bretons, preserve their mo- 
ther-tongue, 584. 
Gauls, or Galli (Celtic tribes, so called 
by the Romans), occupy the north and 
north-east of Italy, on the Adriatic, as 
far as the GEsis, B.C. 520. See Celts. 
Gaunt, or Ghent, John of, sou of Edward 



GEI 



342 



OEM 



III , is born in the city from which he 
takes his name, 1340. See Lancaster, 
John, duke of. 

Gaunt, Mrs., burnt, for having taken part 
in Monmouth's rebellion, 1685. 

Gauss, prof. Karl Fred., b. 1777 — observes 
the comet of 1805— d. 1855. 

Gaveston, Piers, banished by Edward I.; 
recalled by Edward II., and created earl 
of Cornwall, 1307— the queen, Isabella of 
France, and the earl of Lancaster de- 
mand his removal; Edward appoints 
him governor of Ireland, 1308 — recalled 
by Edward, and offends the barons again 
by his insolence, 1309 — banished by the 
Commissioners of Parliament, 1310 — 
again recalled by the king, 1311 — taken 
prisoner at Scarborough, conveyed to 
Warwick, and beheaded, July 1, 1312. 

Gawulgurh, taken by sir A. Wellesley, 
Dec. 14, 1803. 

Gay, John, b. 1687— produces the " Beg- 
gars' Opera," 1727— d. 1732. 

Gaza, battle of; Demetrius Poliorcetes de- 
feated by Ptolemy and Seleucus, B.C. 312 
— besieged and taken by Alex. Jannseus, 
k. of the Jews, 97 — council of, a.d. 54. 
See Councils. — Taken by Saladin, 1170 
— battle of; the Carismians defeat the 
combined forces of the Christians and 
Ayoubites, 1243— taken by Bonaparte, 
March, 1799. 

Gazhah, or Ghizni, now Ghuznee, a city 
and province, east of Persia, where Alp 
Tegin founds the independent state of 
the Gaznevides,961. See Mahmud, the 
Gaznevide. — They are expelled from 
Persia by Togrul Beg, grandson of Sel- 
juk, 1038 — their kingdom extinguished, 
1183. See Ghuznee. 

Gebel Taeik. See Gibraltar. 

Gebhaed, bp. of Eichstadt, chosen pope, 
1055. See Victor II., pope. 

Gebmund, bp. of Rochester, d. 693. 

Geddes, Dr. Alexander, 6. 1737— d. 1802. 

Gedimin, duke of Lithuania, is incited by 
John XVII., pope, to attack the Teu- 
tonic Knights, 1326. 

Gedeosia, a province of Persia, traversed 
by Alexander, on his return from India, 
B.C. 325. 

Gehwae, Moorish king of Cordova, 1031— 
Unable to produce peace by negotiation, 
attempts it, without success, by arms, 
1037— d. 1043. 

Geisa, duke of Hungary, converted to 
Christianity ; his son, Walk, baptized 
by the name of Stephen, 996. 

Geisa I., k. of Hungary, son of Bela I., ex- 
pels Solomon, 1075— d. 1077. 

Geisa II., son of Bela II., k. of Hungary, 
1141 — assists Guelf IV. in his claim on 
Bavaria, 1142 — invites German emi- 



grants to join the former colony of that 

people in Transylvania, 1143 — attacked 

by Manuel I., emperor of the East, and 

concludes a truce with him, 1157 — d. 

1160. - 
Gela, in Sicily, founded by Antiphemus 

of Rhodes, B.C. 690. See Gelon, and 

Apollodorus, comic poet. 
Gelaljean eea, begins, March 15, 1079. 

See Malek Schah. 
Gelaleddin, sultan of Carisme, 1219 — 

driven over the Indus by Dschingis- 

khan, 1222. 
Gelanor, k. of Argos, last of the Inachidse, 

surrenders his kingdom to Danaus, b.c. 

1475 (1486 H., 1444 C.) 
Gelasius I., bp. of Rome, 492 — asserts his 

divine right to universal supremacy ; 

distinguishes between the canonical and 

apocryphal books of the Scriptures, 

494— d. 496. 
Gelasius II., pope, 1118. See Gaetano, 

Giovanni. — Opposed by Gregory VIIL — 

d. 1119. 
Gelasius, bp. of Csesarea, 381. 
Gelasius of Cyzicus, bp. of Csesarea, 

writes his History of the Council of 

Nice, 475. 
Gelimer, k. of the Vandals in Africa, 

son of Hunneric and Eudocia, deposes 

and imprisons his brother, Hilderic ; 

Justinian prepares for war against him, 

531 — finally defeated, he surrenders to 

Belisarius, and lives in retirement on an 

estate in Galatia, 534. 
Gell, Sir Wm.. b. 1777— d. 1836. 
Gellert, Christopher F., b. 1715— d. 1769. 
Gellius, Aulus, fi. 149 — (Clin.) — writes his 

" Noctes Attica?," 169— Niebuhr. 
Gellius, Statius, a general of the Samnites, 

made prisoner by the Romans at Bovi- 

anum, B.C. 305. 
Gelon, Olympic victor, B.C. 604. 
Gelon, becomes supreme at Gela, B.C. 491 

— master of Syracuse, 485 — defeats the 

Carthaginians at Himera, in conjunc- 
tion with Theron, 480 — succeeded by 

Hiero, 478. 
Gemauers, battle of; the Swedish gen., 

Levenhaupt, defeats the Russians, July 

28, 1705. 
Gemblours, battle of; victory of John of 

Austria over the Netherlander, 1578. 
Geminus, C. Fufius, and L. Rubellius, con- 
suls of Rome, 29. 
Geminus, Cn. Servilius, consul of Rome, 

b c. 203. 
Geminus, M. Servilius, consul of Rome, B.C. 

202 — another, a.d. 3. 
Geminus, P. Servilius, consul of Rome, B.C. 

252; 248,11. 
Geminvi?, P. Veturius, consul of Rome BjC. 

499. 



GEN 



343 



GEN 



Geminus, T. Yeturius, consul Of Rome, B.C. 
494— another, 462. 

General Assembly, in Scotland, agrees 
very reluctantly to the Articles of Perth, 
in favour of religious ceremonies, 1618. 

General warrants for seizure of papers, 
pronounced illegal, Dec. 6, 1763 — debate 
in parliament concerning them, Feb. 15, 
1764. See Camden, lord. 

Geneva, a town of the Allobroges in the 
time of Caesar, B.C. 58 — in later times 
called by some Janua ; republic founded, 
1512 — the reformers of, assisted against 
Charles III., duke of Savoy, by the people 
of Freyburg, 1519— the bishop expelled, 
1534— Calvin settles there, 1536— founds 
the university, 1539— failure of an attack 
made by Charles Emanuel I., duke of Sa- 
voy, 1602— and of a secoud attack, 1609 
— French troops enter, to settle the differ- 
ences between parties, when many fami- 
lies emigrate to England and Ireland, 
1782 — incorporated with France, April 26, 
1798 — a member of the new Swiss con- 
federacy, 1814 — the democratic party 
acquire the ascendancy, 1846. 

Genevieve, St., church of. in Paris, called 
the Pantheon by the National Assembly, 
1791. 

Genga, cardinal Annibale della, chosen 
pope, 1823. See Leo XII., pope. 

Genlis, madame de, b. 1746— educates the 
family of the duke of Orleans, 1784 — d. 
1830. See Fitzgerald, Pamela, lady. 

Gennadius I. and II. See Constantin- 
ople, patriarchs of. 

Gennadius of Marseilles, script, ecc., fl. 493. 

Genoa, an ancient town of Liguria, taken 
by Fabius Maximus, b.c. 233 — a place of 
importance in the second Punic war; 
Cornelius Scipio begins his operations 
there against Hannibal, before the battle 
near the Ticinus, and Sempronius lands 
there before that on the Trebia, 218— 
plundered by an army of Franks, a.d. 
539 — becomes a seat of commercial acti- 
vity, and gradually a free town, about 
1000— assists Pisa to drive Mugehid and 
the Saracens out of Sardinia, 1017 — the 
rivalry between the two cities produces 
open war, 1070 — the long war between 
them commences, 1119 — the Genoese 
capture a rich Pisan convoy from Sar- 
dinia, 1124 — take Piombino, 1125— fur- 
nish shipwrights to build a fleet for the 
Milanese on the lake of Como, 1127 — 

?ope Innoeent II. mediates peace with 
'isa, and makes Genoa an archbishopric, 
1132. 

Ventimiglia taken, 1140 — a Genoese 
fleet assists the Christians of Spain to 
take Almeria, 1147 — and Tortosa, 1148 
— disputes renewed with Pisa ; combats 



in the streets of Constantinople ; hosti- 
lities at home, which the emperor Fre- 
deric I. stops by mediating a truce, 1162 
—war renewed, 1165 — commercial treatjr 
with the Greek emperor Manuel I., and 
first colony at Heraclea or Perinthus on 
the Propontis, 1169 — peace with Pisa ; 
equal division of the island of Sardinia, 
1175— embarcation of Philip Augustus, 
k. of France, for his crusade, 1190 — a fleet 
sent to assist the emperor Henry VI. re- 
pulsed by the Sicilians, 1191— battle with 
the Pisans in the harbour of Messina, 
1194— with the Venetians in Crete, 1208 
— with the Pisans in the harbour of 
Acre, 1222 — league with Venice and pope 
Gregory IX. against the emperor Fred. 
II., 1238 — he captures twenty-two gal- 
leys. See Frederic II.— Besieges Genoa, 
and is repelled by the citizens, 1241. 

They are driven from the siege of Sa- 
vona by Enzio and a Pisan fleet, 1243 — 
surprise Rhodes, 1248 — pope Innocent 
IV. visits Genoa ; Rhodes recovered 
by John Vataces, 1251 — the commons ap- 
point Hoccanegra their captain, 1257 — 
their fleet defeated by those of Venice 
and Pisa near Acre ; pope Alexander 
IV. mediates, 1258 — assist Michael Pa- 
lseologus to recover Constantinople ; ob- 
tain from him by treaty Pera, Galata, 
the ports of the Crimea, and many com- 
mercial privileges; are excommunicated 
by pope Urban IV. for their alliance, 
with Greek heretics, 1261 — depose Boc- 
canegra,1262 — defeated by the Venetians 
in a naval battle off Negropont, 1263 — 
quarrel with the emperor Michael, 1265 
—a fleet captured by the Venetians at 
Trapani, in Sicily, 1266— assist the cru- 
sade against Tunis ; their ships wrecked 
and plundered by their ally Charles of 
Naples ; the Ghibelin families of Doria 
and Spinola gain the ascendancy, 1270 — 
the Guelfs apply to Charles for assist- 
ance, 1272 — the citizens join a league 
formed to resist his tyranny, for which 
they are excommunicated by Gregory 
X., 1273— they defeat his fleets, 1274— 
crush the naval power of Pisa by their 
victory off Melora, Aug. 13, 1284 — destroy 
the shipping and magazines in the har- 
bour of Pisa, 1287 — plunder it, and that 
of Leghorn, 1290. 

The long war with Venice begins, 
1293 — a Venetian fleet captured by Ni- 
colo Spinola; and Canea, in Candia, 
taken, 1294 — Caffa, in the Crimea, 
taken by the Venetians ; civil war in 
Genoa; the Doria and Spinola expel the 
Grimaldi and Fieschi, 1296— the latter 
continue the struggle, and take Monaco, 
1297— the Venetian fleet destroyed c3 



GEN 



344 



GEN 



Gejjoa —continued. 
Curzola by Lamba Doria, Sept. 8, 1298— 
See Polo, Marco.— Peace with Venice 
and Pisa ; these treaties exalt Genoa, and 
exclude the armed vessels of their rivals 
from the Mediterranean and Black Seas, 
1299. 

The Dorias expelled by the Spinola 
party, 1306— Genoa leagues with the 
emperor Henry VII., and the Sicilians 
against Robert of Naples, 1313— the 
trade of the Black Sea secured by a com- 
mercial treaty with Alexius of Trebi- 
zond, 1316— the city agitated by violent 
commotions, 1317 — besieged by the Ghi- 
belins and relieved by Robert of Naples, 
who is appointed gov. for ten years, 
1318 — the attack renewed, 1319 — the 
siege raised, 1323— Genoese in the ser- 
vice of Robert, take Ostia, 1327 — colony 
at Phocsea for the manufacture of alum, 
1330. See Alum. — War with Aragon ; 
assistance claimed from Robert of Sicily, 
1331 — alliance with the knights of 
Rhodes and the duke of Naxos to pro- 
tect Phocsea against the emperor Andro- 
nicus III., 1334— k. Robert, gov. expelled ; 
Raffaele Doria and Galeotto Spinola ap- 
pointed captains, 1335. 

Simone Boccanegra first doge, 1339 
— set aside by the nobles, and Gio- 
vanni da Murta appointed, 1344 — 
dispute referred to Luchino Visconte, 
1345 — Scio taken, and the Greeks ex- 
pelled from Phocsea, 1346 — the colony 
of Galata makes war on the emperor 
John VI., captures his fleet, and is 
ordered by the senate of Genoa to de- 
sist, 1348 — Giovanni da Murta, d. is 
succeeded by Giovanni di Valente; a 
seizure of Venetian ships at Caffa, leads 
to another naval war, 1350 — Paganino 
Doria plunders many Venetian towns on 
the Adriatic, and in Negropont, 1351 — 
battle in the Bosphorus; defeat of the 
Venetians and Aragonese, commanded 
by Nicoletto Pisani, and assisted by a 
Greek fleet, Feb. 13 ; the Greek em- 
peror by treaty gives to Genoa the entire 
command of the Black Sea, May 6, 1352 
— alliance with Louis of Hungary ; vic- 
tory of the Venetians and Aragonese off 
Linghiera, in Sardinia, Aug. 29 ; the 
Genoese in despair, place themselves 
under the protection of John Visconte, 
who restores their confidence, and im- 
proves their city by many useful works, 
1353 — he attempts, without success, to 
make peace for them ; Paganino Doria 
destroys the Venetian fleet at Sapienza 
in the Morea, Nov. 4 ; assists John V. to 
surprise Constantinople and recover his 
throne, 1354 — an advantageous peace 



concluded with Venice ; Tripoli in Africa 
taken, 1355. 

Independence recovered, and Simone 
Boccanegra re -appointed doge, 1356. 
See Boccanegra, Simone, Adohno, 
Gabriel, and Campofregoso, Doraeni- 
co da. — Overawed by Bernabo Vis- 
conte, 1366 — war renewed with Ve- 
nice, 1372 — conquest of Cyprus; the 
knights of Rhodes forbidden by Gregory 
IX. to assist, 1373 — Andronicus, son of 
John V., cedes Tenedos, to gain the sup- 
port of the Genoese, 1375— they assist 
his escape ; their fleet, under Louis del 
Fiesco defeated by the Venetian admiral, 
Victor Pisani, 1378— battle of Pola ; the 
Venetians totally defeated, May 6 ; Peter 
Doria advances to attack Venice ; takes 
Chiozza and Malamocco, and refuses to 
treat for peace, 1379 — is compelled to 
surrender his fleet and army, 1380— 
peace concluded. Aug. 8, 1381— tumults 
in Genoa; the doge Niccolo di Guarco 
deposed, and Leonardo de Montano 
elected, 1383— Urban VI. arrives, 1385— 
withdraws 1386— Antonio di Montaldo, 
doge, 1392 — maintains himself against 
four competitors, 1393 — continued dis- 
cord ; doges rise and fall, almost month- 
ly, 1394. 

Genoa, tinder the protection of France, 
1396 — strife renewed; the French gov. 
leaves, 1398 — marshal Boucicault made 
gov., restores order, 1401 — during his 
absence the people expel the French 
garrison, and place themselves under 
the protection of the marquis of Mont- 
ferrat, 1409 — alliance with Ladislas, k. 
of Naples ; the fleet of Louis of Anjou 
dispersed, 1410 — George Adorno, doge; 
league with the duke of Milan against 
the emperor Sigismund, 1413— two doges 
in succession, 1415— peace purchased of 
the duke of Milan, 1419 — Genoa surren- 
ders to his gen., Carmagnola, 1421 — he 
is appointed gov., 1422— a Genoese fleet 
in the service of Milan worsted by those 
of Venice and Florence near Portofino, 
Aug. 27, 1431 — another defeats Alfonso 
V., k. of Arragon, near the isle of Ponza, 
Aug. 5 — offended by losing the fruits of 
this victory, the Genoese expel their 
Milanese masters, and regain independ- 
ence, 1435. 

Joins the league of Venice and Flo- 
rence against Milan, 1436 — unites with 
Florence, Milan and Mantua against Ve- 
nice, 1451 — Alfonso makes war on them, 
1457 — besieges Genoa, the citizens ad- 
mit a French force to protect them, 1458 
— expelled from Phocsea and Pera ; they 
form alum-works in the isle of Ischia ; 
Pietro da Campofregoso killed in endea- 



GEN 



345 



GEO 



Genoa — continued. 
vouring to drive out the French, 1459 — 
Genoa again free ; contests follow for the 
choice of a doge ; three elected the first 
year, 1461 — submits to Francesco Sforza, 
duke of Milan, 1464 — revolt of Matteo 
del Fiesco discomfited by Prospero 
Adorno, 1477 — the ancient form of go- 
vernment restored ; Battistino Fregoso, 
doge, 1478 — Sarzana taken by Lorenzo 
de' Medici ; the protection of Milan again 
invited, 1487 — voluntary submission to 
France, 1499 — encouraged by pope Julius 
II., the citizens drive out their nobles 
and the French, 1506 — conquered by 
Louis XII., 15.07 — freedom again reco- 
vered, and Giano Fregoso, doge, 1512. 

Taken and sacked by a Spanish and 
Italian army under Prospero Colonna, 
May 30, 1522— by the French gen. Lau- 
trec, 1527 — Andrew Doria returns sud- 
denly with his fleet from Naples, and 
restores the independence of Genoa, 1528 
—visit of Charles V., Aug. 12, 1529— hos- 
tile attempt of Francis I. repulsed, 1536 
— conspiracy of Fiesco, count of La- 
vagna, Jan. 2, 1547 — a Genoese fleet as- 
sists in the battle of Lepanto, Oct. 7, 
1571 — vain attack of the French gen. 
Lesdiguieres and Charles Emanuel I., 
duke of Savoy, 1625 — bombarded by the 
fleet of Louis XIV., 1684— the doge and 
four senators summoned to Paris, submit 
to the terms dictated, 1685 — blockaded 
by adm. Matthews, 1743— bombarded by 
adm. Rowley, Sept. 26, 1745— surrenders 
to Charles Emanuel, k. of Sardinia and 
the Austrians, Nov. 9, 1746— recovered 
by the citizens, Dec. 10 — siege renewed 
by the Austrians, March 31, 1747 — 
raised, June 10 — Corsica ceded to France, 
1768. See Corsica. 

Genoa conquered by France, and forms 
the Ligurian republic, May 22. 1797— 
blockaded by lord Keith, Apr. 5. 1800— 
occupied by Massena after his defeat at 
Voltri, IS— snrrendered by him to the 
Austrians, June 5 — recovered by Bona- 
parte after the battle of Marengo, June 
16 — annexed to France, June 4, 1805 — 
taken by lord W. Bentinck, Apr. 17, 1814 
— united to the kingdom of Sardinia by 
the Vienna congress, Dec. 30. 
Genoa, duke of, a younger son of Charles 
Albert, k. of Sardinia, invited by the 
Sicilian parliament to be their king, 
July 11, 1848— visits England, May 31— 
June 4, 1853. 
Genseric, k. of the Vandals, succeeds 
Gunderic, and is invited into Africa by 
Bonifacius, 428. See Bonifacius, count. 
— Lands there, and is assisted by the 
Donatists and wild Moors, 429 — the 



greater part of Africa is assigned to 
him by a treaty of peace, 435 — appoints 
Arian bishops in Africa, and retaliates 
on the Catholics their own laws, 437 — «, 
takes Carthage, Oct. 19, 439 — invades 
Sicily, 440 — which is defended against 
him by Cassiodorus, 441. See Cassio- 
dorus. — Africa is ceded to him by Va- 
lentinian III., 442 — ravages the coast of 
Gallicia, 445— assails Sicily and the coast 
of Italy, 448— takes and plunders Rome, 
carries to Carthage many captives, and 
among them Eudoxia, widow of Valen- 
tinian III., with her two daughters, 455 
— one of his fleets destroyed near Cor- 
sica by Ricimer, 456 — he lands again in 
Italy, and is defeated ; Majorian pre- 
pares an armament against him, 458 — 
he destroys Majorian's fleet in the har- 
bour of Carthagena, and makes peace 
with him, 460— restores Eudoxia and her 
daughter Placidia, on condition that a 
large dowry be given with her other 
daughter Eudocia to his son, Hurneric; 
he ravages Italy and Sicily again, and 
conquers Sardinia, 462 — is driven out of 
Sicily by Marcellinus, 464— ravages the 
Peloponnesus, 467 — the two empires 
unite to attack him, but fail, 468— d. 477. 

Gentianus, Qu. Epidius Rufus Lolliauus, 
consul of Rome, 211. 

Gentius, the Illyrian prince, who had 
taken up arms to support Perseus, is 
defeated by the Romans, B.C. 168. 

Gentleman's Magazine, first published 
by Edward Cave, 1731 — parliamentary 
debates arranged for it by William 
Guthrie, from reporters' notes, 1736 — 
prepared by Samuel Johnson, from 1740 
to 1743. See Cave, Edw. 

Genucius, Cn., tribune, murdered, to stay 
his impeachment of the ex-consuls be- 
fore the people, b.c. 473. 

Geoffrey Plantagenet. See An.iou. 

Geoffrey, brother of Henry II., renounces 
his claims on Maine and Anjou, for a 
pension, 1156— d. 1158. 

Geoffrey, son of Henry II., b. 1159 and 
affianced to Constance, heiress of Bri- 
tanny. See Bretagne. — Rebels against 
his father in conceit with his brothers, 
and assisted by the kings of France and 
Scotland, 1173 — killed at a tournament 
at Paris, 1185. 

Geoffrey, of Monmouth, the historian, 
d. 1138. 

Geographical Society of Paris founded 
by Malte Brun, 1821— of London, 1830. 

Geological Society founded, 1813. 

George, Fort, abandoned to the Americans, 
May 27, 1813. 

George, son of Manuel I., and Irene, sixth 
emperor of Trebizond, 1266 — taken pri- 



GEO 



346 



GEO 



soner by the Turkmans, 1280— released, 
but does not regain his throne, 1282. 
George I., king of Great Britain, (George 
Louis), son of Ernest Augustus, elector 
of Hanover, and Sophia, grand-daughter 
of James I., b. May 21, 1660. See 
Brunswick Luneburg. — Succeeds his 
father as elector of Hanover, 1698 — op- 
poses the intended negotiations at 
Utrecht for peace with Louis XIV., 1711. 

1714. By his mother's death becomes, 
under the Act of Settlement, heir to the 
throne of Great Britain, June 8 — succeeds 
qii. Anne, Aug. 1— arrives at Greenwich, 
Sept. 18 — makes his public entry into 
London, Sept. 20 — restores the duke of 
Marlborough and the Whig ministry, 
Oct. 5 — crowned, Oct. 20 — recognized by 
the ambassadors of all foreign States ; 
orders the clergy to abstain from poli- 
tics in their sermons, Dec. 11. For par- 
liamentary transactions, see Commons 
and Lords, and Parliament. 

1715. Bolingbroke withdraws to 
France, March 25. See Bolingbroke, 
viscount. — A fleet sent into the Baltic 
under Sir John Norris; inquiry into 
the conduct of the late ministers, June 
9 — Ormond retires to France, June 21 
— Oxford committed to the Tower, July 
16 — Bremen and Verden purchased of 
the Danes by Hanover ; threatened in- 
vasion by the Pretender; Robert Wal- 
pole, Chancellor of the Exchequer, in 
conjunction with lord Townshend, leads 
the administration, Oct. 12 — the Pre- 
tender proclaimed at Aboyne, Sept. 
3 — tumults and insurrections in various 
parts of the kingdom ; the rebels de- 
feated and captured at Preston, Nov. 13— 
the indecisive battle of Dumblaine or 
Sheriffmuir, Nov. 13 — Dutch auxiliaries 
arrive at Leith, Dec. 4 — the Pretender 
lands at Peterhead, Dec. 25. 

1716. The rebellion suppressed, Feb. 9 
— the earl of Derwentwater and viscount 
Kenmure beheaded, Feb. 24 — many of 
their associates executed at Liverpool, 
others admitted to bail, May 26— the k. 
goes to Germany, leaving the prince of 
Wales guardian of the kingdom, July 7 
— discord and intrigues in the ministry, 
Dec. — the Spanish and Swedish minis- 
ters CAlberoni and Cortz) intrigue 
against Great Britain. 

1717. The king returns from Germany, 
Jan. 18— Gyllenburg, the Swedish am- 
bassador, implicated in Gortz's plot, is 
arrested, and his papers seized, Jan. 29 — 
Triple alliance with France and Holland ; 
change in the government ; Walpole and 
others resign, April 10— sir Geo. Byng 
sent with a fleet to the Baltic, Apr. 30 — 



disputes in the Convocation on some doc- 
trines of thebp. of Bangor, (Dr. Hoadley), 
May 3— the earl of Oxford brought to 
trial, June 24 — acquitted, July 1 — quarrel 
between the k. and his son ; the prince 
ordered to quit St. James's palace, Nov. 
29. 

1718. The k. elected governor of the 
South Sea Company, Feb. 8— the Quad- 
ruple alliance between Great Britain, 
France, the emperor Charles VI., and 
Victor Amadeus II., k. of Sicily, formed, 
July — the Spanish fleet in Sicily captured 
or destroyed, by Sir George Byng, July 
31 — war declared against Spain, Dec. 16. 

1719. The Pretender invited to Madrid, 
and acknowledged as king of Great Bri- 
tain, March 25 — failure of an attempt- 
ed expedition in his favour, April 4 — the 
k. goes to Hanover, May 11 — abortive 
insurrection in Scotland ; the insurgents 
defeated at Glenshiels, and surrender, 
June 10 — a fleet in the Baltic under Sir 
John Norris; others assist in taking St. 
Sebastian's, Aug. 1 — capture Vigo, Oct. 
1 — and destroy the Spanisli naval force 
in Sicily ; the k. returns to London, Nov. 
14. 

1720. Spain accepts the terms of 
the Quadruple alliance, Jan. 26 — ces- 
sation of hostilities, Feb. 28— the k. and 
the prince of Wales are reconciled by 
the duke of Devonshire and Robert 
Walpole, April 23— the k. embarks for 
Germany, June 15, and returns to Eng- 
land, Nov. 10 — South Sea Bubble bursts, 
Sept. 30. 

1721. The directors taken into cus- 
tody, Jan. 24 — their estates, and others, 
to the amount of more than ±^,000,000, 
forfeited for the relief of the sufferers, 
April 17 — Walpole, lord treasurer and 
chancellor of the exchequer ; treaty of 
peace and commerce with Spain, June 16. 

1722. Layer's conspiracy detected, May 
8 — the conspirators committed, Sept. 29 
— the Habeas Corpus Act suspended, 
Oct. 11 — Layer convicted, Nov. 21. 

1723. Executed, May 17— the bp. of 
Rochester (Atterbury) banished, May 27, 
and Bolingbroke allowed to return to 
England; the k. goes to Hanover, and is 
involved in intricate negotiations with 
all the continental states ; agitation in 
Ireland respecting a copper coinage 
issued under a patent granted to William 
Wood, Sept. 21— return of the k., Dec. 21. 

1724. The State allowance called 
Begium Donum, granted to dissenters ; 
Great Britain tranquil and prosperous — 
the k. founds a professorship of modem 
history, with a salary, both iD Oxford and 
in Cambridge, Aug. 18. 



GEO 



3^7 



GEO 



George I. — continued. 

1725. The lord chancellor Macclesfield 
impeached for embezzlement and cor- 
ruption, Feb. 13— fined £30,000, May 6— 
the Order of the Bath revived, May 27 
— the k. embarks for Hanover, July 3 — 
treaty of Herrnhausen, or Hanover, be- 
tween Great Britain, France, and Prus- 
sia, Sept. 3 — the Highlanders disarmed, 
Oct. 15. 

1726. The k. returns to England, Jan. 3 
— opens the parliament, Jan. 20 — mis- 
understanding with Spain, May 17 — ad- 
miral Hosier prevents the sailing of the 
Spanish treasure-galleons from Porto 
Bello, June 3 — the Spaniards attempt to 
blockade Gibraltar; Sir Charles Wager 
sent with i fleet to the Baltic, June 15 
— death of Sophia Dorothea, of Zell, the 
king's consort, and mother of his succes- 
sor, Nov. 2. See Sophia Dorothea. 

1727. The k. opens the parliament, 
and announces the hostile designs of 
Spain and Austria, Jan. 17 — Hessian 
troops are taken into pay, Feb. 13 — 
Sweden and Denmark join the alliance 
of Great Britain and France, April 16 — 
Sir John Norris sails with a fleet for the 
Baltic, April 28 — the k. sets out for 
Hanover, June 1— is attacked by illness 
on his journey, and d. at Osnabruck, 
June 11. 

George II., k. of Great Britain (George 
Augustus), son of George I. and Sophia 
Dorothea, of Zell, b. Nov. 10, 16S3— mar- 
ries Caroline Wilhelmina of Anspach, 
1705 — birth of his son, Frederic Louis, 
1707 — while electoral prince, summoned 
to the House of Lords as duke of Cam- 
bridge, Apr. 12, 1714— prince of Wales, 
Aug. 1 ; governor of the South Sea Com- 
pany, Feb. 18, 1715 — defeated by the 
earl of Arran in a contest for the chan- 
cellorship of Oxford, Sept. 9; elected 
chancellor of Trinity College, Dublin, 
Feb. 17. 1716 — guardian of the realm 
in his father's absence, July 7 ; quar- 
rel between them, Nov. 29, 1717. See 
George I. 

1727. Succeeds him on the throne, June 
11; proclaimed, June 15; the king and 
queen crowned, Oct. 11. See Commons, 
Lords, and Parliament. 

1728. Spain persists in hostilities, and 
besieges Gibraltar; the siege raised, and 
peace concluded, Apr. 23. 

1729. Inquiry into the state of pri- 
sons, Feb. 18 — complaints of Spanish 
depredations, March 14; the king goes 
to Hanover, leaving the qu. regent, May 
17; returns, Sept. 12; treaty with Spain 
signed at Seville, Sept. 28. 

1730. Walpole head of the ministry. 



1731. Treaty with the emperor Charles 
VI., to guarantee the Pragmatic Sanc- 
tion ; the use of Latin in law proceed- 
ings abrogated by the Act of Geo. II. c. 
26. 

1732. Pacific speech on opening par- 
liament, Jan. 13 ; sets out for Hanover; 
qu. Caroline regent, June 3; returns, 
Sept. 26. 

1733. Neutral iu the war of the Polish 
succession. 

1734. Marriage of Anne, princess royal, 
to Wm., prince of Orange, March 14. 

1735. The k. embarks for the conti- 
nent, May 9; returns, Oct. 16. Sir John 
Norris sent with a fleet to Lisbon to settle 
disputes between Spain and Portugal, 
May 27. 

1736. The king goes to Hanover, May 
22; Porteous riot at Edinburgh, Sept. 7 ; 
Hessian troops in pay, Oct. 23. 

1737. The king is compelled by stress 
of weather to land at Lowestoff, Jan. 
14 ; dispute between him and the prince 
of Wales, Feb. 22 ; the prince removes to 
Kew, Sept. 10; qu. Caroline d. Nov. 20. 

1738. Complaints of Spanish depreda- 
tions, Mar. 28 ; a collision between the 
Hanoverians and Danes compromised, 
Oct. 4. 

1739. Convention with Spain, not ra- 
tified by Philip V.; reprisals ordered, 
July 10; his ambassador leaves Lon- 
don, Sept. 5 ; war declared, Oct. 23 ; Ver- 
non takes Portobello, Nov. 20. 

1740. The k. embarks for Hanover, 
May 6 ; marriage of his second daugh- 
ter, Margaret, to Frederic, prince of 
Hesse Cassel, May 8 ; admiral Anson 
sails for the South Seas, Sept. 18; sir 
Chaloner Ogle and lordCathcart against 
Spanish America, Oct. ; the k. returns, 
Nov. 18. 

1741. Called upon as guarantee of the 
Pragmatic Sanction to support Maria 
Theresa, he places the Danish and 
Hessian mercenaries at her disposal : 
secures the neutrality of Hanover by 
agreeing to vote for the elector of Ba- 
varia as emperor; goes to Hanover, 
May 6 ; failure of attack on Cartha- 
gena ; letters first dispatched daily by 
post (Sundays excepted), June 24 ; the 
k. returns, < >ct. 20. 

1742. Retirement of Walpole, Feb. 11 ; 
the king mediates peace between Maria 
Theresa and Frederic of Prussia, June 
11 ; and with the elector of Saxony; con- 
cludes a treaty with Prussia, Nov. 18. 

1743. Departs for Germany, April 27 ; 
takes the command of the combined 
army at Aschaffenburg, June 9; de- 
feats the duke de Noailles at Det- 



GICO 



348 



GEO 



George II. — continued. 
tingen, 16; on the recommendation of 
the earl of Orford, makes Mr. Pelham 
minister, July 26 ; public rejoicing on 
his return, Nov. 15 ; adm. Matthews, 
with his fleet, compels the k. of Naples 
to neutrality, blockades Genoa, and in- 
tercepts a Spanish convoy. 

1744:. The king informs parliament of 
the preparations in France to support 
Charles Edward, the young Pretender, 
Feb. 15; the armament destroyed, 24; 
war declared in London against France, 
March 3L; court-martial on the officers 
of the Mediterranean fleet ; some are 
cashiered; commodore Anson returns 
from his voyage with great treasure, 
June 14. See Anson, George. — " Broad 
Bottom" ministry; Pitt excluded by 
the king's personal dislike. 

1745. The duke of Cumberland takes 
the command of the allied army in Flan- 
ders, Apr. 9; defeated by marshal Saxe, 
at Fontenoy, 30 ; the k. goes to Hanover, 
May 10; Louisbourg and Cape Breton 
taken from the French, July 17 ; two 
Spanish ships, with three millions of 
dollars, captured, July 10 ; Charles Edw. 
Stuart sails from Port St. Nazaire with 
a few partisans, 14, and lands in the He- 
brides ; the king returns from Hanover, 
Aug. 31 ; rebellion in Scotland ; the Pre- 
tender proclaimed at Perth, Sept. 4; at 
Edinburgh, 16 ; sir John Cope defeated 
by the Highlanders, at Preston Pans, or 
Glaidsmuir, 21 ; adm. Rowley bombards 
Genoa, 26 ; Habeas Corpus Act suspend- 
ed, Oct. 21; England unanimous to op- 
pose the rebellion; 60,000 volunteer to 
take arms ; the duke of Cumberland ar- 
rives from the Netherlands with part 
of his army ; Charles Edw. enters Eng- 
land, Nov. 6; takes Carlisle, 15; adm. 
Rowley compels the Genoese to give up 
Bastia to the Corsicans, 17 ; the rebels 
at Lancaster, 24 ; the earl of Derwent- 
water and other Jacobites taken on their 
way from France and brought to Deal, 
25; Charles Edw. at Manchester, 28; 
the duke of Cumberland at Lichfield ; 
the rebels at Macclesfield, Dec. 1 ; at 
Derby, 4 ; general Wade at Wetherby 
threatens their rear, 5 ; they commence 
their retreat, 6; return to Manchester, 
9; to Preston, 12; leave their English 
adherents to garrison Carlisle ; arrive at 
Glasgow, 25; Cai'lisle surrenders, 30. 

1746. The k. calls upon parliament to 
assist the Dutch, who are threatened by 
the French, Jan. 14 ; gen. Hawley de- 
ieated by the rebels at Falkirk, 17 ; the 
duke of Cumberland arrives at Ed in- j 
liiirgh ; change of ministry ; Pitt ap- ' 



pointed to office, Feb. 22 ; battle of Cui- 
loden, Apr. 16 ; the rebellion crushed. 
See Charles Edward, p. 168. — Marriage 
of princess Louisa to Fred. V. of Den- 
mark ; the admirals of the Mediterranean 
fleet tried for misconduct, June 3; the 
Highlanders forbidden to wear their 
national costume, Aug. 12 ; lords Kil- 
marnock and Balmerino beheaded, 18 ; 
inferior officers executed, privates trans- 
ported ; Madras surrenders to the French, 
Sept. 14; adm. Matthews dismissed, Oct. 
22 ; Chas. Ratcliffe, earl of Derwentwater, 
beheaded, Dec. 8; expedition against 
L' Orient. 

1747. Lord Lovat beheaded, Apr. 9: 
French fleet defeated off Cape Fini- 
sterre, May 3; forty ships taken off 
Cape Ortegal, June 16 ; the duke of Cum- 
berland defeated by marshal Saxe at 
Laffeld, 20 ; victory of adm. Hawke off 
Belleisle, Oct. 14. 

1748. The king departs for Hanover, 
May 13; cessation of hostilities pro- 
claimed, Aug. 10; adm. Knowles de- 
feats a Spanish squadron off the Ha- 
vannah, Oct. 1 ; Boscawen fails at Pon- 
dicherry, 6 ; peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 7 ; 
the k. returns, Nov. 23; the prince of 
Wales and lord Bolingbroke direct the 
opposition to the articles of the treaty, 
29. 

1750. Riot at Tiverton against the in- 
troduction of Irish worsted, yarn, Jan. 
16; earthquakes felt in London, Feb. 8 
and March 8; the k. goes to Hanover; 
excessive heat and great drought in Eng- 
land ; discussions with France relating 
to the boundaries of Nova Scotia. 

1751. Death of Frederic, prince of Wales, 
Mar. 20; a royal message recommends 
provision to be made for a regency in 
the event of the crown descending to a 
minor, Apr. 26 ; campaign in East India. 
See Cuvb, Robert. 

1752. The New Style introduced, Sept. 
14. 

1753. Amicable termination of the dis- 
cussions with the k. of Prussia respecting 
East Friesland and the Silesian loan ; 
continued disagreement with France. 

1754. Adm.Watson sent with a fleet to 
the East Indies, J an. 22; the French en- 
croachments in Canada continue ; the 
remonstrances of the British ambassa- 
dor at Paris disregarded. 

1755. Preparations for war; troops sent 
to Virginia, Jan. 14 ; and a fleet to New- 
foundland, 27 ; the k. goes to Hanover, 
28; capture of the French ships Alcide 
and Lys ; the French ambassador re- 
called;" gen. Braddock defeated at Fort 
Du Quesne, July 9; generalJolmson de- 



GEO 



349 



GEO 



Gkoik>e IT. — continued. 
feats the French at Crown Point; the 
king returns from Hanover, Sept. 15 ; 
treaty with Russia for its defence, 30. 

1756. The Seven Years' War begins ; 
British vessels in French ports seized, 
Feb. 17 ; and the French in British 
ports, Mar. 3 ; war declared, May 18 ; 
adm. Byng fails to relieve Minorca, 20; 
Calcutta taken by Rajah al Dowlah, and 
his prisoners confined in the Black Hole, 
June 18; Minorca surrenders, July 7; 
Fort Oswego taken by the French, Aug. 
16 ; Pitt and his friends called to office, 
Nov. 11 ; adm. Byng brought to trial, 
Dec. 27. 

1757. Scarcity of corn in England, 
Calcutta retaken, Jan. 1 ; Rajah al 
Dowlah compelled to submit ; admiral 
Byng shot, Mar. 14 ; Pitt and Legge dis- 
missed, Apr. 9 ; the rajah again in arms, 
defeated at Plassy and deposed, June 23 ; 
Pitt head of the ministry, 28 ; disastrous 
campaign in Hanover, and Convention of 
Closter Seven, Sept. 8. See Cumberland, 
Win. Aug., duke of. — The isle of Aix 
taken, Sept. 23; the Convention renounc- 
ed, and the command in Hanover given 
to prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. See 
Brunswick Wolfenbuttel, p. 118. 

1758. Naval successes in the Dollart, 
Mar. 14 ; off Carthagena, 28 ; in Basque 
Roads, April ; in Senegal, 23 ; in Cancalle 
bay, June 26 ; at Louisbourg and Cape 
Breton, July 27; in the Indian seas, 
Aug. 3 ; at Cherbourg, 8 ; at the isle of 
Goree, Dec. 22 . 

1759. Surat taken, Feb. 19; Masu- 
lipatam, 7; Guadaloupe, 20; successful 
campaign in Hanover and Hesse Cas- 
sel; battle of Minden, Aug. 1; success 
in Canada ; battle on the heights of Abra- 
ham ; death of gen. Wolfe, and of the 
French gen., Montcalm, Sept. 13 ; Que- 
bec surrenders, ,18 ; the French driven 
out of the Indian seas, 27; Conflans 
defeated by Hawke at Belleisle, Nov. 
20. 

1760. Lally defeated, and Arcot taken, 
Feb. 9 ; Thurot slain and his ships cap- 
tured, at Carrickfergus, 28; lord George 
Sackville dismissed the service by a 
court-martial, April 22; surrender of 
Montreal and conquest of Canada com- 
pleted, Sept. 7 ; Geo. II. d. Oct. 25. 

George III., k. of Great Britain (George 
Wm. Fred.), son of Frederic, prince of 
Wales, and Augusta of Saxe Gotha, b. 
June 4, 1738 — becomes prince of Wales 
and heir-apparent on his father's death, 
Mar. 20, 1751. 

1760. Succeeds his grandfather, Geo. 
II., on the throne, Oct. 25 ; addresses his 



first memorable speech to parliament, 
Nov. 18. 

1761. Pondicherry taken, Jan, 16; 
changes in the ministry ; lord Bute se- 
cretary of state. Mar. 25. See Commons, 
Lords, and Parliament. — Belleisle 
taken by commodore Keppel, June 7 — 
marriage of the k. to Charlotte Sophia of 
Mecklenburg Strelitz, Sept. 8— corona- 
tion, 22— Wm. Pitt resigns, Oct. 5. 

1762. War declared against Spain, 
Jan. 4 — by Spain, 18— the French West 
Indian islands taken, Feb.; Granada, 
Apr. 6— lord Bute prime minister, May 
29 — Portugal assisted against Spain, 
June; the Havannah surrenders, and 
Cuba conquered, Aug. 14— Manilla and 
the Philippine islands, Oct.; prelimina- 
ries of peace signed at Fontainebleau, 
Nov. 3— the conditions condemned by 
Pitt ; Wilkes attacks lord Bute in the 
" North Briton." 

1763. Definitive treaty of Paris signed, 
Feb. 16 — the naval and colonial supre- 
macy of Great Britain established, lord 
Bute resigns, and is succeeded by Geo. 
Grenville, April 8 — first proceedings 
against Wilkes and the " North Briton," 
Apr. 20-July 6 — unsuccessful interviews 
with Pitt to form a government, Aug. 29 
— the duke of Bedford prime minister, 
Sept. 9 — progress of the British in India 
against the native chiefs ; Patna taken, 
Nov. 6 — contest with Wilkes continued, 
Dec. 6-24. 

1764. The American colonies taxed, 
Apr. 5 — the nabob of Oude, and the 
Mogul army, defeated at Buxar, Oct 22. 

1765. The opposition of the colonies 
to the Act for taxing them noticed in the 
king's speech, Jan. 10 — American Stamp 
Act passed, Mar. 22 — first manifestation 
of the king's mental malady ; Regency 
Bill discussed, Apr. ; marquis of Rock- 
ingham minister, July 10 — treaty of 
Allahabad ; Bengal ceded to the E. I. Co., 
Aug. 12 — the N. American colonies resist 
the Stamp Act, and stop all trade with 
the mother country, Nov. 1 — the West 
Indian islands submit. 

1766. Stamp Act repealed, Mar. 8— 
Pitt empowered to form a new ministry, 
July 12— enters on office, Aug. 2 — the 
government much weakened by such fre- 
quent changes ; scarcity and high price 
of bread ; distress and riots ; exportation 
of com stopped ; the winter unusually 
severe. 

1767. Resolution to impose duties on 
articles imported in British America, 
June 2 — lord Chatham's popularity and 
health decline ; riots continue from dis- 
tress, Oct. Nov. — lord North chancelloi 



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George III. — continued. 
of the exchequer, Dec. 1 — public prayers 
for the king and royal family in Roman 
Catholic chapels, discontinued in 1688, 
renewed, Dec. 20. 

1768. The duke of Grafton prime mi- 
nister; lord Chatham privy seal. Jan. 
20 — a new contest with Wilkes agitates 
the country, and causes riots. SeeWiLKES, 
John.— Visit of Christian VII., king of 
Denmark, Sept. 23— lord Chatham re- 
signs, Oct. 15 — and the earl of Shel- 
burne, 21 — the Americans resist the 
taxes imposed on them ; tumults in Bos- 

■ ton ; gen. Gage sent to coerce them ; 
Royal Academy founded, Dec. 18. 

1769. Public attention engrossed by 
continued disputes with Wilkes, Feb. 2- 
Nov. 10 — war with Hyder Ali in India ; 
treaty of peace with him, Apr. 4— Shak- 
spear Jubilee at Stratford on Avon, Sept. 
6 — Pascal Paoli presented to the king, 
24 — first Letters of Junius published ; 
first patents for Watt's steam-engine and 
Arkwright's spinning-frame. 

1770. The duke of Grafton resigns, 
and lord North becomes prime minister, 
Jan. 28 — the colonial taxes repealed, 
except the duty on tea, Mar. 5— proceed- 
ings against Wilkes and the Letters of 
Junius ; address of the London corpora- 
tion; lord mayor Beckford's reply to the 
k., May 23— dispute with Spain respect- 
ing the Falkland islands, Oct. 27. 

1771. The London magistrates release 
the printer of parliamentary debates, 
arrested under a royal proclamation, 
Feb. 15 — the king's brother, the duke of 
Cumberland, marries lady Anne Horton, 
lord Irnham's daughter, Oct. 4 — Spain 
restores the Falkland isles, Dec. 14 — Ark- 
wright's second patent. 

1772. The king's message produces the 
Royal Marriage Act, Feb. 20 — commer- 
cial panic in London, June 16— first ef- 
forts of Granville Sharpe for the aboli- 
tion of the Slave trade ; the Negro So- 
merset set free, 22 — commotions in North 
America; extensive smuggling; a re- 
venue cutter burnt ; the marriage of the 
king's brother, the duke of Gloucester, 
to lady Waldegrave, publicly declared, 
Sept. 17 — a fleet sent to Denmark to pro- 
tect the king's sister, qu. Caroline Ma- 
tilda, and convey her to Germany. 

1773. War with the Caribs of St. Vin- 
cent's ; visit of the k. to Portsmouth, 
June 22 — cargoes of tea destroyed by the 
people of Boston in N. America, Dec. 18. 

1774. The petition of the Massachu- 
setts assembly dismissed by the privy 
council; Dr. Franklin removed from his 



office of deputy colonial po itmaster-ge- 
neral, Jan. 29 — Charles James Fox dis- 
missed from his office, Feb. 22 — port of 
Boston closed, and gen Gage again sent 
to America, March 14 — he dissolves ^ie 
Massachusetts Assembly, May 17 — Act 
for the government of Canada gives 
religious liberty there ; a splendid copy 
of the works of Piranesi presented to 
the k. by pope Clement XIV. 

1775. Ineffectual efforts in parliament, 
and in the country, to urge conciliatory 
measures towards the Americans. Jan. 
17-Apr. 10— first hostilities at Lexing- 
ton ; gen. Gage destroys the magazine 
there, Apr. 19- -Union of the States, May 
29. See American Congress; Colonies, 
America, and United STATEs.—Outrages 
of White Boys in Ireland, Aug. — the 
duke of Grafton resigns office, Nov. 9 — 
all trade with the revolted colonies pro- 
hibited, 20— Benares ceded by the nabob 
of Oude ; Samuel Crompton invents the 
mule for spinning cotton. 

1776. Hessian troops hired to serve in 
America, Feb. 16 — riots of weavers at 
Shepton Mallet to destroy machinery, 
July 10 — treaty of Poorunda with the 
Mahrattas; Frauce prepares to assist 
the colonies. 

1777. Hostilities continue in America 
with varied success; Lafayette and other 
French officers proceed to take part in 
the contest, Apr. 4— lord Chatham again 
urges a change of policy, May 30 — 
Habeas Corpus Act suspended, Dec. 11. 

1778. Regiments raised by private 
subscriptions; the common council of 
London refuse to concur, Jan. 16 — alii- 
ance of France with the American 
States, Feb. 6 — the British ambassador 
leaves Paris ; embargo on French ships, 
and the militia embodied, March 27 — the 
k. visits Chatham and reviews the First 
Royal Regiment, April 25 — gives his 
consent to an Act for mitigating the 
laws against Roman Catholics, May 28 — 
Pondicherry taken, Oct. 11. 

1779. The new year's storm followed 
by long and severe frost, Jan. 1 — No- 
popery riots in Edinburgh and Glasgow, 
Feb. 2 — Capt. Cook killed, 11— Act 
passed for the relief of Protestant dis- 
senters; Oxford university petitions 
against it, March 30 — a French attack 
on the island of Jersey repulsed, May 1 
— hostile manifesto of Spain, June 16 — 
St. Vincent taken by the French, 17 — 
Senegal and Goree taken from them, 
Aug. 8— the French and Spanish fleets 
masters of the Channel, threaten to in- 
vade England ; besiege Gibraltar ; riots 



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Geokje III. — continued. 
in Manchester to destroy machinery, Oct. 
9 — Irish volunteers demand freedom of 
trade, 12 — agitation in Dublin, Nov. 15 — 
lord North's measures of concession to 
Ireland, Dec. 13— York county meeting 
to petition for economy, 30. 

1780. Lord North refuses to present 
the petition of the Protestant Associa- 
tion, Jan. 4 — meeting of Middlesex free- 
holders for retrenchment, 7 — Rodney 
defeats the Spanish admiral Langara, 
and relieves Gibraltar, 16 — Westminster 
meeting to reduce the public .expendi- 
ture, Feb. 2 — ministers institute a com- 
mission of accounts ; Dunning's reso- 
lutions on the influence of the crown 
carried, April 6 — Rodney's victory over 
the count de Guichen, 17— the Protestant 
Association meets in Coachmakers' 
Hall, May 29 — their petition rejected; 
No-popery riots, June 2 — quelled, 9 — 
lord George Gordon committed to the 
Tower; the dukes of Gloucester and 
Cumberland received at court, 15 — 
Hyder Ali conquers the Carnatic, Sept. 
10— -Laurens captured and sent to the 
Tower; his papers disclose the nego- 
tiations between the Dutch and Ameri- 
cans, Oct. 6 — Hyder Ali takes Arcot, 30 
— war declared against Holland, Nov. 20. 

1781. The French land in Jersey, and 
are defeated, Jan. 6 — the Dutch island 
of St. Eustatia taken, Feb. 2 — Deme- 
rara and Essequibo sui'render; lord 
George Gordon tried for high treason, 
and acquitted, 5 — Hyder Ali defeated by 
Sir Eyre Coote, July 1 — battle off the 
Doggerbank, Aug. 5 — Hyder Ali again 
defeated, 27 — Negapatam taken ; treaty 
of Chunar with the nabob of Oude, Sept. 
19 — lord Cornwallis surrenders to gen. 
Washington, Oct. 29 — meetings of the 
London Common Conncil and other in- 
fluential bodies, to condemn the govern- 
ment policy, Dec. 6 — the ministerial 
majority falls off, 12 — the Cabinet aban- 
dons the idea of subduing the Ameri- 
cans, 14— convention of the Irish vo- 
lunteers at Dungarvan. 

1782. The k. refuses to receive the 
London remonstrance on the throne ; in- 
dignant resolutions of the Livery, Jan. 
31 — Minorca taken by the Spaniards, 
Feb. 5 — lord North resigns, March 19 — 
marquis of Rockingham, prime minister, 
Fox, foreign secretary, 30 — Rodney's 
victory over DeGrasse, Apr. 12 — Hyder 
Ali defeated, June 2 — marquis of Rock- 
ingham, d. July 1 — lord Shelburne, prime 
minister; Fox resigns; W. Pitt, chan- 
cellor of the Exchequer ; attack of the 



French and Spaniards on Gibraltar re* 
pulsed, Sept. 13 — Great Britain acknow- 
ledges the independence of the U.S., and 
concludes a treaty of peace with them, % 
Nov. 30 — Royal George founders at Spit- 
head. 

1783. Peace with France and Spain, 
Jan. 20— militia disbanded, Feb. 1 — Order 
of St. Patrick instituted, 5 — coalition of 
Fox and North ; their ministry formed, 
Apr. 2 — trade with America regulated 
by an order of council, Sept. 5— peace 
proclaimed, 15 — convention of Irish vo- 
lunteers at Dublin, Nov. 10 — Fox's India 
Bills introduced, 18— interview of lord 
Temple with the k., Dec. 11 — coalition 
ministry dismissed, 18 — Wm. Pitt, prime 
minister, 23. 

1784. Struggle of the new ministry. 
See Commons, House of. — Pitt popular ; 
thanks of the London Common Council 
voted to him, Jan. 10 — obtains the sup- 
port of the country by a new parliament, 
May 18— attempt to assemble a national 
congress in Dublin, June 7 — riots at 
Edinburgh from the high price of corn, 
10— restoration of the estates forfeited 
in 1745; Board of Control established 
for the government of India, July 9 — 
treaty of Mangalore with Tippoo Saib ; 
great increase of trade with the U.S. ; 
letters conveyed by mail-coaches. 

1785. English newspapers prohibited 
in France, Jan. 1 — John Adams, U.S. 
ambassador, presented to the k., June 1 
— trial of Dr. Shipley, dean of St. 
Asaph, Aug. 6. 

1786. Impeachment of Warren Hast- 
ings, Apr. 4 — attempt of Margaret Ni- 
cholson to stab the k., Aug. 2 — royal 
visit to Oxford, 16 — Board of Trade ap- 
pointed, Sept. 2 — commercial treaty with 
France, 26 — colony of Sierra Leone 
founded, Dec. 9. 

1787. Dissenters petition for the re- 
peal of the Corporation and Test Acts, 
Jan. 5 — the articles against Warren 
Hastings presented at the bar of the 
Lords, May 10 — first convicts sent to 
New South Wales, 23— bishopric of Nova 
Scotia erected, Aug. 11 — a fleet sent to 
support the Statholder, Oct. 30 — riot at 
Worcester to prevent the spinning of 
wool by machinery, Dec. 1. 

1788. Petition of the London Common 
Conncil for the abolition of the Slave 
trade, Feb. 1 — trial of Warren Hastings 
begins, 13— royal visit to Cheltenham, 
June 12 — symptoms of the king's mental 
malady, Oct.— celebration of the cente- 
nary of the revolution, Nov. 5 — the 
king's illness publicly known, 12— re- 



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Gkobge III. — continued. 
ports of the physicians and privy coun- 
cil, Dec. 4— Pitt's letter to the prince of 
Wales respecting the regency, 30. 

1789. The k. recovers before the Re- 
gency Bill passes, Feb. 19— national re- 
joicing, March 10— public thanksgiving, 
Apr. 23— mutiny of the Bounty, 28— 
royal visit to Weymouth, June 16 — to 
Plymouth, 27 — address of the London 
"Revolution Society" to the French 
National Assembly, Nov. 5. 

1790. Fox and Burke disagree on the 
French Revolution, Feb. 9— the trial of 
Warren Hastings proceeds languidly, 
16— Resolutions of the London Common 
Council to support the Corporation and 
Test Acts, 25 -misunderstanding with 
Spain respecting Nootka Sound, May 6 
— war in the Mysore with Tippoo Saib ; 
treaty with Prussia and Holland to sup- 
press the Belgian rebellion against the 
emperor Joseph II. 

1791. Tippoo Saib defeated and Cana- 
nore taken, Jan. 9— Fox, Pitt and Burke 
agree in condemning all laws which at- 
tach penalties to opinions, Feb. 21 — new 
regulations for the government of Ca- 
nada, March 4— Burke joins the minis, 
terial party, May 6 — victory of lord 
Cornwallis over Tippoo Saib, 15— riot at 
Birmingham to prevent the celebration 
of the French Revolution, July 14. 

1792. Flourishing state of the country 
described by Pitt, Feb. 17— Tippoo Saib, 
totally defeated, agrees to a treaty of 
peace, March 19— Fox's Libel Bill passed, 
Apr. 30— the " Friends of the People " 
associate to obtain parliamentary re- 
form ; France requests the mediation of 
Great Britain with the continental 
states, May 2 — royal proclamation 
against political societies, and their cor- 
respondence with the French Assembly, 
21 — Police offices established in London, 
June 15— the friends of Poland meet, 
Aug. 2— the British ambassador recalled 
from France, 17 — ruinous speculations 
in canal shares; lord Macartney's em- 
bassy to China, Sept. 26— many emi- 
grants arrive from France ; Loyal Asso- 
ciation formed, Nov. 29— militia called 
out ; loyal meeting in Merchant Tailors' 
Hall, Dec. 1— public alarm; the guards 
doubled, 6— secession of alarmists from 
the whig party ; preparations for war. 

1793. The French ambassador ordered 
to leave London, Jan. 24— the king's 
message announces war, 28 — refuses to 
negotiate, 30— war declared by France, 
Feb. 1— by Great Britain, 11— first em- 
barkation of troops for Holland, Feb. 26 
—commercial treaty with Russia, Mar. 



25— the duke of York commands the Bri- 
tish forces in the Netherlands, Apr. 8— 
mercantile embarrassments relieved by 
exchequer bills, 25 — Dumourier arrives 
in London, and is ordered to leave the 
kingdom, June 14 — surrender of Valen- 
ciennes, July 26 — " British Convention" 
meets at Edinburgh, Aug. 4 — gen. Lake 
defeats the French at Lincelles, 18 — 
many prosecutions and severe sentences 
for political offences ; Pondicherry taken, 
and Toulon surrendered, 28— the duke of 
York defeated at Dunkirk, Sept. 7— St. 
Domingo occupied by the English, Oct. 
12 — Toulon evacuated, Dec. 19 — an am- 
bassador from Turkey arrives in Lon- 
don, 20. 

1794. Liberal opinions proscribed; 
prosecutions continue; increased arma- 
ments and new taxes, Feb. 2 — volunteer 
corps raised, March ; Martinique taken, 
16— Guadaloupe, April 22— subsidies to 
Prussia, Holland, and other States, 28— 
arrests on charges of constructive treason, 
May 20— a royal message denounces se- 
ditious societies ; the Habeas Corpus 
Act suspended, 23 — victory of lord Howe 
over the French fleet, June 1 — British 
dominion in Corsica, 18 — the king visits 
Portsmouth, 30 — the army in Flanders 
reinforced, July 8— the seceding whigs 
take office, 11 — the duke of York, after 
successive defeats, retires behiud the 
Waal at Rhenen, where he loses many 
men from fatigue and disease ; State 
trials for constructive ti*eason commence ; 
Hardy acquitted, Nov. 5, and Home 
Tooke, 20— treaty of commerce with the 
U. S., 29— Thelwall acquitted and the 
other prisoners discharged, Dec. 5— lord 
Fitzwilliam viceroy of Ireland, 10. 

1795. Embargo on Dutch ships, Jan. 
19 — the statholder arrives in London, 26 
— alliance with Russia, Feb. 18 — lord 
Fitzwilliam, unable to relieve the Irish 
Catholics, resigns, 21 — victory of adm. 
Hotham, March 14 — marriage of the 
prince of Wales, April 8— the wreck of 
the British army returns home, 14 — ac- 
quittal of Warren Hastings, 23— Orange 
Clubs and United Irishmen create strife, 
June; lord Bridport's victory, 22— Trin- 
comalee, in Ceylon, taken, Aug. 26 — an 
abundant harvest; Cape of Good Hope 
taken, Sept. 23— the k. insulted by the 
populace clamouring for peace, Oct. 29 — 
as elector of Hanover, he makes peace 
with the French republic. 

1796. The princess Charlotte of Wales 
b. Jan. 7— the k. again insulted, Feb. 1 — 
Amboyna taken, 16— Demerara, Apr. 25! 
— separation of the prince and princess 
of Wales, 30— the isle o' Elba taken, 



CEO 



35a 



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Ceo&ge III. — continued. 
Aug. 9 — capture of a Dutch fleet in Sal- 
danha bay, 17 — the king announces his 
intention to treat for peace, Oct. 6 — war 
with Spain, 11 — lord Malmesbury goes 
to Paris, 13 — Corsica abandoned, 22 — 
Loyalty loan, Dec. 1 — French ships ar- 
rive in Bantry bay, and return to Brest, 
26— lord Malmesbury fails in his nego- 
tiations and comes home, 29. 

1797. Victory off Cape St. Vincent, 
Feb. 14 — Trinidad taken, 21 — scarcity of 
specie ; Restriction Act, and issue of 
one-pound notes, Mai-ch 4 — mutiny at 
Spithead, Apr. 6— repressed, 26— at the 
Nore, May 22— appeased, June 12 — Par- 
ker executed, 30— lord Malmesbury ne- 
gotiates at Lisle, July 1 — Nelson's un- 
successful attack on Santa Cruz, 24— lord 
Malmesbury returns, Sept. 20— victory 
of adm. Duncan off Camperdown, Oct. 
11. 

1798. Assessed taxes trebled, Jan. 4 
the duke of Norfolk's toast, " the ma- 
jesty of the people;" the cruelty of the 
government drives the Irish to rebel, 
March ; the committee of the Lon- 
don Corresponding Society arrested, 
20— expedition against Ostend, May 19 
— insurrection in Ireland, 24. See Ike- 
land. — Battle of the Nile, Aug. 1 — 
French land at Killala, 22 — surrender, 
Sept. 8 — a fleet conveying more troops 
captured by Sir J. B. Warren, Oct. 12— 
Minorca taken, Nov. 15— Malta block- 
aded ; Income tax introduced, Dec. 4 — 
treaty with Russia ; suspension of the 
Habeas Corpus Act renewed, 19. 

1799. Union of Ireland projected, Jan. 
22 — severe frost for many weeks; Acre 
defended by sir Sidney Smith, Mar. 18 — 
Seringapatam taken ; death of Tippoo 
Saib, and conquest of the Mysore, May 
4— expedition to the Helder, Aug. 27 — 
Dutch fleet in the Texel surrenders, 30 — 
Abercrombie defeats Brune, Sept. 10 — 
the duke of York brings a reinforcement, 
takes the command, is defeated by Brune, 
19, and Oct 8 — evacuates Holland, 20 — 
commodore Trowbridge blockades Civita 
Vecchia ; Rome surrendered to him by 
the French garrison, Sept. 27 — capture 
of richly laden Spanish galleons, Oct. 16 
— offer of peace made bv France rejected, 
Dec. 25. 

1800. Opposition in Ireland to the Uni- 
on overcome by lord Castlereagh, Jan. 
15 — treaty for the evacuation of Egypt, 
24— riots caused by the high price of 
bread ; a common hall in London peti- 
tions for peace, F«b. 19 — Egyptian treaty 
not ratified, Mar. 20— lord Keith block- ' 



ades Genoa, Apr. 5— Hatfield fires at the 
k. in Drury Lane theatre. May 11— the 
Act of Union receives the royal assent, 
July 2— capture of a Danish frigate and* 
convoy, 25— failure of an attack on Fer- 
rol, Aug. 25— manifesto of the czar Paul 
against British seizures of neutral ves- 
sels, 29— surrender of Malta to the Bri- 
tish, Sept. 5— the czar claims the island 
as grand master, and seizes all British 
property in Russia, Nov. 7— Armed Neu- 
trality of the Northern Powers, Dec. 15. 

1801. Union of Great Britain and Ire- 
land, Jan. 1 — George III. renounces the 
title of king of Fiance, and removes the 
lilies from the royal arms, 3— embargo 
on Russian, Danish, and Swedish ves- 
sels, 14— the French refuse to maintain 
and clothe their prisoners in Gt. Britain, 
31— resignation of ministers, Feb. 10— 
return of the king's malady, 16 — prison- 
ers, under the suspension of the Habeas 
Corpus Act, liberated, Mar. 2— recovery 
of the king ; he appoints the Addington 
ministry, 17— landing of the British army 
in Egypt, 8— defeat of the French at 
Alexandria; death of Abercrombie, 21 
—English ships excluded from the Elbe ; 
pacific conferences begin between lord 
Hawkesbury and M. Otto; the czar Alex- 
ander I. liberates British ships and their 
crews in Russia, and proposes a reconci- 
liation; the Danish and Swedish West 
India islands taken, 30— attack on Copen- 
hagen by Nelson, Apr. 2— truce concluded 
—Habeas Corpus Act again suspended, 14 
—capture of St. Eustatia, 21— embargo 
taken off Russian, Danish, and Swedish 
ships, June 1— treaty of lord St. Helen's 
at Petersburg dissolves the Northern 
Confederacy, 17— Cairo surrenders, and 
the French evacuate Egypt, 27— Madei- 
ra taken, July 24— Nelson attacks the 
Boulogne flotilla, Aug. 4— preliminaries 
of peace signed in London, Oct. 1. 

1802. Mutiny in Bantry bay, June 15 
— ringleaders executed, 28 — definitive 
treaty of peace signed at Amiens, Mar. 
27 — Bank Restriction Act renewed, Apr. 
9— opponents of the peace unpopular — 
Newspaper war— those of England pro- 
hibited in France, Aug. 25— treaty of 
Bassein, in India, Dec. 31. 

1803. Conspiracy and execution of 
Despard, Feb. 21— royal message an- 
nounces preparation for renewing war, 
Mar. 7 — scene at the Tuileries — Bona- 
parte defies England to resist him single- 
handed, 13 — lordWhitworth leaves Paris, 
May 12, and gen. Andreossi London, 16 
— embargo on French and Batavian ships, 
17 — English declaration of war, 18 — 

A A. 



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George III. — continued. 
British residents and travellers in 
France detained, 22— the king declares 
Hanover neutral, 28 — occupied by the 
French, June 3 — the Elbe and Weser, 
closed against the English, are blockaded 
by them — war with the Batavian repub- 
lic, 7 — invasion threatened — universal 
arming of volunteers — St. Lucia taken, 
20 — Tobago, 22 — tumultuary insurrec- 
tion at Dublin, July 23 — patriotic meet- 
ings at the Royal Exchange, 26— at 
Hackney, Aug. 2— St. Pierre and Mique- 
lon taken, 8 — Mahratta war ; sir Arthur 
Wellesley takes Poonah, 12— Emmett 
executed, 19 — Demerara and Berbice 
taken, 25— battle of Assaye, Sept. 23— 
Agra taken, Oct. 17 — Delhi conquered, 
and the Great Mogul pensioned by the 
E. I. C— volunteers reviewed by the k. 
in Hyde Park, 26-28 — victories of sir A. 
Wellesley, at Argaum, Nov., and Ga- 
wulgurh, Dec. 14, followed by a treaty 
of peace with Scindiah, 30— the volunteer 
force in Gt. Britain, 379,945 men. 

1804. The king's malady returns, Feb. 
14 — Linois repulsed by capt. Dance, 15 — 
the king recovers, Mar. 14 — Pitt forms a 
new administration — sacrifices the cause 
of Catholic emancipation— Fox excluded 
by the k., May 12 — naval fete to the k. 
at Weymouth, Sept. 29— catamaran at- 
tack on the Boulogne flotilla, Oct. 2 — 
Spanish frigates captured, 5 — concilia- 
tory interview between the k. and prince 
of Wales, Nov. 12— Holkar defeated at 
Deeg, 15— at Furruckabad, 17. 

1805. Napoleon's offer to treat for peace 
declined, Jan. 2 — French and Spanish 
fleets combine and attack Dominica, Feb. 
2 — charges against lord Melville by 
Mr. Whitbread, Apr. 6 — impeached, May 
25— victory of sir R. Calder over the 
French and Spanish fleets, July 22 — 
battle of Trafalgar — death of Nelson, 
Oct. 21 — four more ships taken by sir R. 
Strachan, Nov. 4 — sir R. Calder repri- 
manded for not having made his victory 
more complete, Dec. 23 — peace with 
Scindiah and Holkar, 24. 

1806. Cape of Good Hope taken, Jan. 
8— public funeral of Nelson, 9 — a French 
squadron captured by Duckworth, 20 — 
death of Wm. Pitt, 23— the " Talents'- 
administration — Fox foreign secretary, 
Feb. 5— negotiations for peace commence, 
20 — Linois and his ships taken, Mar. 13 
— the king of Prussia occupies Hanover, 
Apr. 1 — war declared against him, 24 — 
trial of lord Melville, 29— "Delicate In- 
vestigation," May 23— abolition of the 
slave trade moved by Fox, June 10 — 
lord Melvillt) acquitted, 12 — Buenos 



Ayres taken by sir Home Popham, 27 — 
mutiny of the Sepoys at Vellore, July 
10 — gen. Stuart lands in Calabria and 
gains the victory of Maida, 4 — Buenos 
Ayres retaken by the Spaniards, Aug. 
12 — death of Fox, Sept. 13— the negotia- 
tions with France broken off, Oct. 6 — 
Boulogne attacked with Congreve rock- 
ets, 8 — treaty of commerce with the 
U.S., Dec. 21. 

1807. Order of Council issued to coun- 
teract Napoleon's Berlin decree, Jan. 7 — 
Curacoa taken, 28 — Montevideo, Feb. 2 
— the British fleet passes the Darda- 
nelles, Feb. 19 — returns, Mar. 1 — minis- 
ters bring in a Bill, enabling Catholics 
to hold naval and military commissions, 
5 —sir H. Popham reprimanded for hav- 
ing taken Buenos Ayres without orders, 6 
— the k. objects to the ministerial Bill, 18 
— gen. Fraser lands in Egypt and takes 
Alexandria, 20 — slave trade abolished, 
25— ministers dismissed — duke of Port- 
land head of a new cabinet, 26 — the 
British repulsed at Rosetta, May 1 — en- 
counter of the Leopard and Chesapeake, 
June 21 — American harbours closed 
against British ships of war, July 2 — 
gen. Whitelocke defeated at Buenos 
Ayres, 5— attack on Copenhagen, Sept. 2 
— Egypt evacuated, 23 — Heligoland ta- 
ken — embargo on British ships in Rus- 
sia, 28 — Milan decree, Nov. 1 — order of 
council aguinst it, 21 — Danish West In- 
dia islands taken, Dec. 22 — Madeira 
occupied by the British, 24. 

1808. Sir John Moore sent with an 
army to Sweden; returns, May; riot of 
distressed weavers, 24 — a Spanish depu- 
tation arrives in London, 30 — French 
fleet at Cadiz surrenders, June 4 — treaty 
with Spain, July 4 — public dinner to the 
Spanish deputies, Aug. 4 — Sir Arthur 
Wellesley defeats Junot at Vimiera, 21 — 
adm. Keats conveys the marquis de Ro- 
mana from the Baltic to Spain, 14— con- 
vention of Cintra ; the French evacuate 
Portugal, 30 — a Russian fleet in the Ta- 
gus taken, Sept. 3— offers of France and 
Russia to treat for peace, refused, Oct. 
12 — British troops land at Corunna, 25. 

1809. Retreat of the British from Sala- 
manca ; they repulse the French at Co- 
runna, and re-embark ; death of sir John 
Moore, Jan. 14 — col. Wardle brings his 
charges against the duke of York, 27 — 
Martinique taken, Feb. 23 — the duke of 
York resigns, March 25— a French fleet 
destroyed in Basque Roads, April 12 — 
sir Arthur Wellesley takes the com- 
mand in Portugal, 22 — battle of Talavera, 
July 28— Walcheren expedition, Aug. 10 
—Ionian islands taken, Oct. 1 — Jubilee 



GEO 



355 



GEO 



George IIT. — continued. 
on the 50th accession if Geo. III., 25— 
death of tlie duke of Portland; Perceval 
prime minister, 30 — Walcheren aban- 
doned, Dec. 25. 

1810. Inquiry into the Walcheren ex- 
pedition, Jan. 26 — Guadaloupe taken, 
Feb. 5 — Amboyna, 17 — lord Chatham 
censured for his mismanagement in 
Walcheren, March 2 — Sir F. Burdett 
committed to the Tower ; riots in Lon- 
don, April 6— Bourbon and Mauritius 
taken, July 3— lord Wellington repulses 
Massena at Busaco, Sept. 27 — occupies 
the lines of Tories Vedras, Oct. 9 — the 
last access of the king's malady officially 
notified to the lord mayor, Nov. 1 — death 
of his youngest daughter, the princess 
Amelia, 2 — Massena commences his re- 
treat from Santarem, 14 — great commer- 
cial embarrassment arises from Napo- 
leon's continental system in all Europe : 
Act prepared to appoint the prince of 
Wales regent, Dec. 20. 

1811. The prince of Wales assumes 
the executive power, Feb. 5. For events 
during the Regency, see George IV. — 
George III. lives nine years in a state of 
unconsciousness : the care of his person 
first given to the queen, and, in 1819, to 
the duke of York ; he d. Jan. 29, 1820. 

George IV., k. of England, (George Fred- 
eric Augustus), son of George III. and 
qu. Charlotte, o. Aug. 12, 1762— as prince 
of Wales takes his seat in the house of 
lords, Nov. 11, 1783— his debts brought 
before parliament, and his marriage 
with Mrs. Fitzherbert denied by Fox, 
April 20, 1787— his claim to the regency 
during the incapacity of his father dis- 
cussed in Parliament ; Pitt's letter to 
him on the subject, Dec. 30, 1788 — mar- 
ries Caroline, princess of Brunswick, 
Apr. 8, 1795 — liberal settlement made 
to enable him to pay his debts; sepa- 
rates from her, Apr. 30, 1796 -claims 
arrears of revenue from the duchy of 
Cornwall, which are refused, March 31, 
1802 — his application for military em- 
ployment rejected, July 21, 1803 — conci- 
liatory interview with his father, Nov. 
12, 1804— causes the "delicate investi- 
gation," May 22, 1806 — resolutions of 
parliament to appoint him regent, Dec. 
20, 1810. 

1811. Assumes the regency. Feb. 5 — 
commercial distress again relieved by 
exchequer bills, March 1 — proclamation 
•gainst the Irish Catholic committee, 3 — 
battle of Barossa, 5 — Wellington pursues 
Massena, and defeats him at Fuentes 
d'Onore, 6 — takes Almeida, 10 — battle 
of Albuera, May 16— encounter of the 



Little Belt with the American frigate 
President ; the duke of York again com- 
mander-in-chief, June 6— Batavia and 
the Dutch settlements in Java taken,* 
Aug. 26— battle of Arroyo del Molino, 
Oct. 28 — Luddite riots, Nov. 

1812. Ciudad Rodrigo taken, Jan. 19 — 
the restrictions of the Regency Act ex- 
pire, and full regal power devolves on 
the prince, Feb. 1 — he invites a coalition 
of parties ; it does not take effect, 13 — 
Badajos taken, Apr. 6 — manufacturing 
machinery destroyed by rioters ; Perce-, 
val assassinated, May 11 — Almarez 
taken, 19 — lord Liverpool prime minis- 
ter, June 9— war declared by America, 
18— treaty of peace with Russia, July 
18 — battle of Salamanca, 22— Wellington 
enters Madrid, Aug. 12— an American 
army surprised and made prisoners in 
Canada, 16 — the U.S. frigate United 
States captures the Macedonian, 19 — 
Wellington falls back on Freynada. 

1813. See Commons, house of. The trade 
to India thrown open, Mar. 22 — charges 
against the princess of Wales again dis- 
proved ; penal laws against Unitarians 
repealed ; the U.S. frigate Chesapeake 
taken by the Shannon, June 1 — battle of 
Vittoria, 21 — Wellington besieges Pam- 
peluna, July 24 — defeats Soult in the 
Pyrenees, 28 — drives him to the Bidas- 
soa, Aug. 2 — storms St. Sebastian, 31— 
takes its castle, Sept. 8 — enters France, 
Oct. 8— Pampeluna surrenders, 31 — lord 
Castlereagh sets out to meet the allied 
sovereigns, Dec. 27. 

1814. Treaty with Joachim Murat, Jan. 
5 — London Custom-house burnt, Feb. 12 
— battle of Orthes, 27 —treaty of Chau- 
mont with the allies, March 1 — Beres- 
ford enters Bordeaux, March 12— capture 
of the U.S. frigate Essex, 29— battle of 
Toulouse, Apr. 10— close of the Penin- 
sular war, l£ — treaty of Paris, May 30 
— the emperor Alexander and k. of Pru.-. 
sia visit London, June 7 — civic banquet 
at Guildhall, 18 — departure of the visit 
ors, 27 — the princess Charlotte refuse* 
to marry the prince of Orange ; national 
thanksgiving for peace, July 9 — ju- 
bilee in the parks, Aug. 1 — the prin 
cess of Wales not permitted to appear 
at court, embarks to travel, 8 — the city 
of Washington taken, 24 — the British 
flotilla on lake Champlain captured, 
Sept. 11 — gen. Ross defeated and killed 
at Baltimore, 13 — the title of elector of 
Hanover laid aside for that of king, Oct. 
11 — war in India with the Nepaulese, 
Nov. 1 — krd Castlereagh attends the 
congress of Vienna; peace with the U.S 
concluded at Ghent, Dec. 24. 

A A 2 



GEO 



obb 



GEO 



GEOEGE IV. — cmitinued. 

1815. The order of the Bath new- 
modelled and extended, Jan. 2 — gen. 
Pakenham repulsed and slain at New 
Orleans, 8 — capture of the U.S. ship 
President by the Endymion, 15— Mr. 
Robinson's corn-law introduced, Feb. 17 
— popular tumults, 28 — an army collected 
in the Netherlands to oppose the restor- 
ation of Napoleon, March 30— Welling- 
ton takes the command, Apr. 5— battle 
of Waterloo, June 18 — Paris surrendered, 
July 3— Napoleon gives himself up to 
capt. Maitland at Rochefort, 15 — arrives 
at Torbay, 24 — is sent to St. Helena, Aug. 
8— Protectorate of the Ionian islands 
given to Great Britain ; the prince re- 
gent refuses to join the " Holy Alli- 
ance," Sept. 26 — second treaty of Paris, 
Nov. 20— the duke of Wellington com- 
mands the army of occupation jn France ; 
peace with the Nepaulese, Dec. 12. 

1816. War renewed with the Nepau- 
lese, Jan.— embassy of lord Amherst to 
China, Feb. 8 — a monument erected at 
Rome by the prince regent to Cardinal 
York, 12 — defeat of the Nepaulese, and 
close of the war, March 15— marriage of 
the princess Charlotte to prince Leopold, 
May 2— riots at Ely and incendiary 
fires, 19— bombardment of Algiers by 
lord Exmouth, Aug. 27— a new silver 
coinage, Oct. 21 — distress and discontent 
of the people ; agitation begins for par- 
liamentary reform, Nov. 15 — Spa-fields 
riot, Dec 2 — petition of the London Cor- 
poration for economy and reform, 9. 

1817. Riots at Leicester, Jan. 27 — the 
prince regent insulted and fired at, 28— 
the Livery of London meet to consider 
the cause of the public distress, 31— the 
" Green Bag " sent down to both houses 
of Parliament, Feb. 3 — numerous peti- 
tions for economy and reform ; the 
prince regent gives up £50,000 a year ; 
the marquis Camden his sinecure, and 
Mr. Ponsonby his pension, 17 — alarming 
•'Reports" presented by the parlia- 
mentary committees, 10 — Habeas Corpus 
Act suspended, March 4 — the Man- 
chester " blanketeers " dispersed on 
their way to London, 11 — the " Sidmouth 
Circular " excites general indignation ; 
the prince regent opens Waterloo Bridge, 
June 18 — lord Amherst returns from 
China, July 30 — treaty with Spain for 
abolition of the slave-trade, Sept. 23— 
death of the princess Charlotte, Nov. 6 
— Strathfieldsaye purchased for the duke 
of Wellington; British subjects forbid- 
den to serve in South America, 28 — 
trials and acquittals of W. Hone for 
libellous parodies, Dec. 18-20— Pindaree 



and Mahrattawars ; Holkar defeated, 21 
—consols advance during the year, from 
64 to 82. 

1818. Tri-centenary of the Reformation 
celebrated in London, Jan. 1— suspension 
of Habeas Corpus Act repealed, 28 — 
Thornton escapes punishment for an 
atrocious murder by demanding the 
" wager of battle," Apr. 16— Bill brought 
in to correct the defect in the law, 20 — 
the regent announces the improved 
state of the country, June 10 — turn-out 
of the Manchester cotton-spinners, Aug. 
15 — numerous forgeries of bank-notes, 
Sept. 11 — death of qu. Charlotte, Nov. 
17— Sir John Leach sent to Milan with 
a commission to inquire into the conduct 
of the princess of Wales. 

1819. Emigration to the Cape of Good 
Hope encouraged ; Sir Manasseh Lopez 
fined and imprisoned for bribery at 
Grampound ; Parga given up to Ali 
Pacha by Sir Thomas Maitland, May 10 
— an ambassador troni Persia arrives, 
24 — unemployed weavers riot at Car- 
lisle, June 1— working classes petition 
for Reform ; Peel's Act passed for the 
resumption of cash payments ; sir Chas. 
Wolseley elected legislatorial attorney 
and representative of Birmingham, July 
7 — indicted at Chester, 15 — proclamation 
against such elections, 30— meeting in 
St. Peter's Field, Manchester, dispersed 
by the yeomanry, the chairman Henry 
Hunt and others arrested, Aug. 16 — 
meetings of counties and cities reprobate 
the proceeding; earl Fitzwilliam pre- 
sides at that in Yorkshire, and is dis- 
missed from the lord-lieutenancy of the 
West Riding, Oct. 23 — Mr. Swan fined 
and imprisoned for bribery at Penryn, 
Nov. 16 — labourers complain of distress 
and petition to be employed in the cul- 
tivation of waste lands, Dec. 30. 

1820. George IV. becomes k. on the 
death of his father, Jan. 29 — the name 
of the qu. omitted in the liturgy, Feb. 
11— Cato Street conspiracy, 23— Hunt 
and the Manchester reformers tried 
and convicted at York, March 16-26 — 
sir F. Burdett found guilty of a libel at 
Leicester, 23— a radical meeting at Bon- 
nymuir, near Glasgow, dispersed, Apr. 1 
— sir C. Wolseley tried at Chester, and 
imprisoned, 11 — Thistlewood and the 
Cato Street conspirators executed, May 
1 — arrival of the qu. from the continent, 
June 6 — coronation of the k. postponed, 
July 7 — proceedings against her com- 
mence, Aug. 19— abandoned, Nov 10 — 
general illumination ; she goes in state 
to St. Paul's to return thanks, 29. 

1821. The k. visits Drury Lane theatre. 



GEO 



357 



GEO 



George IV. — continued. 
Feb. 6— capt. Parry's expedition to the 
Frozen ocean, Apr. 30 — payments in 
specie commence at the bank ; the ex- 
travagance of the public expenditure 
exposed by Mr. Hume, June 27 — coro- 
nation; the qu. excluded, July 19 — the 
k. embarks for Ireland, 31 — death of the 
qu., Aug. 7 — the k. at Dublin, 15 — fune- 
ral of the qu., 19 — the k. leaves Ireland, 
Sept. 5 — arrives in London, 15— embarks 
for Hanover, 24— makes his public en- 
trance there, Oct. 11 — returns, Nov. 8. 

1822. Failure of potato crop in Ire- 
land, and famine, Apr. 2 — complete edi- 
tions of the ancient Histories of Eng- 
land ordered to be printed, July 24 — the 
k. embarks for Scotland, Aug. 10— sui- 
cide of the marquis of Londonderry, 12 
— the k. lands at Leith, 15— returns to 
London, 30— Canning foreign secretary, 
Sept. 16 — panic in the foreign stock 
market, Nov. — the marquis Wellesley, 
lord lieutenant of Ireland, insulted by 
an Orange faction at the Dublin theatre, 
Dec. 14. 

1823. Revived employment of the 
working classes; tranquillity and pros- 
perity; agriculturists still depressed 
call for an "equitable adjustment of con- 
tracts," Jan. 3 — Huskisson president of 
the Board of Trade, 31 — Peel's Currency 
Act comes into operation, May 2 — capt. 
Parry returns, Oct. 29 — the k. presents 
the library of George III. to the British 
Museum. 

1824. Consuls appointed to the South 
American republics, Feb. 3— agricul 
tural produce advances in price ; reduc- 
tion of the duties on silk, March 8 — ge- 
neral abatement of political- asperity in 
England ; the k. and qu. of the Sand- 
wich islands arrive in London, July 14 
— war with the Burmese ; Rangoon taken ; 
Ashantees attack Sierra Leone. 

1825. Speculation in Joint-stock com- 
panies and mining shares, Jan. 11 — state 
lotteries abolished, March 1 — combin- 
ation laws repealed, July 6 — panic in 
the money-market ; shares depreciated ; 
vuin of thousands ; the Bank of Eng- 
land issues one and two pound notes, 
Dec. 8— the Burmese defeated, and Prome 
taken, Dec. 25 — revolt of Bhurtpore, 
treaties of commerce with Columbia and 
Mexico. 

1826. Bhurtpore stormed and the re- 
volt quelled, Jan. 18— charter of the 
London University granted, Feb. 11 — 
the treaty of Yandabu closes the Bur- 
mese war, 26— commercial distrust and 
distress continue, March 1 — riots of un- 
employed weavers to destroy power- 



looms, Apr. 24-May 3 — discretionary 
power granted to release com in bond, 
5 — defeat of the Ashantees, Aug. 7— 
Peel's Acts to reform the criminal law ; * 
a British force sent to Portugal, Dec. 17. 

1827. Commercial confidence restored, 
and prosperity revives ; the duke of 
York d. Jan. 3 — Wellington commander- 
in-chief; illness of the earl of Liverpool, 
Feb. 17 — Canning prime minister, May 
1 — treaty of London for the pacification 
of Greece, July 6— the British at Lisbon 
take no part in the internal affairs of 
Portugal, but resist all foreign inter- 
ference ; death of Canning, Aug. 8 — lord 
Goderich prime minister ; Huskisson 
colonial secretary ; battle of Navarino, 
Oct. 20. 

1828. Resignation of lord Goderich ; 
Wellington minister ; Peel home secre- 
tary; lord Hill commander-in-chief, Jan. 
25 — Test and Corporation Acts repealed, 
Feb. 26 — auxiliary force withdrawn from 
Portugal, March 20 — " sliding-tscale " 
duties on foreign corn ; secession of 
Huskisson, Palmerston and their friends.; 
King's College, London, originated, June 
21 — D. O'Connell elected for Clare, July 
5 — the qu.of Portugal arrives in London, 
Oct. 6— repairs and improvements of 
Windsor Castle completed, Dec. J — the 
ministers desire to settle the Catholic 
question ; recal the marquis of Angle- 
sea for having encouraged agitation. 

1829. Robert Peel resigns his seat for 
Oxford, Feb. 4 — Catholic Relief Act 
passed, Apr. 13 — Catholic lords take 
their seats, 28 — combinations of weavers 
to obtain higher wages by destroying 
work on the looms, Aug. — New Post 
Office opened, Sept. 23. 

1830. The Ministers abandoned by the 
high-church party, are supported by the 
whigs, Feb. 4 — the colonists of Sydney 
petition for a legislative assembly and 
trial by jury, 9 — the k. uses a stamp 
for the sign manual, May 29— d. June 26. 

George V., Frederic Alexander, k. of 
Hanover, son of Ernest Augustus, (duke 
of Cumberland), b. May 27, 1819— blind 
from his youth, succeeds his father on 
the throne, Nov. 18, 1851— visits London, 
with his qu., June 16- July 4, 1853 — by 
order of the Federal Diet annuls all the 
liberal institutions of his kingdom, May 
20, 1855. 

George, duke of Clarence. See Cla- 
rence, George, duke of. 

George von Podiebrad, regent of Bohe- 
mia, 1444— k. 1458-1471. See Bohemia. 

George, natural son of John II., k, of Por- 
tugal, pope Alexander VI. refuses w 
legitimize, 1495. 



GEE 



358 



GSR 



George, prince of Baden, commanding a 
Protestant army, is defeated at Wimp- 
fen, by the imperial gen. Tilly, 1622. 

George, prince of Denmark, son of Fred. 
111., b. 1683 — marries Anne, daughter of 
James, duke of York, July 28, 1683— 
abandons James II., Nov. 26, 1688 — d. at 
Kensington, Oct. 28, 1708. 

George Frederic of Anspach, appointed 
administrator to Frederic Albert, duke 
of Prussia, 1587— d. 1603. 

George William, elector of Brandenburg, 
1619-1640. See Brandenburg. 

George William I., duke of Brunswick 
Wolfenbuttel, 1665-1705. 

G eorge, the patrician gen. of the Greek 
emperor, Leo VI., fails in his attempt 
on Capua, 892. 

George I. and II. See Constantinople, 
patriarchs of, 42 and 96. 

George, the Sicilian admiral. See An- 

TIOCHENUS. 

George of Cappadocia, and George II. 
See Alexandria, bishops of, 21 and 47. 

George of Cyprus. See Gregory II., 
patriarch of Constantinople. 

George of Pisidia, after being present in 
the campaign, celebrates the success of 
Heraclius, 622— addresses his poem on 
the siege of Constantinople to the pa- 
triarch Sergius, 626 — writes his He- 
racliad, 628. 

George of Trebizond, translator of the 
Greek Fathers into Latin, d. 1486. 

Georges, arrested on a charge of conspi- 
racy with Pichegru and Moreau, 1804. 

Georgia, the ancient Iberia, conquered by 
Alp Arslan, 1068 — by Batou and the Gold- 
en Horde, 1235— by Tiraour, 1386— by 
Ismail, son of Persia, 1519 — by the 
Turks. 1590 — ceded to Persia, 1618— 
seeks the protection of Russia, 1733 — 
incorporated with Russia, 1801. 

Georgia, in America, colonized by James 
Oglethorpe, 1732 — joins the N. American 
Union, 1783. 

Gkorgium Sidus, or Uranus, discovered 
by W. Herschel, March 13, 1781 — two 
satellites discovered, 1787 — four more, 
1789. 

GepidjE, a Gothic tribe, occupy part of the 
former possessions of the Huns, north of 
the Danube, 505 — defeated by the Longo- 
bardi, 550— apply to Justin II., for as- 
sistance against them, which he refuses, 
566 — conquered by their king, Alboin, 
567 — succeeded in Pannonia by the 
Avars. 568. 

Gerace, in Calabria — see Barlaam — 
taken by the Sicilians, 1291. 

Geraint, a British chieftain, defeated bv 
Ina, k. of Wessex, 710. 

Gerald, Joseph, one of the persecuted re- 



formers, sentenced to 14 years' trans* 
portation, 1794— d. in exile, 1796. 

Gerard, count d' Avesnes, first grand mas* 
ter or provost of the Knights Hospital- 
lers, 1099. 

Gerard, count of Holstein, regent of Den- 
mark for the young k., Waldemar III., 
1329— exercises a disputed power, 1334 — 
d. 1340. 

Gerard VII., duke of Holstein and Schlet- 
wig, d. 1404. 

Gerard, duke of Lorraine, 1048-1070. 

Gerakd, Balthazar. See Delft. 

Gerard, French general, and afterwards 
marshal, b. 1773 — with a French army 
invests the citadel of Antwerp, Nov. 15, 
1832— takes it, Dec. 23 — appointed to the 
ministry, July 15, 1834— displaced, Oct. 
29— d. 1852. 

Gerberoi, besieged by William I. of Eng- 
land, who is wounded there, 1079. 

Gerbert of Aurillac, tutor to Robert, son 
of Hugh Capet, and to Otho III., 984— 
appointed archbp. of Rheims ; intro- 
duces the use of Arabian numbers, 
which he learned at Cordova,991 — main- 
tained in his see by Hugh Capet against 
pope John XV., 994: — deserted by him, 
and deposed by the council of Mouson ; 
received in Germany by Otho HI., 995 — 
appointed archbp. of Ravenna, 998 — 
elected pope, as Silvester II., 999— 
founds a school at Bobbio, cultivates 
mathematics and astronomy, and endea- 
vours to revive learning, for which he 
is accused of magic and necromancy, 
1002— d. May 11, 1003. 

Gerizim, the sacred mount of Samaria, 
and rival of Jerusalem ; the conflicting 
claims of their temples referred to Pto- 
lemy Philometor, B.C. 150. 

Germaine, lord George. See Sackville, 
lord George. — Intimates to the House of 
Commons that the cabinet had abandoned 
the idea of subduing the Americans, 
Dec. 14, 1781. 

German language substituted for Latin 
in the services of the church, by the 
emperor Joseph II., 1786. 

German art and industry. See Ber- 
lin. 

German emigrants, during the wars of 
Charlemagne settle in the Eastern em- 
pire, 772-802 — found Hermanstadt, in 
Transylvania, 1002— more are invited by 
Beisa II., k. of Hungary, to join the 
former colony, 1143 — many are driven 
by distress to Russia and the U. S., 1829. 
German literature excites attention in 

England, 1796. 
German Liturgy, by Luther, published, 
1526. For his versions of the Scrip- 
tures, see Bible. 



GEE 



359 



GER 



German officers, many arrive to assist 
the Greeks, 1827. 

German parliament. See Frankfort 
and Erfurt. 

German ports. See Blockade. 

Gkrman Town, battle of; the Americans 
defeated by gen. Burgoyne, Oct. 3, 1777 

Germanicus, Csesar, son of Nero Claudius 
Drusus, adopted by Tiberius, at the 
command of Augustus, whose grand- 
daughter, Agrippina, he marries, 4 — 
sent into Germany to quell the revolted 
provinces, 7 — again, to assist Tiberius, 
11 — left by him to continue the war; 
consul of Rome, 12. See Caligula. — 
Quiets the mutinous legions of Ger- 
many, and is successful against Armi- 
nius, 15 — gains still more decisive vic- 
tories, and is recalled to Rome, 16 — 
received with enthusiasm by the people, 
has a triumph, and is sent to the East, 17 
— subdues Armenia, 18 — visits Egypt— 
d., supposed to have been poisoned by 
order of Tiberius, at Antioch, Oct. 9, 
19 — his ashes brought to Rome by 
Agrippina, 20. 

Germanicus, Caius Caesar Augustus, the 
name under which the emperor Caligula 
serves the office of consul II. 39 ; III. 40; 
IV. 41. See Caligula. 

Germanicus, the name assumed by Domi- 
tian, 83 ; and by Caracalla, 213. 

Germano, S., battle of; pope Innocent II. 
surprised by Roger, duke of Apulia; his 
army put to flight, and he himself taken 
prisoner, July 22, 1139. 

Germans, a general name for the Gothic 
and other tribes between the Rhine and 
the Danube, supposed to have been first 
mentioned in the Capitoline record of 
the battle of Clastidium, B.C. 222 ; many 
of them unite in a Teutonic league, and 
join the Keltic Cumrhi, advance into 
Illyrium and defeat the Romans, 113 — 
invade Gaul, and conquer again, 105— 
penetrate into Spain, 104 ; are repelled, 
103 — totally defeated by Marius, 102 — 
the Suevi attack Gaul, 71 — are driven 
out by Caesar, 57 — he crosses the Rhine 
against the Usipeti and Tencteri, 55 — 
against the Suevi, 53 — Drusus reaches 
the island of the Batavi, 12. See Ba- 
tavi, Drusus, and Germanicus. — M. 
Vinicius attacked by the Bructeri, Si- 
cambri, and Cherusci, a.d. 1 — Tiberius 
takes the command, 4 — Hermann cuts the 
legions of Quintilius Varus to pieces, 9 — 
his progress checked by Nonius Aspre- 
nas, 10 — death of Hermann, 17 — Marbod 
surrenders, 19 — expedition of Caligula, 
40— Paullinus Pompeius embanks the 
lower Rhine, where the province of Ger- 
mania Inferior is formed, 55 — war be- 



tween the Catti and Hermanduri for 
some salt springs, 58. See Catti. — 
Hadrian begins his survey, 120 — war 
with the Marcomanni, 167. See Mab<x>- 
manni. — Their encroachments on the 
northern frontier of the empire checked 
by M. Aurelius, 178 ; by Alexander Se- 
verus, 234 ; by Maximin, 236. See Al- 
lemanni.— Union of the Franks, 240 — See 
Franks and Carpi. — Repelled byProbus, 
277. See Burgundians. All the tribes 
in an unsettled state, wanting to break 
into the Roman empire, and quarrelling 
among themselves ; the Saxons begin 
piratical courses, 294. See Saxons. — 
Are carefully watched by Constantine, 
319 — invaded by Julian, 357. See Ju- 
lian, emperor. — Valentinian penetrates 
as far as Wisbaden, 371. See Quadi. — 
Great irruption of the tribes into Gaul, 
406. See Burgundians, Franks, Suevi, 
Vandals, and Alani. — These emigra- 
tions leave room for other tribes to 
advance from the East, for whom see 
Gf.rmany. 

Germanus, the patrician, nephew of Jus- 
tinian I., marries Mathasuintha, widow 
of Vitiges, and grand-daughter of Theo- 
doric the Ostrogoth, 548 — appointed to 
command the army in Italy— d. on his 
march, at Sardica, 550. 

Germanus, the son, after refusing the 
imperial diadem, put to death by Phocas, 
602. 

Germanus I., patriarch of Constantinople, 
715 — resists the edict of Leo HI. against 
the worship of images, 727 — is deposed 
by him, 730. 

Germanus II. and III. See Constantin- 
ople, patriarchs of. 

Germanus, of Antisiodorus(Auxerre), sent 
by Caelestin to convert Agricola from 
Pelagianism, 429. 

Germany. See Germans.— In the northern 
part of the country now so called, the 
Saxons occupy new lands, as far as the 
river Lippe ; their maritime adventurers 
settle in Britain, 408-449. See Saxons. 
— The southern part overrun by the 
Huns, 433. See Huns and Attila. — 
Frisians form an independent maritime 
state between the Rhine and Elbe. See 
Friesland. — Promiscuous bands, called 
Heervolk or Heruli, are collected from time 
to time ; one of them, under Odoacer, 
overthrows the Western empire, 476. 
See Heruli. — The Thuringians tribu- 
tary to Clovis, 491. See Thuringians. 
— He conquers the Allemanni, 497 — after 
his death, their lands constitute the 
kingdom of Austrasia, 511. See Aus- 
trasia. — The Gepidae settle in part of 
the lands from which the Huns are 



GER 



360 



GER 



G ermany — continued. 
expelled, 505. See Gbpid^e. — The Longo- 
hardi obtain Pannonia and Noricum. See 
Lombards. — The Slavonians enter the 
eastern part, 623. See Slavonians. — 
Bavaria becomes independent. See Ba- 
varia. — The Anglo-Saxon missionary, 
Wilbrord, preaches Christianity, 690— 
the Obotrites first appear, 690.. See 
Obotrites. — Boniface preaches, 715-755. 
See Boniface. — "Victories of Carloman 
and Pepin, 745— empire of Charlemagne, 
771-814. See Charlemagne.— Of Louis 
I., 814-840. At his death, Germany be- 
comes a distinct state, and is given to 
his son, Lonis ; a regular succession of 
sovereigns begins. See the events of 
their reigns, under their respective 
names. 
Louis, 840— 876 ; at his death, Bavaria 

and East France form two detached 

stfitps 
Lonis II., of Saxony, 876 -882. 
Charles III., the Fat, 882; reunites all 

Germany ; deposed, 887. 
Arnulf, the first elected k. of Germany. 

887—889. 
Louis III., 899, last of the German Car- 

lovingians, d. 911. 
Conrad, count of Franconia, 911 — 918. 

House of Saxony. 
F.enry, the Fowler, 918—936. 

tho I., the Great, 936 ; first emperor, 

crowned by the pope, 962 — d. 973. 
3tho II., 973—983. 
Otho III., 983—1002. 



Henry II., duke of Bavaria, 1002-1024. 

House of Franconia. 
Conrad II., 1024—1039. 
Henry III., 1039—1056. 
Henry IV., 1056 — contest with the pope, 

1075— d. 1106. 
Henry V., 1106—1125. 

Lothaire II., duke of Saxony, 1125-1138. 
House of Hohenstaufen. 

Conrad III., duke of Franconia, 1138— 
contest with the Guelfs of Bavaria, 
1140-d. 1152. 

Frederic I., Barbarossa, 1152-1190. 

Henry VI., 1190-1197. 

Philip, duke of Swabia, and Otho of 
Brunswick, contend for the crown; 
Philip acknowledged, 1207 — assassin- 
ated, 1208. 

Otho IV., 1208— expelled, 1215— d. 1218. 

Frederic II., 1215—1250. 

Conrad IV., 1250—1254. 

William, count of Holland, 1254—1256. 
Richard, earl of Cornwall, 1257—1271 
See Alfonso X., k. of Castile. 



• House of Habsburg. 
Rudolf I., 1273-1292 
Adolphus of Nassau, elected in opposi- 
tion to Albert of Austria, 1292— falls 

in battle, 1298. 
Albert I., 1298—1308. 
Henry VII., count of Luxemburg, 1308 

—1314. 
Louis IV., duke of Bavaria, elected, 

1314 — opposed by Albert's son, Fre- 
deric ; gains the ascendancy, 1322— d. 

1347. 
Frederic III., elected, 1314 — maintains 

his title till he is defeated and made 

prisoner, 1322— d. 1329. 
Charles IV., marquis of Moravia, 1347 — 

promulgates the Golden Bull, 1356 — 

d. 1378. 
Wenceslas, 1378 — deposed, 1400. 
Frederic of Brunswick, elected, 1400 — 

d. in four months. 
Rupert, count Palatine, 1400—1410. 
Sigismund, k. of Hungary, 1410 — revolt 

of the Hussites, 1416— d. 1437. 
Albert II., 1437; the greatness of the 

house of Habsburg begins — d. 1440. 
Frederic IV., 1440—1493. 
Maximilian I., 1493, the imperial title 

henceforth conferred by the electors — 

commencement of the Reformation, 

1517— d. 1519. 
Charles V., k. of Spain, 1519— war with 

the Protestants, 1546-1552 — retires, 

1556— d. 1558. 
Ferdinand I., 1558—1564. 
Maximilian II., 1564—1576. 
Rudolf II., 1576—1612. 
Matthias, k. of Hungary and Bohemia, 

1612 — commencement of the Thirty 

Years' war, 1618 -d. 1819. 
Ferdinand II., 1619 — the Protestants, 

supported by Gustavus Adolphus of 

Sweden, 1630; and by Louis XIII., of 

France, 1635— d. 1637. 
Ferdinand HI., 1637 — victories of the 

Swedes, 1639-1646. See Christina, 

qu. of Sweden. — Peace of Westphalia, 

1648— d. 1657. 
Leopold I., 1658— Turkish war, Vienna 

besieged, 1683 — Spanish Succession 

war, 1701— d. 1705. 
Joseph I., 1705— 1711. 
Charles VI., 1711— Pragmatic Sanction, 

1713 — d. 1740. War against Maria 

Theresa, 1741. 
Charles VII., of Bavaria, 1742—1745. 
Francis I.,, husband of Maria Theresa, 

1745 — Seven Years' War, 1756. See 

Frederic II., k. of Prussia— d. 1765. 
Joseph II., 1765—1790. 
Leopold II., 1790— 1792. 
Francis II., 1792. Wars with France 

till 1815. Dissolution of the German 



GET 



361 



GHI 



empire, 1804. See Austria, French 
Revolution, and Napoleon I. 
Confederation of the Rhine, 1806. 
Germany, maritime, from Holland to the 
Elbe, added to the French empire, Dec. 
13, 1810 — new German confederation, 
1815. 

commercial union, or Zollverein, of 

the central states, under the guidance of 
Prussia, 1829. 

constitutional changes, in Saxony, 

Brunswick, Hesse Cassel, and elsewhere, 
1830 — cholera breaks out in northern 
Germany, 1831 — attempt to revive the 
German empire, 1848-9. See Franc- 
fort on the Maine. 

Gerona. See Girona. 

Gerontius revolts in Spain ; proclaims 
JVtaxiraus, and advances into Gaul to 
attack Constantine,409 — makes Constans 
prisoner, and puts him to death; be- 
sieges Constantine in Aries, where he 
is put to flight by Constantius; de- 
serted by his soldiers, commits suicide, 
411. 

Gkrson, chancellor of the university of 
Paris, proposes a general council to ter- 
minate the schism of the church, 1406 ; 
and to reform its abuses, 1412 — d. 1429 — 
his proposed reforms laid before the 
council of Basle, 1431. 

Gertruydenburg, conferences held at, for 
peace with France, March 11 — July 20, 
1710— without effeot. 

Gerundensis. See Biclarensis. 

Gesenius, Wm, oriental professor in 
GSttingen, b. 1786— d. 1842. 

Gesner, Solomon, b. 1730— d. 1788. 

Gessler, the bailiff of Albert I., of Ger- 
many, oppresses the Swiss, 1304 — killed 
by William Tell, 1307. 

G ersner, Conrad, the naturalist of Zurich, 
b. 1516— d. 1565. 

Gesso riacum. See Boulogne. 

Geta, Cn. Hosidius, quells a revolt in Mau- 
ritania, 42. 

Geta, a Roman knight of Leptis in Africa, 
father of the emperor Sept. Severus, 146. 

Geta, P. Septimius, son of Sept. Severus, 
b. 189 — created Caesar, 198 — instructed 
by the sophist, Antipater, 199 — made 
consul, 205— accompanies his father to 
Britain; consul II., 208— Augustus, 209 
— becomes emperor, 211 — murdered by 
his brother, Caracalla, 212. 

Geta, C. Licinius, consul of Rome, B.C. 116. 

Geta, P. Sept., brother of Sept. Severus, 
consul of Rome, 203. 

Gkt.e. See Goths. 

Getes, the, or Desht-Jitteh, an Asiatic 
people north of lake Aral, manifest their 
jealousy of Timour, 1362 — his first cam- 
paign against them in Maveralnaher, 



1363— defeated by him, 1368 — invade 
Maveralnaher, but retire on his ap- 
proach, 1370. 

Geusen (from Guevx, beggars), a name 
given to the Protestants in the Nether- 
lands when they first take up arms, 1566. 
See Watergeusen. 

Ghent, plundered by the Danes, 851. See 
Artevelde, James Van. Receives pri- 
vileges from Edward III. of England, as 
vicar of the empire, 1338. See Flan- 
ders and Gaunt. — Revolts againt Chas. 
V., 1539 — suppressed, and the citizens 
deprived of their privileges, 1540 — re- 
sists the duke of Parma, viceroy of 
Spain, 1579 — surprised by the French, 
July 5, 1708 — recovered by the allies, 
Dec. 30 — peace conclnded at, between 
Great Britain and the U.S., Dec. 24, 1814— 
Louis XVIII. retires to, from Paris, Mar. 
19, 1815 — the archbp. claims for the Bel- 
gian prelates the general direction of 
education ; is deposed by the king, and 
retires into France, 1817 — railway to Os- 
tend opened, Sept. 2, 1838. 

Gherardeschi, count Ugolino de, is de- 
posed at Pisa, and starved to death in a 
dungeon, with two of his sons and three 
grandsons, 1282. 

Ghibeltns, the imperial party, opposed to 
the papal or Guelfs, originate in the re- 
sistance of Henry V. to pope Pascal II.'s 
claim of investing the German bishops, 
and in his appointment of the anti- 
pope, Gregory VIII., 1118— the strife be- 
comes more vehement from the opposi- 
tion of Henry Guelf, duke of Bavaria, to 
the election of the emperor Conrad III, 

- whose partisans take the name of Ghibe- 
lins (Wibelinger), from his castle of 
Wiblingen, 1138. See Guelfs. — Their 
quarrel extends to Italy, when ages of 
discord follow ; they support Philip of 
Swabia against Otho of Brunswick, 1198 
— they expel the Guelfs from Ferrara, 
1209 — make peace in Florence with the 
Guelfs, 1250— supported in Lombardy by 
Eccelino da Romano and Uberto Pela- 
vicino, 1251-1259 — with the assistance 
of Manfred, gain possession of Florence, 
1260 — Lucca joins their league in Tus- 
cany, 1262 — invite Conradin, who enters 
Italy with an army, 1267 — they are sup- 
ported in Genoa by the families Doria 
and Spinola, 1270. See Fori J. — Expelled 
from Gubbio by Cardinal Napoleone Or- 
sino, 300. See Ferrara. — Maintain their 
struggle at Pisa, Lucca, and other places, 
1314. See Genoa. — Defeat an army sent 
against them by Robert, k. of Naples, at 
Andoria,1321 — conference of their leaders 
and Louis of Bavaria at Trent, 1327 — 
death of two of th-jir leaders Sciarru 



GIB 



362 



^10 



Colonna and Castruccio of Lucca, 1328 
— Louis of Bavaria alienates the princi- 
pal, 1329 — John, k. of Bohemia, recalls 
the banished Ghibelins to Brescia, and 
reconciles the two factions, 1331 — John 
Palseologus, marquis of Montferrat, re* 
stores the expelled Ghibelins to Asti, 
1339— the factions revive, 1403— expire 
soon afterwards. 

Ghislieri, Michele, cardinal, elected pope, 
1566. See Pius V. 

Ghuznee. See Gaznah, or Ghizni. — 
Taken by Sir J. Keane, July 23, 1839— 
evacuated by the British, Mar. 6— re- 
covered by general Nott, Sept. 6, 1842. 

Giafar, Ben Hafsun— see Calib— escapes 
from Toledo and forms a league with the 
Christians of Leon against Abdeiahman 
III., 927— plunders Talavera, 928. 

Gian, Galeazzo. See Visconte. 

Gian, Maria. See Visconte. 

Gibbon, Edward,&. 1737— publishes thefirst 
vol. in 4to. of his " Decline and Fall of 
the Roman Empire," 1776 — completes 
the work, June 27, 1787— d. 1794. 

Gibbons, Orlando, b. 1583— composer of ma- 
drigals and church music, 1618— d. 1625. 

Gibbs, Sir Vicary, b. 1751 — in conjunction 
with Erskine, defends the parties ac- 
cused of constructive treason, 1794 — at- 
torney general, 1807— chief justice of the 
Court of Common Pleas, Feb. 24, 1814 — 
resigns, 1818— d. 1820. 

Gibbus, or Scytha, Johannes, conducts 
the war successfully, for the emperor 
Anastasius I., against Longinus, 493. 

Gibraltar, Gebel al Tarik, the mountain 
of Tarik, where he lands in Spain, 711 — 
fortified by Abdelmumen, 1160. See Al- 
haug Yahix.— Taken by Ferdinand IV. 
of Castile, 1308— retaken by the Moors, 
1332 — besieged by Alfonso XI. of Castile 
— M uhamad relieves it, 1333 — he renews 
the siege, and d. of the plague in his 
camp before it, March 26, 1350 — taken 
from the Moors by the duke of Medina 
Sidonia, 1462 — surrenders to sir George 
Rooke, July 22, 1704— is besieged by the 
French and Spaniards, Oct. 22— the siege 
raised by the English fleet, March 10, 
1705 — besieged by the Spaniards, 1727 — 
the siege raised, April 23, 1728 — besieged 
by the French and Spaniards, Aug. 1779 
— relieved by Rodney, Jan. 1780 — by 
Darby. 1781— successfully defended by 
general Eliott and sir R. Curtis against 
the grand attack, Sept. 13,1782 — the siege 
raised, 1783. 

Gibson, Dr. Edmund, bp. of Lincoln, Dec. 
17, 1715 — (bp. of London) orders Dr. 
Mead's new edition of " Christianismi 
Restitutio" to be burnt, May 29, 1723. 

Gibson, J., sculptor, b. 1790. 



Gideon, judge of Israel, conquers the Mi- 
dianites, B.C. 1245 (1351 II., 1354 C.) 

Giessen, the university of, founded, 1607 — 
the French retire to, after the battle of 
Minden, 1759. 

Gifford, Dr., the Romish bp., appointed 
president of Magdalen College by James 
I., Dec. 31, 1687. 

Gifford, sir Robert, attorney general, 1819 
— opens the case against qu. Caroline, 
Aug. 19, 1820— calls the witness Ma- 
jocchi, 21— replies, Sept. 27— created a 
peer, and appointed master of the Rolls, 
April 1, 1824. 

Gifford, John, b. 1758 — editor of the Anti- 
Jacobin Review, 1806— d. 1818. 

Gifford, William, editor of the Quarterly 
Review, b. 1755— d. 1826. 

Gijon, taken by Pelayo, 719, the fruit of 
his first victory over the Saracens — a 
Spanish deputation arrives from, to re- 
quest the assistance of Great Britain 
against the aggressions of France, May 
30, 1808. 

Gilberga, widow of Carloman, and her 
two infant sons, seek the protection of 
Desiderius, k. of Lombardy, 771^ they 
are sent to France by Charlemagne, and 
are never again heard of, 774. 

Gilbert, earl of Pembroke, favourite of 
Henry III. 1240. 

Gilbert, makes the first attempt to found 
a colony in Virginia, 1578. 

Gilbert, Dr. Wm., of Colchester, more 
clearly ascertains the nature and power 
of electricity, 1600— d. 1603. 

Gilbert, Mr. Davies, b. 1767— elected pre- 
sident of the Royal Society, 1827 — d. 
1839. 

Gilbert's Act for the management of work- 
houses passed, 1782. 

Gil Blas. See Le Sage. 

Gildas, historian, b. 516 — d. 570. 

Gildo, the brother of Firmus, oppresses 
Africa, 386— revolts, and by stopping the 
supply of corn, causes a famine in Rome, 
397 - defeated by his brother, Mascezel, 
398. 

Gildonio war. See Claudian. 

Gillies, Dr., b. 1746— d. 1836. 

Gilling, or Ingethlingum, Oswin, titular 
k. of Deira, murdered at. by Oswy, k. of 
Northumberland, 650. 

Gilly, Dr., b. 1789— d. 1855. 

Ginkel, general. See Aughrim and Ath- 
lone, earl of. 

Gioja, Flavio. See Compass, The Ma- 
riners'. 

Giordano, Luca, b. 1629— d. 1705. 

Giorgio, Marino, doge of Venice, 1311- 
1312. 

Giotto, b. 1276— the first painter of por- 
1 traits from life, fl. 1318-d. 1336. 



GIZ 



363 



OLA 



Giovanni, Gastone (John Gaston), the last 
of the Medici, second son of Cosmo III., 
grand duke of Tuscany, succeeds his fa- 
thei - , 1723—d. 1737, when his states are 
given to Francis Stephen, duke of Lor- 
raine, husband of Maria Theresa. 

Giovanni of Vicenza, the friar, preaches 
peace among the cities and states of 
Italy ; assembles their deputies on a 
plain near Verona, where a treaty of con- 
cord is signed, which lasts only six days, 
1233. 

Giraro, the French gen., defeated by gen. 
Hill at Arroyo del Molino, near Merida, 
Oct. 28, 1811 — killed in the battle of 
Ligny, June 16, 1815. 

Girona, or Gerona, surrendered to Charle- 
magne, 785 — recovered by the Saracens, 
793 — again taken from them, 796 — con- 
quered by the generals of Charlemagne, 
800 — taken by Philip III. of France, and 
recovered by Peter of Aragon, 1285 — 
surrendered to the French, Jan. 31, 1711 
— Ferdinand VII. arrives there, March 
24, 1814. 

Giromde, the department of the, revolts, 
June, 1793. 

Girondists, enter on office in France, Apr. 
1792 — are dismissed, in June ; recalled, 
Aug. 14 — fail in their attempt to restrain 
the Jacobins, Sept, — overpowered by 
them, June, 1793 — Brissot and others are 
executed, Oct. 31. 

Gisborne, the rev. T., b. 1759— d. 1846. 

Giselbert, duke of Burgundy, 923-938. 
See Burgundy. 

Giselich, natural son of Alaric II., pro- 
claimed k. of the Visigoths, 507. See 
Amalarich. — Withdraws into Africa, 
509— d. 510. 

Gisolfo II., duke of Beneventum, invades 
Campania, 702. 

Gisors, the disputed castle of, in Norman- 
dy, causes war between England and 
France, 1109— interview of Henry I. of 
England with pope Callistus II., at, 1119 
— battle of; Richard I. defeats the French, 
1198. See Dieu et mon Droit. 

Githa, sister of the jarl Ulf, married to 
earl Godwin, 1024. 

Giuliano, consul of Venice, 740. 

Giuliano. See Julian de' Medici. 

Giulio. See Julius de' Medici. 

Giurgevo, threatened by the Austrians, 
1790— the Russians fail in an attempt to 
storm the Turkish camp at, July 23, 1854. 

Giustiniani, M. Ant., doge of Venice, 1684 
-1688. 

Givet, destruction of the French maga- 
zines at, by the earl of Athlone and the 
Dutch general, Coehorn, 1696. 

Gizzi, cardinal, appointed secretary of 
state by pope Pius IX., 1846. 



Glaber, of Clugny, writes his Chronicle 
1033— d. 1048. 

Glabrio, Jun., consul of Rome, 152. 

Glabrio, consul of Rome, 256. 

Glabrio, Man. Acilius, consul of Rome, 
defeats Antiochus at Thermopylae, B.C. 
191. 

Glabrio, M. Acilius, consul of Rome ; his 
appointment to command the army of 
the East causes a mutiny, b.c. 67 — other 
consuls of the same name, a.d. 91, 124, 
186 II. 

Gladiators introduced at Rome, by M. 
and D. Brutus, B.C. 264 — the emperor 
Commodus exhibits among them, a.d. 
187— their combats prohibited by Con- 
stantine I., but not suppressed, 325 — ex- 
hibited for the last time by Houorius, 
404. 

Gladsmuir, or Prestonpans, battle of; 
sir John Cope defeated by the Young 
Pretender, Sept. 21, 1745. 

Gladstone, W. E., 5. 1809— retires from 
the Board of Trade, Feb. 14, 1845— be- 
comes colonial secretary, Dec. 20 — as 
chancellor of the exchequer is reseated 
for the university of Oxford, Jan. 26, 1853 
— proposes to double the income tax, 
March 6, 1854— withdraws from the Pal- 
merstou ministry, Feb. 22, 1855. 

Glanville, Rainulfus de, chief justice, 
1180. 

Glaris, joins the Swiss confederation, 1352 
— contest with Zurich for the county of 
Toggenburg, 1436— a canton, under the 
new federative compact, 1814. 

Glasgow, university of, founded, 1454 — 
made an archbishopric, 1491 — abolished, 
1638 — tumults at, on account of the malt* 
tax, June 25, 1725 — riots against the pro- 
posed tax on raw cotton, 1811 — larg6 
meeting of the working classes to peti- 
tion for reform, 1819 — public dinner to 
the earl of Durham, Oct. 29, 1834— sir 
Robert Peel rector of the university, 
Nov. 16, 1836 — British Association meets 
at, 1840— railway to Ayr, Aug. 12, 1840; 
to Greenock, March 31, 1841 ; from Edin- 
burgh, Feb. 8, 1842— statue of the duke 
of Wellington erected, 1844— railway to 
Garnkirk, July, 1845 — tumult in, March, 
1848 — Lord Eglintoun, lord rector of the 
university, Nov. 30, 1852— inauguration 
of the queen's statue, Sept. 6, 1854 — the 
British Association meets at, Sept. 12, 
1855. 

Glass, introduced into England by Bene- 
dict Biscop, 676 — the manufacture 
brought from Venice, 1673. See Buck- 
ingham, duke of. — Glass lamps used in 
the streets of London, 1736. 

Glastonbury, the minster founded by Ina, 
k. of Wessex, 718. See Dunstan. — Tu- 



GLO 



364 



GLY 



mults in the abbey, 1083— town and I 
abbey burnt, 1184. 

Glatz taken by Laudohn, 1760. 

Glaucia, Servilius, disturbs Rome, with. 
Saturninus Apuleius, by their factious 
violence, B.C. 100. 

Glaucides, Athenian archon, B.C. 439. 

Glaucippus, Athenian archon, B.C. 410. 

Glaucus of Chios introduces welding or 
soldering of iron, B.C. 691. 

Glencoe, massacre of the Macdonalds at, 
Feb., 1692 — inquiry into the massacre 
by the Scotch parliament, 1695. 

Glendoweb, Owen, revolts in Wales, 1401 
— enters into a conspiracy to place Mor- 
timer, earl of March, on the throne; 
the conspiracy defeated at the battle of 
Shrewsbury, July 21, 1403— defeated by 
Henry, prince of Wales, at Monmouth, 
May 11 — still maintains himself in his 
mountain retreats, 1405— d. at Monning- 
ton, in Herefordshire, Sept. 20, 1415. 

Glevum. See Gloucester. 

Globe Theatre, in Southwark. See Dra- 
ma and Shakspear. 

Glossators, early Italian jurists, assert 
the imperial jurisdiction at the Diet of 
Roncaglia, 1158. 

Gloucester, the Glevum of Roman times, 
and an early Colonia, taken by Ceawlin, 
k. of Wessex, 577— Edwy and his qu., 
Elgiva, d. there, 959 — the bishopric 
founded, by Henry VIII., 1541— besieg- 
ed by Chas. I.; defended by col. Massey, 
and relieved by Essex, Sept. 6, 1643— the 
walls of, destroyed, by order of Chas. II., 
1662 — Sunday schools originated at, by 
Robert Raikes, 1781— railway from Bir- 
mingham, Sept. 17, 1840— from Bristol, 
July, 1844— to Chepstow, Sept. 1851. 

Gloucester, Robert, earl of, a natural son 
of Henry I., supports the claim of his 
Bister, Matilda, to the crown, 1139— taken 
prisoner by Stephen's partisans, is re- 
leased in exchange for him, 1141 — brings 
her son, Henry, from Normandy, and de- 
feats Stephen at Wilton, 1143— d. Oct. 
31, 1146. 

Gloucester, Richard, earl of, confederates 
with Simon de Montfort, earl of Leices- 
ter, 1258— supports Henry III., and d. 
soon after, 1263. 

Gloucester, Gilbert, earl of, son of Rich- 
ard, engages in Leicester's views, 1263 
— takes the k. of the Romans prisoner 
at the battle of Lewes, 1264 — assists the 
escape of prince Edward, and joins the 
royal party, 1265— rebels again, submits, 
and is pardoned, 1267— accompanies Ed- 
ward to the Holy Land, 1270— marries 
his daughter, Joanna of Acre, 1287— is 
fined by him for trespassing on the lands 
of Bohun, ca*. of Hereford, 1291. 



Gloucester, earl of, son of Gilbert, and 
nephew of Edw. II., slain in the battle 
of Bannockburn, 1314. 

Gloucester, Humphrey, duke of. See 
Humphrey, duke of Gloucester. 

Gloucester, Thomas, duke of, youngest 
son of Edw. III., b. 1358 — receives his 
title from his nephew, Richard II., and 
the command of the army in France ; 
marches at the head of 10,000 men from 
Calais to Britanny ; the duke of Bur- 
gundy avoids a battle, 1380 — induces the 
parliament to appoint a commission of 
fourteen persons to execute the sove- 
reign power in the kingdom for a year, 
1386 — accuses the king's friends and mi- 
nisters of treason, and compels them to 
flight, 1387— violent proceedings of his 
party, 1388— he is excluded from the 
council, 1389— arrested on a charge of 
high treason, and sent to Calais, where 
he dies suddenly, 1397. 

Gloucester, Richard, duke of. See Rich- 
ard III., k. of England. 

Gloucester, Henry, duke of, youngest son 
of Chas. I., h. 1641 — confined in Caris- 
brooke Castle, 1649— sent by Cromwell 
to France, 1653— £5000 voted to him by 
parliament, 1660— d. of the small-pox, 
1661. 

Gloucester, William Frederic, (after- 
wards) duke of, son of Wm. Henry, duke 
of Gloucester, b. Jan. 15, 1776— elected 
chancellor of Cambridge, Mar. 26, 1811 
— marries his cousin, the princess Mary, 
July 22, 1816— d. Nov. 13, 1834. 

Gloucester, William Henry, (afterwards) 
duke of, third son of Frederic Louis, 
prince of Wales, b. Nov. 14, 1743 — mar- 
ries lady Waldegrave, Sept. 6, 1766— the 
marriage publicly declared, Sept. 17, 
1772 — received at court for the first 
time after, June 15, 1780— d. Aug. 25, 
1805. 

Gloucester, the duchess of. See Hum- 
phrey, duke of. 

Gloucester, duchess of. See Mary, fourth 
daughter of Geo. III. 

Gloucestershire. See Doddridge. 

Glover, Richard, b, 1712— d. 1785. 

Gluck, Christopher, musical composer, b. 
1714— d. 1787.' 

Glucksburo Schleswig Holstein, Chris- 
tian, duke of, recognized by treaty as 
presumptive heir to the crown of Den- 
mark, May 8, 1852. 

Gluckstadt repels Wallenstein, 1627 — su- 
preme court of justice established at, 
for Holstein and Schleswig, 1752. 

Glycerius, appointed emperor of the West, 
pays Widimir, the Ostrogoth, to retire 
from his invasion of Italy, 473 — resigns, 
and is made bp. of Salona, 474— a!. 480. 




GOD 



365 



GOU 



Glycon, Olympic victor, B.C. 588. 

Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb, a German na- 
turalist, b. 1743 — murdered in Tartary, 
1774. 

Gmelin, professor John Frederic, b. 1748 
— d. 1805. 

Gneisenau, Von, Prussian general in the 
campaigns of 1813-14. 

Gnesna. the archbishopric of, in Poland, 
founded by Otho III., 1000. 

Gnostics, the general name of the Greek 
converts who adapt their Christianity 
to their philosophy, 67— their doctrines 
taught by Saturninus, 111 — by Basilides, 
at Alexandria, 134 — by Valentine, at 
Rome, 140 — veiy prevalent in the East, 
150. 

Goa conquered by the Portuguese, 1510. 

Godegesil. See Gundibald. 

Godehen replaces Dupleix as French go- 
vernor in India, and concludes a provisi- 
onal treaty with the English at Pondi- 
cherry, Dec. 26, 1754. 

Goderich, viscount. See Robinson, Fre- 
deric. — Colonial secretary in Canning's 
administration, Apr. 1827— prime minis- 
ter, Aug. 17 ; resigns, Jan. 1828 — colonial 
secretary in lord Grey's cabinet, Nov. 22, 
1830. See Ripon, earl of. 

Godescalc, duke of Beneventum, mur- 
dered by his people, 742. 

Godfrey, k. of South Jutland, attacks the 
Obotrites and burns Rerich, 804— con- 
structs the first Danawerk on the Eyder, 
808 — slain by his own people during a 
maritime expedition against Friesland. 
810. 

Godfrey of Bouillon, son of Eustace, earl 
of Boulogne, and Ida, sister of Godfrey 
IV., duke of Lower Lorraine, receives 
Antwerp from the emperor Henry IV., 
1076— mortally wounds the rival empe- 
ror Rudolf, in the battle of Zeiz, Oct. 
15, 1080 — becomes duke of Lower Lor- 
raine, Godfrey VI., 1089— goes to the 
first crusade, 1096. See Crusaders. — 
Elected k. of Jerusalem, July 23, 1099— 
frames the Assise of Jerusalem, for the 
government of his kingdom, 1099 — d. 
July 18, 1100. 

Godfrey, chieftain of the Danes in Fries- 
laud, invited to a conference, and treach- 
erously slain, 885. 

Godfrey I., duke of Lower Lorraine, 959 
-964. 

Godfrey II., duke of Lower Lorraine, 964 
-976. 

Godfrey III., duke of Lower Lorraine, 
1005-1023. 

Godfrey IV., succeeds his father, Gon- 
thelon, as duke of Lower Lorraine, 1043 
— rebels, is defeated, and his duchy given 
to Frederic of Luxemburg, 1049— mar- 



ries Beatrice, widow of Boniface, duke of 
Tuscany, 1054. See Beatrice.— Guar- 
dian of Matilda, countess of Tuscany, 
1055 — submits to the imperial a thority, 
1057— supports pope Alexander III., 1061 
— drives the anti-pope,Cadalo,from Rome, 
and secures the papacy to Alexander, 
1062— leads an army against Richard, 
count of Aversa, who had invaded the 
papal states, 1066— d. 1070. 

Godfrey V., the Hunchbacked, duke of 
Lower Lorraine, 1070-1076. See Gosse- 
lon. 

Godfrey VI. See Godfrey of Bouillon. 

Godfrey VII., duke of Lower Lorraine, 
1106-1128. 

Godfrey VIII., duke of Lower Lorraine, 
1140-1143. 

Godfrey IX., duke of Lower Lorraine, 
1143-1190. 

Godfrey, Sir Edmundburv, murdered, Oct. 
17, 1678. 

Godiya (Godgyfu). See Leofbic, earl of 
Coventry. 

Godolphin, Sidney lord, employed by 
Chas. II., 1684— by Wm. III., 1689— 
head of the treasury, 1690— urged by 
Marlborough to accept the office of lord 
high treasurer to qu. Anne, 1702 — created 
an earl, 1706 — dismissed, Aug. 8, 1710— 
d Sept. 15, 1712. 

Godolphin, Harriett, countess of, takes 
the title of duchess of Marlborough after 
her father's death, 1722. 

Godoy, Manuel, b. 1764— minister of Chas. 
IV., k. of Spain, and favourite of his qu., 
assumes the title of prince of Peace, 
1795— dismissed, 1808— d. 1851. 

" God save the king." See Bull, Dr. 
John. 

Godunow murders Dmitri, the brother of 
Feodor, czar of Russia, which prepares 
the extinction of Ruric's race, 1591. See 
Boris Godunow. 

Godwin, earl, son of Wulfnoth, Child of 
Sussex, marries Ulf's sister, Githa, 1024 
— created earl of Kent, 1031 — takes 
Alfred the Etheling prisoner, 1036. See 
Alfred the Etheling.— His daughter, 
Edgitha, married to Edward the Con- 
fessor, 1043— his son, Sweyn, invades the 
western counties of England, 1046. See 
Sweyn, son of Godwin. — Banished, with 
his sons, 1051 — returns, and is reconciled 
to k. Edward, 1052— d. 1053. 

Godwin. See Elphege II. 

Godwin, William, b. 1755— d. 1836. See 
Wolstoncraft, Mary. 

Godwin, Mary (afterwards Shelley), b. 1797 
-d. 1851. 

G6dol6, battle of; defeat of the Austriana 
by the Magyars, Apr. 6, 1849. 

Goeelitz. See Elizabeth of Luxemburg 



GOL 



366 



GON 



Goeetz, baron, intrigues with Alberoni 
against George I., k. of Great Britain, 
1713 — Charles XII. of Sweden enters 
into his plot, 1716 — G6rtz imprisoned at 
the Hague, and the evidence of his in- 
trigues is laid before the parliament of 
Great Britain, 1717. See Gyllenbubg. 
— Beheaded at Stockholm, 1719. 

Goethe, b. 1748 — obtains the patronage of 
the duke of Saxe- Weimar, by his " Sor- 
rows of Werther," 1774 — Napoleon visits 
him at Weimar, and presents him with 
the decoration of the Legion of Honour, 
1808 — d. 1832 — commemoration of, at 
Francfort, Aug. 28, 1849 — his corre- 
spondence with Schiller taken from the 
sealed casket, and ordered to be printed, 
May 17, 1850. 

Gottingen, university of, founded, 1734 — 
occupied by the French, 1757 — recovered 
by prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, 1758 
—again taken by the French 1760 — re- 
taken by Ferdinand, 1761. 

Goito, battle of; the Austrians repulsed 
by Charles Albert, k. of Sardinia, May 
30, 1848. 

Gold, a single piece, weighing 106 lbs., 
received by Matheson and Co., from 
Australia, Dec. 22, 1851. 

Gold diggings, Australian, riot at, sup- 
pressed by Sir Charles Hotham, Dec. 4, 
1854. 

Gold flobins, coined by Edward III., 1337 
—and nobles, 1344. 

Gold, light, called in, in England, June 
1842. 

Gold mines discovered in Mount Pangseus, 
by Philip of Macedon, b.c. 356. 

Gold begions. See Califoenia, and Aus- 

TBALtA. 

Golden bull. See Gebmany and Chables 
IV., emperor, 1356.— Granted by Andrew 
II., k. of Hungary, giving privileges to 
the nobles and clergy, 1222. 

Golden Fleece. See Fleece. 

Golden Horde of Mongolians establish 
themselves on the plains of Kipzak, 
under Batou, grandson of Dschingis 
Khan, 1235. See Batou.— Russia tribu- 
tary to them, 1243. See Alexandeb 
Newski, and Alexandeb II., grand- 
duke. — I wan II. does homage to them for 
Russia, 1353— attacked by Timour, 1392 
— Hadji Kerai separates from them, to 
establish the khanate of Crim Tartary, 
1441 — they take prisoner Vassili III., 
grand prince of Moscow, 1445 — release 
him, 1448 — Iwan III. discontinues the 
tribute to them, 1477— crushed by the 
Nogay Tartars in the battle of Biela- 
wesch, 1481. 

Golden lane. See Gas lights. 

Golden legend. See Vabagine, Jacopo 
d«. 



Goldie, Brigadier-general, killed at Inker- 
mann, Nov. 5, 1854. 

Goldoni, Carlo, b. 1707— d. 1793. 

Goldschmidt, discovers the planet " Lu- 
tetia," Nov. 15, 1852— " Pomona," Oct. 
26, 1854— " Atalanta," at Paris, Oct. 5, 
1855. 

Goldsmid, Abraham, an eminent mer- 
chant, commits suicide, 1810. 

Goldsmith, Oliver, b. 1728— d. 1774. 

Goldsmiths' Company, origin of the, in 
London, 1327— give a banquet to lord 
Gough, April 24, 1850. 

Goletta, taken by Don John of Austria, 
1573— recovered by the Turks, 1574. 

Goliath, the Philistine, slain by David, 
b.c. 1063. 

Golovin, the Russian general, defeated by 
the Circassians, 1840. 

Golovtchin, battle of, Charles XII. gains 
a fruitless victory over the Russians, 
July 4, 1708. 

Gomaeians, Dutch Calvinists, disciples of 
Gomarus,are favoured by prince Maurice 
and the States General, 1609. See Doe- 
tbecht, synod of. 

Gomabus, Francis, opposes Arminius, and 
founds the Calvinis tic church of Holland, 
1604— d. 1641. See Abminius. 

Gombboon, on the Persian Gulf, English 
factory established at, 1613 — abandoned, 
1761. 

Gomoebah, destruction of, b.c. 1897. 

Gonatas. See Antigonus Gonatas. 

Gondemab, k. of the Burgundians, 523-534. 
See Buegundians. 

Gondibeet, son of Aribert, k. of Lombardy, 
on his father's death divides the king- 
dom with his brother, Bertaridus, 661 — 
quarrels with him and applies to Grim- 
oald for protection, by whom he is mur- 
dered, 662. 

Gondomae, Spanish ambassador in Lon- 
don, protests against sir Walter Ra- 
leigh's expedition, 1617 — proposes the 
marriage of Chas., prince of Wales, to a 
Spanish princess, 1618. 

Gonsalves, youngest son of Sancho III., 
k. of Navarre, receives Sobrarbe for his 
share of his father's dominions, 1035 — 
on his death, his brother, Ramiro I., an- 
nexes Sobrarbe to Arragon— d. 1038. 

Gonsalvo, count of Castile, poisons Sancho 
I., k. of Leon, 967. 

Gonsalvo. See Gonzales and Coedova. 

Gonthaeis, leader of the Moors, defeats and 
kills Areobindus ; after which he is slain 
at a banquet by Artasires, 545. 

Gonthelon, or Gothelon, duke of Lower 
Lorraine, 1023— and of Upper Lorraine, 
1033— defeats and slays Eudes, count of 
Champagne, Sept. 17, 1027. See Conbad 
II., emperor of Germany — d. 1043. 



: 



GON 



367 



GON 



Gonthelon II , his son, duke of Upper 
Lorraine, 1043-1045. 

Gonteam, or Gontran, son of Chlotair. 
See Burgundy or Okleans. 

Gonville, Edmund, founds the college, 
now Caius and Gonville college, Cam- 
bridge. See Caius and Cambridge. 

Gonzaga, Luigi da, made lord of Mantua 
by his sons Guido, Filippo, and Feltrino, 
1328 — they obtain possession of Reggio, 
1335— Luigi, d. 1360. 

Gonzaga, Guido, lord of Mantua, 1360 — 
attacked by Bernarbo Visconte, 1368 — d. 
1369. 

Gonzaga, Luigi, or Louis II., lord of 
Mantua, 1369 — puts to death his bro- 
thers Ugolino and Francesco, d. 1382. 

Gonzaga, Francis I., lord of Mantua, 1382 
— accuses his wife, Agnes Visconte, of 
infidelity, and puts her to death, 1391 — 
joins in the league against Gian Galeazzo 
Visconte, and in the peace concluded 
with him, 1392 — renews hostilities, 1397 
—makes peace again, 1398 — one of the 
regents of Milan, 1402— d. Mar. 17, 1407. 

Gonzaga, John Francis I., son of Francis 
I., b. 1392 — marquis of Mantua, 1407— 
joins the league against Philip Maria 
Visconte,duke of Milan, 1426— concludes, 
with his allies, peace at Ferrara, Apr. 
18, 1428-d. Sept. 24, 1444. 

Gonzaga, Louis III., son of John Francis 
I., marquis of Mantua, 1444— enters into 
alliance with Francesco Sforza, duke 
of Milan, against Venice, 1451 — assents 
to the treaty of peace, 1454 — a congress 
held by pope Pius II. at Mantua, fails 
to form a league against the Turks, 1459 
.—Louis d. 1478. 

Gonzaga, Carlo da, commands the Vene- 
tian army, 1451. 

Gonzaga, Frederic I., son of Louis III., 
marquis of Mantua, 1478 — coalesces 
with other Italian States to protect Fer- 
rara against Venice, 1482 — d. July 15,1484. 

Gonzaga, Francis II., son of Frederic I., 
marquis of Mantua, 1484 — joins the 
league of Cambray against Venice, 1508 
— gives an asylum to the duke of Ur- 
bino, 1517— d. Feb. 20, 1519. 

Gonzaga, Frederic II., son of Francis II., 
marquis of Mantua, 1519 — receives the 
title of duke from the emperor Chas. V., 
1530 — acquires Montferrat, 1536 — d. 
June 28, 1540. 

Gonzaga, Hercules, second son of Fran- 
cis II., a cardinal and regent of Mantua 
during the minority of his nephew, 
Francis III., 1540. 

Gonzaga, Ferrante, or Ferdinand, youngest 
6on of Francis II., commands the light 
cavalry in the imperial army against 
the Turks, 1532 — becomes duke of Mol- 



fetta and Guastalla, 1539 — serves in the 
Spanish army in the Netherlands, where 
he d. at Brussels, 1557. 

Gonzaga, Luigi, surnamed Rodomonti, a 
general in the service of pope Clement 
VII., treacherously seizes Ancona, 1532. 

Gonzaga, Francis III, son of Ferdinand 
II., duke of Mantua, 1540— drowned in 
the lake, 1550. 

Gonzaga, William, second son of Frederic 
II., duke of Mantua, 1558 — made duke 
of Montferrat, 1574— d. Aug. 13, 1587. 

Gonzaga, Vincent I., only son of William, 
becomes duke of Mantua and Montfer- 
rat, 1587— d. Feb. 18, 1612. 

Gonzaga, Francis IV., son of Vincent I., 
b. 1585— succeeds his father, Feb. 18, 
1612— d. Dec. 22. 

Gonzaga, Louis, only son of Francis IV., 
d. a few days before his father, Dec. 1612. 

Gonzaga, Maria, daughter of Francis IV., 
marries Charles Gonzaga, 1627. 

Gonzaga, Ferdinand, second son of Vin- 
cent I.; created a cardinal, 1606 — suc- 
ceeds his brother, Francis IV., 1612— 
Montferrat claimed and invaded by Chas. 
Emanuel L, duke of Savoy, 1613— France 
and Spain engage in the quarrel, and a 
general war follows in Northern Italy ; 
peace concluded, and the duke of Savoy's 
claim is renounced, 1617 — Ferdinand d. 
Oct. 29, 1626. 

Gonzaga, Vincent II., third son of Vincent 
I., b. 1594 — created a cardinal, 1615 — suc- 
ceeds his brother Ferdinand as duke of 
Mantua and Montferrat, 1626— d. 1627. 

Gonzaga, Octavius, killed at the siege of 
Vercelli, 1617. 

Gonzaga, Louis, third son of Frederic II., 
goes to France, where, by his marriage 
with the heiress, he obtains the duke- 
dom of Nevers and Bethel, 1540. 

Gonzaga, Charles I., grandson of Louis, 
duke of Nevers, b. 1576 — as next heir 
succeeds Vincent II. in Mantua and 
Montferrat, and marries Maria, daughter 
of Francis IV., 1627 —supported by France 
and Venice against the duke of Savoy 
and other claimants, who are assisted by 
Austria and Spain; another war kindled, 
1628 — Montferrat invaded ; siege of Casal 
begun and abandoned ; treaty of Susa 
concluded and broken; Mantua block- 
aded, 1629 — taken and sacked, 1630 — re- 
stored by the treaty of Cherasco ; part 
of Montferrat given up to the duke of 
Savoy, 1631— d. Sept. 25, 1637. 

Gonzaga, Charles, duke of Bethel, son of 
Chas. I., d. at Goito, Sept. 14, 1631. 

Gonzaga, Charles II., his son, b. 1631 — 
succeeds his grandfather, Charles I„ 1637 
—d. 1665. 

Gonzaga, Ferdinand Charles, son of Chae. 



OOR 



368 



GOS 



II., b. 1652— succeeds his father, 1665— 
marries Anna Isabella, daughter of Fer- 
dinand III., duke of Guastalla, 1670— 
claims and takes possession of the 
duchy, 1679 — is deprived of it by the 
emperor Leopold I., 1692— joins France 
in the war of the Spanisti succession, 
1701 — Mantua besieged by prince Eu- 
gene of Savoy, and relieved by the duke 
de Venddtne, 1702— his States seized by 
the emperor Joseph II., and he d. at 
Padua, the last of the Mantuan line, July 
5, 1708. 
Gonzaga, Anna Isabella, widow of Chas. 

Ferdinand, d. at Paris, Dec. 19, 1710. 
Gonzaga, Csesar I., duke of Guastalla, 

1557-1575. 
Goxzaga, Ferdinand II., duke of Guas- 
talla, 1575-1630. 
Gonzaga, Csesar II., duke of Guastalla, 

1630-1632. 
Gonzaga, Ferdinand III., duke of Guas- 
talla, 1632-1678. See Gonzaga, Ferdi- 
nand Charles, duke of Mantua. 
Gonzaga, Csesar, son of Ferdinand III., b. 

1663— d. 1670. 
Gonzaga, Vincent, b. 1634 — cousin of Fer- 
dinand III ., is appointed Spanish vice- 
roy in Sicily, 1678— claims Guastalla, 
1679— acquires it, 1692— d. April 28, 1714. 
Gonzaga, Antony Ferdinand, succeeds his 
father Vincent, as duke of Guastalla, 
1714— d. 1729. 
Gonzaga, Joseph, brother of Antony Fer- 
dinand, succeeds him, 1729 — d. the last 
of his line, 1746. 
Gonzales de Cordova. See Casal. 
Good, John Mason, b. 1765- d. 1827. 
Goodman's Fields, theatre opened, Oct. 2, 

1732. See Gaeriok, David. 
Goo.ierat, battle of; lord Gough defeats 

the Sikhs, Feb. 21, 1849. 
Goolistan, peace of, between Eussia and 

Persia, 1813. 
Gordianus, C. Marcus Antonius, procon- 
sul of Africa, proclaimed joint emperor 
of Rome, with his son, commonly known 
as the two Gordians ; after a reign of 
thirty-six days are defeated and slain, 
238. See Capelianus. 
Gormanus, M. Antonius, the grandson, or 
Gordian the Younger, b. 225 — emperor of 
Rome,238 — extricated by Misitheus from 
the pernicious influence of the eunuchs of 
the palace ; consul 239 — marries Tran- 
quillina, daughter of Misitheus ; consul 
II., 241— successful war against Persia; 
Mesopotamia recovered, 242 — murdered 
by his soldiers near Circesium (Carche- 
mish), 244. 
Gordon, adm., commands the Russian fleet 

at the siege of Dantzic, 1734. 
Gordon, lord George, b. 1750— tenders the 



petition of the Protestant Association tc 
lord North, Jan. 4, 1780— heads the No 
Popery Riots, June 2 — is committed to 
the Tower, 9 — indicted for high trea- 
son, Nov. 10 — tried, but escapes pu- 
nishment, Feb. 5, 1781 — becomes a con- 
vert to Judaism, 1786 — convicted of two 
libels, June 6, 1787 — sentenced to five 
years' imprisonment, Jan. 28, 1788 — d. 
in Newgate, 1793. 
Gordon, the duke of, joins the duke of 

Cumberland at Aberdeen, 1746. 
Gordon, sir J. M., 39 years Q.M.G.— d.1851. 
Gordon, Katharine, daughter of the earl 
of Huntley, married to Perkin Warbeck, 
1495— falls into the hands of Henry VII. ; 
is kindly treated and pensioned, 1497. 
Gordon, the rev. Lockhart, and his bro- 
ther, Loudon, tried at Oxford for the ab- 
duction of Mrs. Lee, and acquitted, the 
lady having been a consenting partv, 
March 3, 1804. 
Goree, the isle of, surrenders to commo- 
dore Keppel, Dec. 22, 1758 — restored to 
France by the treaty of Paris, 1763 — 
again taken from the French, Aug. 8, 
1779- restored, 1783. 
Goree Buildings. See Fires, Liverpool. 
Gorgias, Athenian archon, b.c. 280. 
Gorgias, of Leontium, fl., and has many 
eminent scholars, B.C. 459 — as ambassa- 
dor from Leontium, asks aid from Athens 
against the Syracusans, 427. 
Gorham, the Rev. G. C, for his opinion on 
baptismal regeneration is refused admis- 
sion to the living of Bampford Speke, 
by Dr. Philpotts, bp. of Exeter, andinsti- 
tutes proceedings; the case argued, Feb 
17, 1849— decision of sir Herbert Jenner 
Fust against him, Aug. 2 — reversed 
by the privy council, March 8, 1850 — 
rule applied for, on behalf of the bishop 
by sir F. Kelly, refused by lord Camp- 
bell, Apr. 25 ; and by chief justice Wilde,. 
May 27 — Mr. Gorham admitted to his 
livings, July 20— inducted, Aug. 6-11 — 
the churchwardens urged to report his 
heresies, Aug. 16— d. 1857. 
Goring, the royalist general, is taken pri- 
soner at Wakefield, May 21, 1643. 
Goritz. See Charles X., k. of France. 
Gorm, k. of Denmark, 855 — conquers Jut- 
land, 863 — tolerates Christianity, 934 — 
d. 936. 
Gortchakof, the Russian general, enters 
Bucharest, July 28, 1853 — refuses tc 
negotiate or retire, Oct. 27 — evacuates 
the Turkish territories, June 24, 1854. 
Gosford, lord, dissolves the Lower Canada 

House of Assembly, Sept. 21, 1836. 
Goshen, settlement of Jacob and his fa- 
mily in, B.C. 1706 (1863 H., 1840 C, about 
1400 L.) 



GOT 



369 



GOT 



Gcspels. See Bible, and Egbert, abbot 
of lona. 

Gosselon, or Godfrey V., the. Hunchbacked, 
son of Godfrey IV., duke of Lorraine, 
succeeds his father, 1070 — marries Ma- 
tilda, countess of Tuscany, 1073 — assas- 
sinated, 1076. 

Gotarzes, son of Artabanns II., king of 
Parthia, kills his brother, Artabanns, 
and is himself expelled by Vardanus, 43 
— regains his kingdom, 47 — d. 50. 

Gothenburg, built by Charles IX., k. of 
Sweden, 1605 — seat of the Swedish East 
India Company, 1731 — besieged by the 
Danes, and relieved by the intervention 
of Great Britain, Prussia, and Holland, 
1788. 

Gothic dialects mixed with the Latin 
language in Italy, Gaul, and Spain, 584. 

Gothic pointed style of architecture intro- 
duced, 1180. 

Gothland, the isle of, invaded by the 
Teutonic Knights, 1397 — conquered by 
them ; Margaret attempts, without suc- 
cess, to recover it : but. by the treaty of 
Copenhagen, obtains the right of redeem- 
ing it for an equivalent, 1398 — given up 
to the Danes, 1524 — ceded to Sweden by 
the treaty of Bromsebr6, 1645 — conquer- 
ed by the Danish admiral, Niels Jael, 
1677— restored to Sweden by the peace of 
Lund, 1679. 

Gothland, East, a province of Sweden, 
given, at the death of Gustavus Vasa, 
to one of his younger sons, 1560. 

Goths, the second stem-tribe or generic 
division of European population, follow- 
ers and supplanters of the Kelts ; first 
known in Asia under the indefinite name 
of Scythians (Skuthae). See Scythians. — 
A large portion of them appear more 
distinctly as Massagetse. See Massa- 
get^e. — Push forward to the Araxes, 
b.c. 635 — are encountei-ed by Cyrus, 529 ; 
by Darius Hystaspes, 507 ; by Alexan- 
der, on the Oxus and Jaxartes, 329 — as 
they advance in Europe, they impel the 
Kelts on the newly-conquered provinces 
of Rome, 114 — divided into many tribes, 
occupy the greater part of Germany, 71. 
See Germany. 

Ovid learns their language, and holds 
intercourse with them in Lower Moesia, 
as Getae, a.d. 8 — fresh bands arrive 
from Asia, cross the Danube, and ra- 
vage Thrace, 249. See Decius, em- 
peror of Rome. — Receive a large sum 
of money from Gallus to quit the empire, 
252 — ravage Macedon and Greece, 256— 
repelled by Aurelian. lieutenant of the 
emperors, 257 — fit out naval armaments 
on the Euxine, and take Trebizond, 258 
-plunder Chalcedon, Nice, Nicomedia, 



and all the principal cities in Bithynia ; 
Valerian marches as far as Cappadocia 
to oppose them, 259 — they pass the Bos- 
phorus, ravage the coasts of Greece, and 
burn the temple of Diana at Ephesus, 
262— expelled from Asia, 263 — various 
bands, some called Heruli, ravage Greece 
and Asia, 267. See Heruli.— Signally 
defeated by Claudius, at Naissus, in 
Moesia, 269 — again defeated by him ; his 
successor, Aurelian, makes peace, and 
relinquishes Dacia to them, 270 — other 
bands defeated by him in Thrace, 272 — 
they invade Asia; Tacitus proceeds 
against them, 276 — expelled from Thrace 
by Probus, 278 — Constantine defends the 
frontier of the Danube against them, 319. 
See Constantine 1. 

They oppress the Sarmatians, who, 
being unable to defend themselves, im- 
plore the protection of the Romans ; 
the Csesar, Constantine, conducts the 
war successfully, and concludes a peace ; 
for the observance of which, the Gothic 
chieftain, Araric, gives his son as a hos- 
tage, 332 — harass Thrace, 365 — some 
Goths, marching to assist Procopius, 
are compelled to surrender, 366 — Ul- 
philas translates the Scriptures iuto 
their language, and teaches Arianism 
among them, 373 — they divide into 
two bodies, the Eastern and the West- 
ern. See Ostrogoths and Visigoths. 
— They both cross the Danube, and 
obtain a settlement in the Roman em- 
pire; are oppressed and famished by 
the officers of Valens, and plunder 
the Roman provinces, 377 — defeat Va- 
lens at Hadrianople, Aug. 9, 378. See 
Valens, emperor of Rome. — They are 
masters of the whole country to the 
gates of Constantinople, 378— checked by 
Theodosius, 379 — he reduces them to 
obedience, 380. See Ostrogoths and 
Visigoths. 
Gotthard, St., on the Raab, in Hungary 
battle of; the Turks completely defeated 
by the united forces of Germany, France, 
and Italy, under Montecuccoli, Aug. 1 
1664. 
Gottschalk, the monk, raises the Predes- 
tinarian controversy, 847 — his doctrines 
are condemned by a council at Mentz, 
and he is sent to Hincmar. arehbp. of 
Rheims, 848 — sentenced by the council 
of Quercy to be flogged, and to perpetual 
imprisonment, 849 — his tenets are at- 
tacked by Hincmar and Scotus Erigena, 
and defended by Prudentius, Elbrus Ma- 
gister, and Remigius, 854 — d. in prison, 
869. 
Gottschalk, the priest, leads one of the 
first bands of crusaders, 1096. 

B B 



GKA 



370 



GRA 



Gough, Hugh, lord, b. 1779— takes the 
command in China, and proceeds to 
attack Canton, March 18, 1841 — occu- 
pies Lahore, Feb. 20, 1846— created a 
bai'on; pensions voted to him by the 
E. I. Company, and by Parliament, May 
4 ; defeats the Sikhs at Chillianwallah, 
Jan. 13, 1849— again, at Goojerat, Feb. 
21 ; E. I. C. banquet to him, on his re- 
turn, March 23, 1850 — banquet of the 
Goldsmiths' Company to him, April 24. 

Goulburn, Henry, b. 1784— chancellor of 
the exchequer, 1828-1830 — again, 1834- 
1835— a third time, 1841-1846— d. 1856. 

Goulburn, Henry, the younger, d. 1843. 

Gourgaud, gen., accompanies Napoleon to 
St. Helena, 1815-d. 1852. 

Gournay, sir Matthew, a leader of the 
" Companies" who plunder France, 1364. 

Gower, sir John, the poet, d. 1402. 

Gower, John, earl, a leading opponent of 
sir Robert Walpole, 1723-1740— lord privy 
seal, 1742 — in the " Broad Bottom" mi- 
nistry, 1744 — an officer of the royal 
household. 1758. 

Gower, earl, president of the council, and 
lord privy seal in W. Pitt's administra- 
tion, 1783— British ambassador, recalled 
from France, Aug. 17, 1792. 

Gozo, isle of, a dependency of Malta, given 
to the Knights Hospitallers, 1530— taken 
by a part of Nelson's fleet, 1798. 

Gozon, Deodati De, grand-master of the 
Knights Hospitallers, being unable to 
check the plundering adventures of his 
knights, resigns office, 1353. 

Gracchus, Cains, younger brother of Tib. 
Semp. Gracchus, goes into Sardinia with 
the consul Auvelius as quaestor, B.C. 126 
— remains there, 125 — makes himself 
popular with the soldiers ; his measures 
for promoting their comfort are thwarted 
by the senate, 124 — returns to Rome, 
complains of the obstacles he had met 
with ; elected tribune, begins his re- 
forms, 123— again tribune, goes to Car- 
thage with a body of citizens to esta- 
blish themselves as a colony on the 
lands allotted them, 122 -during his ab- 
sence, a formidable opposition is raised 
against him: he falls in the struggle, 
121. 

Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, tribune 
of Rome, slain while advocating the 
rights of the commonalty, B.C. 133. 

Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, consul 
of Rome, b.c. 238— another, 215, II. 213 
—a third, 177, II. 163. 

Gradenioo, Bartolommeo, doge of Venice, 
1339-1343. 

GBADENioOjGioranni, doge of Venice,1355. 

Gradenigo, Pietro, doge of Venice, 1289- 
1312. 



Gradisca recovered from the Turks by 
prince Louis of Baden, 1688. 

Grado, one of the islands of Venice. See 
Venice. — The see of an archbp., who 
contests for the ecclesiastical jurisdic- 
tion of Istria with the archbp. of Ra- 
venna, 772 — an attack of the Saracens re- 
pulsed, 877 — Orso Orseolo, the patriarch, 
acts as vice-doge of Venice, 1031. 

Gr^bcia, Magna. See Magna Grjscia. 

Grjscina, Pomponia, a noble Roman ma- 
tron, accused of practising a foreign su- 
perstition, supposed to be Christianity, 57. 

GRiEVius, John George, b. 1632— d. 1703. 

Grafton Castle, the birth-place of Eliza- 
beth Woodville, and of her retirement, 
after the death of her husband, sir John 
Grey of Groby, 1461. 

Grafton, Henry Fitzroy, duke of, natural 
son of Charles II. and Barbara Villiers, 
deserts James II., at Salisbury, 1688 — 
killed at the siege of Cork, Sept. 1690. 

Grafton, duke of, lord chamberlain to 
George I., 1723 — one of the " Broad 
Bottom" ministry, 1744. 

Grafton, Augustus Fitzroy, (afterwards) 
duke of, b. 1735 — lord of the treasury in 
the Chatham ministry, 1766 — at the head 
of the ministry, Jan. 20, 1768 — resigns, 
Jan. 28, 1770 — lord privy seal in the 
Rockingham and Shelburne administra- 
tions, 1782— d. 1811. 

Grafton, duke of, b. 1759— d. 1844. 

Grafton's Chronicle written about 1520. 

Graham, John, of Claverhouse, defeated 
by the Scottish Covenanters, at Drum- 
clog, June 1. 1679. See Dundee, Vis- 
count. 

Graham, Thomas, afterwards lord Lyne- 
doch, b. 1750— defeats the French at Ba- 
rossa, March 5, 1811 — again, near Breda, 
Jan. 12, 1814 — fails in an attack on 
Bergen-op-Zoom, March 8 — created a 
peer. See Lynedoch, Thomas Graham, 
lord. 

Graham. Sir James, b. 1792 — moves for a 
return of the salaries and emoluments 
of privy councillors, May 14, 1830 — first 
lord of the admiralty in lord Grey's ad- 
ministration, Nov. 22 — retires, May 27, 
1834— home secretary in sir Robert Peel's 
administration, Sept. 6, 1841 — accused 
of allowing letters to be opened at the 
Post-Office, Aug. 5, 1844 — resigns, June 
29, 1846 — fails in an attempt to form 
a cabinet, Feb. 22-27, 1851 — becomes 
first lord ol the admiralty, in lord Aber- 
deen's ministry, Dec. 28, 1852— retires 
from the Palmerston, Feb. 22, 1855. 

Graham, lieut.-col. Thos., b. 1809-d. 1855. 

Graham, Mr. and Mrs., ascend in a bal- 
loon from Plymouth : they fall into the 
sea, but are saved, 1825, 



GEA 



371 



GItA 



Graham, Mr., discovers the planet Met's, 
April 26, 1848. 

Graham, Catharine Macaulay, b. 1733 -d. 
1791. 

Grainger, Dr. James, b. 1723— d. 1767. 

Grammar schools, first established in 
London, 1447. 

Grammaticus, Saxo, writes his Danish 
history, 1201. 

Gran taken by the Turks, 1543— recovered 
from them, 1595— again taken by tbem, 
1605— taken from them, Oct. 27, 1683— 
battle of; the Austrians defeated by the 
Magyars, Apiil 20, 1849. 

Granada, battle of; Abderahman IV., 
caliph of Spain, slain by Yahye, 1021 — 
Almondar, the Moorish k. of Saragossa, 
assassinated at, 1038 — conquered by 
Yusef, 1090— Alfonso VII., king of Cas- 
tile, makes incursions into the pro- 
vinces, 1123 —conquered by the Almo- 
hades, 1156— taken by Aben Hud, 1232 
— the Moorish kingdom of, founded 
by Muhamad Aben Alahmar, 1237 — 
placed under the protection of Ferdinand 
III., k. of Castile, 1243— the Alhambra 
founded, 1253 — some Castilian nobles 
detected in a conspiracy against Alfonso 
X., retire to, 1272 — death of Muhamad 
I. ; treaty between his son Muhamad II., 
and Alfonso, 1273 — Muhamad II. dies ; 
Muhamad III. succeeds, 1302 — Ferdinand 
IV, acquires part of his territory by 
treaty, 1308 — rebellion in; Muhamad 
III. resigns his crown to his brother 
Nazar, 1309 — Nazar defeated by his 
nephew Abul Walid, 1313 — invaded by 
the Castilians, who are defeated with 
great loss, 1319 — Abul Walid is slain 
in a revolt at, and is succeeded by his 
son Muhamad IV., 1325. See Gibraltar. 
— Muhamad IV. assassinated, and suc- 
ceeded by his brother Yusef, 1333 — 
Yusef stabbed by a madman; his son 
Muhamad V. takes the throne, 1354— 
deposed by his brother Ismail, retires 
into Africa, 1359 — Abu Said kills Ismail 
and usurps his place, 1360 — is treacher- 
ously slain by Peter the Gruel of Castile, 
and Muhamad V. restored, 1362 — he con- 
structs the Azake and embellishes the 
city, 1376 — he dies, and his son Yusef II. 
succeeds, 1391— his son Muhamad VI. 
reigns, 1396-1408 -his brother Yusef 
III., 1408-1423 — the accession of his son 
Muhamad VII. el Hayzari,is followed by 
tumults and rebellions ; his cousin Mu- 
hamad el Zaquir usurps the throne and 
styles himself Muhamad VIII., 1426— 
he is put to death, and Muhamad VII. 
restored, 1428 — invasion of the Casti- 
lians, and victory of Alvarez de Luna, 
an Mount Elvira, 1431 — they take 



Huesca, 1435— Muhamad VII. deposed 
by his nephew, Muhamad VIII., Aben 
Ozmin, 1445 — another nephew, Muhamad 
Aben Ismail, is supported by John II., k 
of Castile, 1446 — obtains the throne as 
Muhamad IX., provokes war with Cas- 
tile, is defeated and loses Fort Ximena, 
1454 ; and Gibraltar, 1462— Abul Hassan 
succeeds, 1466. See Abul Hassan, Abu 
Abdallah, and Abdallah el Zagal. — 
Final conquest of Granada by Ferdinand 
of Castile, 1492 — Gonzalvo de Cordova 
dies there, 1515 — revolt of the oppressed 
and persecuted Moors, 1569 — they leave 
their home and emigrate to Africa, 1571 
— taken by marshal Soult, Jan. 1810 — 
abandoned by him, July, 1812. 
Granada, New, name given to a part of 
South America, conquered by the Spa- 
niards, 1537 — the inhabitants declare 
themselves independent, and form the 
republic of Bogota, 1811 — Santander 
president, 1832— Marques, 1836. 
Granby, the marquis of, replaces lord Geo. 
Sackville in command of the British 
forces in Germany, 1759 — d. 1770. 
Grandval, chevalier de, executed for a 
plot against William III., Aug. 4, 1692. 
Granicus, battle of the; Alexander de- 
feats the Persians, b.c. May 22, 334. 
Granite embankment, to form a site for 
the newhouses of Parliament, commenced, 
1837. 
Granson, battle of, near the lake of Neuf- 
chatel ; Charles the Bold, duke of Bur- 
gundy, defeated by the Swiss, April 5, 
1476. 
Grant, Robert, judge advocate general in 
lord Grey's ministry, Nov. 22, 1830— his 
Bill for removing the civil disabilities 
of the Jews, rejected by the Lords, Aug. 
1, 1833 — governor of Bombay, and 
knighted, June 18, 1834— d. 1838— the 
medical college of Bombay erected in 
honour of him, 1838. 
Grant, Sir William, b. 1755— master of the 

Rolls, 1801— d. 1832. 
Grant, Mrs., of Laggan, b. 1756— d. 1838. 
Grant, Sir Archibald, expelled from the 
House of Commous, for participating in 
the frauds of the Charitable Corporation, 
1731. 
Grantley, Fletcher Norton, lord. See 

Morton, Sir Fletcher— d. 1782. 
Granvelle, cardinal, bp. of Arras, at- 
tempts to introduce the Inquisition in 
the Netherlands, 1559 — made archbp. of 
Malines, thwarts the mild government 
of the duchess of Parma, 1561 — com- 
plaints of his intolerance supported by 
her, cause his dismissal, 1563. 
Granville, Sir John, brings a letter from 
Chas. II. to the House of Commons, 1660. 



GRA 



372 



GEE 



Granville, earl of. See Carteret, John, 
lord. 

Granville, George, takes the place of 
Robert Walpole, as secretary of war, 
1710 — made baron Lansdown, one of the 
twelve peers created by qu. Anne, 1711. 

Granville, earl, lord Leveson Gower, cre- 
ated, 1833 — becomes foreign secretary 
in the place of lord Palmerston, 1851— 
addresses a circular to the continental 
States respecting political refugees, Jan. 
13, 1852— prince Schwartzenberg replies, 
Feb. 8— resigns, 21 — lord president of the 
council, Dec. 28. 

jkasolfo, duke of Friuli, succeeded by 
Azo, 651. 

Gratian, Flavins, son of Valentinian I., 
b. 358— consul of Rome, 366— becomes 
his father's partner in the empire with 
the title of Augustus, 367 — the poet 
Ausonius is his preceptor, 370— consul 
II., 371— consul III., 374— succeeds his 
father as emperor, and associates his 
young brother Valentinian II. on the 
throne, 375— executes Theodosius the 
elder, 376— accords to the clergy more 
extensive immunities; consul IV., 377 — 
defeats the Allemanni at Argentaria, and 
compels them to make peace, 378— on 
the death of Valens calls Theodosius 
the son to be emperor of the East, 379 
— pronounces a sentence of banishment 
against Priscillian ; consul V., 380— re- 
moves the altar of Victory from the se- 
nate house, 382 — takes refuge from the 
rebellion of Maximus in Lyons, where 
he is murdered by Andragathius, Aug. 
25th, 383. 

Gratian, a rebel emperor, chosen by the 
legions in Britain, and killed by them, 407. 

Gratian, a Benedictine monk of Bologna, 
frames the canon law, 1151. 

Gratiano. a priest, purchases the papal 
chair, 1044. See Gregory VI. 

Grattan, Henry, o. 1750— proposes the 
Declaration of Rights, adopted by the 
Irish parliament, April 16, 1782 — an 
estate purchased for him by them, 1782 
— opposes the Union in the Irish House 
of Commons, 1800— a resolution to in- 
quire into the claims of the Roman Ca- 
tholics, moved by him, and carried by 
264 to 224, Feb. 25, 1813 -another, lost, 
by 245 to 241, May 9, 1817— d. 1820. 

Gratus, consul of Rome, 221. Others, 250, 
and 280. 

Graubunden. See Grisons. 

Grave, siege of, by Louis XIV., 1674. 

Gravelines, battle of; the French defeat- 
ed by the Spaniards, assisted by an En- 
glish fleet, July 13, 1558 — recovered 
from the French by the archduke Leo- 
pold, 1652. 



Gravenstein, the Prussians in Schleswig 

driven back to, by the Danes, May 28, 

1848. 
Gravina, the Spanish admiral, killed at 

Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805. 
Gray, lord, joins in a conspiracy against 

Jas. I. ; Sir Edward Coke, the attorney 

general, prosecutes him, 1603. 
Gray, Thomas, 1. 1716— d. 1771. 
Great Britain, title of king of, assumed 

by Jas. I., 1603. See Britain, England, 

Scotland, and Ireland. — Sovereigns of 

Great Britain. (See the principal events 

of their reigns, under their respective 

names, in this Index. See also Com- 
mons. House of, Lords, House of, and 

Parliament : — ) 

House of Stuart, 1603-1714. 

James I.; Gunpowder Plot, 1605— d. 1625. 

Charles I., 1625— civil war begins, 1642 
—beheaded, 1649. 

Commonwealth, 1649-1653. 

Oliver Cromwell, Protector, 1653-1658. 

Richard Cromwell, Protector, 1658-1660. 
House of Stuart, restored. 

Charles II., 1660-1685. 

James II., 1685— abdicates, 1688. 
Revolution, 1688. 

■William III. and Mary II., 1689— queen 
Mary d. 1694. 

William III. alone, 1694-1702. 

Anne, 1702— battle of Blenheim, 1704— 
of Ramillies, 1706— of Oudenarde, 1708 
- of Malplaquet, 1709 — change of po- 
litics and of ministers, 1710 — queen 
Anne d. 1714. 
House of Hanover, 1714, permaneat. 

George I., 1714-1727. 

George II., 1727 — Seven Years' war be- 
gins, 1756 — battle of Plassy founds 
the British Indian empire, 1757— battle 
of Quebec, and conquest of Canada, 
1759— George II. d. 1760. 

George III., 1760 — the naval and colonial 
supremacy of Great Britain confirmed 
by the peace of Paris, 1763 — American 
war begins, 1775 — victory of Rodney 
over De Grasse, 1782 — independence of 
the U.S. acknowledged, 1782 — war of 
the French Revolution commences, 
1793 — naval victories off Cape St. Vin- 
cent and Camperdown, 1797 — battle of 
the Nile, 1798— of Trafalgar, 1805— 
the last access of the king's malady 
incapacitates him for government. 
1810. 

George, prince of Wales, regent, 1811— 
battle of Salamanca, 1812— of Vittoria. 
1813— of Waterloo, 1815— George III. 
d. 1820. 

George IV., 1820— Repeal of the Test 
and Corporation Acts, 1828 — Catholic 
Emancipation, 1829— Geo. IV. d. 1830. 



GEE 



373 



GRE 



William IV., 1830— Reform Act passed, 

1832— d. 1837. 
Victoria, 1837— separation of Hanover 
from Great Britain ; penny postage, 
1840— treaty with China, 1842— Corn- 
law repealed, 1846— Exhibition of all 
nations at London, 1851 — war with 
Russia, in alliance with France, 1854 — 
peace concluded, 1856. 

Great Britain, iron steam-ship, leaves 
Liverpool, July 26, 1845— arrives at New 
York, Aug. 10; is wrecked in Dundrum 
bay, Sept. 22, 1846 — refitted, and again 
sent to sea. 

Great Easterns Leviathan, steam-ship, 
building of. commenced at Millbank,1853. 

Greathead invents the life-boat, 1798 — 
receives a parliamentary grant of £1200, 
1802. 

Great seal put in commission, 1591, 1621, 
1643, 1646, 1649, 1654. 1689, 1710, 1718, 
1725, 1756, 1770, 1783, 1792, April 18, 
1835 ; June 19 to July 15, 1850. 

Great St. Bernard. See Bernard, St., 
the Great, and the Less. 

Great Western railway opened, June 
30, 1841. 

Great Western steamship arrives at 
Bristol from New York in 15 days, June 
17. 1838. 

Greece, peopled by the Pelasgi, b.c. 2188. 
See Argos, Attica, and Sicyon— (Eno- 
trus leads a colony into Italy, 1710 (1416 
C.) — first date on the Arundelianmarbles, 
1582 — Ceerops arrives from Egypt, 1556 
(1550H.,1433C.) See AraENS,and Iones.-- 
Letters brought from Phoenicia bv Cad- 
mus, 1493 (1494 H., 1313 C.) See Thebes. 
— Pumps introduced from Egypt by Da- 
naus, 1489 (1486 H., 1446 C.)— Olympic 
games introduced by the Idaei Dactyli, 
1453 (1350 C.) See Olympic games.- -Iron 
discovered in Mount Ida, 1406 (1407 H., 
1283 C) — agriculture introduced, 1383 
(1384 H.) — and the Eleusinian mysteries, 
by Eumolpus, 1356— Isthmian games in- 
stituted, by Sisyphus, 1326. See Co- 
rinth. — The beginning of the Trojan 
war. 1193 (1192 H., 1192 C.)— the fall of 
Troy, 1184 (1183 H., 1183 C.) 

JEolians migrate from, 1123— Amphyc- 
tonic league instituted, 1113 — return of 
the Heraclidae, 1103. See Laced.semon, 
Elis, and Mycen-E. — First settlement 
of the Ionians in Asia Minor, 1043. See 
Ionians.— War between Sadyattes, k. 
of Lydia, and the Miletians, 623—the 
Sacred war, 595. See Cirrh,eans. — Era 
of the seven sages, 593 — architecture 
flourishes, 552 — the Persians begin their 
conquests « i Ionia, 544 — first invade Eu- 
ropean Greece, 506 — the Ionian cities re- 
rolt, 501 — Sardis burnt by the Ionians, 



499— revolt in Caria suppressed, 497 — 
— the Ionian fleet defeated, and Miletus 
taken, 494 — Darius prepares a fleet 
against Greece, under Mardonius, 492 — 
the fleet dispersed near Mount Athos, 
and the Persians harassed by the Thra- 
cians, 491. 

Greece again invaded by the Per- 
sians, under Datis and Artaphernes, 
who are utterly defeated at Marathon 
by Miltiades, Sept. 28. 490— Darius pre- 
pares for another attempt, 489 — Xerxes 
commences his march, 481 — arrives in 
Greece ; thi-ee days' struggle maintained 
by Leonidas, at Thermopylae, Aug. 7-9, 
480 — sea-fight at Artemisium; naval 
victory of Themistocles at Salamis, Oct. 
20, 4S0 — Athens taken ; Xerxes leaves 
his army to Mardonius, 480 — Athens 
retaken and despoiled by Mardonius, 479 
— he is totally routed and slain at Pla- 
taea, Sept. 22, 479— the Persian fleet de- 
feated at Mycale, Sept. 22, 479 — Sestos 
besieged by the Greeks, 479— surrenders, 
478 — the Greeks take Cyprus and By- 
zantium, and transfer the command of 
the army from Pausanias to Aristides ; 
the supremacy of Athens commences, 
477 — the poets and philosophers ot 
Greece invited to Syracuse by Hiero, 
470 — a common treasury established at 
Delos to defray the expense of the Per- 
sian war, 470 — traitorous correspondence 
of Pausanias with Xerxes, 467 — Naxos 
withdraws from the Grecian league, is 
besieged by Cimon, and made subject to 
Athens, 466— Themistocles discovers the 
designs of Pausanias ; is suspected of 
being an accomplice, retires into Persia, 
466 — death of Pausanias, 466— victories 
of Cimon at the Eurymedon end the 
war between Greece and Persia, 466 — the 
common treasury removed from Delos 
to Athens, 461 — Perdiccas of Macedou 
joins the Spartans against the Atheni- 
ans, 454. See Macedon. 

Cimon prevails on the Greek states to 
suspend their mutual animosities for 
five years, and combine their forces 
against Persia, 450 — the Persians de- 
feated at Salamis, in Cyprus ; make 
peace, and recognize the independence 
of the Ionian cities, 449— the Athenians 
break the truce by trying to seize Cha> 
ronea, and are defeated by the Boeotians, 
447 — a new truce of thirty years, 445 — 
war between the Corinthians and Cor- 
cyra, 435 — ambassadors from Corcyra 
implore the assistance of the Athenians, 
who send a fleet to protect the island 
against Corinth, which gives occasion to 
the long Peloponnesian war, 433 — con- 
gress of Lacedsemon, 432 — the war be- 



GEE 



374 



GEE 



Greece — continued. 
gins. 431. See Athens. — A year's truce 
between the belligerents, 423 — hostilities 
renewed, 422 -the fifty years' truce, or 
"Peace of Nicias," concluded, by which 
the Lacedaemonians agree to give up 
Amphipolis, 421 — Alcibiades negotiates 
an alliance between Athens and Argos ; 
Amphipolis retained by the Lacedaemo- 
nians, 420 — hostilities are renewed, 419 
— the league between Argos and Athens 
dissolved, 418 — the Lacedaemonians for- 
tify Decelea, 413. 

Athens weakened by the defection of 
her allies, applies the reserve fund of 
1000 talents for the war, 412 — Lacedae- 
mon makes pacific overtures, 410 — Lace- 
daemonian fleet under Callicratidas de- 
feated by CoDon off the Arginussa3,406 — 
Lacedaemon makes offers of peace, which 
are rejected through the influence of 
Oleophon, 406 — battle of iEgospotamus; 
the Athenian fleet destroyed, 405 — 
Athens taken by Lysander, and dis- 
mantled, 404 — Thrasybulus regains pos- 
session of Athens, 403— the Ionian al- 
phabet adopted at Athens, 403 — retreat 
of the 10,000 Greeks under Xenophon ; 
Athens recovering from her losses ; La- 
cedaemon supreme in Greece, oppresses 
many cities by tyrannical governors, 401 
—the 10,000 Greeks reach Thrace and 
serve for two months in the army of Seu- 
Ihes, 400. 

The Lacedaemonians send Thimbron 
and Dercyllidas to attack the Persians, 
399 — Dercyllidas makes a truce with 
Pharnabazus, and fortifies the Thracian 
Chersonesus by a wall across the Isth- 
mus, he then renews the war in Asia, 
398— Dercyllidas invades Caria, and 
agrees to an armistice with Tissapher- 
nes, 397— Agesilaus takes the command 
of the Grecian army in Asia, after a 
successful campaign winters at Ephesus, 
396 — Agesilaus gains a victory at Sardis, 
he then penetrates into Phrygia and 
l'aphlagonia; Athens and Argos com- 
bine with the other States, and defeat 
the Lacedaemonians at Haliartus, where 
Lysander is slain, 395 — Agesilaus re- 
called from Asia; before he arrives the 
Lacedaemonians, under Aristodemus, de- 
feat the allies near Corinth, but lose a 
naval battle against Conon near Cnidus ; 
Pisander, their admiral, is killed ; Age- 
silaus victorious at Coronea, 394 — at 
Lechaeum ; Conon and Pharnabazus 
harass the maritime districts of the 
Peloponnesus, 393— Iphicrates, the Athe- 
nian general, defeats Agesilaus, 392 — 
Agesilaus invades Acarnania, 391. 

The Lacedaemonians renew the warfare 



in Asia under Diphridas,391 — Antalcides 
the Lacedaemonian drives the Athenian 
fleet from Abydos, and releases that of 
Nicolochus, which Iphicrates had block- 
aded, 388— Antalcidas makes peace with 
Artaxerxes, leaving the Ionian cities 
and Cyprus at his mercy, and enabling 
the Lacedaemonians to maintain their 
supremacy in Greece, 387 — the Thebans 
compelled by Agesilaus to give up 
Plataea, 386— Mantinea taken by Agesi- 
polis ; Evagoras repulses the Persians 
in a naval battle, 385 — the Lacedaemo- 
nians and Macedonians make war on 
Olynthus; Phcebidas, the Lacedaemonian, 
surprises the citadel of Thebes, 382 — in 
the second campaign against Olynthus, 
Teleutias, the Lacedaemon commander, 
is slain ; Agesilaus besieges Phlius, 381. 

Olynthus submits to Polybiades and 
Phlius to Agesilaus; the Thebans re- 
gain their citadel, assisted by the Athe- 
nians, 379— Cleombrotus and Agesilaus 
invade Boeotia, 378 — Agesilaus renews 
his incursions in Boeotia, 377 — Cleom- 
brotus carries the war into Phocis ; in 
the action of Tegyra the Sacred Band 
of Thebes decides the victory against 
the Lacedaemonians, 375 — the Thebans 
utterly destroy Plataea, 374— Mnasippus, 
sent with a Lacedaemonian fleet to 
Corcyra, is slain before Iphicrates, Cal* 
listratus, and Chabrias arri ve to oppose 
him, 373 — congress of Lacedaemon ; The- 
bes being excluded from the treaty of 
peace, Pelopidas and Epaminondas gain 
tbe great victory of Leuctra, in which 
Cleombrotus, k. of Lacedaemon, is killed, 
371— the Thebans now preponderate in 
Greece; they restore Mantinea ; Agesi- 
laus endeavours to revive the spirit of 
the Lacedaemonians by invading Ar- 
cadia, 370. 

Epaminondas carries Iris arms into 
Laconia, and restores the independence 
of the Messenians ; alliance between 
Athens and Lacedaemon, 369 — the The- 
bans again enter the Peloponnesus, 
but retreat before the arrival of suc- 
cours from Dionysius to the Lacedae- 
monians; a congress held at Delphi 
fails, because the Thebans refuse to 
abandon the Messenians, 368 — the "tear- 
less victory" of Archidamus over the 
independent Peloponnesians ; Pelopidas 
goes on an embassy to Persia, 367 — ex- 
pedition of Epaminondas into Achaia, 
and capture of Oropus ; Athens makes 
an alliance with Arcadia ; peace made 
by Corinth and Phlius with Thebes, 366 
— Archidamus invades Arcadia ; the 
battle of Olympia fought during the 
games ; Pelopidiis attacks Alexander of 



GEE 



3; 5 



GRE 



Gkeece — continued* 
Pherse ; at the battle of Cynoscephalae his 
soldiers are alarmed by an eclipse of the 
sun, and he is slain, 364 — battle of Man- 
tinea, death of Epaminondas ; the power 
of Thebes declines, 362 — a general peace ; 
the Lacedaemonians admit the independ- 
ence of the Messeniaus, 361. 

The affairs of Thrace arranged by Cha- 
brias, after the assassination of Cotys,360 
—accession of Philip in Macedon, 359. 
See Philip II., k. of Macedon. — The social 
war between the Athenians and their 
former allies ; Delphi seized by the Pho- 
cians ; the sacred war ensues, 357 — end 
of the social war, 355 — Chares employs 
the forces under his command to support 
the rebellion of Artabazus, and is re- 
called to Athens, 355 — Artabazus as- 
sisted by 5000 Thebans gains two great 
victories, 354— the ambitious designs of 
Philip become manifest, 353 —Philip at- 
tempting to enter Greece, is stopped at 
Thermopylae by the Athenians, 352 — the 
Olynthians attacked by Pliilip, solicit 
aid from Athens, 349 — besieged by 
Philip, 348 — conquered by him, 347 — 
peace concluded between the Athenians 
and Philip ; he terminates the sacred 
war by the conquest of Phocis, and is 
placed at the head of the Amphictyonic 
council, 346 — his intrigues overcome the 
Lacedaemonians, 344— the Athenians en- 
deavour to counteract his designs, 343 — 
he besieges Selymbria, Byzantium, and 
Perinthus ; assistance obtained from 
Persia, 340-he raises the sieges of Byzan- 
tium and Perinthus, 339 — as chief of the 
Amphictyons he takes the field against 
theLocrians; routs the Athenians and 
Thebans atChaeronea, and marches into 
Laconia, 338 — the Greek States " as- 
sembled at Corinth, declare war against 
Persia, and appoint Philip their general, 
337 — Philip assassinated, 336. 

Alexander begins his career of victory 
in Thrace ; revolt and destruction of The- 
bes, 335. See Alexander the Great, 
and Darius III., k. of Persia. — Alex- 
ander allows all Greek exiles to re- 
turn, 324 — Alexander dies, April 21, 
(May or June, C.) 323 ; his principal ge- 
nerals divide his empire ; Demosthenes 
rouses the Greek States to recover their 
freedom ; under Leosthenes they con- 
quer Antipater, who takes refuge in 
Lamia, whence this is called the Lamian 
War, 323 — they are totally defeated at 
Cranon, and the dominant power of the 
kings of Macedon confirmed, 322. See 
Macedon. — Cassander takes Pydna, 
puts Olympias to death, and rebuilds 
Thebes, 315 — the competitors for power 



make peace, and declare Greece to be 
free ; but the influence of Cassander 
still prevails, 311 — the rebuilding of 
Thebes completed, 305 — Cassander op- 
posed by Demetrius Poliorcetes, 303 — the 
sons of Cassander dispute the succession 
and invite Lysimachus, Pyrrhus of Epi- 
rus and Demetrius Poliorcetes to support 
their conflicting claims, 295 — Demetrius 
supplants them, and makes himself k., 
294 — Lysimachus becomes powerful in 
Thrace, and Pyrrhus in Epirus, 291 — 
Demetrius driven from Macedon by Pyr- 
rhus, who is himself expelled by Lysi- 
machus, who becomes k. of Macedon, 
287 — the JEtolians league against Lysi- 
machus, 284 — the Danubian Kelts (Ga- 
latae) invade Greece, 280 — attack Delphi 
and are repulsed, 278 — on their retreat 
towards the Danube are defeated in 
Macedon by Sosthenes, who is slain in 
battle against them, 277— the Achaean 
league becomes powerful, 276. See 
Ach.&;an League. 

The Achaeans call upon Antigonus 
Doson to arrest the progress of Cleo- 
menes, 223. See Cleomenes III. — The 
Social war begins, 220— general pacifica- 
tion of Greece, 217 — Philip V., king of 
Macedon, makes war on the Romans, 213 
' — Philopcemen becomes important in 
the Achaean league, 210 — peace between 
the Romans, Macedonians, and all their 
allies, 204— Athens attacked by Philip 
V., seeks aid from Rome, 201 — Flami- 
nius takes the command in Greece, 
drives Philip from the defile of Antigo- 
nia, and enters Thessaly; he takes 
Elatea and Thebes, and detaches the 
Achaeans from Philip, 198 — victoiy at 
Cynoscephalae, 197 — Philip submits to the 
peace offered by Rome, 197. 

Flaminius proclaims at the Isthmian 
games, the decree of the Roman se- 
nate for the freedom of Greece, 196 — 
he compels Nabis to submit, and sets 
Argos free to rejoin the Achaean league, 
195 — the Romans make an alliance 
with Philip, and Antiochus with the 
iEtolians, 193— Antiochus enters Greece, 
192 — Philopcemen defeats Nabis, who 
is killed by the JEtolians; Lacedae- 
mon joins the Achaean league, 192 — 
Antiochus defeated at Thermopylae, 
191 — L. Cornelius Scipio, assisted by 
his brother, Africanus, takes the com- 
mand in Greece, and grants a truce to 
the .^Etolians, 190 — the consul Fulvius 
compels the ^Gtolians to make peace; 
they give up Ambracia and Cephalonia, 
and pay tribute; Philopcemen forces the 
Lacedaemonians to adopt the laws of the 
League, and abrogate those of Lycurgus, 



GRE 



376 



GRE 



Sreeoe — Tontinued. t 

189 — the Greek cities are declared free 
in the treaty between Rome and Antio- 
chus ; altercations between the Achaeans 
and Lacedaemonians; they send ambas- 
sadors to Rome, 188. 

Achaean embassy to Ptolemy Epi- 
phanes, who l'enews his alliance with 
the League, 187 — mission of Caecilius 
to check the growing power of Philip, 
185 — Philip sends his son, Demetrius, 
to plead his cause before the senate, 
184 — Philopoemen is made prisoner 
by the Messenians and put to death, 
183 — Lycortas, Achaean praetor, sub- 
dues Messenia, and brings Lacedaemon 
back to the League, 182 — Rome arbi- 
trates between the contending states ; 
ambassadors from Lacedaemon and the 
Achaeans are heard by the senate, 181 — 
Philip of Macedon dies ; his son, Per- 
seus, negociates secretly with other 
states against Rome, 179 — the Achaeans 
make an alliance with Rome ; Thessaly 
relapses under Macedonian influence, 177 
— the Romans send ambassadors to as- 
certain the intentions of Perseus, 174 — 
he refuses to receive them, 173— prepar- 
a dons for war ; the Boeotian confederacy 
dissolved, 172 — commencement of the 
third Macedonian war: Perseus gains 
some advantages o^er the Romans, and 
offers peace, which is rejected, 171 — 
Hostilius takes the command in Mace- 
don ; the Roman fleet ravages the sea- 
coast ; Perseus negociates with Antio- 
chug, Prusias, and many Greek states, 
against Rome, 170 — Marcius Philippus 
drives Perseus from his position in 
Tempe, 169 — battle of Pydna, June 22, 
168- Perseus, totally defeated by JEmi- 
lius Paullus, becomes a prisoner, and 
his kingdom a Roman province, 168. 

The Achaeans endeavour to renew their 
league, and appoint Diaeus praetor, 149 — 
quarrels of the Lacedaemonians and 
Achaeans; Rome interferes, 148 — the 
Achaeans retire to Corinth, before Me- 
tellus, 147 — Mummius commands in 
Greece, defeats Diaeus and the Achteans 
at Leucopetra, takes Corinth, and de- 
stroys it, 146 — a large part of Greece de- 
clares in favour of Mithridates, whose 
general, Archelaus, forms a strong army 
there ; Sylla and Lucullus advance to 
oppose him, and besiege Athens, 87 — 
Athens taken, and Archelaus defeated 
by Sylla, 86 — the arts and literature of 
Greece introduced at Rome, 84— Pompey 
retires into Greece, and is pursued by 
Caesar, 49 — battle of Pharsalia, Aug. 9, 
48 — C(rinth rebuilt, 46 — Brutus and 
Cassias wllect an army in Greeca, 43— 



battles of Philippi, 42 — Augustus tra- 
vels through Gveece, 21 — regulates all 
the dependent states, 20 — visited by 
Nero, a.d. 66 — by violent earthquakes, 
105 — by Hadrian, 122. See Hadrian, 
emperor of Rome, and Athens. — By the 
emperor M. Aurelius, 176—ravaged by the 
Goths, 256 — the rebel/Valens, assumes the 
purple in Greece, puts to death Piso, who 
had aspired to the throne, and is himself 
killed by his soldiers, 261 — ravaged 
again by the Goths, 262-267 — forms part 
of the Eastern empire of Licinius, 313 
— added to the Western, by Constantine, 
314 — visited by Julian, as a student, 354 
— favoured by him, when emperor, 361 — 
an earthquake, followed by a sudden 
rise of the sea on its coast, July 20, 365 
— given up by Gratian to Theodositis, as 
part of the Eastern empire, 379 — re- 
mains attached to it under Arcadius, 395 
— invaded by Alaric, k. of the Visigoths, 
396 — Slavonian colonists admitted by the 
emperor Heraclius, 640 — more arrive, and 
occupy the lands depopulated by the. 
plague, 747 — endeavour to establish an 
independent state, and are defeated at 
Patras, 807 — invaded by the Bulgarians, 
978— the coast and islands ravaged by 
the Saracens, 1027 — invaded by Roger, 
k. of Sicily; Athens, Thebes, and Co- 
rinth plundered, and their silk-weavers 
transported to Palermo, 1146 — divided 
by the Latins of the fourth crusade, and 
some Byzantine refugees, 1205. See 
Achaia, principality of; Athens, duchy 
of; Epjrus, despotat of; Thessalonica, 
kingdom of; and Naxos, duchy of. — In- 
vaded by Roger de Loria, 1292 — by the 
Catalan Grand Company, 1307 — the Sel- 
jouk Turks ravage the coast, but are 
defeated near Mount Athos, 1330 — revolt 
of Scanderbeg, 1443 — Athensand Thebes 
taken by Mahomet II., 1456 — Athens 
and part of the Morea occupied by the 
Venetians, 1466 — the whole of Greece 
finally subdued by the Turks, 1540. 
Grkece, Modern, revolt of Ali Pasha; he 
urges the Greeks to emancipate them- 
selves, 1820 — their insurrection breaks 
out under Alexander Ipsilanti ; massacre 
of the Greeks ; their patriarch put to 
death; Ipsilanti, defeated, retires into 
Hungary, and is imprisoned ; his bro- 
ther, Demetrius, with Mavrocordato and 
Ulysses, take Napoli di Romania; de- 
feat the Turks at Thermopylae; storm 
Tripolitza and Missolonghi ; establish a 
provisional government, and convoke 
the congress of Epidaurus, 1821 — declar- 
tion of independence; Ali Pasha over- 
come and put to death ; massacre of 
Scios ; success of Canaris and Miaulis 



GRE 



377 



GEE 



Greece, Modern?.— continued. 
against the Turkish fleets; Mavrocorda- 
to defeated at Arta; the Turks enter 
the Morea ; are routed by Colocotroni ; 
Omar Vrioni driven from Anatolico by 
the Suliotes and Mavrocordato, 1822 — 
lord Byron arrives in Greece ; the Greeks 
obtain many victories by sea and land, 
but injure their cause by internal dis- 
cord and bad management, 1823 — death 
of lord Byron at Missolonghi, 1824 — 
Ibrahim, son of Mehemet Ali, conducts 
a powerful force from Egypt against 
Greece; disasters of the Greeks; Tri- 
poli tza taken and Missolonghi besieged, 
1825— he takes Missolonghi, and devas- 
tates the Morea ; his progress is stopped 
by the Mainotes ; treaty of Great Bri- 
tain, France, and Russia, for the pacifi- 
cation of Greece, 1826 — second treaty. 
and destruction of the Turco- Egyptian 
fleet at Navarino ; Capo d'Istrias ap- 
pointed president, lord Cochrane admi- 
ral, and Church, general ; they fail to 
relieve the Acropolis of Athens, and be- 
siege Missolonghi ; many German offi- 
cers arrive to assist the Greeks, 1827 — 
■ the government organized, piracy sup- 
pressed, Alexander Ipsilanti released, 
and dies soon afterwards ; the Egyptians 
evacuate Greece; representatives of the 
three Powers meet at Poros, to settle the 
limits of the new state ; the sultan re- 
fuses to concur, 1828 — he acknowledges 
the independence of Greece, 1829 — the 
crown refused by prince Leopold of Saxe 
Coburg, 1830 ; discord in Greece ; arrest 
of Pietro Mavromichali ; assassination 
of Capo d'Istrias ; his brother, Augustin, 
appointed president, 1831 — Otho, son of 
the k. of Bavaria, accepted as k. of 
Greece ; the northern boundary of his 
kingdom determined by a line drawn 
from the gulf of Arta to that of Volo, 
1832 — he arrives at Athens, which he 
makes his metropolis, and assumes the 
government of Greece, 1833 — reparation 
for injuries to British subjects demand- 
ed, Jan. 18, 1850— Russia remonstrates, 
and France mediates, Feb. 19— admiral 
Parker threatens to bombard the Piraeus; 
the Greek government submits, April 
27 — the proceedings of the British go- 
vernment censured in the House of Lords, 
June 17 — approved by the Commons, 28 
— a Greek force assists an insurrection 
in Epirus against the Turkish authori- 
ties, 1854 — lord Clarendon requires it to 
be withdrawn; the French land at the 
Piraeus to enforce this, April 25 — k. Otho 
submits. 26. 
Greek church. See Eastern church. 
Greek churches iu Palestine, pre ected 



by a firman of the sultan, May 4, 
1853. 

Greek empire. See Eastern empire. 
Greek fire, invented by Callinicus, used 
for the defence of Constantinople against 
the Saracens, 673 — totally destroys a 
powerful fleet sent by them to assist the 
siege, 717 — the art of making it betray- 
ed to the Bulgarians, 813. 
Greek grammar, the first printed, at Mi- 
lan, 1476. 
Greek language supersedes Latin in the 
public offices of Constantinople, 441 — 
neglected in the West after 700 — allow- 
ed by pope Innocent III. to be used by 
the priests of the Byzantine empire in 
the service of their churches, if they in- 
culcate the papal supremacy, 1215 — 
brought again into Italy, with its litera- 
ture, by Barlaam, 1339 — taught by Ema- 
nuel Chrysoloras at Florence, 1396— 
learned at Florence from Demetrius 
Chalcocondylas by Grocyn, Latimer, and 
Linacre, and brought by them to Eng- 
land, 1476-1500— studied by Erasmus at 
Oxford, 1509 — taught by him at Cam- 
bridge, 1510. 

Greek manners are introduced into Ger- 
many by the empress Theophania, 973. 

Greek patriarchs. See Constantinople, 
patriarchs of. 

Greek philosophy, founded by Pythago- 
ras, 530-500 b.c. — systematized by So- 
crates, 423— taught by him to Plato, 409. 
See Athens.Cyrene, Alexandria. — For- 
bidden at Athens, 316— the decree re- 
pealed, 315 — its four schools headed 
by Strato, Zeno, Epicurus, and Arce- 
silaus, 278 — prohibited at Rome, 161 
— restored there by Carneades and his 
companions, 155 — assists the progress of 
Christianity. See Gnostics, Clemens 
Alexandrinus, Origen. — Encouraged 
by the emperor Hadrian, 129 — by An- 
toninus Pius, 142— by Marcus Aurelius, 
176— studied by Julian, 355 — employed 
by him to oppose Christianity, 362 — de- 
cried by the church, 378 — suppressed by 
Justinian I., 529 — revived in Italy by 
Lorenzo de' Medici, 1476. 

Greek Septuagint. See Bible. 

Greek Testament. See Erasmus. 

Green, Samuel, establishes the first print- 
ing office iu America, at Cambridge, 
1637. 

Green, Thomas, bp. of Ely, visitor of 
Trinity College, deprives Dr. Richard 
Bentley of his mastership, Apr. 27, 1734 
— the vice-master refuses to read the 
sentence, 1735. 

Green, the American general, defeated by 
lord Coruwallis at Guildford, March 16, 
1781. 



GEE 



378 



GRK 



Green, Mr. See Nassau balloon. 

Greenacre, James, executed for murder, 
May 2, 1837. 

Green-bag, containing Reports on the 
state of the country, referred to secret 
committees of parliament, Feb. 3, 1817 — 
they recommend coercive measures, 10. 

Green faction. See Constantinople. 

Greenland discovered by Erik the Ice- 
lander, 982— Haco V., k. of Norway, ac- 
quires the sovereignty of, 1262— a com- 
pany for its improvement incorporated 
in Denmark, 1620— a new colony planted, 
1721. 

Greenock, statue of James Watt erected 
at, 1832— railway. See Glasgow. 

Greenough, G. B., b. 1778— d. 1855. 

Green park, the statue of Wellington 
placed on the arch at the entrance of 
the, Sept. 29, 1846. 

Greenville, sir George, vice-admiral, with 
his single ship resists for fifteen hours 
a Spanish fleet of fifty-three sail, and 
dies of his wounds, 1591. 

Greenwich, Henry, son of Henry VII., b. 
at, June 20, 1491 — Maiy, daughter of 
Henry VIII., b. at, Feb. 18, 1516— Eliza- 
beth, daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne 
Boleyn, born at, Sept. 7, 1533— Observ- 
atory built, 1671 — hospital instituted by 
Wm. III., and sixpence a month taken 
from every seaman's wages for its sup- 
port, 1696— endowed with the forfeited 
estates of the earl of Derwentwater, 
May 15, 1735— a statue of George II. by 
Rysbrach, placed in the parade. 1720 — 
chapel burnt, Jan. 2, 1779 — railway from 
London completed, Dec. 26, 1838. 

Gregoire, the Abbe, b. 1748— d. 1850. 

Gregoras, Nicephorus, the historian, is 
shut up in the monastery of Chora for 
denying the light of Mount Thabor, 1351 
— released, 1354. 

Gregorian calendar or era, first suggested 
by Louis Lillio of Verona, completed by 
Christopher Clavius, and adopted by 
pope Gregory XIII., 1582. See Calen- 
dar. 

Gregorian chant invented by Gregory I., 
599 — introduced into France, 787. 

Gregorius, bp. of Antioch, 570 — tried and 
acquitted by a synod at Constantinople, 
587— d. 593. 

Gregory, the praetorian prefect of Africa, 
assumes the purple, 646 — defeated and 
killed, 647. 

Gregory I., pope, 590— claims authority 
over foreign bishops and churches, 592— 
prevails on the Lombards to withdraw 
from Rome, 595— sends Augustin and a 
train of monks to preach Christianity 
in Britain, 596— opposes Cyriacus, see 
Cyriacus ; and in his letters styles him- 



self ■"' Servant of the servants of God." 
596. See Gregorian Chant. — Addresses 
his epistles to Mellitus, Augustin, Ethel- 
bert and Virgilius, 601 — places the 
statues of Phocas and his empress in the 
Lateran and congratulates him on his 
elevation, 603— d. 604. 

Gregory II., pope, May 19, 715 — restores 
the original Benedictine monastery of 
Monte Casino, 718 — resists the edict of 
Leo III. against the worship of images, 
727 — prevails on Liutprand and the ex- 
arch Eutychius not to attack Rome, 729 
— d. Feb. 11, 731. 

Gregory III., pope, Feb. 16, 731 — assem- 
bles a council at Rome in which all 
Iconoclasts are excommunicated, 732 — 
invites the protection of Charles Martel 
against Liutprand, and d. 741, 

Gregory IV., pope, 827— extends the power 
of the church, and uses the forged " De- 
cretals " for that purpose, 837 — d. 844. 

Gregory V., pope, June 16. 996. See Bru- 
no. — Is opposed by the anti-pope John 
XVI. ; excommunicates Crescentius, and 
is expelled from Rome, 997 — Otho III. 
conducts him back, 998— d. Feb. 12, 999. 

Gregory VI. See Gratiano. — Buys tha 
papal dignity, 1044— deposed, 1046. 

Gregory VII., pope, taken to Rome from 
Worms, as the monk Hildebrand, by 
pope Leo IX., 1049 ; begins to have great 
influence in the church,1054 — sub-deacon; 
sent to confer with the emperor Hen. III. 
on the choice of a new pope, 1055— made 
a cardinal, 1057— concurs with the em- 
press Agnes and Damiano in calling a 
council at Sienna to choose a pope, 1058 
— archdeacon of the Romish church, 1059 
— incites the cardinals to elect Alexander 
II. without the imperial consent, 1061 — 
the prime mover of the church, 1065 — 
at the council of Mantua denies the im- 
perial right to interfere in the choice of 
a pope, 1067 — elected pope, Apr. 22, 1073 
— forbids the sale of church benefices in 
Germany, 1073— excommunicates Robert 
Gniscard for not doing him homage ; is 
acknowledged liege-lord of Hungary by 
Solomon; threatens Philip I. of France, 
and sends alegate to admonish Henry IV. 
of Germany ; suggests the first idea of a 
general crusade against the Turks, 1074 
— the emperor Henry begins to resist his 
pretensions; Gregory excommunicates 
Robert Guiscard again, 1075— is deposed 
at the Diet of Worms, held by Henry, 
whom he excommunicates in the council 
of Rome, 1076— Henry submits to him, 
at Canossa, where his cause is supported 
by the countess Matilda; he exacts an 
annual tribute from Alfonso VI. of Cas- 
tile, 1077 — Henry and Rudolf appeal to 



GEE 



379 



GltE 



him; he sends legates to arbitrate be- 
tween them; excommunicates Nicepho- 
rus III., emperor of the East, 1078 — ex- 
communicates Boleslas II., of Poland, 
1079 —excommunicates and deposes Hen- 
ry in a council at Eome, and is deposed 
by him in a council at Brixen ; retires to 
Aquino, is reconciled to Robert Guiscard, 
1080— besieged in S. Angelo by Henry, 
and relieved by Robert Guiscard, 1084 — 
retires to Salerno, where he d. May 25, 
1085. 

Gregory VIII. (antipope), 1118. See Bra- 
ga, Maurizio Bardino, archbp. of. — 
Withdraws from Rome to Sutri, 1120 — 
surrenders, 1121. 

Gregory VIII., pope, cardinal Albert di 
Morra elected, Oct. 20, 1187 — urges a new 
crusade, and d. two months after his 
election, Dec. 17. 

Gregory IX., pope, Ugolino de' Conti di 
Segni, bishop of Ostia, elected, March 
19, 1227 — vehemently urges a crusade, 
and excommunicates the emperor Fre- 
deric II. of Germany for not proceed- 
ing on it, 1227 — excommunicates him 
again for going; absolves his subjects 
from their allegiance, declares a cru- 
sade against Apulia and Sicily, and 
sends John de Brienne to reduce those 
countries, 1228 — his army makes great 
progress in Apulia; forbids the Hospital- 
lers and Templars to obey Frederic ; his 
proceedings cause great dissatisfaction 
through all Christendom, 1229 — recon- 
ciled to the emperor ; gives the govern- 
ment of Spoleto and Ancona to Milo, bp. 
of Beauvais, 1230 — he issues Bulls against 
heretics, forbids laymen to dispute on 
doctrines of faith, and gives new privi- 
leges to the religious orders, 1231 — esta- 
blishes tribunals of the Inquisition at 
Toulouse and Carcassone, 1232 — by a 
Bull, directs the Knights of Palestine to 
obey the emperor Frederic as k. of Jeru- 
salem, 1232 — driven from Rome to Vi- 
terbo by the senate and citizens, who 
resist his temporal power, and seize his 
revenues; he appeals to the emperor, 
and other princes, for assistance ; re- 
pulses the citizens of Rome, who attack 
Viterbo, 1234 — leagues with Venice and 
Genoa against Frederic, 1238 — claims 
Sardinia, and excommunicates Frederic, 
denouncing him as a heretic and atheist, 
and absolves his subjects from their 
allegiance, 1239 — proclaims a crusade 
against him ; sends ecclesiastics into 
other countries to raise money ; his 
states are ravaged by Frederic, 1240 — 
calls a council to be held at Rome ; Fre- 
deric seizes and detains the cardinals, 
prelates, and ambassadors, on their way 



to attend it, 1241— Gregory d. Aug. 24, 
1241. 

Gregory X., pope, Thibauld Visdomini, 
archdeacon of Liege, elected, Sept. 1, 
1271 — urges another crusade to the Holy 
Land, and summons for the purpose a 
general council to be held at Lyons, 1272 
— excommunicates Simon de Montfort 
for the murder of Henry, son of the 
earl of Cornwall; and the citizens of 
Genoa, Pavia, and Asti, and the mar- 
quis of Montferrat, for resisting Chas. 
of Naples ; claims and receives the 
Comtat Venaissin, 1273 — holds the coun- 
cil of Lyons ; effects a temporary union 
of the Greek and Latin churches ; re- 
fuses to crown Jas. I. of Aragon ; fails 
in his exhortations to another crusade ; 
interview at Beaucaire, 1274. See Al- 
fonso X., k. of Castile.— Meets the em- 
peror Rudolf at Lausanne, to urge ano- 
ther crusade, Oct. 4, 1275— d. Jan. 10, 
1276. 

Gregory XL, pope : cardinal Peter Roger, 
son of Wm, lord of Beaufort, in Anjou, 
and nephew of pope Clement VI., elected, 
Dec. 30, 1370 — continues to reside at 
Avignon ; exacts a tenth of the ecclesi- 
astical revenues in many countries, for 
the expenses of his war against the Vis- 
conti ; excommunicates them, and takes 
sir John Hawkwood into his service ; 
forbids the Knights of Rhodes to aid the 
Genoese in their attack on Cyprus, and 
assigns them an annual payment out of 
the tithes of that island for the defence 
of Smyrna, 1373 — Wickliffe, and six 
other ambassadors, represent to him the 
grievances of England, 1374 — attacks 
Florence, 1375— the Florentines excite a 
general revolt in his states, and take 
Bologna, for which he excommunicates 
them, lays an interdict on their lands, 
and directs Christians to seize any of 
them, rob them of their property, and 
sell them for slaves ; hires a mercenary 
force of Bretons, which he sends to re- 
cover his dominions; leaves Avignon, 
embarks at Marseilles, and arrives in 
Italy, 1376 — makes his entry into Rome, 
Jan. 17, but soon fixes his residence at 
Anagni ; his overtures are rejected at 
Florence, 1377— d. Mar. 27, 1378. 

Gregory XII., pope, Angelo Corrario, car- 
dinal of St. Mark, elected, Nov. 30, 1406 
— he evades a conference at Savona with 
his rival, Benedict XIII., 1407 — inter- 
changes with him hollow professions 
of a desire for peace, but does not abdi- 
cate ; France refuses obedience to him ; 
he fixes his residence at Lucca, 1408 — 
refuses to appear at the council of Pisa, 
is deposed, but still reverenced in Bava- 



GRE 



380 



GRE 



ria, Frinii, and Naples, and holds his 
council at Cividale, where he excommu- 
nicates and reviles his opponents, 1409 
— is desired by the k. of Naples to leave 
Gaeta, and removes to Rimini, 1412 — 
he abdicates ; is allowed to retain the 
dignity of cardinal, and made governor 
of the March of Ancona, 1415— d. Oct. 13, 
1417. 

Gregory XIII., pope, cardinal Ugo Buon- 
compagno, bp. of Vesti, elected May 13, 
1572— orders a public thanksgiving for 

. the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572 — 
sends troops to assist the Romanists, in 
Ireland, which are intercepted and taken 
to Africa by Sebastian, k. of Portugal, 
1578 — sends an army into Ireland, which 
is totally defeated, 1580— converts the 
baths of Diocletian into a granary ; me- 
diates between Iwan IV., czar of Russia, 
and Stephen Bathori ; settles a quarrel 
between the knights of Malta and their 
grand master, Cassi^re, 1581 — corrects 
the calendar; Oct. 5th made the 15th, 
1582. See Gregorian calendar.— Re- 
ceives ambassadors from Japan; d. 
April 10, 1585. 

Gregory XIV., pope, cardinal Nicholas 
Spondrati, bp. of Cremona, elected, Dec. 
5, 1590 — fulminates a Bull against Hen- 
ry IV. of France ; d. Oct. 15, 1591. 

Gregory XV., pope, cardinal Alexander 
Ludovisio. archbp. of Bologna, elected, 
Feb. 9, 1621— gives statutes to the Bene- 
dictine congregation of St. Maur, 1621 — 
establishes the congregation " De Propa- 
ganda fide,;' 1622— d. July 8, 1623. 

Gregory XVI., pope, cardinal Manrus Ca- 
pellari, b. 1765 -succeeds, Feb. 2, 1831— 
insurrection in his states, suppressed 
by an Austrian army, 1831 — Ancona 
held by the French ; writes to the bp. 
of Bavaria, condemning mixed mar- 
riages and familiar intercourse with 
Protestants, 1832 — excommunicates Don 
Pedro for his reforms in the church of 
Portugal, 1833— appoints clerical gover- 
nors in the Legations, 1836— encourages 
the Roman Catholic prelates in Prussia 
to resist a royal ordonnance respecting 
mixed marriages, 1838 — protests against 
the deposition of the archbp. of Posen, 
1839 — the misgovernment of the Lega- 
tions causes an insurrection at Bologna, 
1843— his states in vain ask for reforms, 
1844— d. June 1, 1846. 

Gregory I., patriarch of Constantinople. 
See Gregory of Nazianzus. 

Gregory II. and III. See Constantino- 
ple, patriarchs of, 110 and 129. 

Gregory, exarch of Ravenna, instructed 
by Constans to enforce his edict, 666 — 
fails in an effort to arrest the progress of 



the Mohammedans in Africa, 667 — suc- 
ceeded by Theodore II., 678. 

Gregory. See Alexandria, bps. of, 20. 

Gregory of Nyssa, brother of Basil of 
Caesarea, advocates strenuously the 
Nicene faith, 363 — replies to Euno- 
mius, 372 — becomes bp. of Nyssa, 375 — 
banished by the emperor Valens, 376 
— restored, 378 — attends the council of 
C.P., 394— d. 395. 

Gregory, bp. of Tours, o. in Auvergne, 
539 — consecrated, 574— d. Nov. 17, 595. 

Gregory, bp. of Vercelli, excommunicated 
for adultery, obtains absolution from 
pope Leo IX., 1051. 

Gregory, Bar Hebrseus. See Abulpha- 

RAGIUS. 

Gregory of Nazianzus, b. 326 — studies at 
Athens, 355 — composes two orations 
against Julian, 363 — writes epitaphs on 
his brother and sister, 369 — writes 
against the pride and luxury of the 
hierarchy, 370 — bp. of Sasima, 371 — re- 
plies to Eunomius, 372 — preaches the 
Nicene faith at C.P., 379— bp. of C.P., 
380 — disgusted with the conduct of his 
brethren, and unwilling to co-operate 
in their projects, resigns his dignity, 
and retires into Cappadocia, 381— d. 390. 

Gregory Thaumaturgus, or Theodoru3, 
a pupil of Origen, at Caesarea, and con- 
verted by him to Christianity, 232— ad- 
dresses his oration in praise of him, at 
Caesarea, 240 — bp. of Neo-Csesarea in 
Pontus, 261— d. 270. 

Geegory, James, b. 1638— d. 1675. 

Geegoby, Dr., b. 1753— <Z. 1821. 

Gbegoby, Dr. Olinthus, d. 1841. 

Gbeig, captain, assists the Russians to de« 
stroy the Turkish fleet at Tchesme,1773 
— becomes an admiral in their service, 
and d. 1787. 

Grenada, the West India island, first vi- 
sited by Columbus, 1498 — occupied by 
the French, 1650— taken by the English, 
April 5, 1762 — by the French, 1779— re- 
covered by Great Britain, 1783. 

Grenville, George, brother of earl Tem- 
ple, b. 1712 — moves an address against 
the foreign alliances of George II., 1743 
— treasurer of the navy, 1754 — succeeds 
lord Bute, April 8, 1763— his act for tax- 
ing the American colonies receives the 
royal assent, April 5, 1764— gives way to 
the Rockingham ministry, 1765 — intro- 
duces his Bill for the decision of election 
petitions, March 7 .1770— d. Nov. 11, 1770. 

Grenville, William Wyndham, b. 1759 — 
Speaker of the House of Commons, Jan. 
5, 1789 — secretary of state for the foreign 
department, June 5 — created lord Gren- 
ville, 1790 — introduces the Alien act, 
Dec. 19, 1792— rejects the offer of peace 



GltE 



381 



GltE 



made by France, Dec. 25, 1799 — an- 
nounces to the Lords the resignation of 
ministers, Feb. 10, 1801 — censures the 
treaty of peace with France, Nov. 3 ; 
again, May 13, 1802 — coalesces with Fox, 
and declines office in the Pitt ministry, 
1804 — presents a Catholic petition to the 
Lords, 1805 — first lord of the treasury, 
M ay 10, 1806 — abolition of the slave-trade 
moved by him, and voted by the Lords, 
June 10 — parliamentary explanation on 
the dismissal of his ministry, Mar. 26, 
1809— chancellor of Oxford, Dec. 11, 1809 
— refuses to join the Perceval and Liver- 
pool administration, 1812 — retires from 
public life, and his friends take office 
with lord Liverpool, 1822—6?. 1831. 

Grenville, Thomas, b. 1755 — first lord of 
the admiralty. 1806-7— d. 1846, and be- 
queaths his library to the British Mu- 
seum. 

Greothingi. See Gruthdngi. 

Gresham, sir Thomas, founds the Royal 
Exchange, Sept. 7, 1567 — visited by qu. 
Elizabeth at its opening, 1570 — d. 1579. 

Greville, Fulk, lord Broke, b. 1544 — d. 
1628. 

Grey, an ancient Norman family, named 
from the castle of Croy, or Craye, in 
Picardy, given to their ancestor by duke 
Robert, about 1100. 

Grey, sir John, of Groby (Lord Ferrers), 
marries Elizabeth Woodville, 1452 — d. 
of his wounds received in the second 
battle of St. Alban's ; his estates are 
confiscated, 1461. 

Grey, Thomas, eldeFt son of sir John and 
Elizabeth Woodville. marries the dau. 
and heiress of the duke of Exeter, and 
is created earl of Huntingdon, 1471 ; 
marquis of Dorset, 1475. See Dorset, 
marquis of. 

Ckey, Henry, eldest son of Thomas, be- 
comes marquis of Dorset, and marries 
Frances Brandon, eldest daughter of 
Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, and 
Mary, sister of Henry VIII., about 1536 
— lord high constable at the coronation 
of Edward VI., 1547— justice itinerant of 
the royal forests, 1550 — created duke of 
Suffolk, 1551. See Suffolk, duke of. 

Grey, lady Jane, eldest daughter of Henry 
and Frances Brandon, b. 1537— educated 
by Roger Ascham, 1551 — marries lord 
Guildford Dudley, fourth son of the duke 
of Northumberland, 1553 ; proclaimed 
queen against her will, July 6; retires, 
16; imprisoned by qu. Mary ; condemn- 
ed, Nov. 13; beheaded, Feb. 12, 1554. 

Grky, lady Katharine, second daughter of 
Henry and Frances Brandon, marries 
lord Herbert, son of the earl of Pem- 
broke, 1553 — divorced, . marries the earl 



of Hertford, son of the late Protector 
Somerset, and is committed to the Tower 
by qu. Elizabeth, 1561—6?. there, 1570. 

Grky, Leonard, lord, beheaded, on a charge 
of treason, by Henry VIIL, 1541. 

Grey, lord, accused of treason, and sent 
to the Tower, Sept. 29, 1722. 

Grey, Charles, earl, b. 1764— while a com- 
moner, takes a prominent station in the 
Whig party, and concludes the Benares 
charge against Warren Hastings, April 
25, 1788— an active member of the Society 
of the Friends of the People, presents 
their petition, and supports it by mov- 
ing resolutions in favour of Parliamen- 
tary Reform, May 6, 1793— moves an 
amendment in the debate on the renewal 
of the war against France, May 23, 1803 
— first lord of the admiralty in the new 
ministry, and takes the title of viscount 
Howick, on his father being made an 
earl, 1806 — succeeds C. J. Fox as foreign 
secretary, Oct. 8 ; introduces a Bill for 
the admission of Roman Catholics to 
hold commissions in the army and navy, 
March 5, 1807— objected to by the king, 
and postponed, 18 ; quits office, 25 ; par- 
liamentary explanation, 26; inherits his 
father's title, Oct. 14; by the will of his 
uncle, sir Henry Grey, comes into pos- 
session of large estates, 1808 — concurs 
with lord Grenville in refusing office, 
1812— condemns the Sidmouth Circular, 
1817 — presents the Roman Catholic pe- 
tition to the Lords, 1824 — prime minis- 
ter, announces peace, retrenchment, and 
reform as the principles of his govern- 
ment, Nov. 22, 1830— gives notice of the 
Reform Bill, Feb. 3, 1831 — the Bill de- 
feated, he offers to resign, which Wm. 
IV. prevents, by dissolving parliament, 
April 23, 1831 ; and a second time, by of- 
fering to create peers, May 18, 1832— the 
measure carried through, June 7; to 
commemorate its success, a gold cup pre- 
sented to him, Nov. 6; finally retires 
from office, July 9, 1834— a public dinner 
given to him at Edinburgh, Sept 15— d. 
July 17, 1845. 

Grey, Henry, earl, son of Charles, earl, b. 
1802 — as lord Howick, secretary at war, 
1835— resigns, 1841 — inherits his father's 
title, 1845 — colonial secretary, 1846 — re- 
signs, 1852. 

Grey, sir George, under-secretary of state 
for the colonies, 1835 — resigns, 1841 — 
home secretary, 1846 — resigns, 1852 — 
colonial secretary, 1854— home secretary, 
1855. 

Grey, sir Charles, takes Martinique, Mar. 
16, 1794. 

Grey, sir Henry, uncle of Charles, earl 
Grey, d. 1808. 



GRI 



382 



GEO 



Gbiesbach, John Jacob, b. 1745— d. 1812. 

Griffith, son of Llewelyn, prince of Wales, 
defeats an English army, 1039 — invades 
the western counties of England, 1046 — 
defeats and slays Leofgar, bp. of Hereford, 
at Cleobury ; repelled by Harold and 
Leofric, earl of Coventry, 1056 — assists 
in the restoration of Elfgar, earl of Co- 
ventry, 1058— d. 1063. 

Griffiths, Dr. Ralph, b. 1720— editor of 
the " Monthly Review,"— d. 1803. 

Grig, k. of Scotland, 880, uncertain. 

Grimaldi. See Genoa. 

Grimaldi, Antonino, commands the Ge- 
noese fleet, defeated by the Venetians 
and Aragonese, off Linghiera, in Sardi- 
nia, Aug. 29, 1353. 

Grimaldi, the favourite clown at the the- 
atres, b. 1780 — retires from the stage, 
1828. 

Grimani, Marino, doge of Venice, 1595 — 
threatened with excommunication by 
pope Paul V. for having exercised civil 
jmisdiction over the church, 1605 — d. 
1606. 

Grimani, Pietro, doge of Venice, {1741- 
1752. 

Grimbald, provost of St. Omer's, 901 — d. 
903. 

Grimoald, duke of Beneventum, 647— re- 
sists the attempt of Constans II. to 
plunder the church of St. Michael on 
Mount Garganus, in Apulia, 650— mur- 
ders Gondibert, the young king of Lom- 
bardy ; being left master, is chosen king, 
662 — repels an attack of Constans II., 
663— Bertaridus surrenders to him, 664 
— he defeats Clilotair, who had attempt- 
ed to restore Bertaridus, 665 — having 
invited the Avars to repress the rebel- 
lion of Lupus, duke of Friuli, is obliged 
to expel these allies, 666 — revises and 
extends the code of Rotharis, 668 — 
plants a colony of Bulgarians in Bene- 
ventum, 670— d. 671. See Bertaridus. 

Grimoald II., son of Romoaldo, duke of Be- 
neventum, 677. 

Gkimoald, eon of Arigisus, given as a hos- 
tage to Charlemagne, 787 — released and 
made duke of Beneventum, 788— attack- 
ed by Louis and Pepin, 793— asserts his 
independence, 802 — d. 806. 

Grimoald, his son, duke of Beneventum, 
806 — makes peace with Charlemagne, 
812. 

Grimoald, mayor of the palace, endea- 
vours to raise his son to the throne of 
Austrasia, on the death of Sigebert ; 
the attempt involves him in destruction, 
656. See Austrasia. 

Grimoald, the mayor of Neustria, d. 714. 

Grimsby Docks, the first stone of, laid by 
prince Albert, April 18, 1849 — opened, 



March 18, 1852— inspected by queen Vic 
toria, Oct. 13, 1854. 

Grindal, Edmund, appointed archbp. of 
Canterbury, 1575— suspended for favour- 
ing the Puritans, 1577 — restored to his 
see, 1581— d. 1583. 

Grinfield, general, conquers Demerara 
and Berbice, Sept. 25, 1803. 

Gripho, son of Charles Martel, receives a 
small inheritance at his father's death, 
741 — rebels, but is overcomeby Pepin,751. 

Grisi, leaves the London stage for Ame- 
rica, Aug. 7, 1854. 

Grisons, the, or Graubunden, received as 
the allies of the Swiss cantons, 1497 — 
the Catholics revolt against the Protes- 
tant government, 1620 — the Valteline 
restored to them by the treaty of Mon9on, 
1626— a member of the New Swiss con 
federacy, 1814. 

Gritti, Andrea, doge of Venice, 1523-1539. 

Grocers' Company (Gfrossiers, or wholesale 
dealers), established in London, 1345. 

Grochow, battle of; the Russians repulsed 
by the Poles, Feb. 20, 1831. 

Grocyn, William, b. 1431 — brings the 
Greek language from Italy to Oxford, 
about 1480— d. 1519. 

Groningen, chief city of the Province. See 
United Provinces.— Battle of; Louis of 
Nassau, brother of William, prince of 
Orange, defeated by the Spaniards, 1568 
— taken by prince Maurice, 1594— uni- 
versity of, founded, 1614. 

Gronovius, John F., b. 1611— d. 1671. 

Gronovius, James, b. 1645 — d. 1716. 

Grose, Francis, b. 1731— d. 1791. 

Grossbeeren, battle of; Oudinot defeated 
by Charles John, crown-prince of Sweden, 
Aug. 23, 1813. 

Grossetete, Robert, bp. of Lincoln, theol. 
and phil. fl., 1243 — refuses to admit a 
canon appointed by pope Innocent IV., 
protests against the power assumed by 
him, and d. soon after, 1253. 

Grosvenor, lord, recovers £10,000 damages 
from Henry Frederic, duke of Cumber- 
land, in a suit for criminal conversation, 
1770. 

Grosvenor, Field-marshal Thomas, b. 1764 
— d. 1851. 

Grosvenor, Lord R., introduces a Sunday 
Trading Bill, March 17, 1855— withdraws 
it in consequence of popular excitement 
against it, July 2 — made lord Ebury, 1857. 

Gross Waradin, taken from the Turks, 
June 3, 1692 — taken by the Austrians 
from the Magyar insurgents, Feb. 12, 
1849. 

Grote, George, b. 1794 — defeats a meeting 
called in London to support sir Robert 
Peel's ministry, Dec. 1834— his motion 
for the ballot rejected, Mar. 7, 1837. 



GUA 



383 



GTTE 



Gbotius, Hugo, b. 1583 — imprisoned for 
his adherence to the doctrines of Ar- 
minius, 1618 — condemned to imprison- 
ment for life, 1619 — escapes from the 
castle of Leuwensteen, 1621 — while a re- 
fugee in Sweden writes " De Jure Belli 
et Paris" 1625 — sent to Paris as ambas- 
sador from Sweden, 1635— d. 1645. 

Grouchy, marshal, b. 1766 — fails to stop 
Bliicher's march to Waterloo, June 18, 
1815. 

Gboyn, the. See Corunna. 

Gruter, Jansenius, b. 1560 — d. 1627. 

Gruthungi, or Greothingi,the name given 
by Idatius to a Gothic tribe, defeated 
by Theodosius on the Danube, 386. See 
Guthungi. 

Gryllus, Olympic victor, B.C. 332. 

Guadalito, battle of the ; the Moors of 
Granada and Fez defeated by the kings 
of Castile and Portugal, 1340. 

Guadaloupe, (Fr. Guadeloupe), appro- 
priated by France, 1635 — colonies planted 
by Colbert, 1664— taken by the English, 
Apr. 20, 1759— given up by the treaty of 
Paris, 1763 — again taken, April 22, 1794 
— restored, 1802— taken by general Beck- 
with and admiral Cochrane, Feb. 5, 1810 
— given to Sweden, 1813 — relinquished 
by Sweden to France, 1814. 

Gctaoix, taken by Ferdinand of Castile, 
1489. 

Guaimar III., duke of Salerno, besieged 
by Saracens, is relieved by a band of 
Normans, returning from Palestine, 1016 
— takes a band of Normans into his pay, 
1019. 

Guaimar IV. receives Capua from the em- 
peror Conrad II., 1038— employs the 
Normans to invade Calabria, 1044. 

Gualior, in Scinde, taken by the British, 
Dec. 29, 1843. 

Guano first imported into Great Britain 
for manure, 1842. See Chineta Islands. 

Guano, Nicolo di, doge of Genoa, 1378— de- 
posed, 1383. 

Guards, the royal, at Madrid, declare 
against the constitution, and are over- 
powered by the militia and citizens, 1822. 

Guards, English, embark at Southampton 
for Turkey, Feb. 22, 1854. 

Guarnarius, or Werner, teaches the civil 
law at Bologna, 1140. 

Guastalla, an independent State ; Guide 
Torelli takes the title of count, 1406- 
1449— Christoforo and Pietro Guido I. 
joint counts, 1449-1460 — Guido Galeotto 
and Francesco Maria, 1460-1479 — Fran- 
cesco Maria, sole count. 1479-1486 — 
Pietro Guido II., 1486-1494— Achilles, 
1494-1522— Louisa, 1522-1539. See Gon- 
zaga for the succession of dukes from 
1539 to 1746— on the fail are of the d -veal 



line given first to the count de Paredes, 
of the Spanish family Delia Cerda; 
afterwards annexed to Parma. See 
Parma. — The duchy restored by Napo- 
leon I., and given to his sister Pauline : 
sold by her husband to the kingdom of 
Italy, 1806. See Borghese. 

Guastalla, battle of; the French and 
Sardinians under Charles Emanuel III., 
defeat the Austrians, Sept. 19, 1734. 

Guatemala destroyed by an earthquake, 
Dec. 15, 1773— deserted by the surviving 
inhabitants, who build a new city at the 
distance of eight leagues ; joins the in- 
surrection of Peru, 1821. 

Guatimozin, emperor of Mexico, put to 
death by Cortez, 1521. 

Gubazes, k. of the Lazi, treacherously 
slain by the Romans, 554. 

Gubbio, the ancient Eugubium, besieged 
by Cardinal Napoleone Orsino, by order 
of Boniface VIII., 1300. 

Guelderland added to the dominions of 
Charles the Bold,duke of Burgundy, 1472. 
See Burgundy. — One of the seven United 
Provinces, 1581 — conquered by Louis 
XIV., 1672 — part of the southern or 
Spanish division given by the Congress 
of Utrecht to Frederic William I., k. of 
Prussia, in compensation for his claims 
on the principality of Orange, 1713. 

Guelf (W6lf or W6lpe), the name first 
given to the son of Isenbard of Altdorf, 
in Suabia, and Charlemagne's sister Ir- 
mentrud, about 780. See Brunswick. 

Guelf II., count of Suabia, conspires 
against the emperor Conrad IL;who dis- 
sipates the conspiracy by his firmness, 
1026 — his daughter Cunegonda marries 
the marquis Albert Azzo II., 1047. 

Guelf III., son of Guelf II., receives the 
duchy of Carinthiaand March of Verona 
from the emperor Henry III., 1047 — d. 
the last male of his line, and is buried 
at Altdorf, 1055. 

Guelf IV., son of Albert Azzo II. and 
Cunegonda, and ancestor of the house 
of Brunswick, inherits the States of 
Guelf III., 1055 — receives the duchy of 
Bavaria from the emperor Henry IV., 
1071 — his Bavarian subjects rebel, 1085 
— submit to him, and join him, with 
the Saxons and Suabians, in opposing 
Henry IV. ; he besieges Wiirzburg, and 
defeats the emperor, Aug. 11, 1086 — takes 
Augsburg, 1088— claims and obtains his 
share of his father's lands in Italy, makes 
peace with the emperor, 1097— proceeds 
with an army of crusaders to the East, 
is routed in Asia Minor by Kilidsch 
Arslan, and d. in Cyprus, 1101. 

Guelf V., son of Guelf IV., marries the 
countess of Tuscany, Matilda, 1089 — 



GTTE 



384 



GUI 



separates from her, abandons the papal 
party and joins the emperor's, 1095 — 
succeeds his father in Bavaria as duke 
Guelf II., 1101. See Bavaria and Bruns- 
wick. 

Guelf VI., second son of Hem*y the Proud, 
attempts to regain the States of his ne- 
phew Henry the Lion, is defeated by the 
emperor Conrad III., and surrenders to 
him at Weinsberg, 1140 — receives sub- 
sidies from the k. of Hungary and Sicily, 
to assist him in opposing Henry of Aus- 
tria, 1142 — withdraws from the contest, 
and joins the second crusade, 1147 — re- 
news his struggle with the emperor, and 
concludes a treaty of amity with him, 
1151— receives Tuscany and the other 
States of the late countess Matilda, 1153 
-d. 1195. 

Guelfs; for the origin of the imperial and 
papal factions in 1118, see Henry V., 
emperor of Germany, Pascal II., pope, 
and Ghibelins. — The partisans of Henry 
the Proud, duke of Bavaria, and Guelf 
VI., in their contest with the emperor 
Conrad III., adopt the family name, 
which by their union with the papal 
party in Italy is communicated to them, 
1138. For the events which follow, see 
Ghibelins, the successive emperors of 
Germany, and the different States of 
Italy which are distracted by their strife, 
till their final extinction soon after 1403. 

Guercino, Giovanni Barbari, the painter, 
b. 1610— d. 1666. 

Guericke, Otto von, inventor of the air- 
pump and electrical machine, d. 1686. 

Guernsey and the Channel Islands retain- 
ed by the English after the loss of their 
continental possessions in France, 1453. 

Guerriere, the, an English ship, takeuby 
the American frigate Constitution, Aug. 
19, 1812. 

Guesclin, Bertrand du, defeats the army 
of the k. of Navarre in Normandy, and 
takes its commander, the Captal de 
Buch, prisoner; is himself defeated and 
captured, Sept.. 29, at Auray by the 
Breton forces, 1364 — negotiates with the 
leaders of the " Companies," and organ- 
izes the army for Henry de Trastainare, 
1365 — marches to Avignon, extorts 
money from the pope, leads his army 
into Castile, expels Peter, and places 
Henry on the throne, 1366— defeated by 
the Flack Prince and taken prisoner at 
Najara, April 3, 1367— is set at liberty, 
collects another army, and returns to 
Spain, 1368 — recalled from Spain, and 
appointed Constable of France, 1370 — 
besieges La Rochelle, 1372— d. July 13, 
1380. 

Guest, Sir John, d. 1852. 



Guiana. See Guyana. 

Guibert, archbp. of Eavenna. See Cle- 
ment III., anti-pope, 1080. 

Guicciardini, Francis, the Florentine his- 
torian, b. 1482 — serves in the Italian 
wars, 1526— persuades the Florentines 
to receive Alexander de' Medici as their 
duke, 1532— d. 1540. 

Guichard, while under examination by 
the privy council, wounds Harley, the 
chancellor of the exchequer, March 8, 
1711. 

Guichen, count de, French admiral, de- 
feated by Rodney, near Martinique, Apr. 
17,1780. 

Guido Reni. See Reni, Guido. 

Guido, duke of Tuscany, son of Adalbert 
II., succeeds his father, 917 — marries 
Marozia, widow of Alberico, marquis of 
Camerino, 925 — they usurp supreme 
temporal power in Rome, and shut up 
pope John in prison, where he dies, 928 
—Guido d. 929. 

Guido. See Guy. 

Guido, lord of Mantua. See Gonzaga. 

Guido, Salinguerra. SeeFERRARA. 

Guido, Torelli. See Guastalla. 

Guienne. See Guyenne. 

Guild or order of the Virgin Mary. See 
Bologna. 

Guildford, battle of; the American gen. 
Green defeated by lord Cornwallis, Mar. 
16, 1781. 

Guildhall, London, built, 1411 — burnt in 
the great fire, 1666— rebuilt, 1669— re- 
paired and front rebuilt, 1789 — meeting 
at, and declaration of confidence in 
William, prince of Orange, Dec. 11, 1688 
— civic banquet at, to the allied sove- 
reigns, June 18, 1814 — public reception 
at, of Napoleon III. and his empress, by 
the civic authorities, April 19, 1855. 

Guillotin, M., introduces the machine for 
decapitation which bears his name, May 
31, 1791 — suffers himself by it at Lyons, 
March 28, 1794. 

Guimar. See Guaimar. 

Guinea supplies gold dust and black slaves 
to the Moors of Africa, to redeem their 
countrymen, made prisoners by Alfonso 
V. of Portugal ; this first originates the 
slave-trade, 1442 — the coast discovered 
by the Portuguese navigators, 1460. 

Guineas sold at 22s. 6d., Jan. 3, 1810— 
publicly sold for a pound note and seven 
shillings ; Mr. Horner moves for a re- 
sumption of cash payments, Mr. Van- 
sittart carries by a large majority his 
counter-resolutions declaring gold and 
paper money to be of equal value, May 
13, 1816. 

Guinegate, battle of Spurs; the French 
defeated by Hemy VIIL, Aug. 16, 1513. 



GUI 



3S5 



GUN 



Guipusooa, taken from Sancho VII. of Na- 
,varre by Alfonso VIII. of Castile, 1200— 
submits to the duke of Berwick, 1719. 

Guisborough, near Wliitby. See Alum. 

Guiscard, Robert, son of Tancred de 
Haute ville of Coutances in Lower Nor- 
mandy, joins his brothers in Apulia ; in 
the battle of Civitella, defeats and makes 
prisoner pope Leo IX., 1053— on the death 
of Humphrey assumes the command of 
the Normans in Apulia,1057— his young 
est brother Roger arrives, and they con- 
quer Calabria; he divorces his wife Al- 
berada, the mother of Bohemond, 1058 — 
pope Nicholas II. gives him the title of 
duke of Apulia and Calabria, 1059 — he 

. and Roger take Reggio, and complete 
the conquest of Calabria, 1060 — supports 
. pope Alexander II. against the empress 
Agues and the anti-pope Cadalo, 1061 — 
discord between him and his brother ap- 
, peased by the division of Calabria be- 
tween them, 1062 — he takes Tarentum, 
1063 — besieges Bari, 1067— attempt to 
assassinate him in his tent before Bari, 
1069 — Bari surrenders to him, he joins 
Roger, and they extend their conquests 
in Sicily, 1071 — takes Lissa, which the 
Venetians recover, 1073 — excommuni- 
cated for not doing homage to pope Gre- 
gory VII., 1074-1075 — takes Salerno, 
1077 — besieges Beneventum, 1078— is 

' reconciled to the pope, who removes the 
excommunication from him, 1080 — at- 

• tacks the Eastern empire, and defeats 

, Alexius I. at Durazzo, 1081 — returns to 
Italy, leaving his son, Bohemond, to 
prosecute the war, 1082. See Bohemond. 
— Detained in Apulia by the revolt of 

I Cannae and other cities, 1083 — forces 
Clement Ill.and the emperor Henry IV. 
to retire from besieging pope Gregory 

,' in S. Angelo ; embarks again for Albania, 
and obtains a victory over the Greek 

. and Venetian fleets, 1084— d. in Cepha- 

lonia, July 17, 1085. 
Guiscard, Roger, brother of Robert, ar- 
rives in Italy, 1058. See Guiscard, Ro- 
bert. — Totally defeats an army of Moors 

. in Sicily, 1063— subdues the greater part 
of the island and begins the siege of Pa- 
lermo, 1064 — gains a victory at Michelmir, 
1068 — defeats a Greek fleet sent to re- 
lieve Bari; after which he prosecutes 

. the war in Sicily, assisted by his brother, 
1071— they take Palermo, and Roger be- 
comes master of the island, 1072— takes 
Syracuse, and appeases the dissensions 
between his nephews Bohemond and 
Roger, 1088 — having completed the con- 
quest of Sicily, undertakes an expedi- 
tion against Malta, 1090 — marries Ade- 
laide, daughter of Robert I., count of 



; Flanders, 1093 — gives Matilda, his 
daughter by a former wife, in marriage 
to Conrad, k. of Italy, son of the emperor 
Henry IV., 1095-rf 1101. 

Guiscard. See Roger, count of Apulia, 
and Roger II., count of Sicily. 

Guise, Francis, duke of, sent by Henry II. 
of France into Italy to support pope Paul 
IV. against the Spaniards, 1556 — rer 
called and made lieutenant-general of 
France, 1557— takes Calais, Jan. 7, 1558 
— governs with his brother, the cardinal, 
the young k. Francis II., 1559. 

Guise, Henry, duke of, b. 1550 -assists in 
the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572 
— organizes at Peronne the Catholic 
league, and the k., Henry III., by placing 
himself at its head, renews the civil war, 
1576 —intrigues in Scotland, 1580 — at- 
tempts to set aside the succession of 
Henry of Navarre to the throne of France, 
1584 — excites the jealousy of Heniy III. 
by his connection with Philip II. of 
Spain, 1586— repulses Henry of Navarre's 
German allies at Vimori, Oct. 27 ; and at 
Anneau. Nov. 24, 1587 — assassinated by 
Henry III., 1588. 

Guise, the duke of, sets up the cardinal de 
Bourbon as Chas. X., k. of France, 1589 
— tenders his allegiance to Henry IV., 
1594. 

Guise, Henry of Lorraine, duke of, invited 
by the people of Naples, 1647— defeated 
and sent a prisoner to Spain, 1648 — re- 
leased, 1652. 

Guise, cardinal, of Lorraine, brother of 
duke Francis. See Lorraine, cardinal 
of. 

Guise, cardinal, brother of duke Henry, 
co-operates with him in all his intrigues, 
and is assassinated with him by Henry 
III., 1588 

Guise, Mary of, marries James V. of Scot- 
land, 1538. See Mary of Guise, qu. of 
Scotland. 

Guizot, M., b. 1787— his lectures on history 
at the Sorbonne, suspended, 1822 — joins 
the first ministry of Louis Philippe, Aug. 
11, 1830 — retires, Nov. 2 ; rejoins, under 
marshal Soult, Oct. 11, 1832 — secedes, 
1837 — ambassador in London, Feb. 1840 
— recalled to office, Oct. 29 ; succeeds 
marshal Soult as prime minister, Sept. 
15, 1847 — refuses to give any pledge re- 
specting reform, Feb. 12, 1848— resigns, 
Feb. 22 ; warrant issued for his arrest, 
Feb. 27 ; lands at Folkstone, Mar. 3. 

Gujak, great khan of the Moguls, suc- 
ceeded by Mangou, 1251. 

Gulliver's Travels. See Swift, Jona- 
than. 

Gon-cotton invented by Professor SchOn- 
Lein, 1846. 

€ c 



GUS 



386 



GUS 



Gundamund, k. of the Vandals in Africa, 
grandson of Genseric, succeeds his uncle, 
Hunneric, 484 -d. 496. 

Gi}ndeberga, widow of Ariwald, k. of Lom- 
bardy, marries Rotharis, duke of Brescia, 
and makes him king, 636. 

Gundemar, k. of the Visigoths in Spain, 
610-612. 

Gunderic, k. of the Burgundians, 436- 
466. See Burgundians. 

Gunderig, k. of the Vandals in Gaul and 
Spain, 406-428. 

Gundibald, nephew of Ricimer, proclaims 
Glycerius emperor of the West, 473 — suc- 
ceeds as king of the Burgundians, 491 — 
holds a conference of bishops at Lyons 
without result; he frames and issues 
the Burgundian Code (Loy Gambette), 
501— d. 516. See Burgundians. 

Gundicar, k. of the Burgundians in Gaul, 
413—436. See Burgundians. 

Gundomad, a chief of the Allemanni, in- 
vades Gaul, and is repulsed by Constan- 
tius II., 354. 

Gunhild, or Cunegonda, daughter of Ca- 
nute, married to Henry, son of Conrad 
II., emperor of Germany, 1036-d. 1038. 

Gunhild, daughter of Ulf and Canute's 
sister, Estrith, banished from England 
with her sons, 1045. 

Gunning, Henry, b. 1768 — for 65 years 
esquire bedell of Cambridge ; d. 1854. 

Gunpowder, known to Roger Bacon, 1260 — 
not in use among the Chinese, 1273 — 
said to have been made generally known 
by Schwarz, a monk of Goslar, in Ger- 
many, about 1330. See Cannon. 

G unpowder plot, projected, and prepara- 
tions made to carry it into execution, 
1604— detected, Nov. 5, 1605— the con- 
spirators executed, 1606. 

Gunther, count of Schwarzberg, elected 
k. by some of the German princes, but 
resigns at the end of four months, 1349. 

Guntrum, the Dane, reinforces his country- 
men after their defeat in Kesteven, 869 — 
invades France, where he is defeated by 
Louis III., at Jaucourt, on the Somme, 
881. 

Gunzburg, battle of: a division of Mack's 
army defeated by Napoleon, Oct. 3, 1805. 

G urges, Q. Fabius ; consul of Rome, de- 
feated by the Samnites, his father assists 
him, and ends the war, for which he 
receives a triumph at Rome, B.C. 292 — 
consul 1 1., 276— finally conquers the Vul- 
sinians; consul III , 265. 

Gurnev, Joseph John, b. 1788— d. 1847. 

Gijrney, Elizabeth (afterwards Mrs. Fry), 
h 1785— d. 1845. 

Gurwoqd, colonel John, editor of the Wel- 
lington Dispatches d. 1845. 

Gustavus I. Vasa, k. of Sweden, son of 



Erik Vasa, a noble, b. 1490-escapes from 
the Stockholm massacre, 1520 — rouses 
the Dalecarlians to arms, and defeats the 
Danish army of Christian II., 1521— is 
elected k., 1523 — establishes the inde- 
pendence of Sweden by the treaty of 
Malmb, 1524— holds the Diet of Weste- 
ras, and confirms religious liberty, 1527 
— assists Christian III. to oppose his re- 
volted subjects and the Hanse Towns, 
1535 — concludes a treaty with him and 
Francis I. of France, to resist the inter- 
ference of the emperor Charles V. in 
favour of Christian II., 1542— holds ano- 
ther Diet at Westeras, which declares 
the throne hereditary in his family, and 
establishes the Lutheran church, 1544 — 
settles the succession, and provides for 
his younger sons, 1546 — proposes the 
marriage of his eldest son, Erik, to the 
princess Elizabeth of England, 1558— d. 
Sept. 29, 1560. 

Gustavus II., Adolphus, k.of Sweden, son 
of Charles IX., b. 1594 — succeeds his 
father, and makes Axel Oxenstiern his 
prime minister, 1611 — marries Maria 
Eleanor, princess of Brandenburg, 1620 
— requested to assist the German Pro- 
testants, 1629 — lands in Germany with a 
Swedish army, June 24, 1630 — makes 
rapid progress, and takes Magdeburg ; 
treaty of Barenwald, 1631— defeats Tilly, 
and makes him prisoner at Breitenfeld, 
Aug. 28; takes Munich, May 17, 1632— 
is called to defend Saxony against Wal 
lenstein; battle of Lutzen, Nov. 6 (16 
N.s.); Gustavus Adolphus falls in the 
hour of victory, 1632. 

Gustavus III., k. of Sweden, son of Adol- 
phus Fred., b. Jan. 24, 1746 — succeeds 
his father, Feb. 12, 1771— changes the 
form of government, and obtains almost 
absolute power, 1772— visits Petersburg, 
1777— joins the Armed Neutrality, 1780 
— visits Paris ; concludes a treaty of 
commerce with France; joins Prussia 
and Holland in opposing the opening of 
the Scheldt, 1784— abolishes the torture, 
1786— makes war on Russia, and threat- 
ens Petersburg; his fleet is blocked up in 
Sweabcrg, and his army stopped by the 
fortress of Frederichshamm ; his officers 

* refuse to serve in a war of aggression, 
and compel him to agree to a truce, 1788 
— abrogates the remaining privileges of 
the nobility, makes himself an absolute 
monarch, and renews the war, 1789 — 
after many indecisive engagements, gains 
a great naval victory in Svenka Sound, 
July 10, and concludes a treaty of peace 
at Warela. 1790 — offers to lead a crusade 
against the French revolution, 1791 — 
holds a Diet at Gene, Jan. 23, at the clow 



GUT 



387 



OTL 



of which he is assassinated by Ankar- 
strom. Mar. 6, 1792 

Gustavus IV. Adolphus. k. of Sweden, son 
of Gustavus III., b. Nov. 1, 1778— suc- 
ceeds his father, Mar. 6, 1792 -his uncle, 
the duke of Sudermania, regent; con- 
spiracy of baron Armfeld, 1793— alliance 
with Denmark for the protection of neu- 
tral commerce, Mar. 27, 1794 — takes the 
government into his own hands ; visits 
Petersburg, and rejects tho marriage pro- 
posed for him by the empress Katharine, 
1796 —joins the Northern Convention, 
but takes no active part, 1800 — urges the 
German States to demand satisfaction 
for the French violation of the territory 
of Baden, and prepares for war, 1804 — 
refuses to join the continental system, or 
to remain neutral, 1806 — loses Stralsund 
and the isle of ROgen, 1807— war with 
Russia ; alliance with Great Britain, and 
subsidies received; Finlaud conquered 
and made a Russian province : the Bri- 
tish auxiliary force, under sir John 
Moore, not permitted to land at Gothen- 
burg, 1808— Sweden exhausted ; Gusta- 
vus, persisting in his course, is deposed, 
Mar. 13, 1809— arrives in London, Nov. 
12, 1812— ri. at St. Gall, in Switzerland, 
Feb. 7, 1837. 

Guthbed rules the Danes in Northumber- 
land, 883— originates the palatine privi- 
leges of Durham, 892. 

Guthbie, William, b. 1708 — arranges the 
parliamentary debates in the " Gentle- 
man's Magazine," 1736— d. 1770. 

Guthrum, the Dane, establishes himself 
at Cambridge, 875 — embraces Christi- 
anity, and takes the name of Ethelstan, 
878— divides East Anglia among his fol- 
lowers, 880— d. 890. 

Guthungi, driven by Aurelian over the 
Danube, 271. See Gruthungi. 

Guttenbeeg, John, invents cut metal 
types, and commences printing the first 
edition of the Bible, 1444 — finishes it, 
1460 — d. 1467 — festival at Mentz, in 
honour of him, Aug. 14, 1837. 

Guy de Roy, duke of Athens, receives the 
duchy from his uncle, Otho de la Roche, 
1226— d. 1264. 

Guy II., fifth duke of Athens, succeeds his 
father, William, 1290— marries Maud of 
Hainault, and claims the principality of 
Achaia, 1306 -d. 1308. 

Guy. See Guido. 

Guy, duke of Spoleto, contends with Be- 
renger, duke of Friuli, for the throne of 
Italy, 888 — after two victories over Be- 
renger, is elected k. by a Diet at Pavia ; 
they both exercise regal power, 8S9 — 
crowned emperor of the West, Feb. 21, 
891-4. 894. 



Guy de Lusignan. See Lusigsax, Guy de. 

Guy de Dampierre. See Dampierre, Guy 
de. 

Guy de Thouars. See Bretagne. 

Guy, Thomas, a London bookseller, 6.1644 
— founds Guy's Hospital, 1721 — d. 1T24 
— the hospital receives a large legacy 
from Mr. Hunt, 1829. 

Guyana explored fruitlessly by sir Walter 
Raleigh, 1596 and 1617— French settle- 
ments formed in, 1626-1643. See Cayen- 
ne. — Dutch colonies, 1627-1667. See 
Demerara, Essequibo, and Surinam. 

Guyenne, or Guienne. See Aqxtitaine. — 
Transferred to Henry II. of England, by 
his wife Eleanor, 1152. See Eleanor of 
Guienne. — Seized by Philip IV. of 
France, 1293— reclaimed by Edward I., 
who sends an army under the earl of 
Lancaster, 1296 — disputes respecting it 
induce Edward II. to cede the province 
to his son, who goes over to do homage 
for it. 1324 — defended by the earl of Der- 
by, 1344. See Auberoche, and Berge- 
rac. — Occupied by the Black Prince, 
1355 — formed, with the adjoining pro- 
vinces, into the principality of Aquitaine 
for him, 1362 -he receives Peter of Cas- 
tile there, when expelled from his throne, 
1366— given by Richard II., k. of Eng- 
land, to John of Gaunt, 1390 — the trans- 
fer causes dissatisfaction; Richard re- 
vokes the grant, 1391 — invaded by the 
Count de Dunois, 1450— conquered by 
him, 1451 — last unsuccessful effort of 
John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, to re- 
cover it, 1453. 

Guyon, Madame, propagates mystic doc- 
trines, 1695— causes a controversy be- 
tween BossuetandFenelon, 1698 — tf.1717. 

Guzerat a state in Hindostan created by 
Mahmud, the Gaznavide, about 1020— 
sends a fleet against the Portuguese, 
which is defeated, 1510 — its king, Bulzar, 
defeats the Portuguese, 1558 — conquered 
by the Mogul Akbar, 1572 — subject to 
the Mahrattas, 1752. See Mahrattas. 

Guzman, Don, successfully defends Tarifa ; 
his son is slain. 1294. • • 

Guzman, Eleanora de, the favourite of Al- 
fonso XL, king of Castile, 1330 — put to 
death, and her family persecuted by his 
son, Peter the Cruel, 1351. 

Gyges, k. of Lydia, 3.c. 716-678. 

Gylippus, a Lacedaemonian, sent to Sicily 
with an army, B.C. 414. 

Gylis, Olympic victor, B.C. 648. 

Gyllenburg, the Swedish ambassador at 
London, implicated in Gftrtz's plot, is 
arrested, and his papers seized, Jan. 29 
1717 — sent in custody to Sweden, March 
25; exchanged for Mr. Jackson, the Bri 
tish resident in Sweden, Aug. 15. 



HAC 



388 



had 



Gymnastic schools closed at Berlin and 
other cities, 1819. 

Gymnopjedia and Pyrrhic dance, accom- 
panied by the songs of Thaletas, b.c. 665. 

Gypsies, supposed to be the descendants 
of a Hindoo caste, driven from their 
homes by the ravages of Timour, 1399 — 
arrive in Transylvania, 1417 — first appear 
in Italy, 1422 — reach England about 
1500 — an Act of parliament passed 
against them, 1530 — their settlement at 
Norwood broken up, 1797 — murder a gar- 
dener at Sydenham, Dec. 20, 1802. 



H 



Haarlem, or Haeblem, fits out a vessel for 

. the fifth crusade, which leads the way to 

. the storming of Damietta, 1218 — taken 

. by the duke of Alva, and its inhabitants 
put to the sword, 1573. 

Habakkuk prophesies, B.C. 612. 

Habkas Corpus Act, framed by Shaftes- 
bury, receives the royal assent from 
Charles II., 1679 — suspended, in times of 
danger or alarm in the following- years : 
1689; July 20, 1715 — the suspension ex- 
pires, 1716 — again suspended, Oct. 11, 
1722; Oct. 21, 1745; Dec. 11,1777; May 23, 
1794; Dec. 19, 1798; April 14,1801; Mar. 
4 and June 6, 1817; the suspension re- 
pealed, Jan. 28, 1818 ; suspended in Ire- 
land, July 21, 1848 

Haberdasheks' Company, in London, 

. founded, 1447. 

Habsburg {Habichtsburg, Hawksburg), a 
feudal castle, erected within the walls of 
the ancient Vindonissa, on the banks of 
the Aar ; its lord, Albert the Wise, takes 
from it the title of count— d. 1260— the 
rise of the house dates from the election 
of his son, Rudolf, to the throne of Ger- 
many, 1273. See Rudolf, emperor of 
Germany. — Austria given by him to his 
son, Albert ; remains in permanent pos- 
session of the family, 1278. See Austria. 
— The greatness of the house begins 
when the emperor Albert II. unites the 
crowns of Germany, Hungary, and Bohe- 
mia, 1437. 

Hackman, rev. Henry, executed for the. 
murder of Miss Reay, Apr. 18, 1779. 

Hackney, patriotic meeting at, Aug. 2, 
1803. 

Hackney-coaches, first introduced from 
France into London, 1634— proclamation 

, against their standing in the streets, 
1635— fifty allowed, 1637— four hundred 
licensed, 1662 —regulated by Act of par- 



liament, and increased to seven hundred, 
1694— number unlimited, 1833. 

Haco I., the Good, k. of Norway, son ot 
Harold Harfagr, educated in England, 
and converted to Christianity, 930— call- 
ed to the throne on the expulsion of his 
brother, Erik, 936 — endeavours to intro- 
duce Christianity in Norway, and is 
slain by his nephew, Harold, son of Erik, 
950. 

Haco IV., k. of Norway, succeeds his fa^ 
ther, Sverir, 1202— poisoned by his step- 
mother, 1204. 

Haco V., k. of Norway, son of Haco IV., 
b. 1204 — set on the throne by contending 
factions, 1217— holds the first Norwegian 
parliament, or storthing, at Bergen, 1223 
— suppresses the rebellion ol count Skule, 
1240 — defeated in his invasion of Scot- 
land, he acquires the sovereignty of Ice- 
land and Greenland, 1262— d. 1263. 

Haco VI., proclaimed k. of Norway by his 
father, Haco V., 1247 — d. before him. 

Haco VII., k. of Norway, 1299 — marries 
his daughter, Ingiborg, to Erik, a 
Swedish duke, and appoints him his suc- 
cessor, 1311— d. 1319. 

Haco VIII., son of Magnus Smek, k. of 
Sweden, b. 1338 — appointed k. of Nor- 
way, 1343— betrothed to Margaret, dan. 
ofWaldemar III., k. of Denmark, 1359 
— marries her; the Swedes, diapleased 
by this marriage, offer their throne to 
Albert of Mecklenburg, 1363 — invades 
Sweden, is defeated by Albert at Enki- 
oping, 1365 agair invades Sweden, and 
obtains the release of his father, Magnus, 
1372-d. 1380. 

Haco, the Bed, k. of Sweden, 1066-1078. 

Haco, abbot of Fulda, 917. 

Haddington, taken by the English, 1544 
— besieged by a French force, which is 
driven back by the earl of Shrewsbury, 
1548. 

Haddington, Thomas, earl of, lord lieu- 
tenant of Ireland, 1834. 

Hadji Kerat, separates from the Golden 
Horde, and establishes the independent 
khanate of Crini Tartary, or the Crimea, 
where he has long to contend with the 
Genoese, 1441. See Crimea. 

Hadrian, b. Jan. 24, 76 — accompanies Tra- 
jan against the Dacians as quaestor, 101 
— praetor of the Minervian legion, 104 — 
archon of Athens, 112 — proclaimed em- 
peror at Antioch, 117 — gives up all the 
conquests of Trajan in the East, and 
makes the Euphrates the limit of his 
dominions there ; retains Dacia, 117 — 
comes to Rome ; a plot against him dis- 
covered, the conspirators put to death ; 
conciliates the people by a large dona- 
tive, and by remitting arrears of taxes, 



HAD 



389 



HAG 



118 — then proceeds to Moesia, and repels 
an incursion of Sarmatae and Koxolani; 
calls Epictetus back to Rome ; consul 
II., 118- visits Campania ; consul III., 
119 — begins his personal survey of all 
the provinces of the empire, and first of 
Gaul and Germany ; orders a fortified 
barrier between the Neckar and the 
Danube, 120 — spends some months in 

, Britain ; builds the wall between New- 
castle and Carlisle, 121 — travels in 
Spain; stays a short time at Rome, goes 
to Greece, and winters at Athens, 122 — 
rebuilds a bridge over the Cephisus, or- 
ders other public works, and proceeds to 
Asia, 123 — restores Nicomedia, Caesarea, 
and other cities, which had been injured 
by earthquakes, 124 — returns to Athens 
after a voyage among the Greek islands; 
is initiated into the Eleusinian myste- 
ries, and adorns the city with the Olym- 
peium, theatre, and other edifices ; re- 
ceives from Quadratus and Aristides an 
Apology for Christianity ; and sends a 
letter to Minucius Fundanus, which 
puts a stop to persecution, 125— presides 
at public games in Athens ; after which 
he sails for Sicily, where he ascends 
Etna ; returns to Rome, 126— takes the 
title of Pater Patriae, 128 — sets out for 
the East, and again winters at Athens, 
where he patronizes the learned, and 
enlarges the libraries, 129 — after tra- 
versing Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, 
and part of Arabia, he inspects Mount 
Casius. then goes to Egypt; builds An- 
tinopolis, in Thebais, to the memory of 
Antinous; Appian of Alexandria be- 
comes known to, and follows him to 
Rome, 130 — returns to Syria; builds 
iElia Capitolina on the ruins of Jerusa- 
lem, and a temple of Jupiter, which pro- 
vokes a rebellion of the Jews, 131 — sends 
reinforcements to Judaea, 132 — his coins 
commemorate the provinces visited by 
him, 133— again visits Athens, dedicates 
the temple of Jupiter Olympius, and 
gives Cephalonia to the Athenians, 135 
—gives the title of Caesar to Julius Ve- 
rus ; puts several of his family to death, 
among them his brother-in-law, Servi- 
anus, 136 — constructs a sepulchre or 
mausoleum for himself, called the Moles 
Hadriani, on the bank of the Tiber, and 
retires to his palace at Tibur, where he 
is attacked by his last disease, 137 — on 
the death of Verus, makes Antoninus 
Pius his successor; and d. at Baue, July 
10,138. 

Hadrian I., son of Theodore, a duke and 
consul, elected pope, 772 — asserts the 
pretended donation of Constantine as a 
plea for urging Charlemagne still more 



to aggrandize the see of Rome, 776 — con- 
tinually importunes him for new conces- 
sions of land or jurisdiction to the 
church, 778 — forbids the bishops of 
France to take the field in war, 784 — 
orders three days of public thanksgiving 
for the victories of Charlemagne, 786— 
succeeded by Leo III., 795. 

Hadrian II., cardinal of St. Mark, pope, 
867 — makes vain efforts to secure a share 
of Lorraine for the emperor Louis ; his 
supremacy is rejected by the Bulgarians, 
870 -ri. 872. 

Hadrian III., pope, 884. 

Hadrian IV., V, VI. See Adrian. 

Hadrian, a monk of Campania, refuses to 
be archbp. of Canterbury, and recom- 
mends Theodore of Tarsus, 668 — accom- 
panies him to England, and is appointed 
abbot of St. Augustine's, Canterbury, 
where he encourages learning among his 
monks, 670. 

Hadrianople. See Adrianople. 

Hadriatic. See Adriatic. — Frozen, 860 
and 1709. 

Hjemus, Mount, crossed by the emperor 
Julian, through the pass of Succi, Nov.' 
361. See Balkan. — By .John Zimisces, 
to attack the Russians, 771. 

Hafiz, the Persian poet, d. about 1389. 

Hagenau, taken by prince Louis of Baden, 
1705. 

Haggai, the prophet, b.o. 519. 

Haggerty and Holloway hanged for mur- 
der, Feb. 22, 1807. 

Hagisa. See Babylon. 

Hague, The, an open unfortified town, and 
hence called a village ; long the resi- 
dence of the counts of Holland; the 
Seven United Provinces make it their 
seat of government, and issue their de- 
claration of independence, 1581 — Charles 
II. takes the title of k. of Great Britain 
there, 1649 — treaty of, between Great 
Britain, France, and Holland, May 21, 
1659 — a league formed there, against 
Louis XIV., 1683— a congress held, Jan. 
26, 1691— visited by the duke of Marl- 
borough, 1704, 1705 — again, to propose 
the negotiations of Gertruydenburg, 
March 7, 1710— taken by the French, 
Jan. 1795 — they are expelled, Dec. 
1813. 

Hahnemann, Dr., author of Homoeopathy, 
b. 1755— d. 1843. 

Hagulstad, or Hexham, church and mo- 
nastery, built by Wilfrid. 673 — bishop- 
ric for the northern part of Northumber- 
land, founded by Theodore, archbp. of 
Canterbury, 678. See Acca bp. of. — 
Destroyed by the Danes, aboutSlO— after- 
wards given to Durham by Guntruiu, 
about 880. 



HAL 



390 



HAL 



Haileybury College, for East India ca- 
dets, founded. 1800. 

Hail-storm, in France, destroys vineyards, 
orchards, and the harvest, and causes a 
scarcity which aggravates the national 
discontent, July 13, 1788. 

Haixault, or Henxegau, counts and coun- 
tesses of: — 
Keignier I., 875—916. 
Keignier IT., 916-932. 
Keignier III., 932— 958. 
Richer, 958—973. 
Godfrey and Arnulf, 973—998. 
Keignier IV., 9PS— 1013. 
Keignier V., 1013—1030. 
Kuhila and Baldwin I., 1030-1070. 
Baldwin II.. 1070. See Baldwin I., k. 

of Jerusalem. 
Baldwin III., 1099—1120. 
Baldwin IV.. 1120-1171. 
Baldwin V., 1171—1195. 
Baldwin VI , 1195—1206. 
Jane. 1206-1244. 
Margaret, 1244—1280. 
John D'Avesnes. 12S0 — succeeds as | 
count of Holland. l - _'99. See Holland, j 

Haixault. See Philippa of, queen of Ed- I 
ward III. 

Haixault. See Jaquelixe of, duchess of I 
Brabant. 

Haixault. the marshal of. holds a tourna- 
ment in London, with the earl of Somer- 
set, 1409. 

Haixault Forest, in Essex. See Fairlop 
Oak. — Disafforested, 1851. 

Haithox, Christian prince of Armenia, 
accompanies the friar Rubruquis on an 
embassv to Mangou, great khan of the 
Moguls", 1253. 

H.uti, or Haiti. See Domingo. St. — 
James T. emperor, 1804-1806. See Des- 
s alines — Christophe, president, 1S06 — 
takes the title of k., as Henry I., 1811 — 
1820. See OiRisTOPHE.—Petion, presi- 
dent of half the island, 1806-1818. See 
Petion. — Boyer. president, 1818. See 
Boter. — Independence acknowledged by 
France. 1S25. — Soulouque, president, 
crowned as emperor, Faustin 1., Apr. 18, 
1S52. 

Hakem Beameillah, third Fatimite sultan 
of Egvpt, founds the Druses ; ravages 
Palestine. 1010. 

Hakem. See Al Hakem 1. and II. 

Halberstadt, the bishopric of, created 
by Ch;u Itmagne, 780 — Diet of, elects 
Otho IV. emperor, 1208— acquired by 
Brandenburg, in the treatv of M mister, 
1648. 

Hale, sir Matthew, b. 1609 — recommends 
limitations to the royal power: over- 
ruled, 1660 — wishes to mitigate the laws 
against the non-conformists, 1669 — chief 



justice of the King's Bench, 1671 — d. 
Dec. 25, 1676. 

Hales, Alexander de, " the Irrefragable 
Doctor," cultivates theology and Arabic 
literature, 1244. 

Hales, sir James, refuses to sign the pa- 
tent bestowing the crown on lady Jane 
Grey ; opposes Man's arbitrary mea- 
sures, is imprisoned ; and after being set 
at liberty, drowns himself, 1553. 

Hales, Stephen, b. 1677— d. 1761. 

Halfdene, or Healfdenk, a Danish chief- 
tain, brother of Inguar, defeated by 
Alfred at Ashdown, 871— takes London, 
and obtains tribute from Burhred of 
Mercia, 872— invades Northumberland ; 
sets up Ricsig as nominal k. ; destroys 
Coldingham, Tynemouth, and Lindis- 
fame, and attacks Strathclyde, 875 — 
supposed to be the k. of the Northum- 
brian Danes slain at Wodnesfeld, in Staf- 
fordshire, 911. 

Halford, sir Henry, d. 1844. 

Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey, b. 1751 — his 
MSS. purchased by the British Museum, 
1796— d. 1830. 

Haliartus, battle of; the Lacedaemonians 
defeated by the coalesced States of 
Greece, and Lysander slain, B.C. 395. 

Halicaf.nassus. See Caria, Artemisia, 
Herodotus, and Dionysius. — Taken by 
Alexander. B.C. 334. 

Halidown Hill, battle of; the regent 
Douglas defeated and slain by Edward 
III., July 19, 1333. 

Halieutka. See Oppian of Cilicia, and 
Nemesianus. 

Halifax. George Saville, marquis of, b. 
1630 — receives his title from Charles II., 
1682 — endeavours to reconcile the duke 
of Monmouth and the k., 1683— president 
of the council to James II., 1685— dis- 
missed. 1686 — Speaker of the House of 
Lords. 1688 — lord privy seal to William 
III., 1689 — resigns and becomes leader 
of the Tories, 1689— d. 1695. 

Halifax. Charles Montague, afterwards 
earl of, chancellor of the exchequer to 
Win. III., 1694 —supports the new E.I. 
Company, 1697 — one of the regency, 1698 
— resigns office, and is created lord Ha- 
lifax. 1699 — impeached, 1701 — censured 
by the Commons, and defended by the 
Lords, 1702— created earl of Halifax by 
George I., and lord treasurer, 1714 — d. 
1715. 

Halifax, George, earl of, first lord of trade, 
1754— lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1761 — 
home secretary. 1762 — suppresses the 
Irish levellers, April 27; issues the Ge- 
neral Warrant against Wilkes, 1763 — 
resigns, 1765 — cast in £4000 damages, 
for his arrest of Wilkes and seizure of 



KAM 



391 



HAM 



hi« papers, Nov. 10, 1769— lord privy 
seal in the North ministry, 1770. 

Hall, Joseph, bp. of Norwich, b. 1574— d. 
1656. 

Hall, Edward, historian of the Wars of 
the Roses, d. 1547. 

Hall, cupt. Basil, b, 1788— d. 1844. 

Hail, Robert. Nonconformist divine, b. 
1763— d. 1831. 

Hallam, Henry, b. 1781— his History of 
the Middle Ages published, 1818. 

Halle, the Protestants meet at, and ex- 
tend their League, 1610 — taken by the 
Swedes, 1631— the university founded, 
1694. 

Haller, Albert, b. 1698— d. 1777. 

Hallek, C. L. von, b. 1768. 

II alley, Dr. Edmund, b. 1656— astronomer 
royal, 1719. See Comets.— d. 1742. 

Halmstadt, battle of; the Swedes repel 
the k. of Denmark. 1677. 

Halstan, k. of Sweden, son of Haco, the 
Bed, 1079. 

Halloran, Rev. Dr., b. 1766— transported 
for forging a frank, 1818— d. at Sydnev, 
1831. 

Halycus, the river. See Dionysius the 
Elder of Syracuse. 

Halts, the river : battle of the, between 
the Medes and Lydians, interrupted by 
the eclipse which Thales predicted B.C. 
603— Heraclius places his army in winter 
quarters on its banks, a.d. 622, 625. 

Hamad an, the tribe of, acquires independ- 
ence in Mesopotamia, 892. 

Hambach, anniversary of the Bavarian 
constitution celebrated at, May 27, 1832. 

Hamburg, fortified by Charlemagne, 809— 
madeanarchbishopric,834. See Ansgar. 
— Made, by Canute, the metropolitan see 
cf the North, 1020— subject to Waldemar 
II., k. of Denmark, 12i8— regains inde- 
pendence, 1225 — joins the Hanseatic 
League, 1245— war with Denmark, 1417- 
24 — conference at.between the Romanists 
and the Reformers, 1526 — ceases to do 
homage to the crown of Denmark, 1603 
— laid under contribution by the k. of 
Denmark, 1712— gives up Napper Tandy 
to the British Government, 1799 — occu- 
pied by the Danes, 1801 — evacuated, 
May 23 ; suffers severely by the block- 
ade of the Elbe, 1803 — its territory vio- 
lated by the French, and Sir George 
Rumbold seized, Oct. 25, 1804— Mortier 
takes possession and confiscates all 
British property, Nov. 19, 1806 — included 
in the French empire, Dec. 13, 1810 — 
fortified by Davonst; besieged and 
taken by Charles John of Sweden, 1813 
— restored by the treaty of Vienna to be 
a free imperial city, 1814- dreadful fire 
at, May 6, 1842. 



Hamilcar, sent to Sicily by the Cartha- 
ginians, B.C. 247— holds a strong position 
near Panormus, and his fleet ravages the 
coast of Italy, 246 -retakes Eryx on his 
return from a foray in Bruttium, 245— 
besieges the citadel of Eryx still held 
by the Romans, while he is besieged in 
the town by the consul Fundanius, 243 — 
after quelling the mutineers, is sent into 
Spain to promote the interest of Car- 
thage, 238 — extends the dominions of 
Carthage in Spain, 233— d. 229. 

Hamilcar, a Carthaginian from Spain, 
disciplines the Keltic forces in Northern 
Italy, b.c. 196. 

Hamilton family wage a feudal war with 
the Douglases, 1520. 

Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh assassinates 
Murray, regent of Scotland, Jan. 23, 1570. 

Hamilton, the marquis of, is sent by Chas. 
I. with an auxiliary force to assist Gus- 
tavus Adolphus in recovering the Pala- 
tinate, 1630— treats with the Covenanters, 
1637— commands the fleet sent against 
them, 1639 — created a duke, 1645 — im- 
prisoned by the k. in Pendennis castle ; 
released by the parliament; collects an 
army in Scotland against them ; enters 
England, July 5. 1648 — surrenders at 
Uttoxeter to Cromwell, 1648 — beheaded, 
March 2, 1649. 

Hamilton, the duke of, opposes Lander- 
dale's tyranny in Scotland, 1678— presi- 
dent of the Scotch convention, 1689 — 
pledges himself to support qu. Anne's 
government, 1702— suspected of an at- 
tachment to the Jacobite party; arrested, 
but makes his peace with the Whigs, 
1707 — made lord-lieutenant of Lanca- 
shire, 1710 — appointed ambassador to 
France; is challenged by lord Mohun ; 
they fight with swords, and are both 
killed, Nov. 15, 1712- 

IIamilton, the duke of, petitions the House 
of Lords against the undue influence used 
in the election of the Scotch represent- 
ative peers, 1734. 

Hamilton, the duke of, b. 1767— d. 1852. 

Hamilton, sir William, b. 1730— ambas- 
sador at Naples, 1798— d. 1803. 

Hamilton, archbp. of St. Andrew's, per- 
secutes the Protestants, and burns Wal- 
ter Mill, 1559. 

Hamilton, lord Archibald, obtains a com- 
mittee of the House of Commons, to in- 
quire into the Scotch parliamentary 
burghs, May 6, 1819. 

Hamilton. Gustavus, leader of the move- 
ment at Enniskillen, 1689. See Ennis- 
killen. 

Hamilton, lord Basil, interferes without 
success in favour of the Scotch colony at 
Darien, 1699. 



HAN 



392 



HATT 



Hamilton, sir Robert, one of the non- 
jurors, whose designs cause the first 
suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, 
1689— proclamation for his arrest, 1690. 

Hamilton, count, commands the Swedish 
army in Pomerania, 1757 — resigns, 1758. 

H amilton, Patrick, condemned and burnt 
as a heretic, 1528. 

Hamilton, gov. of Pennsylvania, 1753 — 
concludes a treaty with the natives, 
1758. 

Hamilton, an American gen., killed in a 
duel, by Burr, the vice-president of the 
United States, 1804. 

Hamilton, lady Anne, attends the inter- 
ment of qn. Caroline at Brunswick, 1821. 

Hamilton vases placed in the British 
Museum, 1772. 

Hamlet translated. See Docis. 

Hampden, sir Edmund, imprisoned by 
Chas. I., 1626. 

Hampden, John, ft. 1594— tries the question 
of the legality of ship-money, 1636 — judg- 
ment given against him; he embarks for 
America, and is not allowed to proceed, 
1637 — his case argued in the court of Ex- 
chequer, and decided against him, 1638 — 
the judgment against him reversed, Dec. 
9, 1640 — tutor to the prince of Wales; 
attends the k.to Scotland, 1641— Charles 
attempts to arrest him ; he is conducted 
in triumph to take his seat in parlia- 
ment, Jan. 11,1642 — in an encounter with 
prince Rupert at Chalgrove, near Oxford, 
he receives a wound, June 18, of which 
he dies, June 24, 1643— his tomb opened, 
July 21, 1828 — a monument erected to 
him in Chalgrove field, June 10, 1843. 

Hampden, John, fined £40,000 for a mis- 
demeanour, 1684. 

Hampden, Dr. Richard, appointed Regius 
professor of Divinity at Oxford, Feb. 20, 
1836 — the Oxford convocation proceeds 
against him, June 9, 1842 — bp. of Here- 
ford, March 20, 1848. 

Hampshire, New. See New Hampshirk. 

Hampton Court built by Wolsey, and by 
him presented to the k., 1525— Edward 
VI. b. there, Oct. 12, 1537— and his mo- 
ther d. Oct. 24 — the commission of in- 
quiry into the conduct of Mary, qu. of 
Scots, removed there from York by queen 
Elizabeth, 1568— conferences on religion 
held there, 1604 — Anne of Denmark, qu. 
of James I., dies at, March 3, 1619 — as- 
signed for the residence of Charles I., 
1647 — voted to Cromwell, 1651 — enlarged 
by sir Christopher Wren for William 
III., 1694. 

Hanau, preliminaries of peace settled at, 
between Austria and Bavaria, under the 
mediation of Great Britain, not accepted 
by Maria Theresa, 1744— battle of; Na- 



poleon I., on his retreat from Lripsic, 
breaks through the Bavarian army, Oct. 
30, 1813 — disorderly movements at, 
against the elector of Hesse Cassel, 1830 
— occupied by the Austrians aud Bava- 
rians, Nov. 1, 1850. 

Handel, Geo. Fred., b. 1684 — his " Mes- 
siah" performed in the chapel of the 
Foundling Hospital, May 1, 1753 — d. 1759 
— first commemoration of him in West- 
minster Abbey, May 26, 1784 — second, 
June 24-28, 1834— preparatory rehearsal 
for a third, to be held on the centenary 
of his death in 1859, in the Crystal 
Palace, at Sydenham, June, 1857. 

Handfeste, or charter of privileges granted 
to the Danish nobles by Erik V., 1282. 

Hango Bay, in Finland, Russian batteries 
in, fire on an English flag of truce, June 
5, 1855. 

Hannibal, son of Hamilcar, b. B.C. 247 — 
takes theeommand in Spain, 221 — secretly 
prepares for war, 220 - takes Saguntuni, 
and prepares to proceed to Italy, 219 — 
marches across the Alps, and reaches 
the valley of the Po ; defeats the Ro- 
mans near the Ticinus, and in the battle 
of the Trebia, 218 — passes through the 
marshes of the A mo into Etruria, and 
gains the battle of Thrasymene, 217 — 
possesses the greater part of Southern 
Italy; gains the battle of Cannse, Aug. 
2, 216 — winters at Capua, 216— forms an 
alliance with Philip V., k. of Macedon ; 
winters in Apulia, 215 — kept in check by 
Fabius, 214 — Tareiitum betrayed into 
his hands, 213— marches to the gates of 
Rome; returns to Apulia, 211— defeats 
Cn. Fulvius Ceutumalus near Herdonia, 
210 — draws the consular army into an 
ambuscade, and defeats it, 208— still 
maintains himself in Bruttium, but 
dares not hazard a battle, 206— recalled 
from Italy, arrives at Carthage, 203 — 
totally defeated by Scipio at Zama, 202 
— withdraws from Carthage to Syria, 
196 — makes vain efforts to reform the 
Syrian army, 195 — takes refuge with 
Prusias, king of Bithynia, to avoid being 
given up to the Romans, 187 — takes the 
command of the Bithynian army against 
Eunie.nes, 184 — poisons himself, 183. 

Hannibalianus, consul of Rome, 292. 

Hannibalianus, son of Dalmatius, and 
nephew of Constantine I., made king of 
Pontus, 335— put to death by his cousins, 
338. 

Hanno, defeated by the Romans at He- 
raclea, in Sicily, b.c. 262 — and near the 
Agates, March 10, 241. 

Hanno, archbp. of Cologne, seizes the 
young emperor Henry IV., makes him- 
self regent, 1062— he aggrandizes his 



HAR 



393 



HAB 



family; makes his relation, Conrad, bp 
of Treves, 1066. See Conrad. 

Hanover. See Brunswick Luneburg. — 
Visited by the duke of Marlborough, 
1705— the elector, George Louis, becomes 
k. of Great Britain, Aug. 1, 1714. See 
George I., k. of Great Britain. — George 
Augustus, elector, 1727-1760. See Geo. 
II., k. of Great Britain. — Theatre of the 
Seven Years' War. See Cumberland, 
Wm. Augustus, duke of, and Brunswick 
Wolfenbuttel, Ferdinand, prince of. — 
Occupied by the French, 1757 — prince 
Ferdinand of Brunswick drives them 
out, 1758 — they again advance into, and 
evacuate it, 1759 — enter again, 1760 — 
are finally expelled, 1762— George Wm. 
Fred., elector, 1760-1814; k. 1814-1820. 
See George III., k. of Great Britain.— 
Occupied by the Prussians, Apr. 3, 1801 
— declared neutral by George III., May 
28,1803— surrendered to Mortier, June 3 — 
given up by Napoleon I. to Prussia, Dec. 
15, 1805 — occupied by the French, Nov. 
14, 1806— part of the kingdom of West- 
phalia, 1807 — restored to the elector, 1813 
— title of elector laid aside, and that of 
k. assumed, Oct. 11, 1814— representative 
government established in, the duke of 
Cambridge viceroy, 1816 — George Au- 
gustus II., k., 1820— 1830. See George 
IV., k. of Great Britain. — William Hen., 
k., 1830-1837. See William IV., k. of 
Great Britain — Constitutional govern- 
ment ratified in, by the viceroy, Feb. 23, 
1831 —Ernest- Augustus, k., 1837-1851. 
See Cumberland, duke of, and Ernest 
Augustus, k. of Hanover. — George V., 
Fred. Alexander, k. 1851. See George 
V., k. of Hanover. 

Hanover-square, statue of William Pitt 
erected in, 1831 . 

Hansard, Luke, b. 1752— d. 1828. . 

Hanseatic league, origin of the, 1245 — 
I#>vorogod joins, 1276. 

Hanse towns of the Baltic, make war on 
Denmark and Sweden, 1534 — defeated at 
Assens and Bornholm, 1535 — peace con- 
cluded, 1536. 

Hanway, Jonas, b. 1712— d. 1768. 

Harburg, taken by the French, and reco- 
vered by prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, 
1757. 

Harcourt, Geoffrey, a Norman baron, ill- 
treated by Philip VI., comes to England 
and urges Edw. III. to invade Normandy, 
1345 — serves in his army at Orecy, 1346 
— joins him with Philip, brother of Chas. 
II. of Navarre, in the campaign of Poic- 
tiers, 1355. 

Harcourt, the Count D', French general, 
conquers Turin, 1640— defeats the Spa- 
niards, and takes Balaguier, 1645. — 



attempts the siege of Lerida, 1646— t.ikea 
Maubeuge and Conde, 1649— compels 
Conde to abandon the siege of Cognac, 
1651. 

Habcourt. Simon, b. 1660— commissioner 
of accounts, 1693. See Harley. — Attor- 
ney-general, 1707— resigns, Feb. 11, 1708 
— again appointed, then created a peer, 
and made lord keeper, 1710 — lord chan- 
cellor, 1713 — dismissed on the accession 
of Geo. I., 1714— deserts the tories. made 
a viscount, and receives a pension, 1721 
— d. 1727. 

Harcourt, Simon, earl of, lord lieutenant 
of Ireland, 1772. 

Hardacanute, or Hardicanute I., king of 
Denmark, 824— Christianity first preach- 
ed in his dominions, 826. See Ansgar. 
— rf.855. 

Hardacanute II., k. of Denmark, son of 
Canute, receives Denmark before his 
father's death, 1035— does not claim his 
share of England, 1037 — prepares to 
claim the throne, and arrives in Flan- 
ders, 1038— sets sail from Het Swyn 
(Slnys), enters the Thames, and is ac- 
knowledged king, 1039— levies oppres- 
sive taxes on the English ; tumults in 
Worcestershire, 1041 — d. at Lambeth, 
June 8, 1042. 

Hardenberg, prince, b. 1750 — appointed 
prime minister in Prussia, June 6, 1810 
— d. Nov. 26, 1822. 

Hardicanute. See Hardacanute. 

Harding, the printer ot Swift's Drapier's 
Letters, prosecuted, 1724. 

Harding, professor at Gottingen, discovers 
the planet or asteroid, Juno, Sept. 6, 
1804. 

Haedinge, sir Henry, b. 1785 — serves 
under Wellington in the Peninsular War, 
1808-14 — secretary at war, 1828 — resigns, 
1830— secretary for Ireland, 1834 — brings 
in the Irish Tithe Bill, Mar. 20, 1835— 
resigns, Apr. 8; secretary at war, 1841 
— appointed governor. general of India, 
May 6, 1844— concludes the purchase of 
the Danish settlements in India, Feb. 
22, 1845 — defeats the Sikhs, Feb. 10, 
1846 — made a viscount, May 4 ; resigns 
the government of India, 1847 — returns 
to England, April 5, 1848 — appointed 
commander-in-chief, 1852— d. 1856. 

Hardouin, the Jesuit, b. 1647— d. 1729. 

Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, lord, attorney- 
general, 1723— created a peer and lord 
chancellor, 1737 — decides that a question, 
rejected by the Lords, cannot be revived 
in the same session, 1741— frames the 
Marriage Act, 1753 — made an earl, 1754 
—one of the regency, 1755— d. 1756. 

Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, second earl of, 
b. 1720— d. 1790. 



FAR 



394 



HAR 



Hardwioke, Philip, earl of, lorL -lieutenant 
of Ireland, 1801-6. 

Hardy, Thomas, b. 1750— acquitted of a 
charge of constructive treason, Nov. 5, 
1794-tf. 1832. 

Hardyng, John, writes his Chronicle of 
England, 1459. 

Hake, Fort, the Caffres are repulsed at, 
Jan. 21, 1851. 

Hare, archdeacon, d. 1851. 

Harfleur, invested by Henry V., Aug. 
17; surrenders, Sept. 22, 1415 — the 
French try to recover it, 1416 — Edmund 
Beaufort, duke of Somei'set, retreats to, 
Nov. 4. 1449. 

Hargrave, Francis, d. 1821. 

Hargrave, James, invents the spinning- 
engine, 1767. 

Hargreaves, Mr., the discoverer of the 
Australian gold fields ; appointed super- 
intendent of them, Oct. 17, 1S51. 

Harlaw, battle of; Donald of the Isles 
defeated by the earl of Mar, 1411. 

IIarleian Miscellany. See Oxford, Ro- 
bert, earl of. 

Harley, Robert, afterwards earl of Ox- 
ford, b. 1661 — commissioner of accounts, 
with Simon Harcourt, reports to the 
Commons corrupt uses of the public 
money, 1693 —brings in the Triennial 
Bill, 1694 -chosen speaker, Feb. 10, 1701 
— Oct. 20, 1702 — becomes secretary of 
state, 1703— is introduced by Mrs. Mas- 
ham to private audiences with the queen, 
1706 — a clerk in his office detected in 
betraying secrets of state to the French 
government, Dec. 31, 1707 — Harley dis- 
missed from office, 1708 — undermines the 
Whig ministry at court, 1709— appointed 
chancellor of the exchequer, 1710 — 
wounded by Guichard at the council 
table, Mar. 8, 1711 — created earl of Ox- 
ford, May 24 ; lord treasurer, 29. See 
Oxford, Robert H arley, earl of. 

H armer, alderman of London, b. 1774 — d. 
1853. 

Harmodius assassinates Hipparchus, B.C. 
514. 

Harmonia, the asteroid, discovered by 
Goldschmidt, March 31, 1856. 

I Faro, Louis de, prime minister to Philip 
IV. of Spain, 1643— d. 1661. 

H arold I. Harefoot. k. of England, son of 
Canute, 1035 — his brother, Hardacanute, 
not having claimed his share of England, 
Harold is crowned king of the whole, 
1037 — he expels Emma, Canute's widow, 
from England, d. at Oxford, Mar. 17,1039. 

Harold II., k. of England, son of Godwin, 
commands in the fleet prepared against. 
Magnus, k. of Norway, 1046 — banished 
by Edw. the Confessor, goes to Ireland, 
1051 — returns, joins his father, and if re- ! 



conciled to the k., 1052 — succeeds to his 
father's titles and power, 1053— repel3 
the Welsh, 1056— designated heir to the 
throne of England, 1057 — defeats the 
Welsh, 1063 — puts down a rebellion of 
his brother Tostig in the North, and 
restores peace to England, 1065 — becomes 
king, Jan. 6. 1066 — his brother, Tostig, 
lands at Scarborough with a large body 
of Flemings and Norwegians ; they are 
totally routed by him, Sept. 25, 1066— 
slain at Hastings, Oct. 14. 

Harold II., Bluetooth, k. of Denmark, son 
of Gorm, succeeds his father, 936— repairs 
the Danawerk, and takes Jttlin, 937 — 
defeated by Otho I., and embraces Chris- 
tianity, 972— expelled by his son, Swein 
I.. 985. 

Harold III., son of Swein I., king of Den- 
mark, 1014— d. 1016. 

Harold IV., k. of Denmark, succeeds his 
father, Swein III., 1076 — prohibits judi- 
cial combats, 1078— d 1080. 

Harold Harfagr (FairJiair), son of Half- 
dane, b. 853— acknowledged k. of Norway, 
863 — overcomes the Vikingr in Hasun- 
fiord, and subdues the southern part of 
Norway, 875— banishes Hroif (Rollo), 876 
— conquers the Hebrides, the Shetland, 
Orkney, and Faro islands, and the Isle of 
Man, about 890-900 — sends his son, 
Haco, to be educated in England, 930 — 
d. 933. 

Harold Graafeld. son of Erik, slays Haco 
the Good, and becomes king of Norway, 
950 — enticed into Jutland, and slain, 962. 

Harold IV., Hardrada. k. of Norway, son 
of Magnus the Good, b. 1016 — inherits 
Norway, 1047— builds Upsal; makes war 
on Denmark; concludes peace, 1064 — 
invades England, and is slain at the' 
battle of Stanford Bridge, Sept. 25, 1066. 

Harold, of South Jutland, son of Hem- 
ming, at peace with Charlemagne, 812 — 
expelled, and received by Louis I., 814— 
restored, 815 — baptized at Ingelheim. 
and receives from Louis a grant of land 
at Rustringen in Friesland, 826. 

Haroun al Kaschid, son of the caliph Al 
Mahdi, commands his father's armies; 
and extends his conquests to the Bos- 
phorus, 781 — becomes caliph, 786 — sends 
emissaries to Africa to poison Edris 
Ben Abdallah, 792— sends the keys of 
Jerusalem, and many valuable presents, 
to Charlemagne, 800 — sends an embassy 
to him at Pavia, 801— murders the Bar- 
mecides, 802— invades Phrygia, 803— 
reduces Heraclea in Pontus, 805 — founds 
public schools ; sends another embassy 
to Charlemagne, 807— d. 809. 

Harpalds steals great treasures from 
Alexander at Babylon, and brings them 



HAB 



395 



HAS 



to Athens ; corrupts many citizens, b.c. 
325. Sec Athens, and Demosthenes. 

IIarpe, 6. 1718 — educates Alexander, son 
of Paul of Russia, 1790— d. 1803. 

Harpe, J. F. La. b. 1793. 

Harper, an expert, sent by Theodoric to 
Olovis, 498. 

H arriette Wilson, Memoirs of, published, 
1825— judge Best decides that a court of 
law can give no compensation for labour 
employed on their production. 

Harrington, William, lord ; col. Stanhope 
receives the title, and succeed.-j lord 
Townsend as secretary of state, 1730— 
made an earl and president of the council, 
1741 — secretary of state in the earl of 
Wilmington's cabinet, 1742 — and in the 
Broad Kottom ministry, 1744 — lord lieu- 
tenant of Ireland, 1747. 

Harrington, earl of, b. 1780-d 1851. 

Harrington. James, b. 1611— d. 1677. 

Harris, gen. lord, b. 1747— d. 1829. 

Harris, Mr., killed by the fall of his bal- 
loon near Croydon, 1824. 

Harris, Mr., patentee of Covent Garden 
theatre, 1767. 

Harrison, col., brings Chas. I. to Windsor 
from Hurst castle, 1648 — one of his 
judges ; prevents the interference of 
Fairfax to save his life, 1649 — executed, 
Oct. 9, 1660. 

Harrison, John, invents his time-piece, 
1735— perfects it, 1772— d. 1776. 

Harrison, William Henry, b. 1773— chosen 
president of the United States, 1840— 
installed, Mar. 4, 1841 — d. Apr. 4. 

Harrow school founded, by John Lyons, 
1571. 

Harrowbv, Dudley Ryder, lord. See 
Hyder, Dudley, foreign secretary in W. 
Pitt's last administration, 1804. 

Harrowby, lord. See Ryder, Richard 
Dudley. — Created an earl and home se- 
cretary in the Perceval ministry, 1809 — 
president of the council in lord Liver- 
pool's, 1812— the same in Canning's, 1827 
—retires on the death of Canning, Aug. 
27; d. 1847. 

Harrowby, Dudley Ryder, earl (late vis- 
count Sandon), succeeds his father, 1847 
— chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, 
in Lord Palmerston's ministry, 1852. 

Harry, the Great, the first ship of the 
royal navy of England, built by Henry 
VII., 1506. 

Harsa, C. Terentilius, tribune, requires 
the laws to be more explicit, and the 
power of the consuls more clearly de- 
fined, B.C. 461 — his proposition carried 
out by the appointment of the Decem- 
virs, 460. 

Hart, sir Anthony, b. 1759— vice-chan- 
cellor of England, 1813 —lord chancellor 



of Ireland, 1827 — resigns, 1830 — A. 
1831. 

Hartington, William, marquis of, lord 
lieutenant of Ireland, 1755. 

Hartlepool, West; a subterranean forest 
discovered, with many fossil remains of 
plants and animals, Jan. 20, 1856. 

Hartley, David, b. 1704— d. 1757. 

Hartz mountains, silver discovered in 
the, 962. 

Harvey, Dr. Wm., b. 1578— discovers the 
circulation of the blood, 1619— d. 1657. 

Harvey, Beauchamp Bagnal. See Ross, 
battle of. 

Hauwioh, victory of the duke of York over 
the Dutch; the ship of their admiral, 
Opdam, blown up, June 3, 1665 — skeleton 
of a mammoth discovered at, 1803. 

Hasan, eldest son of Ali, elected caliph, 
660- opposed by Moawiyah, resigns to 
him, 661. 

Hasdrubal, son-in-law of Hamilcar, de- 
feated by the consul Metellus in Sicily, 
b.c. 250— takes the command in Spain, 
and founds Carthago Nova (Carthagena), 
229— d. 221. 

Hasdhubal, brother of Hannibal, over- 
come by the Scipios in Spain, b.c. 216, 
215 — in Gaul, on his march to Italy, 209 
— advances into Italy, totally defeated 
and slain by the Romans at the Metau- 
rus, 207. 

Hasdrubal defends Carthage against 
Scipio Afric. iEmilianus, b.c. 147 — sur- 
renders to him, 146. 

Hashem or Hixem, tenth of the Ommiades, 
caliph of Arabia, son of Abdalmelik, suc- 
ceeds his brother, Yezid II., 724-his 
army drives the Turks out of Armenia, 
726— invades Bithynia, 727 — and Cappa- 
docia, 731— d. 743. 

Hashem or Hixem, youngest son of Abder- 
ahman I., b. 756— carefully educated by 
his father, 777 — succeeds him as caliph 
in Spain, 787— his brothers, Suleiman 
and Abdallah, conspire against him, 
788 — Suleiman is defeated, and Abdallah 
surrenders Toledo, and is reconciled to 
Hixem, 789 — he proclaims the Algi- 
neb ; liis generals retake Barcelona and 
Paragossa, 791 — decorates Cordova with 
fountains, bridges, and palaces, 793 — en- 
deavours to abolish the Latin language ; 
founds schools for teaching Arabic, 794 
— d. 795. See Hixem II. and III. 

Haslam, Dr., b. 1756— d. 1844. 

Haslo. battle of, Charles the Fat defeats 
the Danes, but gives up Friesland to 
them, 882. 

Hassan, governor of Egypt, renews the 
war in Africa, 693— takes Carthage, 
which is retaken, 697 — storms and de- 
stroys it, 698. 



HAS 



396 



HAW 



Hassan, Subah of Nishapnr, in Chorasan, 
collects a band of Carmathians, who are 
named after him, " Assassins." 1090. 

Hast a, Qu. Ninnius, consul of Rome, 114. 

Hastknbeck, battle of ; the duke of Cum- 
berland defeated by the marshal D'Es- 
trees, July 25, 1757. 

Hasting, the Dane, plunders Rouen, 841 — 
advances to Paris, 856 — conducts his 
band from Fulham into Belgium, 880 — 
is defeated by Louis III. on the Loire ; 
attempts to land in Wessex, but is repuls- 
ed by Alfred's naval victory ; worsted 
at Norden, in East Friesland ; joins his 
countrymen, who had occupied Treves 
and Cologne, 882— brings large bodies 
of Danes into Kent, and they fortify 
Milton, 893— Alfred restores his wife and 
sons, who had been taken prisoners, 894. 

Hastings, battle of; conquest of England 
by Wm. the Norman, Oct. 14, 1066. 

Hastings, railway from Brighton opened, 
June 27, 1846. 

Hastings, John, son of Adana, third daugh- 
ter of the earl of Huntingdon, brother of 
William the Lion, claims a third part of 
Scotland, 1290. See Balliol, and Bruce. 

Hastings, William, lord, beheaded by 
Richard, duke of Gloucester, 1483. 

H astings, Francis, marquis of. See Moi- 
ba, earl of.— Receives his title while go- 
vernor-general of India, 1816 — parliament 
votes thanks to him,and the army in India, 
for their victories in the Mahratta war, 
Mar. 23, 1819 — resigns the government 
of India, and embarks for England, June 
9, 1823— appointed governor of Malta, 
1824— d. Nov. 28, 1826. 

Hastings, Paulyn, marquis of, grandson 
of the above, b. 1832— d. 1851. 

Hastings, Warren, b. 1732— appointed go- 
vernor of Bengal, April 13, 1772— made 
governor.general of India, June 16, 1773 
— acts in a way that eventually occasions 
his impeachment, 1776— concludes the 
treaty of Chunar with the nabob of 
Oude, Sept. 19, 1781— resigns the govern- 
ment of India, Feb. 8, 1785— arrives in 
England, June 16; his impeachment 
moved by Burke, April 4, 1786 — he de- 
fends himself at the bar of the House, 
May 1 ; the first, or Rohilla charge, aban- 
doned, June 1 ; the Benares charge adopt- 
ed, J une 13 ; the Oude charge brought 
forward, Feb. 7, 1787 — his trial com- 
mences in Westminster Hall, Feb. 13, 
1788— it proceeds languidly, 1790— the 
new parliament decides to proceed with 
it, Dec 17 ; acquitted, Apr. 23, 1795— the 
East India Company pay the expenses 
oi his trial (more than £70,000), and 
settle on him a pension of £5000 a year ; 
d. 1818. 



Hastings, lady Flora, 6. 1813-d. 1830. 
Hasunfiord, naval battle of; Harold Har- 

fagr overcomes the Vikingr, 875. 
Haterius, the orator, d. 26. 
Hatfield, John. b. 1772 — fires at George 
III., in Drury Lane theatre, May 11, 
1800 — confined as a lunatic — d. 1841. 
Hatfield, John, a notorious swindler, 

executed, Sept. 3, 1803. 
Hatfield, Bishops'. See Councils. 
Hatfield Chase. See Heathfield. 
" Hats," the French party in Sweden. See 

"Caps." 
Hatsell, William, b. 1733— clerk of the 

House of Commons — d. 1820. 
Hatto, archbp. of Mentz, 911. 
Hatton, sir Christopher, vice-chamber- 
lain of queen Elizabeth ; one of the 
commissioners to try Mary, queen oi 
Scots, 1586 — lord chancellor, 1587 — d. 
1591. 
Hatton, sir Christopher, fined by the Star 
Chamber for encroachment on the royal 
forest lands, 1636. 
Hauy, the mineralogist, d. 1822. 
Havanna, admiral Knowles defeats a 
Spanisli squadron off the, Oct. 1, 1748 
— surrenders to lord Albemarle and adm. 
Pococke, Aug. 14, 1762. 
Haveringeatte Bower, Isabella of Va- 
lois, qu. of Richard II., is shut up at, 
1400 — Joanna of Navarre, widow of 
Henry IV., d. at, July 9, 1437. 
Haviland, Dr., b. 1786— d. 1851. 
Havre de Grace, given up by the Hugue- 
nots to the English, 1562— the English 
garrison expelled, on the temporary re- 
conciliation of the parties in France, 
1563 — bombarded by the English, July 
16, 1694- by Rodney, July, 1759— by sir 
Richard Strachan, 1798 — railway from 
Rouen opened, March 20, 1847. 
H awes, Dr., founder of the Humane So- 
ciety, b. 1736— d. 1808. 
Hawke, Edward, (afterwards) admiral and 
lord, b. 1713 — defeats the French fleet off 
Belleisle, Oct. 14, 1747 — supersedes adm. 
Byng, June 16, 1756 — sails for the Bay 
of Biscay ; drives a French armament, 
destined for America, on shore in Basque 
Roads, April, 1758 — defeats Conflans, 
near Belleisle, Nov. 20, 1759 -first lord 
of the admiralty in the Chatham and 
Grafton administrations, 1767 — in lord 
North's, 1770 — created a peer, 1776— d. 
1781. 
Hawker, colonel, b. 1786— d. 1853. 
Hawkksbury, lord. See Jenkinson, Chas. 
— Created a peer, and first president ol 
the Board of Trade, 1786 — made earl ol 
Liverpool, 1796. See Liverpool, Chas, 
earl of. 
Hawkesbuby, Robert, lord. See Jenkim 



HAT 



397 



HED 



• Bon. Robert.— Receives the title, 1796— 
foreign secretary in the Addington mi- 
nistry, 1801— holds conferences with M. 
Otto, March ; signs the preliminaries of 
peace, Oct. 1 ; concludes the Definitive 
treaty at Amiens, March 27, 1802 — home 
secretary in W. Pitt's last administration, 
1804— resigns, 1806 — home secretary in 
the duke of Portland's ministry, 1807— 
succeeds to his father's title, Dec. 7, 1808. 
See Liverpool. 
Hawksburg. See Habsburg. 
Hawkwood, sir John, serves in the wars 
of Edward III., and is knighted by him, 
1346-60 — after the peace of Bretigni, 
takes the command of the disbanded 
Knglish in the pay of Pisa; they are 
defeated by the Florentines, 1364— taken 
into the service of Hernabo Visconte, 
1369— of Gregory XI., 1373— of the Flo- 
rentines, 1375 — of Charles, k. of Naples, 
1382 — assists John Galeazzo Visconte, 
13S7— sent by the Florentines to oppose 
him, and assist Francesco Novello da 
Carrara to recover Padua, 1390 — foils the 
Milanese in their war against Florence 
and Padua, 1391 — d. in the service of 
Florence, and is interred there with fu- 
neral honours, 1394. 
Hay, lord John, b. 1793 -with a British 
squadron, assists the royal forces on the 
northern coast of Spain against the Car- 
lists; takes St. Sebastian, Oct. 1; re- 
lieves Bilboa, Dec. 24, 1836— d. 1851. 
Hay, the rev. Mr., chairman of the Man- 
chester magistrates, receives from the 
archbp. of Canterbury the living of 
Rochdale, Jan. 19, 1820. 
Haydn, Joseph, the musical composer, b. 

1732— comes to England, 1791— d. 1809. 
Haydn, Joseph, author of the Dictionary 

of Dates, d. Jan. 17, 1856. 
Haypon, B. R., the historical painter, d. 

1846. 
Hayley, William, b. 1745— d. 1820. 
Haymarket. See Opera House. 
Haymarket Theatre built, 1702 — re- 
built, 1767 — many lives lost by the pres- 
sure of a crowd in the narrow passage 
to the pit, Feb. 3, 1794— new theatre 
opened, July 4, 1821. 
Haynau, Julius von, b'. 1786— Austrian field- 
marshal, bombards Brescia, March 30, 
1849 — takes the command of the Austrian 
army in Hungary, May 30; occupies 
Fiinfkirchen, June 21 ; and Raab, June 
28 ; sends count Bathyany and other pri- 
soners to Presburg, July 26 ; gains a vic- 
tory at Szegedin, Aug. 2 ; enters Temes- 
war, Aug. 9— is assaulted at Barclay's 
brewery, when on a visit to London, Sept. 
4, 1850— d. 1853. 
Hayradoin. See Barbarossa. t 



IIayter, the Rev. John, d. 1818. 

Hayti. See Haiti. 

Hazael, k. of Syria, b.c. 889. 

Hazelkig, threatened by Chariea I., is 
protected by the people. 1642. 

Hazi.itt, William, 6. 1778- d. 1830. 

Head, sir Francis, b. 1781 — governor of 
Upper Canada, dissolves the House of 
Assembly, May 28, 1836 — repulses the 
rebels at Toronto, Jan. 5, 1838— d. 1855. 

Headfort, the marquis of, pays damages 
£10,000 in an action for aim. con, brought 
by the Rev. C. Massey, 1804. 

HEALFDENE. SeellALFDENE. 

Hiard, sir Isaac, b. 1726— Garter king at 

arms; d.1822. 
Hearne, Thomas, the antiquary, b. 1678 — 
d. 1735. 

Heath, Charles, the engraver, b. 1784— d. 

1848. 
IIeathcote, sir Gilbert, b. 1774— d. 1851. 

Heathfield, or Hatfield Chase, battle of; 
Edwin, k. of Northumberland, defeated 
and slain by Penda of Mercia and Cad- 
walla the Briton, Oct. 12, 633. 

Heathfield. lord. See Elliott, Gilbert. 
— d. 1790. ' 

Hebe, a planet, discovered by Mr. Hencke, 
at Driessen, July 1, 1847. 

IIeber, Reginald, b. 1783— appointed bp. of 
Calcutta ; sails from England, June 16, 
1823-d. 1826. 

Heber, Richard, b. 1773— d. 1833. 

Hfbert, one of the Cordeliers party in the 
French Revolution, executed, March 24, 
1795. 

Hebrew documents on Church History. 
See Hegksippus. 

Hebrew gospel of Matthew. See Bible. 

Hebrides, conquered by Harold Harfagr, 
k. of Norway, about 900 — ceded to Scot- 
land by Magnus VII., 1266— Charles Ed- 
ward Stuart lands on one of them, 1745. 

Heoat^eus, Milesian historian, fl., b.c. 5'20 

counsels the Greeks to fortify the isle 

of Leria, 501. 

Hecla, Mount, continues in a state of vio- 
lent eruption during twelve months, 
from June, 17.4, to May, 1785. 

" Hecla," the, commanded by Capt. Lyon, 
proceeds to the Frozen Ocean, in com- 
pany with the "Fury," Capt. Parry, 
April 30, 1821. 

Hedda. bp. of Winchester, 676— d. 703. 

Hedgeley Moor, battle of; the Lancas- 
trians defeated by lord Montague, April 
25. 1463. 

H rdin, besieged by the earl of Surrey, 1522. 

Hedwig, daughter of Henry the Fowler, 
emperor of Germany, marries Hugh th* 
Great, count of Paris, about 936. 

Hedwig, daughter of- Louis I., k. of Po- 
land and Hungary, elected queen by the 



HEI 



398 



HEL 



Poles in the place of her sister, Maria, 
1384 — at the request of her subjects mar- 
ries Jagellon, grand duke of Lithuania, 
who takes the name of Ladislas li., 1386 
— d. 1399. 

H keren, professor, A.H. L., b. 1761— d. 1842. 

Hegel, G. W. F., b. 1770— d. 1831. 

Hegemachus, Athenian archon, b.g. 300. 

Hegemon of Thasos ; poet of the old co- 
medy, patronised by Alcibiades, first in- 
troduces parodies, B.C. 413. 

Hegemon, Athenian archon, b.c. 327 C. — 
one of the orators, put to death by the 
Athenians, with Phocion, 317. 

Hegesias, Athenian archon, b.c. 324. 

Hegesinus, succeeds Evander in the chair 
of the Academy, B.C. 185. 

Hegesippus, orator and friend of Demos- 
thenes, B.c.^43. 

Hegesippus, poet of the new comedy, b.c. 
300. 

Hegesippus, a converted Jew, goes to 
Koine and writes a history of the Church 
from Hebrew and Syriac documents, of 
which Eusebius has only preserved a 
few fragments, 152. 

II egestratus. Athenian archon, B.C. 560 H. 

Uegira, era of the; flight of Mohammed 
from Mecca to Yathreb (Medina) com- 
mences, July 16, 622— thirty-three of its 
lunar years are about equal to thirty-two 
of the vulgar era. 

Heidelberg, first great tun constructed, 
1343— university founded, 1346— Cate- 
chism introduced by the Elector Palatine, 
Fred. III., 1562— meeting of the Pro- 
testants at, 1603— taken by a Spanish 
army from the Netherlands under Spi- 
nola, 1620— the valuable library trans- 
ported to Rome and Vienna, 1623 — taken 
by Turenne, 1674— by Louvois; the castle 
blown up, and the great tun destroyed, 
1688 — a larger constructed, with a plat- 
form, on which court festivities have 
been often held, 1690— the town occupied 
by the French, March, 1799— they are 
expelled by the Austrians after a fierce 
battle on the bridge over the Neckar, 
Sept. 

Heilbron, the Protestant League in Ger- 
many formed at, 1594 — treaty of, between 
Sweden and France, and the German 
Protestant States, 1633. 

Heimburg taken by Matthias Corvinus, 
1482. 

Heineccius, J. G., b. 1681— <Z. 1741. 

Hein, the Dutch admiral, makes a suc- 
cessful attack on Brazil, and founds 
Essequibo in Guyana, 1627 — captures 
a richly- laden Spanish fleet off Cuba, 
1628. 
Hbinsius, grand pensionary of Holland, 
governs the States General, 1702-1747. 



He.ia.j, one of Abdalmelik's generals, b, 
670— takes Mecca, and kills Abdallah, 
son of Zobeir, 692 — pulls down and re* 
builds the temple at Mecca, 693— pre 
vokes the men of Cufa and Bassorah by 
his cruelty, 695 — suppresses a conspiracy 
and revolt of Shebib, a Karegite, 696— 
d. 714. 

Hejer, a follower of Ali, beheaded by the 
caliph Moawiyah at Gadra, a village 
near Damascus, 666. 

Heldenbuch (Heroes' Bouk), composed 
about 1227. 

Helder, landing of British troops at the, 
Aug. 27, 1797. 

Heldrungen, Hartman von, Teutonic 
grand master in Prussia, 1274. 

Helena (llliberis in Spain). See Con- 
st ANS I. 

Helena, island of St., discovered by the 
Portuguese admiral, Juan de Nova Cas- 
tella, May 21, 1502— settled by the Brit- 
ish E.I. Company, 1651-1673— for the 
imprisonment of Napoleon, see Napoleon 
I., emperor of France. 

Helena, mother of Constantine, b. 248 — 
divorced by Constantius Chlorus, 292 — 
visits Palestine and founds churches 
there, 326— the city of Helenopolis named 
in honour of her, 327— d. 328. 

Helena, youngest daughter of Constan- 
tine I., given in marriage to the Caesar 
Julian, by her brother Constantius II., 
355— d. 360. 

Helena daughter of Romanus Lecapenus, 
married to Constantine X., Porphyr., 919. 

Hs:lena, daughter of John Cantacuzene, 
married to John V., emperor of the 
East, May 21, 1347. 

Helena, wife of David, last emperor of 
Trebizond, d. about 1472. 

Helena, princess of Mecklenburg-Schwe- 
rin, marries Ferdinand Philip, duke of 
Orleans, eldest son of Louis Philippe, 
May 30, 1837 — proposed to the Chamber 
of Deputies as regent for her son, Louis 
Philippe, and rejected, Feb. 24, 1848. 

Helena Augusta Victoria, princess, third 
daughter of qu. Victoria, b. May 25, 1846. 
Helenicus of Mitylene, historian, b. b.c. 
496. 

Helenopolis, the name given to Drepa- 
num in Bithynia, by Constantine I., in 
honour of his mother Helena, 327. 
Helen's, Lord St., concludes a treaty at 
Petersburg, which dissolves the armed 
neutrality, June 17, 1801. 
Helga river, battle of the ; Canute de- 
feated by the Swedes and Norwegians, 
1025. 
Heligoland taken from the Danes by 
England, 1807— ceded by the treaty ci 
Kiel, 1814. 



HEM 



399 



HEN 



Hkliodorus, the sophist, declaims before 
Caracalla in Gaul, 218. 

Heliogabalus. See Elagabalus. 

Heliopolis, in Egypt, taken and pillaged 
by Amalric, k. of Jerusalem, 1168. 

Heliopolis, in Syria. See Balbec, 

Helladius writes his Chrestomathia, 308. 

Hellen, k. of Phthiotis, B.C. 1495 (1496 H . 
413 C.) 

Hellespont, the southern Strait between 
Europe and Asia ; scene of the romance 
of Hero and Leander, to which is as- 
signed the date of B.C. 627 — crossed by 
Xerxes on his bridge of boats, 480 — 
guarded by Iphicrates with an Athenian 
fleet, 389 — again by Diopithes against 
Philip of Macedon, 342 — crossed by Alex- 
ander on his march to Persia, 334 — the 
Goths penetrate through, a.d. 262 — naval 
battle in the ; Crispus defeats Licinius, 
323 — first passage of the Mohammedans 
through, to besiege Constantinople, 668 
— first crossed by them, 716— the empe- 
ror Frederic I. and his army conveyed 
across, 1190 — John Ducas Vataces, empe- 
ror of Nicaea, extends his conquests to 
its shore, 1224— crosses it, 1235 — crossed 
by the Ottomans to occupy Gallipoli, 1354. 
See Dardanelles. 

Helmichis, lover of Rosamund, Alboin's 
queen, flies with her to Ravenna, is 
poisoned by her, and compels her to 
drain the cup, 573. 

Helmstadt, the university of, founded, 
1576. 

Helots. See Sparta. 

Helsingboeg, battle of; Frederic IV., k. 
of Denmark, defeated by the Swedish 
general, Steiubock, 1710. 

IIelsingfors, the Swedish army surrenders 
at, to the Russian general, Lascy, 1742 

Helvetian republic established, April. 
1798 — adopts a new constitution, 1801. 
See Switzerland. 

IIelvetii invade Gaul, B.C. 72. 

Helvetius, Claude Adrian, b. 1715 — his 
work, De 1' Esprit, prohibited by pope 
Clement XIII., 1759- d. 1771. 

Helvidius Priscus, the Stoic, offends 
Vespasian, and is put to death by him, 
74. 

Helvidius, abused by Jerome for denying 
the perpetual virginity of Mary, the 
mother of Jesus, 382. 

Helvoetsluys, William, prince of Orange, 
sails from, when invited by the English 
nation to expel James II., Oct. 19, 1688. 

Hkmans, Mrs., b. 1794— d. 1835. 

Hemina, Cassius, writes his History, B.C. 
146. 

Hemingford, Walter, writes English 
Chronicles, 1242. 

Humming, k. of South Jutland, son of God- 



frey, makes peace with Charlemagna 
811. 

Hems. See Emesa. 

Hencke, discovers the planet or asteroid 
Astraea, Dec. 8, 1845 — " Hebe," at Dries- 
sen, July 1, 1847. 

Henderson, professor Thos., b. 1798— d. 
1844. 

Hengist assists the Britcns against the 
Picts and Scots, 449 — founds the kingdom 
of Kent, 454 — gains a victory over the 
Britons at Crayford, 457 — another at 
Wippedsfleet, 465— death of, 488. 

Hengston, battle of; Egbert defeats an 
army of Danes and Cornish Britons, 835. 

Henley, Orator, begins to distinguish him- 
self, 1725— taken into custody, 1746— d. 
1756. 

Henley, Joseph Warner, president of the 
board of trade in the Derby ministry, 
1852. 

Hennebonne, Jane de Montfort is besieged 
in, is relieved by the arrival of English 
succours, 1342. 

Henochides, Athenian archon, B.C. 616. 

Henoticon of Zeno, 482 — revoked by 
Justin I., 518. 

Henri, Joseph, attempts to assassinate 
Louis Philippe, k. of the French, in the 
gardens of the Tuileries, July 29, 1846. 

Henries, Avar of the three, Henry III., of 
France ; Henry of Navarre, and Henry, 
duke of Guise, 1584. 

Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry IV., 
k. of France, sister of Louis XIII., b. 
1609 — treaty of marriage for her with 
prince Charles of England, 1624— mar- 
ried by proxy, at Paris, May 1; arrives 
at Dover, June 13, 1625— embarks there 
for Holland with her daughter, the prin- 
cess Mary, Feb. 16, 1642— sends a supply 
of arms and ammunition from Holland, 
June 2 ; lands in Yorkshire with money 
and ammunition, Feb. 22, 1643— retires 
to Exeter, where the princess Henrietta 
is born, 1644— embarks at Falmouth for 
France, July 14 ; d. Aug. 31 (Sept. 10), 
1669 — funeral oration by Bossuet, Nov. 7- 

Henrietta, youngest daughter of Charles 
I., b. at Exeter, June 16, 1644— married 
to Philip, duke of Orleans, April 1, 1661 
—visits her brother Charles Unattended 
by Louisa Querouaille, May 15, 1670 — 
dies suddenly after her return to France, 
at St. Cloud, June 30. 

Henry, brother of Baldwin I., emperor of 
the East, victorious in Bithynia, 1205— 
elected emperor after his brother's death, 
1206— holds the parliament of Ravenika, 
1209 — takes Lentianes by storm, and 
puts to death its defenders, the brother 
and son-in-law of Theodore Lascaris, 
1214-d. 1216. 



HEN 



400 



HEN 



Hsnby tfte Fowler, son of the duke of 
Saxony, b. 876 — succeeds his father as 
duke, 912— elected k. of Germany, 918 — 
Lotharingen is given up to him, 923 — 
conquers the Slavonians, and establishes 
the margraviate of Brandenburg, 926 — 
besieges Prague, and is acknowledged 
superior lord of Bohemia; his son, Otho, 
marries Elizabeth, sister of Athelstan, 
k. of England, 930 — conquers the Hun- 
garians at Merseburg, 934— d. 936. 

Henri' II., emperor of Germany, succeeds 
his father as duke of Bavaria, 995— 
elected k. of Germany, 1002— he trans- 
fers the duchy of Bavaria to Henry 1 V v 

• brother of his qu. Cunegonda ; defeats 
. Ardouin, conquers a great part of Italy, 

and is crowned k. at Pavia, 1004 — repels 

• Boleslas of Poland, who had attacked 
. Bohemia, 1005— is opposed by the bp. of 

Wiirzburg in his designs to erect a 
bishopric at Bamberg, 1006 — founds the 

, bishopric; restrains the encroachments 
of Baldwin, count of Flanders, and con- 
tinues the war against Boleslas, 1007 — 
prevents the election of his brother-in- 
law, Adalbert to the archbishopric of 

- Treves, and deposes Henry IV. of Ba- 
varia, 1008— represses, and punishes a 
revolt in Lotharingen, 1011 — deposes Ja- 
romir, and appoints Udalric, duke of Bo- 
hemia, 1012 — makes peace with Boleslas, 
and marches into Italy, 1013— conducts 
pope Benedict VIII. back to Rome, and 
is crowned emperor of the West, Feb. 24, 
1014— the pope visits him, and requests 
him to stop the progress of the Greeks 
in Italy, 1020 — he enters Italy with an 
army, 1021 — after having gained some 
advantages in Apulia, he returns to Ger- 
many, 1022— d. July 13, 1024. 

Henry III., emperor of Germany, son of 
Conrad II. , b. 1017 — crowned at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, as his father's destined suc- 
cessor, 1028 — defeats Udalric, duke of 
Bohemia, 1034 — marries Canute's daugh- 
ter, Gunhild, 1036— she dies, 1038— be- 
comes k. of Germany and duke of Suabia, 

. on the death of his father, 1039— recon- 
ciled to Aribert, archbp of Milan, 1040. 
See Aribert, archbp. of Milan. — Marries 
Agnes, daughter of William, duke of 
Poictiers, 1043 — enters Italy with his 
army, and is crowned emperor at Rome, 
1046 — restores Capua to Pandulf, con- 
firms the Normans, Drogo and Rainulph, 
in their titles and possessions; and gives 
the duchy of Carinthia with the March 
of Verona to Guelf, third count of that 

i name, 1047 — Baldwin V., count of Flan- 
ders, and Godfrey IV., duke of Lorraine, 

, rebel; the imperial palace at Nimeguen 
burnt; they submit to. Henry, 1049 — 



birth of his son Henry, 1050 — pope Leo 
IX. visits Germany ; endeavours to stop 
the war between the emperor and An- 
drew, k. of Hungary, and to obtain as- 
sistance Irom him against the Normans, 
1052 — liis son is created duke of Bavaria, 
and acknowledged k. of Germany, 1053 
-—Henry confers with Hildebrand, who 
is deputed to consult him on the choice 
of a new pope; claims Tuscany as a fief 
of his empire, and detains Beatrice, one 
of the guardians of the young duchess 
Matilda.in captivity, 1055— d. Oct. 5, 1056. 
Henry IV., emperor of Germany, son oi 
Henry III., b. 1050 — created duke of Ba- 
varia, and acknowledged k. of Germany, 
1053— succeeds his father under the re- 
gency of the empress Agnes, assisted by 
pope Victor II., 1056. See Agnes, 
daughter of Wm. of Poictiers.— Hanno, 
archbp. of Cologne, seizes him, and 
makes himself regent, 1062 — Adalbert, 
archbp. of Bremen, insinuates himself 
into his favour, 1063 — Henry enters Italy 
with an army, which he suddenly with- 
draws; Adalbert abuses his influence, 
and is banished from court, 1066— Henry 
marries Bertha, daughter of Otho, mar- 
quis of Susa, 1067— calls a council at 
Mentz to annul his marriage ; the di- 
vorce prevented by the papal legate 
Peter Damiano, 1069— he gives the duchy 
of Bavaria to Guelf IV., 1071 — the 
Saxons and Thuringians revolt against 
him, 1073 — Gregory VII. sends his 
legates to admonish him, 1074 — he de- 
feats the Saxons at Hohenburg, and be- 
gins his resistance to the pretensions of 
pope Gregory, 1075 — holds the Diet of 
Worms, and deposes the pope; is ex- 
communicated by the council of Rome, 
and his subjects absolved from their al- 
legiance ; gives Lower Lorraine to his 
son Conrad, and Antwerp to Godfrey of 
Bouillon, 1076 — submits to Gregory at 
Canossa, 1077 — prepares for war against 
Rudolf of Suabia, who had been elected 
k. of Germany in opposition to him, 1077 
— defeated by Rudolf, and appeals to 
Gregory, 1078— gives Suabia to Frederic 
of Hohenstauffen, 1079— defeated at the 
battle of Fladenheim, Jan. 27; excom- 
municated and deposed by a council at 
Rome; calls another council at Brixen, 
which deposes Gregory, and elects Cle- 
ment III.; battle of Zeiz, Oct. 15; Rudolf 
defeated and slain; Henry's party gains 
strength, 1080 — invades Italy, and takes 
Rome; Hermann of Luxemburg, elected 
by the German princes, gains a victory 
at Hochstadt, 1081— Henry again be- 
sieges Rome, 1083, which surrenders 
March 21 3 1084— crowned emperor b* 



HEN 



401 



HEN 



Henry IV. — continued. 
pope Clement III., March 31 ; besieges 
Gregory in the castle of S. Angelo; re- 
tires, on the approach of Robert Guis- 
card, into Lombardy, 1084— defeated by 
the Saxons and Suabians at Wiirzburg, 
1086 — the Diet of Spires makes a fruit- 
less effort to restore peace in Germany, 
1087 — defeated by Egbert, marquis of 
Saxony ; Guelf, duke of Bavaria, takes 

. Augsburg; death of the empress Bertha, 
and of the imperial pretender, Hermann, 
1088 — excommunicated by pope Urban 
II.; many German princes come over to 
him ; he marries Adelaide, a Russian 
princess, widow of Otho, marquis of 
Brandenburg, 1089 — he invades Italy, 
and lays siege to Mantua, 1090— Mantua 
and Ravenna surrender to him, 1091 — 
he still asserts the title of Clemeut III. 
to the papacy, and assists him to hold 
S. Angelo, 1092 — his son, Conrad, rebels, 
and is crowned k. of Italy at Milan, 1093 
— the empress Adelaide leaves him, and 
accuses him of ill-treatment before the 
council of Constance, 1094— again excom- 
municated by the council of Clermont ; 
Guelf IV., duke of Bavaria, and his son 
Guelf V., join his party, and abandon 
that of the pope, 1095 — he protects the 
German Jews, 1097 — his son, Henry, is 
appointed his father's successor by the 
Diet of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1099— death of 
his son Conrad, 1101 — again excommu- 
nicated by pope Pascal II., 1102 — his son, 
Henry, invited by the papal party, rebels 
against him, 1104 — interview between 
them at Elbingen, a Diet is called at 
Mentz for a settlement of their dispute, 
1105 - Henry IV. resigns his crown, soon 
after which he d. at Liege, Aug. 7, 1106. 

Henry V., emperor of Germany, son of 
Henry IV., b. 1081 — appointed his fa- 
ther's successor, 1099. See Henry IV. 
— On his accession asserts his right to 

. appoint bishops, 1106— the question an- 
grily discussed at the council of Troyes, 
1107 — contracted to Matilda, daughter 
of Henry I. of England, 1109 — the prin- 
cess is sent into Germany with her 
dowry ; he marches into Italy with a 
powerful army, 1110 — enters Rome ; 
bloody contests between his soldiers and 
the people, and is crowned emperor by 
pope Pascal II.; visits the countess Ma- 
tilda, and appoints her his viceregent in 
Italy, 1111 — solemnizes his marriage 
with the princess Matilda at Mentz, 1114 
— he disputes with the pope the posses- 
sion of the States of the countess Ma- 
tilda, 1115 — takes possession of them, 
and is excommunicated by another coun- 
cil held in the Lateran, 1116— marches 

VOL. I. 



to Rome, the pope retires to Monte Ca 
sino, andthen to Beneventum ; Henry is 
crowned a second time by the archbp. of 
Braga, 1117— and makes him pope under 
the name of Gregory VIII., 1118. See 
Braga, archbp. of; and Gregory, anti- 
pope. — The people of Saxony revolt, 1121 
— the dispute with the pope respecting 
the right of investiture, compromised 
by the Diet of Worms, 1122— <*. at 
Utrecht, May 22nd, 1125. 

Henry VI., emperor of Germany, son of 
Frederic I., b. 1165 — elected k. of the 
Romans, 1169 — marries Constance, heir- 
ess of the throne of Sicily, 1186 — op- 
posed by Tancred, who is invited by the 
Sicilians, and supported by pope Clement 
III., 1189 — succeeds in Germany on the 
death of his father; the count of An- 
dria, his general, defeated and slain at 
Ascoli, 1190 — is crowned emperor at 
Rome ; besieges Naples ; loses his army 
by sickness, and withdraws ; Constance 
is made prisoner at Salerno, released by 
Tancred, 1191 — Henry imprisons Richard 
I. of England, 1192 — releases him for a 
ransom ; conquers Apulia and Sicily, 
1194 — gives to his brother Philip Tus- 
cany and all the territories vacant by 
the death of duke Guelf, 1195— obtains 
the election of his son Frederic to be k. 
of the Romans, 1196 — d. at Messina, Sept. 
28, 1197. 

Henry VII., of Luxemburg, emperor of 
Germany, b. 1264 — chosen by the electors, 
1308 — obtains the throne of Bohemia 
for his son John ; proceeds with a large 
army to Italy ; restores Matteo Visconte 
at Milan, and tries to allay the violence 
of the two factions ; Robert, k. of Naples, 
and chief of the Guelf party, secretly 
opposes him, 1310— he and his queen, 
Margaret, are crowned at Milan; he 
makes many fruitless efforts to restore 
peace among the Italian cities ; the 
plague breaks out in his army; hisqu. 
falls a victim to it, 1311 — crowned em- 
peror in the Lateran church by three 
cardinals, 1312 — makes an alliance with 
Frederic of Sicily, and gives one of his 
daughters in marriage to his son Peter, 
1312— prepares, in conjunction with the 
Genoese and Sicilians, to attack Robert 
of Naples, but d. suddenly at Buoncon- 
vento, near Sienna, Aug. 24, 1313. 

Henry I., k. of Castile, son of Alfonso 
VIII., b. 1203— succeeds his father, 1214 
— d. 1217. 

Henry II., de Trastamare, k. of Castile, 
son of Alfonso XI. and Eleanora de 
Guzman, b. 1331 — persecuted by Peter 
the Cruel, 1351 — claims the crown of Cas- 
tile, and is supported by Pedro IV. ot 

D D 



HEN 



402 



HEN 



Aragon, 1558 — revives his claim ; is al- 
lowed by Charles V. of France to enlist 
the Companies, and to engage Du Guesclin 
in his service, 1365 — expels Peter, and is 
crowned at Burgos, 1366— is defeated by 
Edward the Black Prince at Najara, Apr. 
3; and Peter restored, 1367 — defeats 
Peter, and is acknowledged k. of Castile, 
1369— fails in an attempt to take Ciudad 
Rodrigo from the Portuguese, who invade 
his kingdom ; he has also to defend him- 
self against the k. of Granada and the 
united forces of Aragon and Navarre, 
1370 — invades Portugal, besieges Lisbon, 
and compels Ferdinand to sign a treaty 
of peace, 1373 — concludes the treaty of 
Almazan with Pedro IV., 1374 — invades 
Navarre, 1377— makes peace, and dies, 
May 30, 1379. 

Henby III., k. of Castile, son of John I., 
b. 1380 — succeeds his father, 1390 — takes 
the government into his own hands, 1393 
— John of Gaunt's claim ceases, 1394 — 
destroys Tetuan, 1400— d. Dec. 25, 1406. 

Henry IV., the Weak, k. of Castile, son of 
John II., b. 1425 — compels his father to 
dismiss Alvarez de Luna, 1441 — succeeds 
his father ; renews the war with Gra- 
nada ; the Moors defeated, and fort 
Ximena taken, 1454 — Gibraltar taken, 
1462 — conference with Louis XL of 
France at Fontarabia; discord in Spain 
prolonged, 1463— his nobles question the 
legitimacy of Joanna, his only child, 
whom he proclaims heiress of the throne, 
1464 — his brother Alfonso is made k. by 
the nobles, 1465— Alfonso dies, and the 
succession is given to their sister Isa- 
bella, 1468— she offends Henry by marry- 
ing Ferdinand of Arragon, and he trans- 
fers the inheritance again to Joanna ; the 
nobles resist the change, 1469 — Henry d. 
Dec. 11, 1474. 

HENRYl.,k. of England, youngest son of Win. 
I., b. 1067— returns to England from Nor- 
mandy, 1094— succeeds his brother, Wm. 
Rufus, Aug. 5, 1100— renews the laws of 
Edward the Confessor; reinstates An- 
selm at Canterbury, and unites the Nor- 
man and Saxon races by his marriage with 
Matilda, granddaughter of Edmund Iron- 
side, Nov. 12, 1100— Robert, duke of Nor- 
mandy, invades England; treaty of peace 
made with him, 1101 — disputes begin with 
Anselm respecting the right of investi- 
ture, 1102— friendly visit of Robert, 1103 
— war renewed between them in Nor- 
mandy, 1104 — Henry takes Caen and 
Bayeux, 1105— battle of Tinchebray ; Ro- 
bert is made prisoner, and sent to Cardiff 
castle; Normandy annexed to England, 
1106— Henry returns to England, 1107— 
his daughter, Matilda, is contracted to 



the emperor Henry V. of Germany ; the 
disputed castle of Gisors leads to war 
with France, 1109— the princess Matilda 
is sent into Germany with her dowry, 
1110. See Anjou, Fulk, count of.— War 
in Wale6 j Henry builds castles there to 
secure his conquests, 1114 — the Normans 
swear allegiance to his son,William, 1115 
— he supports his nephew, Theobald de 
Blois, against the king of France, 1116 — 
re-establishes his ascendancy in Nor- 
mandy by his victory at Brenneville, 
and has an interview with pope Callistus 
II. at Gisors, 1119 — resists the papal 
claim to investiture in England ; banishes 
Thurstan, archbp. of York; His son, 
William, is married to Matilda, daughter 
of Fulk, count of Anjou, 1119— peace con- 
cluded with Louis VI. ; prince William 
is drowned, off Barfleur, on his way to 
England, Nov. 26, 1120— war renewed in 
Normandy by the rebellion of some pow- 
erful barons ; Henry takes their castles, 
1123— makes prisoners of tarlWaleran 
and other supporters of William, son of 
Robert, in his claim on Normandy, 1124 
— makes peace, and punishes the mint- 
men, who had issued base coin, 1125 — 
leaves Normandy, and brings his pri- 
soners with him to England, 1126 — his 
daughter, Matilda, left a widow by the 
death of the emperor, marries Geoffrey 
Plantagenet, son of Fulk of Anjou, Aug. 
26; she is acknowledged heiress to her 
father's throne, 1127 — peace concluded 
with France ; he gives liberty to earl 
Waleran and his other prisoners, and 
restores them their lands; allows his 
clergy to disregard the decrees for their 
celibacy, made by a council held in Lon- 
don, 1129 — has an interview with pope 
Innocent II. at Chartres, 1131— his mu- 
nicipal charters give security to English 
industry, 1132 -his brother, Robert, dies 
in his captivity, 1134 — d. Dec. 4, 1135. 
Henry II., k. of England, son of the em- 
press Matilda and Geoffrey Plantagenet, 
b. 1133. See Stephen, k. of England.— 
Inherits Anjou and Maine by the death 
of his father ; Normandy submits to him, 
1146— obtains Guyenne and Poitou by 
his marriage, May 18, 1152. See Elea- 
nor of Guyenne.— Lands in England to 
claim the throne, 1152 — the crown is 
secured to him, on Stephen's death, 
by the treaty of Winchester, Aug. 18,1153 
—becomes king, Dec. 19, 1154--makes Tho- 
mas a Becket chancellor, 1155. See Beck- 
et, Thomas a. — Ireland is submitted to 
him by a Bull of pope Adrian IV. ; his 
brother, Geoffrey, renounces his claims 
on Maine and Anjou for a pension, 1156 
— Wales submits to him, 1157— on Geof- 



HEN 



403 



HEN 



HEHRT II. — continued. 
frey's death, lie claims and obtains the 
county of Nantes, 1158 — claims the 
county of Toulouse ; war ensues between 
him and Louis VII., 1159 —peace between 
them; he limits the papal power in 
England, 1161 — obtains from Becket, 
and the other bishops, a promise of sub- 
mitting to the ancient laws of the realm, 
1163 — convokes an assembly of barons, 
and prelates, at which the "Constitutions 
of Clarendon" are enacted ; they are con- 
demned by pope Alexander 111., on which 
Becket revokes his promise to observe 
them, and escapes to France, 1164 — Hen- 
ry forbids all appeals to the pope, 1165 
— Dermot, king of Leinster, solicits his 
support against Ruderic O'Connor, 1167 

— treaty of Montmirail with Louis; 
Strongbow, Fitzgerald, and other knights 
land in Ireland, 1169— compromise with 
Thomas a Becket, who is allowed to re- 
turn, and is assassinated, Dec. 29, 1170 — 
Henry lands at Waterford with an army ; 
his own knights and many native chiefs 
do him homage for their lands, 1171 — is 
involved in great trouble through Beck- 
et's death, 1172 — divides Ireland into 
counties, and regulates the government ; 
appears before the papal legates, and 
receives absolution for Becket's death ; 
Eleanor, jealous of Fair Rosamond, 
incites his sons to rebel against him, 
and they are supported by the kings 
of France and Scotland, 1173— he does 
penance at Becket's tomb ; quells the in- 
surrection of his sons, and imprisons his 
queen ; defeats Wm., king of Scotland, at 
Alnwick, and takes him prisoner, 1174 — 
he sends his son, John, into Ireland, but 
soon recalls him ; marriage of his daugh- 
ter, Joan, to William II., king of Sicily, 
1176 — divides England into six circuits, 
through which he sends justices in Eyre 
twice a year, 1177— he is again harassed 
by his sons ; the eldest, Henry, demands 
immediate possession of Normandy, 1182 
— his son, Henry, d. without issue, 1183 
— he refuses to take part in the crusade ; 
his son, Geoffrey, duke of Britanny, 
killed in a tournament at Paris, 1185 — 
Richard is encouraged to rebel against 
his father by Philip Augustus, king of 
France ; war ensues between the two 
kings, 1188 — Henry is unsuccessful in 
his war with France ; makes peace, and 
d. at Chinon, July 6, 1189, 

Henry III., k. of England, son of k. John, 
b. 1206— succeeds his father, Oct. 28. 1216 

— William, earl of Pembroke, regent, 
defeats Louis, son of Philip Augustus of 
France, near Lincoln, and puts an end 
to his invasion, 1217 — orders, in the 



king's name, Magna Charta to be pub- 
licly read and obeyed, 1218— the earl of 
Pembroke dies; Peter des Roches, bp. of 
Winchester, and Hubert de Burg, joint 
regents of England, 1219— Henry's eldest 
sister, Jane, married to Alexander II. of 
Scotland, 1221 — he is declared of age by a 
Bull of pope Honorius II I ., 1222-he claims 
the restitution of Normandy from Louis 
VIII. of France, 1223 — Louis invades 
Poitou, and takes La Rochelle, 1224 — 
Henry confirms Magna Charta ; sends 
his uncle, the earl of Salisbury, and his 
brother, Richard, earl of Cornwall, to de- 
fend Poitou and Gascony, 1225— offends 
his subjects by his partiality for foreign- 
ers; is obliged to dismiss from his coun- 
cil Peter des Roches and others, 1227 — 
makes an unsuccessful expedition into 
France, 1230 — dismisses Hubert de Burg, 
and recalls the bp. of Winchester. 1232 
— his barons rebel against his foreign 
favourites, 1233 — assassination of Rich- 
ard, earl of Pembroke ; the bp. of Win- 
chester and his officers again expelled, 
1234. 

Marriage of Henry's youngest sis- 
ter, Isabella, to Frederic II., emperor 
of Germany, 1235 — he marries Eleanor, 
daughter of Raymond Berenger, last 
count of Provence; her uncle, William, bp. 
of Valence, obtains great influence over 
Henry, and brings many of his country- 
men into England ; the parliament of 
Merton rejects the canon law, and de- 
cides " Nolumus Leges Anglice rnutari" 
1236— Simon de Montfort, and Gilbert, 
earl of Pembroke, his favourites, 1240 — 
he disgusts his subjects by his favours 
to foreigners, and infringements of Mag- 
na Charta ; the parliament refuses to 
grant him money, 1241 — he lands in 
France, and is defeated by Louis IX. at 
Taillebourgand Saintes, July 21-22, 1242 
— concludes a truce for five years, 1243. 

Deputies from the nobles and clergy of 
England protest at the general council 
at Lyons, against the extortions prac- 
tised on them by papal emissaries, and 
declare k. John's Act of Submission to 
have been made without the consent of 
his subjects, and therefore not valid ; 
Westminster Abbey completed by Hen- 
ry, 1245 — the contributions demanded by 
pope Innocent IV. cause great discontent 
among the English clergy, 1246 — the 
parliament resists the payment of them, 
and refuses to grant supplies to the king, 
1247— he dismisses it, and raises money 
by forced loans and the sale of his 
jewels, 1248 — he proposes his son, Ed- 
mund, as k. of Sicily, 1253— the treaty 
set aside by the English parliament not 



HEN 



404 



HEN 



Henry IIT. — continued. 
granting the money for carrying it into 
effect ; English bishops and abbots com- 
pelled to pay bills drawn on them at 
Rome, 1255— under the influence of Si- 
mon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, " the 
Mad Parliament" is held at Oxford ; the 
"Provisions of Oxford" are enacted; 
twenty-four barons form a council to ad- 
vise or. command the king, 1258. See 
Commons, House of. 

A proclamation of Henry to the people 
of Huntingdon affords the first specimen 
of early English, 1258 — the treaty of Ab- 
bevilleconcluded between him and Louis, 
1259 — he is dispensed by the pope from 
his oath to observe the "Provisions," and 
prepares to resist the barons ; attempts to 
establish a university at Northampton, 
1260 — the kingly power is restored to him 
by parliament ; his son, Edward, brings a 
foreign army to support him ; beginning 
of the civil war between him and the 
barons, 1262 — he and the barons refer 
their disputes to be settled by Louis IX. 
of France, 1263— the award of Louis re- 
jected by the barons; he and his son, 
Edward, Richard, k. of the Romans, and 
his son Henry, are made prisoners at the 
battle of Lewes, May 13, 1264 — a parlia- 
ment summoned. See Commons, House 
of. —Prince Edward released ; the earl of 
Gloucester joins the royal party ; battle 
of Evesham ; the barons defeated ; De 
Montfort slain ; the king's authority re- 
stored, 1265— Kenilworth castle taken by 
Henry ; he holds a parliament there ; 
the lands of the rebellious barons are 
confiscated ; some of them take refuge 
in the isle of Ely, 1267 — they submit to 
the king, July 25, 1268— great disorders 
arise during the absence of Edward in 
his crusade, 1270 — Hemy d. Nov. 16, 
1272. 

Henry IV., k. of England, See Boling- 
broke, Henry, earl of Derby, and duke 
of Hereford and Lancaster. — His first 
wife, Mary de Bohun, daughter of the 
earl of Hereford,^. 1394 — he ascends the 
throne, Sept. 30, 1399 — a plot against 
him is defeated; the earls of Kent, Sa- 
lisbury, and Huntingdon, lords Lumley 
and Spenser, and other conspirators, 
suffer death ; the qu., Isabella, who had 
taken part in it, is made prisoner, and 
shut up at Haveringe-atte-Bower; mar- 
riage of his daughter, Blanche, to Louis 
of Bavaria, 1400— revolt of Owen Glen- 
dower ; the Scots invade England, but 
retire on the approach of Henry; he 
pursues them to Edinburgh ; proposes a 
marriage for his son, Henry, with Isa- 
bella, widow of Richard II., which is 



refused; first punishment of heresy ia 
England, 1401 — he marries Joanna of 
Navarre, widow of John V., duke of 
Britanny, by proxy, at Eltham, Apr. 3 ; 
quarrels with the earl of Northumber- 
land, 1402 — Joanna arrives in England ; 
her marriage is celebrated at Winchester, 
and she is crowned at Westminster, Feb. 
26, 1403 -the earl of Northumberland 
releases his prisoner, Douglas, and con- 
spires with him, and Owen Glendower, 
to place Mortimer, earl of March, on 
the throne ; the confederates defeated 
at Shrewsbury, July 21; Harry Percy 
{Hotspur) slain; his father, the earl 
of Northumberland, pardoned, 1403— he 
opposes a petition of the House of Com- 
mons that the revenues of the church 
should be applied to the service of the 
State, 1404. See Commons, House of. — 
Insurrection of the earl of Northumber- 
land, and Scrope, archbp. of York ; the 
earl escapes into Scotland, and his estates 
are confiscated; the archbp. is taken, 
tried by a civil judge, and beheaded, 1405 
— Glendowerdefeated at Monmouth, May 
11,1405 — James I. of Scotland, set. 9, cap- 
tured on his way to France, is detained 
and educated in London, 1406 — the earl 
of Northumberland and lord Bardolf, en- 
deavouring to raise another rebellion, are 
defeated and slain at Bramham; Wales 
becomes tranquil, and from this time Hen- 
ry's reign is undisturbed, 1407— a grand 
tournament in London, 1409 — Henry 
orders the execution of a condemned 
Lollard, in consequence of which the 
Commons refuse to vote supplies; the 
Burgundians and Orleanists court his 
alliance, 1410 — he supports the duke of 
Burgundy with a force, under the earl of 
Arundel, 1411 — transfers his alliance to 
the Orleanists, 1412— d. at Westminster, 
Mar. 20, 1413. 
Henry V., k. of England, son of Henry IV. 
and Mary de Bohun, b. at Monmouth, 
Aug. 9, 1388 — his father's proposal of 
marriage for him with Isabella, widow 
of Richard II., rejected, 1401 — he 
performs his noviciate in arms at the 
battle of Shrewsbury, July 21, 1403— de- 
feats Owen Glendower at Monmouth, 
May 11, 1405 — he insults the chief jus- 
tice, sir William Gascoigne, and is com- 
mitted by him, 1412 — becomes k., Mar. 
21, 1413 — he asserts his claim to the 
throne of France, and makes exorbi- 
tant demands, to which he receives an 
insulting reply — sir John Oldcastle's 
conspiracy detected, 1414— the parlia- 
ment recommends that the church lands 
should be seized to supply the wants of 
the king's treasury ; 110 alien priorie* 



HEN 



405 



HEN 



Hhmby V. — continued. 
are surrendered, 1414— the earl of Cam- 
bridge, lord Scrope, and others, beheaded ; 
he embarks at Southampton, Aug. 11; 
invests Hartieur. Aug. 17, which sur- 
renders, Sept. 22; battle of Agincourt, 
Oct. 25; grants a truce to France; re- 
turns to England, and makes his trium- 
phal entry into London, Nov. 23, 1415— 
begins secret negotiations with John, 
duke of Burgundy; Harfleur attacked 
by the French, and saved by the duke of 
Bedford ; the emperor Sigismund visits 
Henry, and concludes a treaty of alliance 
with him, 1416— sir John Oldcastle appre- 
hended, and suffers death in Smithfield, 
1417 — Henry renews the war in France, 
conquers the greater part of Normandy, 
and lays siege to Rouen; Isabella, qu. of 
France, and the duke of Burgundy treat 
with him, 1418 — takes Rouen, Jan. 19, 
and makes farther conquests; qu. Jo- 
anna arrested and her possessions seized, 
1419 — concludes the treaty of Troyes 
with the queen, and Philip, duke of Bur- 
gundy ; is declared heir to the crown of 
France, and regent during the life of 
Charles VI., whose daughter, Katharine, 
he marries, June 3 ; takes Sens, and is 
admitted into Paris, 1420— a division of 
his army defeated at Bauge ; he repairs 
the disaster, besieges Meaux, and drives 
the dauphin beyond the Loire, 1421 — 
Meaux surrenders, May 2, 1422 — Henry 
does justice to qu. Joanna, and restores 
her property ; d. at Vincennes, Aug. 31. 

Henry VI., k. of England, son of Henry 
V. and Katharine de Valois, b. at Wind- 
sor, Dec. 6, 1421 — when only nine months 
old, proclaimed k. of England and France, 
Sept. 1, 1422 — his uncles, Humphrey, 
duke of Gloucester, protector of the for- 
mer kingdom, and John, duke of Bed- 
ford, regent of the latter; league against 
France renewed at Amiens, April 17 ; 
defeat of the French and Scotch at Cre- 
vant sur Yonne, by the earls of Salisbury 
and Suffolk; James I., k. of Scotland, 
released, after a captivity of 17 j r ears, 
1423— battle of Verneuil; the duke of 
Bedford defeats the French and Scotch, 
Aug. 27 ; the duke of Gloucester of- 
fends the duke of Burgundy by his mar- 
riage. See Jaqueline of Brabant. — The 
duke of Bedford endeavours to appease 
the quarrel, 1424 — the duke of Glouces- 
ter invades Holland and Hainault, aban- 
dons the enterprise, and is apparently 
reconciled to the duke of Burgundy ; has 
dissensions with cardinal Beaufort, bp. 
of Winchester, which the duke of Bed- 
ford composes ; John VI., duke of Bri- 
tanny, withdraws from the English al- 



liance ; qu. Katharine marries Owen 
Tudor, 1425. 

The earl of Warwick driven from 
the siege of Montargis by the count 
de Dunois ; the duke of Bedford detaches 
the duke of Britanny from his French 
alliance, 1426 — the siege of Orleans be- 
gun by the earl of Salisbury; he is killed 
by a cannon-ball, and the earl of Suffolk 
takes the command, 1428 — sir John Fas- 
tolfe gains the battle of Herrings, and 
conducts stores to the camp before Or- 
leans, Feb. 12, 1429 — Joan of Arc re- 
lieves the city, May 4 ; the siege 
raised, May 8; the earl of Suffolk made 
prisoner at Jergeau; the English de- 
feated at Patay, June 13; the lords Tal- 
bot and Scales taken, and Fastolfe dis- 
graced; k. Henry crowned at Westmin- 
ster, Nov. 6, 1429 ; and at Paris Dec. 17, 
1430 — Joan of Arc, taken prisoner, is in- 
humanly put to death, Jan. 14, 1431 — 
the English power in France declines 
rapidly ; defection of Philip, duke of 
Burgundy, 1432— congress of Arras ; the 
English commissioners withdraw, 1433 
— treaty of alliance concluded between 
the duke of Burgundy and France, Sept. 
22, 1435. 

Death of the duke of Bedford, Dec. 14 ; 
Richard, duke of York, regent; Paris re- 
taken by the French ; the duke of Bur- 
gundy besieges Calais, and retires on the 
approach of the duke of Gloucester, 1436 
— death of qu. Katharine, 1437— the duke 
of York resigns to the earl of Warwick, 
who dies in a few months, and the duke 
resumes the regency of France, 1440 — k. 
Hen. founds King's College, Cambridge, 
and Eton College, 1441 — intrigues of the 
bp. of Winchester, 1442— he prevails, and 
the earl of Suffolk negotiates a marriage 
between Henry and Margaret, daughter 
of Regnier d'Anjou ; Maine ceded to her 
uncle, 1444— the marriage, already solem- 
nized by proxy, is again celebrated, on 
her arrival in England, April 22, 1445— 
she joins the enemies of Humphrey, duke 
of Gloucester; Owen Tudor appointed 
keeper of the royal parks in Wales, 1445. 

Murder of the duke of Gloucester, and 
death of his enemy, the bp. of Win- 
chester ; Surienne compelled to give up 
the county of Maine, 1447— he subsists 
his troops at free quarters in Britanny, 
for which the duke, Francis I., demands 
compensation from England ; Charles 
VII. supports his claim ; the English 
nation, tired of the contest, and the go- 
vernment, influenced by the qu. and her 
favourites, make no effort to save their 
remaining French provinces, 1448— war 
renewed; Normandy lost; the duke of 



HEN 



406 



HEN" 



Henry Y I. —continued. 
Somerset surrender.; Bcuen, and retires 
to Harfleur; the duke of York sup- 
presses a reb. llion in Ireland, and makes 
himself popular, 1449. 

A small reinforcement sent to France 
dispersed at Formiguy ; Guyenne in- 
vaded by Dunois; general discontent 
in England; Margaret's arrogance and 
partiality for France make her unpo- 
pular ; her minister and favourite, the 
duke of Suffolk, accused of treason, 
banished, and murdered at sea ; his 
successor, the duke of Somerset, is equal- 
ly disliked; insurrection of Jack Cade 
suppressed, and death of the leader ; pub- 
lic attention begins to be fixed on the 
duke of York's personal merits and prior 
right to the throne, 1450— the weakness 
of Henry, the influence of the queen, and 
the treachery of the ministers, allow Guy- 
enne to be conquered by Dunois without 
a struggle ; the duke of York returns 
from Ireland ; the parliament petitions 
for the removal of Somerset and his col- 
leagues, 1451. 

A deputation of Gascon lords invites 
the support of the English govern- 
ment to restore the province to its 
former allegiance; the duke of York 
raises an«army ; has an interview with 
Henry in Kent, and retires to his castle 
of Wigmore, 1452— the birth of Henry's 
son, Edward, prince of "Wales, Oct. 13, 
1453, prevents that amicable adjustment 
of the duke of York's claims, for which 
he had been willing to wait ; Talbot, earl 
of Shrewsbury, set. 80, sent to Guyenne 
with 8000 men; Bordeaux and other towns 
open their gates to him : he is defeated 
and slain at Castillon, July 20; the En- 
glish have now lost all their possessions 
in France, except Calais; hostilities 
cease, without any formal treaty of peace, 
1453. 

Mental aberration of Henry; Somer- 
set committed to the Tower; the duke 
of York appointed Protector, 1454 — 
the king recovers; Somerset released: 
the protectorate annulled; beginning of 
the civil war; the Yoikists take the 
White Rose for their party emblem, and 
the Lancastrians the Red; victory of 
the former at St. Alban's, May 23 ; the 
k. taken prisoner, and the duke of York 
reappointed protector by the parliament, 
1455— in his absence, Margaret induces 
the Lords to reinstate Henry in his full 
regal power, 1456 — the duke and his 
friends escape a plot to seize their per- 
sons, 1457 — apparent reconciliation of 
the Yorkists and Lancastrians cele- 
brated by a procession to St. Paul's, 1458 



— war renewed ; victory of the Yorkists 
at Blore heath, Sept. 23 ; weakened by 
the desertion of sir Andrew Trollop, 
they disperse at Ludlow, 1459. 

Warwick collects another army, de- 
feats the royalists at Northampton, 
July 18, 1460 — the king is again taken 
prisoner; the duke of York attends 
the parliament, Oct. 7 ; is declared heir 
to the throne, which Henry is to re- 
tain during his life ; the queen obtains 
an army in Scotland, and is joined by 
the northern barons ; the duke of York 
defeated and slain at Wakefield, Dec. 
24 ; his son, Edward, gains the battle 
of Mortimer's Cross, Feb. 2, 1461 — War- 
wick routed at the second battle of St. 
Alban's, Feb. 17 ; the k. falls again into 
the hands of his own party ; retreats 
with them into the northern counties, 
is dethroned, and the duke of York pro- 
claimed king, March 4. See Edward 
IV., k. of England. 

After their defeat at Towton, Hen. and 
Margaret retire into Scotland, and obtain 
a promise of assistance by giving up Ber- 
wick. 1461 — Margaret goes to France, 
1462 — returns with French auxiliaries ; 
these and their Scotch allies are defeated 
atHedgeley Moor, Apr. 24 ; and at Hex- 
ham, May 15,1463 — Margaret escapes 
with her son to Flanders ; Henry is con- 
cealed in Lancashire ; is betrayed into 
the hands of his enemies, and confined 
in the Tower, 1464 — released after Ed- 
ward's defeat at Nottingham and flight 
to Flanders, and is then, for a short time, 
restored to the throne, 1470 — on Ed- 
ward's return, is again consigned to the 
Tower, where he d., believed to have 
been murdered by Richard, duke of Glou- 
cester, May 1, 1471. 
Henry VII., k. of England, son of Ed- 
mund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and Mar- 
garet Beaufort, o. 1456 — taken by his 
uncle, the earl of Pembroke, to find shel- 
ter in Britanny, 1472 — conspires with 
Buckingham and others for the invasion 
of England, 1483— withdraws from Bri- 
tanny into France, where many English 
exiles join him, 1484 — lands at Milford 
Haven, Aug. 7, 1485 — defeats Richard 
III. at Bosworth, Aug. 22; and is pro- 
claimed king— crowned, Oct. 30 — unites 
the houses of York and Lancaster, by 
marrying the princess Elizabeth, dan. 
of Edward IV., Jan. 18, 1486— lord Lovel 
and the Staffords rebel against him — 
Lambert Simnel's imposture, 1486-7 — co- 
ronation of the queen, Nov. 20, 1487 — 
his offered mediation between Anne, i*e- 
gent of France, and the duke of Orleans, 
is rejected ; sends au auxiliary force to 



HEN 



407 



hen- 



Henry VII. — continued. 

IJritanny, 1489— leagues with Maximi- 
lian against Charles VIII. of France, 
1491— lands at Calais, Oct. 2, 1492— be- 
sieges Boulogne, but soon makes peace 
for a sum of money ; Perkin Warbeck 
lands at Cork, and gains partisans, 1492 — 
many of the English nobility concert 
measures in his favour ; sir Robert Clif- 
ford discovers and betrays the impos- 
ture, 1493. 

The plot having been encouraged 
in Flanders, Henry stops the trade of 
that country with England ; sir Wm. 
Stanley and other supporters of the pre- 
tender condemned and executed ; Poyn- 
ing's Act passed in Ireland, 1494— War- 
beck having failed in Kent and Ireland, 
retires first to Flanders and then to 
Scotland, where he marries Katharine 
Gordon, daughter of the earl of Huntley, 
1495 — is repulsed with his Scotch sup- 
porters in North umbeiiand; Cabot and 
his son sent out on their voyage, 1496 — 
insurrection of lord Audley in Cornwall ; 
he marches into Kent, is defeated on 
Blackheath, and executed ; Warbeck 
dismissed from Scotland ; the Flemings 
refuse to admit him, and are allowed to 
resume their trade ; lie finds adherents 
in the Wast; is foiled at Exeter, and 
takes refuge in the sanctuary at Beau- 
lieu, 1497 — surrenders ; confesses his im- 
posture; his life is spared; he is exposed 
to the derision of the populace, and con- 
fined in the Tower, 1498— plots with the 
earl of Warwick to escape ; is hanged at 
Tyburn ; and the earl, the last male of 
the Plantagenets, beheaded, 1499. 

To avoid the plague, Henry takes his 
family to Calais; has an interview with 
Philip, gov. of the Netherland^to whose 
just-born son, Charles, he projects a 
treaty of marriage with his daughter, 
Mary, 1500 — marriage of Arthur, prince 
of Wales, to Katharine, daughter of 
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, and of 
the princess Margaret to James IV., k. 
of Scotland, 1501 — death of Arthur, Apr. 
2, 1502 — Henry builds his chapel in 
Westminster; Cabot returns, and encou- 
rages other adventurers to go out ; death 
of queen Elizabeth, Feb. 11, 1503 — dispen- 
sation obtained from pope Julius II. for 
the marriage of Henry, prince of Wales, 
to his brother's widow, Katharine ; Emp- 
son and Dudley employed to extort 
money, 1503. See Commons, House of. — 
The intrigues of the earl of Suffolk in 
Flanders cause many arrests and some 
executions in England, 1505 — Philip and 
Joanna, on their way to Spain, are en- 
tertained at Windsor; projected mar- 



riage of Henry to Philip's sister, Mar- 
garet; Suffolk given up and committed 
to the Tower, 1506— death of Henry at 
Richmond, April 21, 1509— his chapel at 
Westminster repaired, 1807. 
Henev VIII., k. of England, son of Henry 
VII. and Elizabeth of York, b. June 28, 
1491 — becomes prince of Wales on the 
death of his brother, Arthur, whose 
widow, Katharine, his father wishes 
him to marry ; dispensation obtained 
for the marriage, 1502 — at the desire of 
his father, he enters a secret protest 
against it, June 27, 1505. 

Succeeds to the throne, April 22, 1509— 
marries Katharine of Arragon, June 7 ; 
they are crowned, 24; prosecution of Emp- 
son, Dudley, and their accomplices ; they 
are executed, Aug. 17, 1510 — his court a 
scene of gaiety; Wolsey introduced, 1510 
— joins the Holy League against France, 
1511 — declares war, and sends an army to 
Fontarabia, which returns, 1512 — invades 
France in person, June 30, 1513— gains 
the victory of Guinegate (battle of Spurs), 
A ug. 16 ; takes Terouanne and Toumay, 
Sept. 24 ; returns to England, Nov. 24 ; 
battle of Flodden Field; James IV. of 
Scotland defeated and slain by the earl 
of Surrey, Sept. 9; Henry declines to 
prosecute the war against Scotland, 1513 
— makes peace with France, Aug. 7, 1514 
— his sister, Mary, marries Louis XII., 
Oct.9; and, after his death, Charles Bran- 
don; they are kindly received by Henry 
and Katharine ; Wolsey made cardinal, 
papal legate, and lord chancellor, 1515. 

Henry gives a refuge to his sister, Mar- 
garet, from the troubles in Scotland, 1516 
— resides at Oxford, to avoid the sweat- 
ing sickness in London ; checks the pro- 
ceedings of Wolsey's legatine court ; re- 
stores Tournay to Francis, and makes a 
treaty of marriage for his infant daugh- 
ter, Mary, with the dauphin, Dec. 16, 
1518 — becomes a candidate for the em- 
pire, but withdraws ; inclines to the al- 
liance of France, 1519 — entertains the 
emperor Charles V. in England, May 25 ; 
meets Francis at the Field of the Cloth 
of Gold, June 3-24, 1520— and Charles 
again, at Calais, July 14; offers to me- 
diate between Francis and Charles ; 
duke of Buckingham beheaded ; writes 
against Luther, and receives from the 
pope the title of " Defender of the Faith," 
1521— makes war on France, and on Scot- 
land, 1522 — assembles a parliament. Seo 
Commons, house of. 

Is inspired with doubts, by Wolsey, con- 
cerning the legality of his marriage with 
Katharine, 1525 — accedes to the treaty of 
Cognac, 1526 — new treaty with France ; 



HEN 



408 



HEN 



Henry VIII. — continued. 
the question of the king's marriage pub- 
licly discussed, and Dr. Knight sent to 
negotiate with pope Clement VII. on the 
6iibject, 1527 — cardinals Campeggio and 
Wolsey appointed to try the cause, 1528— 
the cause removed to Rome, by Katha- 
rine's appeal ; fall of Wolsey, Oct. 18; sir 
T. More chancellor; Cranmer advises an 
application to the universities of Europe, 
1529 — their opinions forwarded to the 
pope, with Henry's notice that he will 
admit no citation to Rome, 1530— recog- 
nised by the clergy as supreme head of 
the church ; separates from qu. Katha- 
rine, June 14, 1531- refuses to attend 
the pope, or send a proxy to Rome ; re- 
news his treaties with Francis; marries 
Anne Boleyn, Nov. 14 ; adds to the en- 
dowment of Christ Church, Oxford, 1532. 
Cranmer's consistorial court at Dun- 
stable annuls Henry's first marriage, 
and ratines his second; Anne Holeyn 
crowned, June 1, 1533 — these proceedings 
confirmed by Act of parliament, Jan. 15; 
decree of the pope and cardinals against 
them, March 23; Henry declared by an- 
other parliament Supreme Head of the 
Church : completes the final breach with 
Rome, 1534 — persecutes all who deny his 
supremacy ; puts Fisher and sir Thomas 
More to death ; excommunicated by the 
pope, and the kingdom laid under an 
interdict; these fulminations are treated 
with contempt, 1535— Anne Boleyn false- 
ly accused, and executed, May 19: the 
next day he mai'ries Jane Seymour; 
union between England and Wales com- 
pleted t insurrections in Lincolnshire 
and elsewhere, occasioned by the priest- 
hood and the stoppage of alms from the 
monasteries, 1536 — continued insurrec- 
tions ; lords Hussey and Darcy beheaded ; 
death of Jane Seymour, Oct. 24, 1537. 

Henry disputes with Lambert on the 
corporal presence, and condemns him to 
be burnt; general suppression of monas- 
teries and destruction of relics ; conspi- 
racy of cardinal Pole ; Courtenay, mar- 
quis of Exeter, beheaded, 1538 — the 
law of the six articles passed; Cran- 
mer's Bible published, 1539 — Hemy 
founds Trinity College, Cambridge; mar- 
ries Anne of Cleves, Jan. 6, 1540 — di- 
vorces her, and marries Katharine How- 
ard, Aug. 8; an insurrection in York- 
shire, attributed to cardinal Pole, causes 
his mother, the countess of Salisbury, to 
be beheaded, May 27, 1541 — bishoprics of 
Westminster, Peterborough, Chester, 
Gloucester, and Oxford founded ; the his- 
tory of Katharine Howard's early life 
revealed to Henry, 1541 — Katharine 



Howard executed, Feb. 12, 1542 — Henry 
takes the title of king of Ireland ; war 
with Scotland ; defeat of the Scotch army 
at Sol way, Nov. 24 ; bishopric of Bristol 
founded ; treaty of marriage for Edward, 
prince of Wales, with Mary of Scotland ; 
thwarted by the French party ; Henry 
reconciled to the emperor; leagues with 
him against France ; marries Katharine 
Parr, July 12, 1543. 

Restores his daughters to the right 

. of succession; war with Scotland; the 
earl of Hertford takes Edinburgh, Had- 
dington, and other towns; returns to 
England ; Henry resists the attempts 
of Gardiner to prejudice him against 
the queen; makes war on France; en- 
trusts the regency to her ; lands at 
Calais, July 14; takes Boulogne, Sept. 
14; besieges Montreuil, but, being aban- 
doned by the emperor, returns to Eng- 
land, Sept. 30 ; permits the publication 
of an English Litany, 1544— has the re- 
venues of the universities placed at his 
disposal by the parliament ; the queen 
preserves them, 1545 — peace with France 
and Scotland concluded at Campe, Jan. 7, 
1546 — Henry incorporates St. Bartholo- 
mew's hospital ; falls ill, but to the last 
protects Cranmer and the queen; causes 
the duke of Norfolk and the earl of Surrey 
to be attainted ; the earl beheaded, Jan. 
19 ; his father, the duke, saved by the 
death of Henry, Jan. 28, 1547. 

Henry 1., k. of France, second son of Robt. 
II., b. 1005— on the death of his elder 
brother, Hugh, becomes his father's heir, 
and succeeds him, 1031 — is assisted by 
Robert, duke of Normandy, against the 
attack of Eudes, count of Champagne, 
1032— d. 1060. 

Henry II., k. of France, son of Francis I., 
b. 1519 — marries Katharine de' Medici, 
daughter of Lorenzo, duke of Urbino, 
1533— succeeds his father, Mar. 31, 1547 
— visits Italy, but finds the principal 
States very averse to war, 1548 — agree- 
ment for the marriage of his daughter, 
Elizabeth, to Edward VI., k. of England, 
1550— Octavius Farnese, duke of Parma, 
invites his support against pope Julius 
111.; he stops the passage of money out 
of France to Rome, and recals all the 
French prelates from the council of Trent, 
1551— enters into alliance with Maurice, 
elector of Saxony, takes Lorraine, and 
threatens to shake off the yoke of Rome ; 
the pope submits, and leaves Parma to 
the duke, 1552 — leagues with pope Paul 
IV. to seize Naples, 1555— makes a truce 
for five years with the emperor (Charles 
V.), Feb. 5; at the instigation of the 
pope, breaks the truce and renews the 



HEN 



409 



HEN 



war, 1556 — his army being defeated af 
St. Quentin (Aug. 10), he recals the duke 
of Guise from Italy, 1557 — peace of Ca- 
teau Cambresis, Apr. 2; wounded at a 
*jurnament; d. July 20, 1559. 

Henky III., k. of France, youngest son of 
Henry II. and Katharine de' Medici, b. 
1551. See Anjou, Henry, duke of. — On 
the death of his brother, Chas. IX., re- 
signs the crown of Poland, and takes 
that of France, May 30, 1574 — by the 
treaty of Loches, or Beaulieu, gives re- 
ligious liberty to the Huguenots ; renews 
the civil war by placing himself at the 
head of the Catholic league, 1576 — a 
sixth treaty with the Huguenots signed 
by him at Bergerac, 1577 — the project 
of the duke of Guise to exclude the k. of 
Navarre from his right of succession, 
gives rise to the "war of the three 
Henries," 1584 — the edict of Nemours 
revokes all the concessions made to the 
Huguenots; Conde, assisted by an En. 
glish fleet, relieves La Rochelle, 1585 — 
the k. becomes jealous of the intimate 
connection between the duke of Guise 
and Philip II. of Spain, 1586— cabal of 
"the Sixteen" at Paris; Henry of Na- 
varre defeats the royal army at Coutras, 
under the duke de Joyeuse, Oct. 20 ; his 
German allies are repulsed at Vimori by 
the duke de Guise, Oct. 27 ; and at An- 
neau, Nov. 24, 1587 — assassination of the 
duke de Guise, and his brother, the car- 
dinal, 1588 — the k. unites his army with 
that of the Huguenots to oppose the 
league, now headed by the duke of May- 
enne; he is assassinated at St. Cloud 
by Jaques Clement, July 31, 1589. 

Henry IV., k. of Fiance, son of Antony de 
Bourbon and Jane d' Albret, qu. of Lower 
Navarre, b. at Pau, Dec. 23, 1553— after 
his father's death, is educated by his 
mother in the Protestant faith, 1562 — 
becomes the head and hope of the Hu- 
guenots, 1569 — Margaret of Valois, sister 
of Chas. IX., is offered in marriage to 
him, 1571 — his mother poisoned, he be- 
comes king of Navarre, June 10; is mar- 
ried to Margaret, Aug. 18; and saved 
from the Bartholomew massacre, 24, 1572 
— quits Paris, abjures the Romish faith, 
and places himself at the head of the 
Huguenots, 1576 — on the death of Fran- 
cis, duke of Anjou, younger brother of 
Hen. III., and last of the race of Valois, 
he becomes lawful heir to the throne of 
France. See Bourbon, branch of La 
Marche and Vendome. — The Guise fac- 
tion, and the League, attempt to set him 
aside ; " war if the three Henries," 1584. 
See Guise, Henry, duke of.— Pope Sixtus 
V. attempts by a Bull to repudiate his 



claim to the throne of France, 1585— he 
defeats the royal army at Coutras. See 
Henry III., k. of France. 

Succeeds Hen. III. on the throne, July 
31, 1589 -defeats Mayenne at Arques, 
near Dieppe, Sept. 21; the Guise faction 
try to supplant him, by calling his uncle, 
the cardinal de Bourbon, to the throne as 
Chas. X., 1589— he defeats the League at 
Ivry, Mar. 14; and lays siege to Paris, 
which the duke of Parma endeavours to 
relieve ; on the death of the cardinal, 
Philip II. of Spain, in contravention of 
the Salic law, proposes his daughter, Isa- 
bella, as qu. of France; Chas. Emanuel, 
of Savoy, invades Provence, 1590 — Eli- 
zabeth sends an English army to assist 
him, under the earl of Essex ; they be- 
siege Rouen, which the duke of Parma 
relieves ; pope Gregory XIV. fulminates 
a Bull against him, 1591— another En- 
glish army, under sir John Norris, ar- 
rives to support him; Clement VIII. 
refuses to let his ambassador enter Rome ; 
the duke of Savoy checked in Provence 
by Lesdiguieres, 1592. 

Henry conforms to the Catholic faith ; 
Clement refuses to grant him absolution ; 
Philip II. continues his intrigues with 
the League against him ; the parliament 
of Paris protest against female succession 
and foreign interference ; Elizabeth re- 
proaches his abjuration ; accepts his apo- 
logies, and enters into a new treaty of 
closer alliance with him, 1593— the duke 
of Guise, and the chief nobility of Prance, 
tender their allegiance to him ; Paris, 
and most of the principal cities, open 
their gates; with the assistance of sir 
John Norris, and his English allies, he 
recovers the places in Britanny held by 
the Spaniards ; attempt of Jean Chatel 
to murder him ; the Jesuits are expelled 
from France, 1594 — a reconciliation is 
effected with the pope; his authority 
gains ground in Fiance; truce with Sa- 
voy ; war with Spain ; Picardy invaded, 
1595 

Elizabeth renews her treaties, and 
sends another army, under sir Robert 
Baskerville, to assist him ; the pope de- 
putes Alexander de' Medici to protest 
against his alliance with Elizabeth, and 
endeavours to make peace between him 
and Philip ; Marseilles surrendered to 
him ; the dukes De Mayenne, Nemours, 
and Joyeuse, submit ; Maximilian de 
Bethune, marquis de Rosny, (duke of 
Sully, afterwards) becomes his adviser 
and prime minister, 1596 — Amiens sur- 
prised by the Spaniards, Mar. 11 ; reco- 
vered by Henry, Sept. 15, 1597 — treaty 
of Vervins, between Henry and Philip 



HEN 



410 



HEN 



May 2; Edict of Nantes, Apr. 13, 1593— 
Sully restores the finances; Henry di- 
vorces Margaret of Valois ; death of hi 
mistress, Gabrielle d' Estr^es, 1599— be 
marries Mary de' Medici, daughter of 
Francis, the late grand duke of Tuscany; 
conquers Savoy, 1600 — peace concluded 
with the duke at Lyons, 1601 — beheads 
the duke de Biron for conspiring against 
him, 1602— embassy of Sully to England; 
treaty with James I., for the support of 
the United Provinces, 1603 — he medi- 
ates between Venice and the pope, 1607 
— Charles Emanuel, duke of Savoy, en- 
deavours to engage Henry in an attack 
on the duchy of Milan, 1609— Henry IV. 
is assassinated by the Jesuit Ravaillac, 
May 4 (14 n. s.), 1610 — an equestrian 
statue of him presented by Cosmo de' 
Medici, grand duke of Tuscany, is placed 
on the Pont Neuf, 1614. 

Henry I., k. of Haiti. See Christophe. 

Henry I., king of Navarre, succeeds his 
brother Theobald II., 1270— d. 1274. 

Henry II., k. of Lower Navarre. See 
Albret, Henry D'. 

Henry III., k. of Lower Navarre. See 
Hknry IV., k. of France. 

Henry of Besancon marries Theresn, 
daughter of Alfonso VI., k. of Castile, 
and is created duke or count of Portugal, 
1095— his dominions declared independ- 
ent, and his titles hereditary, 1109— d. 
1112. 

Henry, king of Portugal, son of Emanuel, 
b. 1512 — cardinal and regent on the death 
of his brother John III.; allows the 
Jesuits to educate his nephew, Sebastian, 
and govern the kingdom, 1559— succeeds 
him on the throne, 1578— -d. 1580. 

Henry Bretislas, duke of Bohemia, 1193- 
1196. 

Henry of Carinthia, k. of Bohemia, 1307- 
1310. 

Hknry of Valois, k. of Poland. See Anjou. 
Henry, duke of, and Henry III., k. of 
France. 

Henry, k. of Sicily. See Henry VI., em- 
peror of Germany. 

Henry-, son of Eric, Danish k. of North- 
umberland, slain in the wilds of Stan- 
more by Osulf, 949. 

Henry, son of Conrad TIL, emperor of Ger- 
many, declared his father's successor, 
1147- d 1151. 

Henry, son of Henry II., k. of England, b. 
1153— contracted in marriage to Mar- 
garet, daughter of Louis VII., king of 
France, 1160 — rebels against his father, 
assisted by the kings of France and 
Scotland, 1173— demands immediate pos- 
session of Normandy, 1182— d. 1183. 

Hknry, son of Frederic II., emperor of 



Germany, b. 1213. See Frederic II., 
emperor of Germany.— Duke of Suabia, 
1219— elected k. of the Romans, 1220— 
rebels against his father, 1234— submits, 
is degraded by the Diet of Mentz, and 
imprisoned, 1235 — d. 1254. 

Henry, brother of Alfonso III., k. of Por- 
tugal, quarrels with him and retires 
among the Moors at Tunis, 1257. 

Henry, son of Richard, earl of Cornwall 
and k. of the Romans, made prisoner at 
the battle of Lewes, May 13, 1264 — re- 
leased, 1265— murdered by Guy de Mont- 
fort, in a church, during the celebration 
of mass, Mar. 13, 1271. 

Henry, son of Albert I., emperor of Ger- 
many, sent by his brother, Frederic of 
Austria, into Italy with an army ; on 
arriving atBrescia, learns the real nature 
of the party strife, marches back, 1322. 

Henry of Anjou. See Anjou, duke of, and 
Henry III., k. of France. 

Hknry 1., of Lusignan, k. of Cyprus, son of 
Hugh 1., b. 122i — succeeds his father the 
same year; joins the crusade of Louis 
IX. against Egypt, 1249— taken prisoner 
at Mansourah, 1250 — d. 1253. 

Henry II., of Lusignan, king of Cyprus, b. 
1271— succeeds, 1285— gives the Knights 
Hospitallers and Templars a refuge at 
Limisso, 1291— d. 1324. 

Henry, prince of Aragon, son of Ferdinand 
I., opposes Alvarez de Luna, 1426 — d. 
1445. 

Henry of Austria. See Bavaria, Henry 
IX., duke of, and Austria, 1153. 

Henry I., duke of Bavaria, 942-958. 

Henry II., duke of Bavaria, 958 — 995. See 
Bavaria. 

Henry III., duke of Bavaria. See Henry 
II., emperor of Germany. 

Henry IV., duke of Bavaria, 1004—1008. 
See Bavaria. 

Henry V., duke of Bavaria, 1025—1047. 

Henry VI., duke of Bavaria, 1052—1054. 

Henry VII. (Guelf), duke of Bavaria, 1120 
—1126. 

Henry VIII., the Proud (Guelf), duke of 
Bavaria, 1126-1139. See Bavaria. 

Henry IX. (of Austria), duke of Bavaria, 
1142—1153. See Bavaria. 

Henry X., the Lion (Guelf), duke of Bava- 
ria, 1153 — 1180. See Bavaria, Bruns- 
wick, and Guelf. 

Henry I., count of Luxemburg, 1086 — 1096. 

Henry IT., count of Luxemburg, 1136-1196. 

Henry III., count of Luxemburg, 1226 — 
1275. 

Henry IV., count of Luxemburg, 1275 — 
1288. 

Henry V., count of Luxemburg, 1288-1297. 

Henry I., duke of Suabia. See Henry III* 
emperor of Germany. 



IIEN" 



411 



HER 



Henry II., duke of Suabia. See Henry, 
sou of the emperor Fred. II. 

Henry I., duke of Saxony. See Henry, 
the Fowler, emperor of Germany. 

Henry II., duke of Saxony. See Henry 
VIII., the Proud, duke of Bavaria. 

Henry III., duke of Saxony. See Henry 
X., the Lion, duke of Bavaria. 

Henry of Saxony, elector Palatine, 1196— 
1227. 

Henry Louis, prince of Prussia, brother of 
Frederic II., b. 1726 — distinguishes him- 
self in the Bohemian campaign, and at 
Kosbach, 1757 — commands a detached 
array in Franconia, 175S — penetrates into 
Bohemia, 1759 — drives Laudohn from 
the siege of Breslau, 1760— d. Aug. 3, 
1802. 

Henry I., duke of Lorraine, 940-944 — his 
second son, Bruno, is the first duke of 
Brunswick, created by the emperor Otho 
I. 955. 

Henry II., duke of Lorraine, 1608—1624. 

Henry I., duke of Lower Lorraine, 1101 — 
1106. 

Henry II., duke of Brabant, 1190— marries 
Isabella, widow of Henry of Champagne, 
1198. See Isabella, daughter of Amal- 
rich, k. of Jerusalem. — d. 1235. 

Henry III., duke of Brabant, 1235—1248. 

Henry IV., duke of Brabant, 1248—1261. 

Henry, count of Northeim, d. 1101. See 
Brunswick. 

Henry, the Wonderful. See Brunswick, 
1286. 

Henry I., duke of Brunswick, 1478 — con- 
ducts a reinforcement to the army of 
Chas. V. in Italy ; the plague attacks his 
men, and he returns, 1528— d. 1532. 

Henry II., duke of Brunswick, eldest son 
of Ernest I., inherits Wolfenbuttel, 1542 
—1592. 

Henry, son of Ferdinand III., k. of Cas- 
tile, quarrels with his brother, Alfonso 
X , and joins the army of Chas., king of 
Naples, at Tunis, 1266 — comes to Italy, 
and is appointed senator of Rome, 1267 — 
assists Conradin's attempt to obtain the 
crown of Naples, and is taken prisoner 
in the battle of Tagliacozzo, 1268 — is 
released after some years of captivity. 

Henry, of Champagne, marries Isabella, 
widow of Conrad of Montferrat, who 
transfers to him her titular sovereignty 
of Jerusalem, 1192. See Isabella.— d. 
1198. 

Henry Fitzroy, natural son of Henry 
VIII., by lady Talbois, is created duke 
of Richmond and Somerset, 1525— lord- 
lieutenant of Ireland, 1530— d. July 22, 
1536. 

Henry, prince, son of James VI. of Scot- 
land, b. 1593— prince of Wales, 1603— 



attends, with his father, a dinner at 
Merchant Tailors' Hall, 1606— Drayton 
dedicates his Polvolbion to him, 1611 — 
d. Nov. 6, 1612. 

Henry, duke of Gloucester, youngest son 
of Chas. I., b. 1640 — d. of the small-pox, 
Nov. 20, 1660. 

Henry, count of Hohenlohe, grand master 
of the Teutonic Knights, 1244—1251. 

Henry, landgrave of Thuringen, elected 
emperor of Germany by the archbishops 
of Mentz, Cologne, and Treves, 1246— -d. 
1247. 

Henry de Trastamare. See Henry II., 
k. of Castile. 

Henry of Viseu, son of John, k. of Por- 
tugal, b. 1384 — promotes the study of 
navigation at Sagrez, near Cape St. Vin- 
cent, and sends out squadrons which dis- 
cover Madeira, 1420 — discovers the 
Azores, 1432 — regent and guardian of 
Alfonso V., k. of Portugal, 1438 — sends 
Peter Covilham and Alfonso Paiva over- 
land to explore India ; d. at Sagrez, Nov. 
13, 1461. 

Henry, bp. of Winchester, abandons the 
cause of his brother Stephen, and crowns 
Matilda, 1141— compelled to pronounce 
the decree of the council of Northampton 
against Thomas-a-Becket, 1164. 

Henry, Dr. Charles, of Manchester, the 
chemist, b. 1776— d. 1836. 

Henry, Dr. Robert, historian, b. 1718— d. 
1790. 

Henky of Huntingdon, historian, wrote 
about 1180. 

Heodwulf. k. of Northumberland, 572. 

Hepels:stion, the friend of Alexander, d. 
B.c. 325. 

Heptarchy. See Britain. 

Heraclas, bp. of Alexandria, 233-249. 

Heraclea, built by the Megarians on the 
Euxine, b.c. 558— a station of the Gothic 
fleet in their second expedition, a.o. 259 
— destroyed by Haroun al Raschid, 805. 
See Nvmphis. 

HeracljEA, in Southern Italy, battle of; 
Pyrrhus defeats the Roman consul, Va- 
lerius I/evinus, b.c. 280. 

Heracl/ea, or Perinthus. in Thrace on 
the Propontis, Diocletian proclaimed 
emperor there, 284 — battle of; Maximin 
defeated by Licinius, 313 — first commer- 
cial establishment granted to the Ge- 
noese by the emperor Manuel I., 1169 — 
besieged by the emperor Andronicns II. 
in his civil war with his grandson, 1321. 

Heracl^ba, in Sicily, near Agrigentuni, 
battle of; the Carthaginian gen. Hanno, 
defeated by the Roman consuls, Postu- 
mius Megellus and Mamilius Vitulus, 
B.C. 262. 

HeracljEA, in iEtolia, near Thermopylae, 



HER 



412 



HER 



stormed by the Romav. consul Acilius 
Glabrio, B.C. 191. 

Hbbacleonas, son of Heraclius and Mar- 
tina, b. 625— joint emperor of the East 
with his half-brother, Constantine III., 
banished, after a reign of eight months, 
by his nephew, Constans II., Oct. 5, 641. 

Heracliad. See George of Pisidia. 

Heraclian rebels in Africa, conquered 
and slain, 413. 

Heraclid^e, the, sons of Hercules, expelled 
from Tiryns, B.C. 1222 (1209 (J.)— their 
descendants return, and conquer the Pe- 
loponnesus, 1103. 

Heraclides Ponticus, disciple of Plato, 
B.C. 347— d. about 307. 

Heraclides, the comic poet, fl., b.c. 348. 

Heraclides of Lycia, the sophist, fl., 196. 

Heraclitus of Ephesus, philosopher, fl., 
B.C. 503. 

Heraclitus of Halicarnassus, the poet, fl., 
b.c. 249. 

Heraclius, with an army from Egypt, 
joins the expedition of the two empires 
against the Vandal kingdom in Atrica, 
408. 

Heraclius, father of the emperor, serves 
in the Persian war, 586— gov. of Egypt, 
is invited to stop the tyranny of Phocas, 
sends his son, 608. 

Heraclius, son of the gov. of Egypt, b. 
575— is sent by his father, on the invit- 
ation of Priscus, to put a stop to the 
atrocities of Phocas, 608 — proceeds to 
Constantinople with a fleet and part 
of the army ; Phocas is given up to him 
and executed; and he is proclaimed em- 
peror, 610 — consul of Rome, Oct. 5, 611 — 
from which time the succeeding thirty 
years are dated by his name ; the Per- 
sians take Apamea and Edessa ; birth 
of his daughter Epiphania, July 7, 611 
— and of his son Constantine, May 3, 612 
— death of the empress Eudocia, Aug. 13 
— the Persians take Csesarea in Cappa- 
docia ; crowns his infant daughter, Oct. 
4 — and his son Constantine, Jan. 12, 613 
— the Saracens invade Syria ; the Per- 
sians take Damascus and Jerusalem ; 
Heraclius makes an ineffectual attempt 
to negotiate with Chosroes ; marries his 
niece, Martina, 614 — birth of another 
son Constantine, 615— the Persians take 
Alexandria, conquer Egypt, with another 
army occupy Chalcedon, and imprison an 
ambassador sent to treat for peace, 616. 

Heraclius makes anotber vain ef- 
fort for peace with Chosroes, 618 — is 
treacherously attacked by the Avars, 
and escapes with difficulty, 619 — con- 
cludes peacewith them ; Anoyra taken by 
the Persians, 620 — he is roused to make 
vigorous efforts against them, 621 — de- 



parts from Constantinople, April 5, and 
lands in the bay of Issus, recovers Cilicia, 
defeats the Persians, places his army in 
secure winter quarters on the Halys, and 
returns to C. P., 622 — leaves C. P. again 
in March, crosses the Euxine, lands at 
Trebizond, occupies Armenia, takes 
Thebarma, reconquers Colchis and Iberia, 
and winters in Albania, having released 
50,000 captives, 623 — penetrates into 
Persia, and takes Ispahan ; surprises 
and defeats Sarbaraza at Salban, where 
he rests during the winter, 624 — in the 
spring carries away an immense booty 
from Persia ; crosses the Tigris and 
Euphrates, recovers Amida and Samo- 
sata, and returns to the Halys, 625— di- 
vides his army into three parts, one of 
which, under his brother Theodoras, 
gains a victory ; contracts an alliance 
with the Turks, who pass through the 
Caspian gates and invade Persia ; the 
Persians and Avars besiege Constanti- 
nople, and are repulsed, 626 — he and his 
Turkish allies penetrate into Assyria, 
defeat and kill the Persian gen. Rhaza- 
tes, and occupy the palace of Dasta- 
gerd ; Chosroes takes flight ; his son, 
Siroes, makes peace, and restores all his 
father's conquests, 627. 

Heraclius returns in triumph to Con- 
stantinople, 628 — visits Jerusalem, 629 
— originates the Monothelites in a con- 
ference at Hierapolis; and concludes 
a treaty of peace with Mohammed, 630 
— Abu Beker sends an army into Syria ; 
they reduce Anbar, Hira, and Bosra, 
632 — besiege Damascus, and defeat the 
army of Heraclius at Ajnadin, 633 — 
take Damascus, 634 — lay siege to 
Emesa ; a truce for a year concluded, 
635 — they destroy the Roman army 
in the battles of the Hieromax or Yer- 
muk, and conquer the greatest part of 
Syria, 636— take Emesa, Balbec, and 
Jerusalem, 637 — Antioch, Csesarea and 
Boersea, and subdue all Syria; Heraclius, 
unable to withstand them, retires to 
C. P.; occupies himself with the Mono- 
thelite controversy, and establishes his 
J cthesis or Exposition of Faith, 638 — 
Egypt invaded by Amrou, 639 — Alexan- 
dria taken, 640— Heraclius d. Feb. 10, 
641. 

Heraclius II. See Constantine III., em- 
peror of the East. 

Herat, battles of; the Usbecks defeated 
by Tamasp I., Son of Persia, 1530— 
again by Abbas the Great, 1591— taken 
by the Afghans, 1719— last refuge of 
Mahmood fchah,1818-he dies there, 1829 
— besieged ly Dost Mahomet and the 
Persians, who are repulsed, 1838. 



HEB 



413 



HER 



Hebbelot, Bartholomew D', b. 1625— d. 
1695. 

Hekbebt of Vermandois conspires with 
Hugh, count of Paris, against Charles 
the Simple, 920 — puts Charles to flight, 
and shuts him up at Peronne, 923— de- 
feats Louis IV., 941. 

Herbert, count of Maine, d., and his ter- 
ritories seized by Wm, the Conqueror, 
1069. 

Herbert, earl of Pembroke, so created on 
the attainder of Jasper Tudor, 1461— 
defeated near Banbury by the Yorkshire 
insurgents, and put to death by them, 
July 26, 1469. 

Herbert, attorney-general to Charles I., 
impeaches five members of the Com- 
mons, and is himself impeached, 1642. 

Herbert, lord, commander of the royalists, 
is defeated near Gloucester, by sir Wil- 
liam Waller, March 23, 1643. 

Herbert, admiral, repulsed by a French 
fleet in Bantry Bay, 1689— created earl 
of Torrington. See Torrington, earl of. 

Herbert, lord, of Cherbury. See Cher- 
bury, lord Herbert of. 

Herbert, rev. George, younger brother 
of lord Herbert, a poet, b. 1593 — d. 
1635. 

Herbert, Henry, created lord of Cherbury, 
by Wm. III., 1693. 

Herbert sir Wm., created earl of Pem- 
broke by Edw. VI., 1551. See Pembroke. 
earl of. 

Herbert. Wm., dean of Manchester, b. 
1777— d. 1847. 

Herbert, the hon. Sidney, secretary of 
war in the Aberdeen ministry, 1852 — 
joins lord Palmerston's, and withdraws, 
Feb. 22, 1855. 

Herculaneum, destroyed by an eruption of 
Mount Vesuvius, Aug. 23, 79 -discovery 
of its remains, buried under the ashes, 
1713. 

Herculanus, consul of Rome, 452. 

Hercules, b. at Thebes, B.C. 1263 (1286 H., 
1261 CO— d. 1222 (1209 C.) 

Hercules, a natural son of Alexander, pro- 
claimed k. of Macedon by Polysperchon, 
and murdered by Cassander, B.C. 309. 

Hercules, the name assumed by Commo- 
dus, 191. 

Hercules, D'Este, I. and II. See Fer- 
rara and Modena. 

Herculians, the imperial guard of Maxi- 
mian, 290 — join the rebel Procopius, 365. 

Hercultus, a name assumed by the em- 
peror Maximian, 287. 

Hercynian, or Black Forest, penetrated 
by the emperor Julian, 361. 

Herder, Johann Gottfried, b. 1744— d. 1803. 

Herdonius, Appius, the Sabine, surprises 
the Capitol of Rome, b.c. 460. 



Hereford, the earl of, takes np arras 
against Edw. II., 1321 — slain at Borough- 
bridge, 1322. 

Hereford, earl of. See Bohun, Humphrey. 

Hereford, duke of. See Bolingbroke, 
Henry. 

Herefordshire, Cobbett's petition rejected 
at the county meeting, Jan. 17, 1823. 

Herennianus, consul of Rome, 171. 

Herennius, M., consul of Rome, b.c. 93. 

Heretical, books cause an angry corre- 
spondence between the Austrian court 
and pope Pius IX., i856. 

Heretics, are forbiddeu to have churches 
by an edict of the emperor Gratian, 376— 
burnt, by the council of Paris, 1210 — by 
the Inquisition, 1239. See Auto da fe. 

Hericlides, Athenian arch on, b.c. 533, H. 

Herispoe, son of Nomeuoi, governor of 
Bretagne, 851- d. 858. 

Hermachus, succeeds Epicurus in the chair 
of his school, B.C. 270. 

Hermann. See Arminius. 

Hermann, archbp. and elector of Cologne, 
favours the reformation, 1543 — deprived 
of his see, 1546— d. 1552. 

Hermann I., duke of Suabia, 926-947. 

Hermann II., duke of Suabia, 997-1004. 

Nermann III., duke of Suabia, 1001-1012. 

Hermann IV., duke of Suabia, 1030-1039. 

Hermann Contractus writes his Chro- 
nicle, 1046. 

Hermann of Luxemburg, elected king by 
the German princes, 1081— d. 1088. 

Hermann Billing, duke of Saxony, 960 — 
973. 

Hermanric, k. of the Suevi, in Spain, 408 
— makes peace with the Gallicians, 433 
— resigns his power to his son, Rechil, 
438-rf. 441. 

Hermanric, the Gothic chieftain, resigns 
his power to Athanaric, 369. 

Hermanstadt, in Transylvania, founded 
by Hermann, the leader of a German 
colony, 1002 — battle of; the Austrians 
defeated by Bern, the Hungarian gen,, 
Jan. 21, 1849. 

Hermas, the Shepherd of, supposed to be 
written, 136. 

Hermenegild, son of Leovigild, k. of the 
Spanish Visigoths, marries Ingundis, 
daughter of Sigebert, k. of Austrasia, 
579 — converted by his wife, and by Le- 
ander, bp. of Seville; renounce* Arian- 
ism, and endeavours, by rebelling, to 
establish the Nicene faith in Spain, 582 — 
put to death by his father, and receives 
from the Catholic church the honours 
of a martyr and saint, 584. 

Hermenericus, consul of Rome, 465. 

Hermesianax of Colophon, fl. about B.o 
300. 

Hermippus f f Bery tus, fl. 127. 



HUE 



414 



HER 



Hermippus of Smyrna, writes the Lives of 
the Philosophers, B.C. 203. 

Hermocuatks of Syracuse, pacifies Sicily, 
b.c. 424. 

Hermodorus, an Ephesian exile, recom- 
mends commissioners to he sent from 
Rome to Greece, to collect information 
respecting the laws, B.C. 451. 

Hermogenes, at fifteen, lectures hefore 
M. Aurelius, 163— loses his faculties, 173. 

Hermon, bp. of Jerusalem, 300-324. 

Hernani, battle of; the Carlists defeated 
by the British auxiliary legion, May 5, 
1836. 

Hernicans, leagued with Rome, by Sp. 
Cassius, B.C. 487. 

Hero. See Hellespont. 

Hero, man-of-war, lost in a violent gale off 
the Texel, Dec. 24, 1811. 

Herod, k. of the Jews, favoured by the 
Romans, obtains the throne, b.c 40 — is 
confirmed on it by Sossius, and marries 
Mariamne, daughter of Hyrcanus, 38 — 
murders Hyrcanus and Antigonus, 37 — 
puts his wife to death, 29 — receives 
Agrippa at Jerusalem, 16 — assists 
Agrippa to suppress commotions in Bos- 
porus, 14 — builds Csesarea, Antipatris, 
and other cities, 10 — plunders the trea- 
sures in the vaults of the Temple, 9 — 
brings a false charge of treason against 
two of his sons, and puts them to death, 
6 — d. between an eclipse of the moon, 
March 13, 4, and the feast of the Pass- 
over. 

Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great, 
receives a fourth part of his father's do- 
minions, with the title of Tetrarch, B.C. 
4. See Archelaus. — A Roman gover- 
nor placed over him, a.d. 6 — builds Ti- 
berias, 18 — imprisons John the Baptist, 
28 — rules the greater part of Judsea, 35 
— deposed, 39. 

Herod Agrippa. See Agrippa, Herod. 

Herodes, Athenian archon, B.C. 60. 

Herodes, Ti. Claudius Atticus, b. 100 — ap- 
pointed governor of the cities of Asia by 
the emperor Hadrian, 130— one of the 
preceptors of Marcus Aurelius and 
Verus, 133 — consul of Rome, 143— comes 
to Sirmiumfrom Athens to repel a charge 
brought against him, and is acquitted by 
the emperor M. Aurelius, 168 — con- 
structs his splendid works, described by 
Pausanias, 173 — d. 176. 

Herodian, the grammarian, of Alexandria, 
fl. 173. 

Ierodian, the historian, present at the 
Secular Games in Borne ; fl. 204. 

Herodotus, historian, b. at Halicarnassus, 
B.C. 484— the surrender of Sestos is the 
last event recorded by him, 478— leaves 
Halicarnassus, 457 — is said to have re- 



cited parts of his History at the Olympic 
meeting, and Thucydides, as a boy, to 
have heard him, 452 or 456 — accompanies 
Lampon to Thulium, in Magna Grsecia, 
443— still living, 409— time of his death 
not known. 

Heron, sir Robert, b. 1765 — moves the re- 
peal of the Septennial Act, May 19, 1818 
— exposes pension-jobs, and carries amo- 
tion on them against ministers, Mar. 26, 
1830— d. 1854. 

Heros, bp. of Antiocb, 115-129. 

Herrera, Spanish historian, d. 1625. 

Herries, lord, attends the conferences at 
Hampton Court, for Mary, qu. of Scots, 
1568. 

Herries, John Charles, chancellor of the 
exchequer in the Goderich ministry, 
1827 — master of the Mint in the Wel- 
lington, 1828 — secretary at war in the 
Peel, 1834 — president of the Board of 
Control in the Derby, 1852. 

Herring, Thomas, afterwards archbp. of 
York and Canterbury, b. 1691— d. 1757. 

Herrings, battle of. See Fastolfe, sir 
John. 

Herrxhausen, or Hanover, treaty of, be- 
tween Great Britain, France,, and Prus- 
sia, Sept. 3, 1725— Holland accedes and 
Prussia secedes, 1726. 

Herschkl, Caroline, sister of the astrono- 
mer, b. 1750— d. 1848. 

Herschkl, sir John F. W., son of sir Wm, 
b. 1790 — appointed master of the Mint, 
1851. 

Herschel, sir William, b. 1738— discovers 
the Georgium Sidus, or Uranus, 1781 — 
also two of its satellites, 1787 — two sa- 
tellites of Saturn, 1789— four more satel- 
lites of the new planet, 1798 — lays his 
Catalogue of Nebulse and Clusters of 
Stars before the Royal Society, 1802 — 
observes the comets of 1807, 1811, and 
1812— d. 1822. 

Hertford, fortified by Edward the Elder, 
913. 

Hertford College, Oxford, founded, 1312. 

Hertford, Edward Seymour, brother of 
qu. Jane, created lord Beauchamp and 
earl of, 1537 — invades Scotland, 1544 — 
appointed regent or protector to Edward 
VI., and created duke of Somerset, 1547. 
See Somerset, Seymour, duke of. 

Hertford, the earl of, son of the Protec- 
tor Somerset, marries lady Katharine 
Grey, sister of lady Jane ; they are both 
committed to the Tower by qu. Eliza- 
beth, 1561 — on the death of his wife, he 
is released, 1570. 

Hertford, William Seymour, marquis of. 
See Beauchamp, lord. — Devotes himself 
to Charles I., and is made governor of 
the prince of Wales, 1641 — assembles 



HES 



415 



HES 



forces in the western counties, and fights 
the battle of Lansdown with sir Win. 
Waller, July 5, 1643. 

Hertfoed, Seymour Conway, marquis of, 
lord chamberlain to the prince regent, 
retained in office by him with the Liver- 
pool ministry. 1812. 

Heruli (Hem-yolk), bands of fighting men, 
collected from various Gothic tribes, ra- 
vage Greece and Asia, 267 — infest the 
northern coast of Spain, 456 — compose 
the army with which Odoacer conquers 
Italy, 476 — under Rudolphus, obtain a 
settlement in Thrace, 512. 

Hesiod, the most probable era of, b.c. 
859, C. 

Hesse. See Catti, and Aquje Mattiace. 
— Part of the Thuringian kingdom, con- 
quered by Clovis, 491 — in the division of 
his states, goes with Austrasia, 561 — 
Christianity preached in, by Boniface, 
719 — included in the empire of Charle- 
magne and his son, 768-840 — after the 
partition of it, at Verdun, forms part of 
the German kingdom of Louis ; divided 
among the counts of Upper Hesse, or 
Cassel, of Lower Hesse or Marburg, of 
Ziegenhayn, and others, all in feudal 
subjection to the duke of Franconia, 891 
— Louis, count of Lower Hesse, marries 
Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew II., k. of 
Hungary, joins the crusaders, and d. in 
Palestine, about 1220 — count Henry V. 
receives the title of landgrave from the 
emperor Adolphus of Nassau, 1292 — 
Upper and Lower Hesse united by Wil- 
liam the Middle constitute the Land- 
graviate of Hesse Cassel, 1500 — his son, 
Philip, unites with John, elector of Sax- 
ony, at Torgau, and other Protestant 
princes, at Magdeburg, to secure the free 
exercise of their religion, 1526 — founds 
the first Lutheran university at Mar- 
burg, 1527 ; joins the league of Schmal- 
kalden, 1529— is put to the ban of the 
empire, 1546 — treacherously seized by 
the emperor Charles V., after the battle 
of Miihlberg, 1547 — rescued by the elec- 
tor Maurice, 1552. 

Hesse Cassel, joins the Protestant league, 
with the elector Palatine, Frederic IV., 
at its head, 1608 — supports the Protest- 
ant States in the Thirty Years' War, 
1618-1648 — gives an asylum to many 
French refugees, 1689— joins the Grand 
Alliance against Louis XIV., 1701 — the 
hereditary prince, Frederic, commanding 
a detachment of the allied army, is de- 
feated at Spires by marshal Tallard,1703 
— leads an auxiliary force into Italy, and 
is routed by the French at Castiglione, 
1706 — elected k. of Sweden, 1719. See 
Frederic, k. of Sweden. — Concludes 



treaties for keeping Hessian troops fn 
British pay, 1727, and Oct. 23, 1736. 

The landgrave, William, succeeds, 
April 5, 1751 — on the conversion of his 
son to the church of Rome, takes pre- 
cautions to secure Protestantism in his 
States, 1754 — hires a body of his troops 
to George II., 1756— joins with him and 
Frederic II. of Prussia in the Seven 
Years' War, during which he is repeat- 
edly driven from his territories by the 
French, 1756. See Brunswick, Ferdi- 
nand, prince of — d. at Rintelu, Jan. 28, 
1760. 

His son, Frederic II. — see Frederic. 
prince of Hesse Cassel — on his accession, 
adheres to all his father's engagements; 
the French finally evacuate his territo- 
ries, 1762 — his troops employed by the 
British government in America, 1776. 
See United States. — Adorns Cassel and 
improves the country, his people erect 
a statue to him in the Frederic Place, 
1783. 

Hesse Cassel joins the coalition against 
France, 1792 — the Hessians recover 
Francfort, Dec. 2 : and the k. of Prussia 
raises a monument to commemorate their 
valour; peace concluded with France, 
Aug. 28, 1795 — the k. and qu. of Prussia 
visit Cassel, 1799 — the landgrave created 
an elector, 1803— his. States incorporated 
in the new kingdom of Westphalia, 1807 
— restored, 1813. 

The elector, William IL, b. 1778 — suc- 
ceeds, Feb. 17, 1821 — yields to the de- 
mands of his people, embodies a civic 
guard, and authorizes his States to re- 
model the government, Oct. 2-16, 1830 — 
ratifies the new constitution, Jan. 5, 1831. 

Frederic William I., 5. Aug. 20, 1802— 
succeeds, Nov. 7, 1847 — grants the re- 
forms required by his subjects, March 6, 
1848 — withdraws to Hanover from an 
insurrection of his people, Sept. 13, 1850 
— the officers of his army resign, Oct. 5 ; 
Austrian and Bavarian troops assemble 
on the frontiers, 24; occupy Hanau, 
Nov. 1 ; the Prussians enter Cassel and 
Fulda, 2 ; the Bavarian troops withdraw, 
Jan. 9, 1851 — the constitution of Jan. 5, 
1831, abolished ; a new form prepared by 
the elector, June 14, 1852 — carried into 
effect, July 3. 
Hesse Darmstadt, the prince of, serves 
in the allied army in Spain; assists in 
taking Gibraltar, 1794— Killed in the as- 
sault of Fort Montjuich, Sept. 6, 1705 — 
the landgrave, Louis I., b. 1754 — suc- 
ceeds, April 6, 1790 — receives the duchy 
of Westphalia as an indemnity for the 
lands taken from him on the left hank 
of the Rhine, 1803— takes the title of 



KTE 



410 



HIL 



grand-duke, 1806 — introduces representa- 
tive government in his States, 1820 — 
Louis III., the pvesent grand-duke, b. 
June 9, 1806— succeeds, June 16, 1848. 

Hesse Hombukg, Augustus Fred., heredi- 
tary prince of, marries the princess Eli- 
zabeth. See Elizabeth, third daugh- 
ter of George 111. — Louis, landgrave, b. 
1770— succeeds, April 2, 1829 — Ferdinand 
Henry Fred., the present landgrave, b. 
April 26, 1783— succeeds, Sept. 8, 1848. 

Hksychius, of Miletus, hist., fi. 540. 

Het Swyn. See Hardacanute, king of 
England and Denmark. 

Hewley's, lady, charity taken out of the 
hands of Unitarian trustees by the vice- 
chancellor, Dec. 23, 1833— the decision 
confirmed by the House of Lords, 1842. 

Hexham. See Hagulstad. — Battle of; the 
Lancastrians totally defeated, May 15, 
1463. 

Heyne, Christian Gottlob, b. 1729-d. 1812. 

Hezekiah. k. of Judah, b. B.C. 751 — suc- 
ceeds Ahaz, 726 — his kingdom invaded 
by Sennacherib, 713-711— d. 697. 

Hibba, Theodoric's general, defeats Clovis 
near Aries, 508. 

Hibernia. See Ireland. 

Hibernia, an emigrant ship, on its passage 
from Liverpool to Sydney, destroyed by 
fire, Feb. 15, 1833. 

Hiberus, consul of Rome, 133. ' 

Hicetas expels Msenon from Syracuse, 
B.C. 289— is expelled by Thyuion, 280. 

Hickes's hall, built for the use of the 
Middlesex magistrates, 1612. 

Hide of land, taxed by William I. six 
shillings each, 1083. 

Hiempsal, son of Micipsa, k. of Numidia, 
killed by Jugurtha, b.c. 118. 

Hierapolis. See Earthquakrs. 

Hierarchical power, the growth of, and 
the decay of intellectual energy, are in 
uniform collateral progress, 344. 

Hierax, Antiochus, second son of Anti- 
ochus Theus, king of Syria, marries the 
daughter of Zielas I., k. of Bithynia, and 
makes war on his elder brother, Seleucus 
Callinicus, B.C. 242 — is defeated in Caria, 
228— d. 227. 

Hierius, consul of Rome, 427. 

Hiero I., succeeds his brother, Gelon, at 
Syracuse, B.C. 478 — gains a naval victory 
over the Tuscans, 474 — invites Greek 
poets and philosophers to Syracuse ; his 
victories in the chariot races celebrated 
by Pindar, 470— d. 467. 

Hieko II., praetor of Syracuse, B.C. 275— 
elected king, 270— defeated by the Ro- 
mans ; makes peace with them, and be- 
comes their ally, 263— governs his king- 
dom in peace and security, 257— visits 
Koroe, 237— d. 216. 



Hieroglyphics, invented by Athotes, B.c. 
2112— known in the time of Menes, L. 

Hieromax, or Yermuk, battle of the. See 
Heraclius. 

Hieromnemon, Athenian archon, b.c. 310. 

Hieronymus, k. of Sj racuse, grandson of 
Hiero II., succeeds him, b.c. 216— mur- 
dered by conspirators, 214. 

Hieronymus. See Jerome. 

Hieronymus. of Cardia, one of the first 
Greek historians who mentions Rome 
b.c. 301. 

Higbald, bp. of Lindisfarne, 780. 

Higden, Rainulph, concludes his Poly- 
chronicon, 1327. 

Higgins, Godfrey, b. 1771— of. 1833. 

High-commission, Scottish court of. See 
Ecclesiastical commission. 

High-priest. See Jews. 

High-treason, the law of, defined by a 
special Act of the English parliament, 
1351. 

Highlanders, the, take arms for Chas. I., 
under Montrose, July, 1645 — defeat gen. 
Mackay at Killiecrankie, May 26, 1689— 
rise, under the earl of Mar, Aug. 1715 — 
join the Spaniards, and are defeated at 
Glenshiels, June 10, 1719 — are disarmed, 
Oct. 15, 1725 — take arms and invade 
England, 1745— are defeated at CuUoden, 
Apr. 16, 1746— forbidden to wear their 
national dress, Aug. 12; hereditaiy ju- 
risdiction among them abolished, 1747 — 
their regiments in the British army have 
since distinguished themselves on many 
occasions ; at Ticonderoga, 1758 — Gua- 
daloupe, and Quebec, 1759 — Warburg, 
1780— Egvpt, 1801— the Peninsula, 1809- 
1813— Waterloo, 1815— in the repulse of 
the Russian cavalry at Balaclava, 1854. 

Hilarianus, consul of Rome, 332. 

Hilarion, b. 292 — extends the monastic 
system in Palestine, 328. 

Hilarius, bp. of Jerusalem, 376-381. 

Hilarus, bp. of Rome, 461 — prevents the 
religious toleration of Anthemius, 467 — 
d. 468. 

Hilary, bp. of Aries, fl., 439— d. 449. 

Hilary, bp. of Poictiers, deposed by Con- 
stantius II., 356 — permitted to return to 
Gaul, 360—d. 367. 

Hilda, abbess of Streaneshalch (now 
Whitby), 664— d. 680. 

Hildebrand, elected by the Lombards, 
colleague of his uncle Liutprand, 736 — 
sole king seven months, is then set aside, 
744. 

Hildebrand, the monk. See Gregory VII.. t 
pope. 

Hilderic, k. of the Vandals, in Africa, 
son of Hunneric, succeeds his cousin, 
Tlirasimund; grants religious freedom, 
and allows the Carthaginians tc have 



HIP 



417 



HIS 



onifacius for their bp., 523— deposed and 
imprisoned by his cousin Gelimer, 531. 

Hildesheim, one of the new bishoprics 
created by Charlemagne, 785. 

Hildjbald, k. of the Ostiogoths, 540 — 
slain, 541. 

Hill, Richard, afterwards general lord, h. 
1772 — defeats Gerard at Arroyo del 
Molino, Oct. 28, 1811 — takes Almarez, 
May 19, 1812— created lord Hill, 1814— 
appointed commander-in-chief, 1828 — d. 
1842. 

Hill, the rev. Rowland, b. 1744— d. 1833. 

Hill, Rowland, the deviser of the penny 
postage, 1839 — receives a national testi- 
monial, June 17, 1846— appointed secre- 
tary of the post-office, Nov. 30. 

Hillsborough, Wills, earl of, comptroller 
of the household, 1754 — first lord of 
trade in the Chatham ministry, 1766 — 
colonial secretary in the duke of Graf- 
ton's, 1767 — and in lord North's, 1770 — 
retires on the appointment of the Rock- 
ingham ministry, 1782 — created marquis 
of Downshire, 1789— d. Oct. 14, 1793. 

Himeba, a town of Sicily, founded, B.C. 
648 — battle of; the Carthaginians de- 
feated by Theron and Gelon, 480— taken 
by the Carthaginians, 409 — Agathocles 
defeated by them, 310. 

Himerius, the orator, fl., 362. 

Himerus, admiral of the emperor Leo VI., 
defeats the Saracens in a naval battle, 
902. 

Hincmar, arcbbp. of Rheims, 848. See 
Gottschalk. — Attacks the tenets of 
Gottschalk, 854 — condemns Lothaire's 
marriage to Waldrada, 862 — encourages 
Charles the Bald to l'esist the authority 
assumed by the pope over the bishops of 
France, 871 -d. 882. 

Hind, John Russell, discovers the asteroids 
" Iris," Aug. 13—" Flora," Oct. 10, 1847 
—"Victoria," Sept. 13, 1850— " Irene," 
May 19, 1851—" Melpomene," June 24— 
"Fortuna," Aug. 22— " Calliope," Nov. 
16—" Thalia," Dec. 15, 1852— "Euterpe," 
Nov. 8, 1853—" Urania," July 22, 1854. 

Hindon, the borough of, disfranchised for 
bribery, 1702 — 150 houses destroyed by 
•fire, July 2, 1754. 

Hindostan. See India.— Era of. See 
Caliyug. 

Hinds, Samuel, D.D., appointed bp. of 
Norwich, 1849— resigns, 1857. 

Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus, Athenian 
archon, B.C. 535 — succeeds his father in 
power, 527 — assassinated by Harmodius 
and Aristogiton, 514 — another archon, 
496. 

Hipparchus observes the autumnal equi- 
nox, Sept. 27, b.c. 162, 159, 158, Sept. 26, 
147— the vernal equinox, March 23, 146 



—the autumnal, Sept. 27, 146, Sept. 28, 
143— the vernal equinox, Mar. 23, 135, 
Mar. 22, 128— and the sun at Rhodes, 
Aug. 4, 128, 127. 

Hipparinus, son of Dion, assassinates 
Callippus, and makes himself master of 
Syracuse, B.C. 352— expelled, 350. 

Hippias, brother of Hipparchus, becomes 
ruler of Athens, b.c. 514— expelled, 510. 

Hippocrates, Tried,, I. b.c. 460 — said to have 
been in Athens during the plague, 429 
— d. 357. 
Hippodamas, Athenian archon, b.c. 375. 

Hippodides, Athenian archon, b.c. 562 H. 

Hippodrome at C.P. burnt, by rioters, 491. 

Hippodromus, the sophist, fl., 195. 

Hippolytus, the disciple of lrenseus, writes 
many Commentaries on the Scriptures, 
and a chronicle which ends at this date, 
222 — his statue and chair discovered near 
Rome, 1551. 

Hippomenes, Athenian archon, B.C. 722. 

Hipponax of Ephesus, writes Iambics, b.c. 
546. 

Hippopotamus presented to the Zoological 
Society by the Nepaulese ambassador, 
May 25, 1850. 

Hippo Regius. See Augustine. — Be- 
sieged by the Vandals, 430— taken by 
them, 431. 

Hippostratus, Olympic victor, B.C. 564— 
11., 560. 

Hira, the kingdom of. founded by Malek 
Ben Fahm Elasdi, about 220— governed 
by a succession of Almonsars, till its 
conquest by the Mohammedans, 632— 
its principal city, Hira, falls into decay, 
the palace of its kings is made the secret 
burial-place of Ali, 680 — now called 
Medschid Ali. 

Hirtius, Aulus, consul of Rome, drives 
Mark Antony from the siege of Mutina, 
and is killed in the battle. B.C. 43. 

Hislop, sir Thomas, defeats Holkar at 
Maheidpore, Dec. 21, 1817. 

Hisna Xariz, in the Pyrenees, battle of ; 
the Saracen army surrounded by the 
Franks, and cut to pieces; and the Wali 
Abdelhamid taken, 885. 

Hisn Dhervera, battle of; Almansor de- 
feats the Christians, 1000. 

Hispalis. See Seville. 

Hispalus. See Scipio, Cn. Corn. 

Hispaniola. See Domingo, St. 

Histleus defends Miletus against the 
Persians, b.c. 496 — surrenders, 494. 

" Historia Lusiaca." See Palladius. 

Historians, ancient, of the Realm. See 
Ancient Historians. 

Historical Museum of Versailles opened, 
June 11, 1837. 

History of the Civil Wars of Rome. See 

COBDUS CREMUTIUS. 



-IU)0 



4 IS. 



HOL 



History, Persian. See Ctestas.. 

•" Histriomastjx." See Pbynne. 

Hittitks, settled in Palestine at least as 
early as B.C. 1965 (2088 C.) 

Hjxem, caliph of Arabia. See Hashem. 

Hixem I., caliph of Spain. See Hashem. 

Hixem II., caliph of Spain, son of Al 
Hakem, b. 966 — succeeds his father, 976. 
See Almansob, the Illustrious. — Im- 
prisoned by Muhamad Ben Hixem, 1008 
— released, and reigns nominally in Cor- 
dova, 1009— Suleiman takes Cordova; the 
fate of Hixem is unknown, 1012. 

Hjxem III., brother of Abderahman V., 
elected caliph, 1025 — makes his first 
entry into Cordova, 1028 — retires into 
private life, 1031— d. 1036. 

Hixem, Ben Adra, rebels in Toledo, and 
sets at liberty Casim, the son of Yussef ; 
is subdued and pardoned by Abderah- 
man, 760— again collects a band of in- 
surgents, and is besieged in Medina Si- 
donia, 763 — surrenders, and is beheaded, 
764. 

Hlothebe. SeeELEUTHERiuSjbp. of Win- 
chester. 

Ho adley, Benjamin, b. 1675 — bp. of Bangor, 
1715 — his writings objected to by the 
lower house of convocation, 1717. See 
Convocation. — Afterwards bp. of Win- 
chester — d. 1761. 

Hoadley, John, archbp. of Armagh, and 
primate of Ireland, Oct. 29, 1742. 

Hoadley, Benjamin, dramatic writer, b. 
1706— d. 1758. 

Hoare, Prince, b. 1754— d. 1834. 

Hoabe, sir R. C, b. 1758— d. 1838. 

Hobart, Robert, lord. See Buckingham- 
shire, earl of. 

Hobart Town, in Van Piemen's Land, 
founded, 1804. 

Hobbes, Thomas, of Malmesbury, b. 1588— 
a refugee in France, writes his " Levia- 
than," 1642— d. 1679. 

Hobbima, the pupil of Ruysdael, fl., 1681. 

Hobhotjse, sir Benjamin, b. 1757— joins the 
Addington ministry, June, 1803— d. 1831. 

Hobhouse, sir John Cam, committed to 
Newgate by the Speaker's warrant, for 
a pamphlet disparaging the House of 
Commons, Dec. 15, 1819- takes office in 
the Melbourne administration, 1834 — 
president of the board of control, 1835 — 
resigns, 1841 — holds the same in the 
Russell ministry, 1846— created lord 
Broughton, 1851— resigns, 1852. 

Hobhouse, H., b. 1776— d. 1854. 

.Hoche, the French republican general, ex- 
pels the allies from Alsace, 1794 — ter- 
minates the war in La Vendue, Mar. 1796 
—fails in an attempt to invade Ireland, 
Dec. 18 ; crosses the Rhine at Neuwied. 
Apr. 17, 1797— bis progress stopped by 



: the preliminaries of peace at Leohen. 
Apr. 18— d. at Wetzlar, Sept. 18. 

Hochkirchen. battles of; Frederic the 
Great defeated by the Austrian marshal, 
Daun, Oct. 14, 1758 — Napoleon I. drives 
the Prussians and Russians back into 
Silesia, May 22, 1813. 

Hochstadt, battles of; the German princes 
gain a victory over the emperor Hen. IV., 
1081 — the imperialists defeated by the 
French marshal Tallard, and the elector 
of Bavaria, Sept. 20, 1703— for another, 
see Blenheim. 

Hodaifa, a Saracen commander in Spain, 
727. 

Hodeira, a Saracen commander in Spain, 
725. 

Hodgson, Dr., provost of Eton, b. 1780— d. 
1852. 

HOchst, battles of; Christian I., duke of 
Brunswick, defeated by the imperial 
gen.,Tilly, 1622 — the French gen., Jour- 
dan, defeated by the Austrians under 
Clairfait, Oct. 11, 1795. 

Hoeken. See Holland, 1347. 

Hoel. See Howel and Bretagne. 

Hofer, Andrew, revolts in the Tyrol 
against the Bavarian and French do- 
minion, April 8, 1809 — taken prisoner 
and shot, Jan. 28, 1810. 

Hofland, T. C, b. 1777— d. 1843. 

Hofland, Mrs., b. 1773— d. 1844. 

Hogarth, William, b. 1697— d. 1764. 

Hogg, Jas., b. 1772— d. 1836. 

Hohenburg, battle of; the Saxon insur- 
gents defeated by the emperor Henry 
IV., 1075. 

Hohenlinden, convention of, between the 
French and Austrians, Sept. 20, 1800 — 
broken, Nov. 28 ; battle of; Moreau de- 
feats the archduke John, Dec. 3. 

Hohenlohe, Godfrey von, grand master 
of the Teutonic knights in Prussia, 1297. 

Hohenlohe, prince, a Prussian gen., lays 
down his arms, Nov. 6, 1806. 

Hohenlohe, prince, an ecclesiastic, in- 
dulges wild delusions at Bamberg, 1821 
— d. 1849. 

Hohenstaufen dynasty. See Conbad 
III., emperor of Germany; Germany, 
emperors of ; and Conbadin, son of Con- 
rad IV. 

Holbein, Hans, b. 1498— comes to London, 
1526 — is patronized by sir Thomas More, 
1529- d. 1554. 

Holceoft, Fanny, d. 1844. 

Holcboft, Thomas, introduces melo- 
dramas, 1793 — accused of constructive 
treason, but not brought to trial, 1794— 
(2.1805. 

Holderness, D'Arcy, earl of, appointed 
Secretary of State in the Pelham mi- 
nistry, on the resignation of the duke of 



HOL 



419 



HOL 



Bedford, June 17, 1751— holds the office 
till the Bute ministry, May 29, 1762. 
Holinshed, Ralph, d. 1581. 
Holkar, the Mahratta chief, defeated by 
gen. Fraser, near Deeg, Nov. 15, 1804— 
. by gen. Lake, at Furruckabad, Nov. 17 — 
again at Bhurtpore, April 2, 1805— com- 
pelled to make peace, Dec. 24; defeated 
at Maheidpore, Dec. 21, 1817— submits 
and makes peace, Jan. 6, 1818. 
Holland, the most northern portion of 
ancient Gaul, consisting of a series of 
islands between lake Flevo, the northern 
branch of the Rhine and the mouth of 
the Scaldis (Scheldt), after the last 
struggle of the Batavi, added by the Ro- 
mans to the province of Gallia Belgica, 
.70 — Gothic settlers give it the name of 
the Hollow, or Low Land, about 400 — in 
their island homes they maintain a pi- 
ratical independence, sometimes paying 
tribute to the Ripuarian Franks, 430-480 
— regarded as part of the kingdom of 
Austrasia, but never regularly subject, 
561 — unite with the Frisians, and their 
country is called Southern Friesland, 650. 
See Friesland.— Wilbrord, the Anglo- 
Saxon missionary, founds the bishopric 
of Utrecht, 696 — Boniface, the apostle of 
Germany, murdered at Dokkum, 755 — 
united with Friesland, forms a county 
under Dieterich I., as a fief of the German 
empire, 936. 

Dieterich IT., count, 963-988. 

Arnulph, 988-1003. 

Dieterich III., 1003-1039. 

Dieterich IV., 1039-1049. 

Florence I., 1049-1061. 

Dieterich V., 1061-1091. 

Florence II., 1091-1122. 

Dieterich VI., 1122-1157. 

Florence III., 1157-1190. 

Dieterich VII., 1190-1203. 

William I., 1203-1223. 

Florence IV., 1223-1234. 

A great inundation enlarges lake Flevo 
into the Zuyder Zee, and separates Hol- 
land from Friesland, 1231— William II., 
count, 1234. See William of Holland, 
k. of Germany.— Attempts to conquer 
Friesland, is defeated, and perishes while 
crossing the ice near Medemblik, 1256 — 
Florence V., count, 1256-1296— John I., 
1296-1299— Holland and Hainault united 
by the accession of John D'Avesnes, 
who becomes count of Holland as John 
II., 1299-1304— William III., 1304-1337— 
William IV., 1337-1345— Margaret, wife 
of Louis of Bavaria, inherits Holland, 
1345 — her son, William, endeavours to 
supplant her ; his partisans take the 
name of Kabbeljauws (cod-fish), and dis- 
tinguish themselves by wearing grey 



caps ; her supporters style themselves 
Hoeken (hooks), and mount red caps; 
these two factions, which distract the 
country nearly one hundred and fifty 
years, and war against each other by sea 
and land, date from 1347 ; Margaret, d. 
1356— her son, William V., succeed*, 
1356-1389— Albert, 1389-1404— William 
VI., 1404-1417 — his daughter, Jaqueline, 
succeeds, 1417. See Jaqueline, countess 
of Holland. — Her uncle, Philip III., duke 
of Burgundy, obtains possession of Hol- 
land and Hainault. See Burgundy, duchy 
of; and Netherlands. 

Holland takes the lead in resisting the 
tyranny of Philip II., k. of Spain, 1572 
— Haarlem stormed by the duke of Alva, 
Alkmaar successfully defended against 
him, 1573 — Leyden compels Requesens 
to raise the siege, 1574 — William, prince 
of Orange, appointed statholder, 1575. 
See William, prince of Orange. — Am- 
sterdam taken from the Spaniards, 157 S 
— union of Utrecht; Holland the most 
important of the Seven Provinces, the 
seat of government and centre of com- 
merce ; its name often used to denote 
the whole Union, 1579. See Dutch and 
United Provinces. 

Holland, kingdom of, formed out of the 
Batavian republic ; Louis, k., 1806-1810. 
See Bonaparte, Louis. — Annexed to 
France, 1810. See Napoleon I. — Res- 
cued from France, and united with Bel- 
gium to form the kingdom of the Ne- 
therlands, 1813. See Netherlands. — 
Separated from Belgium, becomes again 
a distinct kingdom, 1830— kings of Hol- 
land ; for events refer to their respective 
names. 
William I., 1830-1840. 
AVilliam II., 1840-1849. 
William III., 1849. 

Holland, the earl of, forbidden by the 
peers to attend Charles I., 1642— takes 
arms in his cause, but is defeated and 
made prisoner, June, 1648 — beheaded, 
Mar. 2, 1649. 

Holland, lord. See Fox, Henry.— Pay- 
master of the forces in Grenville's mi- 
nistry, 1763— resigns, 1765— d. July 1, 
1774. 

Holland, Henry Richard Fox, lord, b. 1773 
— pays £6000 damages to sir Godfrey 
Webster, and marries lady Webster, 
1797— opposes the motion in the House 
of Lords for the committal of Benjamin 
Flower to Newgate, May 3, 1799— lord- 
privy seal in the "Talents' " administra- 
tion, 1806— resigns, 1807— opposes the 
Dissenters' Bill introduced by lord Sid- 
mouth, and causes it to be withdrawn; 
May 9,1811— brings before the Lords tbs 



HOI 



420 



HOL 



treatment of Napolecc at St. Helena, i 
and moves for papers, which are refused, 
Mar. 19, 1817 — chancellor of the duchy 
of Lancaster in earl Grev's adminis- 
tration, 1830 — in lord Melbourne's, and 
resigns, 1834 — reappointed, 1S35— d. 1810. 
Holland, sir Thomas. See Joan, the 

Fair Maid of Kent. 
Holland, sir John, son of sir Thomas, 
kills lord Stafford in a fray at York, 
his half-brother, Richard II., refuses to 
pardon him ; he takes refuge in the 
sanctuary of St. John at Beverley, and 
his mother dies of grief, 1385 — he is 
pardoned, and goes to the Holy Land, 
1386. 
Hollanders. See Holland and Dutch. 
Hollandereys, farming establishments of 
the Dutch Remonstrant emigrants in 
Holstein, 1621. 
Hollis, Denzil, b. 1597 — forcibly detains 
the Speaker in the chair, while the Com- 
mons pass their Remonstrance, for which 
he is fined and imprisoned, 1629 — im- 
peached by Charles I., and saved from 
arrest by the citizens of London, 1642— 
leader of the Presbyterians, he denounces 
the officers of the army as traitors, and 
they expel him from the House of Com- 
mons, 1647 — created lord Hollis by Chas. 
II., 1660— ambassador at Paris, 1665 — 
negotiates the treaty of peace at Breda, 
1667 — refuses a bribe offered him by the 
French ambassador, 1678 — d. 1680. 
Hollow ay, new prison commenced, Sept. 

26, 1849. 
Holloway, the murderer. See Haggertv . 
Holm, in Kent. See Danes, 902. 
Holmes, sir Robert, takes possession of 
Manhattan, or New Amsterdam, and 
gives it the name of New York, 1661 — 
takes Cape Coast castle, and the Isle of 
Goree, 1663 — destroys a large Dutch 
fleet in the Vlie, 1666— makes an unsuc- 
cessful attack on the Dutch Smyrna 
fleet, Mar. 14, 1672. 
H olmes, commodore, by his operations in 
the Dollart, causes the French to eva- 
cuate Embden, 1758 — assists the attack 
on Quebec, 1759 — and in defending Ja- 
maica, 1760. 
Holmes, Wm., b. 1779— the active M.P. 

under lord Liverpool, d. 1851. 
Holophernes, Nabuchodonosor's gen., in- 
vades Judab, and is killed by Judith, 
B.C. 633. 
Holophernes, made k. of Cappadocia, by 
Demetrius Soter of Syria, B.C. 158 — ex- 
pelled by the Romans, 157. 
Holstein, the northernmost part of Ger- 
many, between the Elbe, North Sea, 
Eyder and Baltic ; when first known, in- 
habited by Holt Sachsen, or Saxons of 



the Woods, and conquerud with the rest 
of their nation by Charlemagne, 803— 
part of the duchy of Saxony, given by 
Louis, k. of Germany, to Ludolf, the first 
duke, 855. See Saxony. — Erected into 
a separate county by the emperor Lo- 
thaire II., and given by him to the count 
of Schaueuburg, 1126 — conquered by 
Canute IV., k. of Denmark, 1200 — re- 
stored to its counts by Waldemar II., 
1225— he endeavours to break the con- 
tract, and is defeated at Bomhttvet, 1227. 
See Gerard, count of Holstein. 

Gerard VI. receives the duchy of Schles- 
wig from Margaret, and assists her 
against the Hanse towns, 1387 — on his 
death, she reclaims the gift, 1404 — his 
successor, Henry, makes war in defence 
of bis rights ; his negotiations with Mar- 
garet interrupted by her death, 1412. 
See Erik VII., k. of Denmark.— Henry 
falls while besieging Flensburg, 1427 — 
his successor, Adoipluis, is supported by 
Lubeck and the Hanse towns, and his 
rights are finally recognized in the Diet 
of Colding by Christopher III., k. of 
Denmark, 1439— on the death of Chris- 
topher, he is invited by the Danes to 
take their throne, but recommends his 
nephew, Christian, son of his sister, Hed- 
wig, and Dieterich, count of Oldenburg; 
he obtains from Christian a renunciation 
of the feudal supremacy of Denmark in 
Schleswig, a document held to be in- 
valid, because signed before he was ac- 
tually k., 1448— Adolphus, d. 1459. 

On the death of Hedwig, Christian in- 
herits Schleswig and Holstein, 1460 — 
Ditmarsch revolts, and establishes an 
independent republic, 1461 — Holstein 
created a duchy by the emperor Frederic 
IV., 1474 — bequeathed by Christian to 
his second son, Frederic, 1481. See 
Frederic I., k. of Denmark. — The Dit- 
marschers continue their resistance, and 
gain a great victory at Meldorf, 1500 — 
Christian III. gives a portion of Holstein 
to his brother John, the Elder, 1544 — in- 
herited by John, the Younger, who, with 
the assistance of his brother, Frederic 
II., overcomes the Ditmarschers, 1560— 
from him descend the lines of Pl6n, 
Augustenburg, Gliicksburg, and others, 
which afterwards are reunited to the 
crown of Denmark ; Holstein affords an 
asylum to the persecuted Dutch Re- 
monstrants, and its agriculture is im- 
proved by them, 1621 — conquered by the 
imperial general, Wallenstein, 1627 — 
restored, 1629— conquered by the Swedish 
general Torstenson, 1643 — restored by 
the treaty of Biftmsebro, 1645. 

Invaded by the Swedish general, Stein 



HOL 



421 



HG2T 



bock , after burning Altona, he retreats 
into Schleswig, 1713— visited by destruc- 
tive inundations, 1717 — occupied by the 
Swedish division of the allied army un- 
der the crown-prince, Charles John, 1813 
— restored to Denmark by the Treaty of 
Kiel, 1814 — unites with Schleswig to as- 
sert the validity of the renunciation 
made by Christian I., maintain the pri- 
vileges of both duchies as members of 
the Germanic body, and resist their in- 
corpontion with Denmark, 1846 — civil 
war ensues, 1848. See Schleswig and 
Frederic VII., k. of Denmark. — Hol- 
stein submits; its provisional authori- 
ties resign, and disband their army, 
1851. 

Holstein G-LiiCKSBURG. See Glucksburg. 

Holstein Gottorp, a portion of Schles- 
wig, is made a separate duchy by Chris- 
tian III., and given to his youngest bro- 
ther, Adolphus, 1544— he d. 15S6-his 
son, John Adolphus, inherits; d. 1616 — 
Frederic III., b. 1597 — builds Friede- 
richstadt for the Dutch exiles, 1621 — ob- 
tains full sovereignty by the treaty of 
Koskild, Jan. 3, 1658— d. Aug. 10, 1659— 
Christian Albert, b. 1641 — d. 1694 — 
Frederic IV. b. 1671— marries Hedwig 
Sophia, daughter of Charles XI., king of 
Sweden, killed at the battle of Clissau, 
July 19, 1702— Charles Frederic, b. 1700, 
marries Anna Petrowna, daughter of 
Peter the Great of Russia ; their son, 
Charles Peter Ulrich, b. 1728 — adopted 
by Elizabeth, empress of Russia, as her 
successor, 1742. See Charles Peter 
Ulrich, and Peter III., czar of Russia. 
— His widow, Catharine II., in the name 
of their son, Paul, agrees to cede Hols- 
tein Gottorp to Denmark, 1767 — he rati- 
fies the cession on obtaining the counties 
of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst in ex- 
change, 1773. 

Holt, sir John, b. 1642 — chief justice of 
the court of King's Bench, 1689— d. 1710. 

Holwell, J. Z., b. 1711 — one of the sur- 
vivors of the Calcutta Black-hole mas- 
sacre, 1756-d. 1798. 

Holy Alliance. See Alliance. Holy. — 
A treaty formed by the emperors of 
Austria and Russia, and the k. of Prussia; 
the prince regent of Great Britain re- 
fuses to join it, Sept. 26, 1815 — a copy 
of the treaty moved for by Mr. Brough- 
am in the House of Commons, Feb. 9, 
1816 — its principles condemned by him 
and the marquis of Lansdowne, Feb. 4, 
1823. 

" Holy Coat " of Treves, dispute about 
the, 1844. 

Holy Island, or Lindisfarne, given by 
Oswald, k. of Northumberland, to be the 



see of Aidan, 635 — pillaged by the Danes 
under Ragnar Lodbrok, 793. 

Holy Orders. See Commons, House of, 
1801. 

Holy Places. See Adamnan, abbot of 
Iona. 

Holy Places in Palestine protected by a 
treaty between France and Turkey, Feb. 
13, 1852. 

Holy Wars. See Crusades, 1096-1291. 

Holyhead Railway. See Chester. — 
Submarine telegraph to Howth com- 
pleted, June 2, 1852. 

Holyrood House, palace and abbey found- 
ed by Alexander I., k. of Scotland, 1120 
— Rizzio murdered in one of.its cabinets, 
March 9, 1566. See Edinburgh, 1633, 
1795, and 1850. 

Home, sir Everard, b. 1756— d. 1832. 

Home, John, b. 1722-d. 1808. 

Homedon Hill, battle of ; defeat of the 
Scots by the Percies, 1402. 

Homer, most probable era of, b.c. 962 C. — 
his works collected at Athens by Pisis- 
tratus, 531— printed by Demetrius Chal- 
cocondylas, at Florence, a.d. 1488 — Eng- 
lish translation by Pope, 1714— and by 
Cowper, 1791. 

Homeritks, an Abyssinian commercial 
colony in Yemen. See Elephant, war 
of the. — League with the emperor Jus- 
tinian I. for the protection of the Chris 
tians in Arabia, 531. 

Homilies. See Cranmer. 

Homceopathy. See Hahneman* 

Homoiousion, the Avian war-cry, adopted 
by the council of Seleucia, 359. 

Homoousion, the Trinitarian war-cry, 
adopted by the first general, council at 
Nice, 325. 

Homulli .s, consul of Rome, 152. 

Hone, William, b. 1779 — tried on three se- 
parate criminal informations for libel- 
lous parodies, defends himself, and is ac- 
quitted on each, Dec. 18, 19, 20, 1817— 
a public subscription raised for him — d. 
1842. 

Hong-Kong taken possession of, by Cap- 
tain Elliott, Aug. 23, 1839 — ceded to 
Great Britain, 1842 — the bishopric oi 
Victoria established at, May 11, 1849. 

HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE, mOttO of the 

Garter. See Garter, Order of the. 

Honoratus. See Servius. 

Honoria, Justa Grata, daughter of Con- 
stantius III. and Placidia, b. 417 — sent 
by her brother, ValentinianUL, in dis- 
grace from Ravenna to do penance at 
Constantinople, 434 — demanded in mar- 
riage by Attila, 450. 

Honorius, emperor of the West, son of 
Theodosius I. and vEliaFlaccilla, 6.384 — 
consul of Rome, 386 —proclaimed Augus- 



HON 



422 



HOE 



tus, 393— consul II., 394— on his father's 
death, the empire is divided, and the 
western division allotted to him, with 
Btilicho as guardian, 395— consul III., 
396— marries Maria Fescennina, daugh- 
ter of Stilicho; consul IV., 398. See 
Cl audi an.— Consul V., 402. See Alaric, 
and Stilicho.— Takes flight from Milan 
on the approach of Alaric, 403 — cele- 
brates a triumph at Rome ; fixes his re- 
sidence at Ravenna; consul VI. 404. See 
Radagaisus, and Gaul. — Consul VII., 
407. See Bkitain, and Const antine, 
the rebel emperor. — On the death of 
Maria, marries her sister, Thermantia, 
but soon divorces her, 408 — deceives 
Alaric, who again lays siege to Rome ; 
consul VIII., 409. See Attalus. — Un- 
able to protect Britain and Armorica, he 
recognizes their independence, 409. See 
Placidia, and Constantius III.— Con- 
sul IX., 412; X.. 415— makes a treaty 
with Wallia, 416— celebrates a triumph 
at Rome; consul XI., 417 — Wallia re- 
linquishes to him a part of his con- 
quests in Spain ; he attempts to convene 
an annual assembly of the seven pro- 
vinces of Gaul; consul XII., 418 — con- 
sul XIII. ,422. See Vandals— Dismisses 
Placidia and her two children, who take 
refuge at Constantinople ; d. Aug. 15, 
423. 

Honorius I., pope. 625— writes to Edwin, 
k. of Northumberland, 634 — d. Oct. 16, 
638— his Monothelite opinions condemn- 
ed by the council of Constantinople, 681. 

Honorius II., pope, Lamberto, bp. of Ostia, 
elected, through the influence of the 
Frangipani, in opposition to cardinal 
Tibaldo Boccadipecora, Dec. 20, 1124— 
excommunicates Roger, count of Sicily, 
1127— also Conrad, who had been crown- 
ed k. of Italy, 1128— d. Feb. 14, 1130. 

Honorius II., anti-pope. See Cadalo. 

Honorius III., pope, Cencio, cardinal of 
St. John and St. Paul, elected, July 7, 
1216— obliges Andrew II., k. of Hungary, 
to begin the fifth crusade, 1217 — by a 
Bull, forbids the teaching of the civil 
law in the university of Paris, 1218— 
crowns Frederic II. emperor of Rome, 
and stipulates with him that the crowns 
of Germany and Sicily shall never be 
united, that the lands of the countess 
Matilda shall be given to the church, 
and that Frederic shall go out to the 
crusade, 1220 — threatens him with ex- 
communication for his delay, 1221 — 
fails in his project of a congress at Ve- 
rona to organize a new crusade ; issues 
a Bull, declaring Henry III. of England 
of age, 1222 — assembles a congress a 
Florentino; Frederic pledges himself to 



proceed on the crusade in two years, 
1223 — annoyed by the senate, retires 
from Rome to Tivoli, and secretly en 
courages the Lombard cities to renew 
their league, 1225 — mediates a treaty 
between them and the emperor, 1226— d 
March 18, 1227. 
Honorius IV., pope, Jacopo Savelli, car- 
dinal of S. Maria in Cosmedin, elected 
April 2, 1285— prevents the ratification 
of the treaty between France and Ara- 
gon, 1287— d. April 3, 1287. 
Honorius, fifth archbp. of Canterbury, 627 

— d. 653. 
Honour, Legion of, created in France, May 

19, 1802. 
Hood, Samuel, b. 1724— captain of the Ves- 
tal, takes the French ship Bellona, Feb. ; 
1759— admiral lord, takes Toulon, Aug. \ 
28, 1793— Corsica, June 18, 1794- created 
a viscount, May 28, 1796— d. 1816. 
Hood, commodore sir Samuel, takes De- 
merara and Berbice, Sept. 25, 1803 — cap- 
tures a French squadron. Oct. 19, 1806— 
Madeira surrenders to him and general 
Beresford, Dec. 24, 1807. 
Hood, Thomas, b. 1798— d. 1845. 
Hood, lady, attends the funeral of queen 

Caroline, at Brunswick, 1821. 
Hook, Theodore, Z>.1788-<7. 1841. 
Hooke, Dr. Robert, b. 1635— d. 1703. 
Hooker, Richard, b. 1553 — master of the 

Temple, 1585-d. 1600. 
Hoole, John, the translator of Tasso, b. 

1727— d. 1803. 
Hooper, bp. of Gloucester, burnt, Feb. 9, 

1555. 
Hoorn, count, arrested for opposing the 
measures of Philip II. in the Nether- 
lands, 1567 — beheaded, June 5, 1568. 
Hope, sir John, wounded and taken pri- 
soner before Bayonne, April 14, 1814 — 
created lord Niddry, May 17. 
Hope, Henry, the Amsterdam banker, b. 

1737— settles in London, 1794— d. 1812. 
Hope, Mr., presents an entomological col- 
lection to the university of Oxford, Apr.; 
18, 1850. 
Hope, F , president of the Court of Session, 

I. 1761— d. 1851. 
Hopkins. See Sternhold. 
Hoppner, Henry, b. 1736— d. 1811. 
Hopson, admiral, d. from the effects of the 

West Indian climate, 1728. 
Hopton, sir Ralph, the royalist general, 
defeats the earl of Stamford, at Stratton, 
in Cornwall, May 16, 1643— defeated by 
sir William Waller, at Cheriton Down, 
Mar. 29, 1644 — Arundel Castle is reco- 
vered from him by Waller, 1644 — dis- 
bands his army, Mar. 14, 1646. 
Horace, Q. Horatius Flaccus, b. at Venn- 
sium, b.c. Dec. 8, 65— studies at Athens 



HOR 



423 



HOS 



45 — made a tribune by Brutus ; escapes 
from Philippi, and returns to Rome, 42 
—obtains the friendship of Maecenas, 38 
— publishes his first book of Satires. 35 
— celebrates the battle of Actium in an 

. Ode, 31 — second book of Satires, and his 
Epodes, 30— first three books of his Odes, 
24 — first book of his Epistles, 20 — com- 
poses his Carmen Seculare, 17 — fourth 
book of his Odes, 13— d. Nov. 27, 8. 

" Horace," of Corneille, brought out, 1639. 

Horatii. See Duels, public. 

Hormisdas, or Hormouz I., son of Sapor, k. 
of Persia, 272 — d. after a short reign, 273. 

Hormisdas, or Hormouz 11., son of Narses, 
k. of Persia, 301 — founds Ormus, 306 — 
d. 309. 

Hormisdas, or Hormouz III., son of Chos- 
roes I., k. of Persia, 579 — his tutor and 
friend, Buzurg Mihir, introduces the 
game of chess, from India, for his 
amusement, 580 — his friend leaves Per- 
sia, and he falls under the influence of 
evil counsellors, 583 — is deposed and 
slain, 590. 

Hormisdas bp. of Rome, 514-523. 

Hormouz. See Hormisdas. 

Horn, Gustavus, the Swedish gen., assists 
Bernard of Saxe Weimar against the 
imperialists, 1632 — is defeated at Nord- 
lihgen, by the archduke Ferdinand, Aug. 
27, 1634. 

Hor>\ a Swedish nobleman, beheaded for 
conspiracy, 1756. 

Hornby, in Lincolnshire. See Eleanora, 
qu. of Edward I. 

Horncastlk, battle of; the royalists de- 
feated by sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver 
Cromwell, 1643. 

Horne, George, bp. of Norwich, d. Jan. 17, 
1792. 

Horne, the rev. John, afterwards Horne 
Tooke, b. 1736 —breaks up the Society of 
the Bill of Rights, by his altercation 

. with Wilkes, April 9, 1771— opposes his 
election for sheriff of London, and is 
burnt in effigy by the mob, July 1 ; sum- 
moned before the House of Commons for 
his Letter to the Speaker, Feb. 11, 1774 
— imprisoned for a libel on the royal 
army at Lexington, July 4, 1778— applies 
to the society of the Inner Temple for 
admission as a barrister ; refused on the 
ground of his being an ordained clergy- 
man, June 13, 1779 — publishes his "Di- 
versions of Purley," 1787 — unsuccessful 
candidate for Westminster, 1790 — arrest- 
ed on a charge of constructive treason, 
May 20, 1794 — arraigned, Nov. 16; de- 
fended by Erskine, and acquitted, 20; 
returned to parliament for Old Sarum, 
May 1, 1801. See Commons, House of.— 
d. 1812. 



Horner, Francis, b. 1778— presents the Re- 
port of the Bullion Committee, 1810 — 
moves, unsuccessfully, for the resump- 
tion of cash payments by the Bank of 
England, May 6, 1811— d. at Pisa, Feb. 
8, 1817. 

Horrox, Jeremiah, b. 1619 — first observes 
a transit of Venus, Nov. 24, 1639 — d. 
1641. 

Horsa, the Saxon, assists Hengist to re- 
pel the Scots and Picts, 449— slain in the 
battle of Aylesford, 455. 

Horses, the two marble, of Monte Cavallo, 
in Rome, brought from Alexandria to 
the baths of Constantine, 326 — preserved 
by Theodoric, 500 — the four bronze, car- 
ried from Constantinople to Venice, 1205. 

Horsfall, Mr., a manufacturer, shot by 
Luddites, near Huddersfield, 1812 — the 
assassins executed at York, Jan. 7, 1813. 

Horsley, John, author of "Britannia Ro- 
mana," d. 1731 

Horsley, Samuel, afterwards bp. of St. 
Asaph, b. 1733 — appointed bp. of St. 
David's, 1788— d. 1806. 

Hortensian Law, passed at Rome, gives 
legislative power to the Plebes, b.c. 2S6. 

Hortensius, Quintus, b. b.c. 114— his first 
oration in the Forum, 95— defends Verres, 
70 — consul, 69 — in conjunction with Ci- 
cero, defends Sextius, 56— d. 50. 

Horton, lady Anne, daughter of lord Ira- 
ham, married to the duke of Cumber- 
land. Oct. 4, 1771. See Cumberland, 
Henry Fred., duke of. 

Horuc, Barbarossa, son of a potter at Mi- 
tylene, founds the piratical States of 
Barbary, 1516— is joined by his brother, 
Hayraddin, and d. soon after, 1518. See 
Barbarossa, Hayraddin. 

Horus, k. of Egypt, b.c. 1587— (last of the 
18th dynasty, about 1450 L.) 

Hosea prophesies, b.c. 795. 

Hosein, son of Ali, protests against the 
succession of Yezid I., 676 — slain, 680. 

Hosein, one of Yezid's lieutenants, takes 
the command against the revolted Ko- 
reish, and presses the siege of Mecca, 
682 — abandons it, on Yezid's death, 683. 

Hoshea, k. of Israel, b.c. 730 — Samaria 
taken by the Assyrians, and the king- 
dom of Israel ended, 721. 

Hosier, admiral, prevents the sailing of 
the Spanish treasure galleons from Porto 
Bello, June 3, 1726 — d. on the service, 
1727. 

Hosius, bp. of Cordova, presides at the 
council of Nice, 325 — subscribes the 
Arian creed, 357. 

Hospitallers. See Knights Hospital- 
lers. 

Hospitals were originally Hospitia foi 
the reception of travellers, to the largest 



hot: 



424 



HOW 



ef which sick wards were afterwards 
attached ; many were erected for the 
accommodation of pilgrims to the East; 
Chrysostom, while patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, devoted to this purpose 
a large portion of his revenues, 400 
— the great Xenodochium of Jerusalem, 
capable of sheltering 2000 guests, be- 
sides an infirmary for the sick and 
wounded, was built by the Knights of 
St. John, 1112 — the original name has 
assumed with us the two forms of Hotels 
and Hospitals. For the principal Hos- 
pitals of London, see their respective 
names in this Index. 

Hostilianus, nephew of Decius, appointed 
the colleague of Gallus, soon falls a vic- 
tim to the general pestilence, 252. 

Hotham, sir Charles, governor of Victoria, 
suppresses the riot in the Australian 
gold-diggings, Dec. 4, 1854. 

Hotham, sir John, closes the gates of Hull 
against Charles I., April 23, 1642— he 
and his son beheaded, Jan. 2, 1645. 

Hotham, admiral, gains a victory over the 
French fleet in the Mediterranean, Mar. 
14, 1795. 

Hotham, admiral sir William, b. 1773 — d. 
1848. 

Hotspur. See Percy, Henry. 

Hottentots, revolt of the, suppressed by 
general Somerset, June 3-5, 1851. 

Hottinger, J. H, d. 1667. 

Hounslow, the Speakers of the Lords and 
Commons, and many members of both 
houses, place themselves under the pro- 
tection of the troops encamped there, 
1647 — an army is collected there by 
James II., and a Romish chapel erected 
in the camp, 16S6. 

Hours of Idleness. See Byron, George, 
lord. 

House ofCommons. SeeCoMMONB, House of. 

House of Lords. See Lords, House of. 

Household book of James V. See Aber- 
deen, earl of. 

Houses of Parliament burnt down, Oct. 
16, 1834 — the granite embankment com- 
menced, to form a site for the new houses, 
1837 — the rebuilding begins, 1840— the 
Lords meet in their new house, Apr. 15, 
1847 — first entrance of the Queen through 
the Victoria Tower, Feb. 3, 1852 — the 
Commons assemble for the first time in 
their new house, Nov.4, 1852 — " Big Ben," 
the bell for the clock tower, weighing 
15 tons, 18 cwt. 2 qrs., cast at Norton, 
near Stockton on Tees, Aug. 6, 1856— 
shipped at Hartlepool, Oct. 4 ; sounded 
for the first time, Nov. 13; Victoria 
Tower completed, 1857. 

Eoussein, brother-in-law of Timour, quar- 
rels with him, 1365— is defeated by him, 



and retires to Balkh, 1366— after a short 
reconciliation, their war is renewed; Ti- 
mour takes Balkh, Hous&«in made pri- 
soner, tried by sound of trumpet, con- 
demned, and put to death, 1367. 

Houtman, Cornelius, recommends the 
Dutch to form their East India Company, 
and establish their first factory in Java, 
1595. 

Hoveden, Roger, writes his Chronicle, 
1192. 

Howard, of Effingham, lord Charles, b. 
1536 — commands the English fleet 
against the Spanish Armada, 1588 — sent 
out against the Havanna treasure ships, 
1591 — takes and plunders Cadiz, 1596 — 
created earl of Nottingham, 1597 — lord 
high-admiral to James I., 1603 — sent 
ambassador to Spain, 1604 — d. 1624. 

Howard, lord, after the abolition of the 
House of Lords, elected member of the 
Commons for Carlisle, 1649. 

Howard, lord William, committed to the 
Tower on a charge of being concerned in 
Fitzharris's libel, June 12, 1681. 

Howard, of Escrick, lord, joins in a con- 
spiracy against Charles II., and gives 
evidence against lord Wm. Russell and 
Algernon Sidney, 1683. 

Howard, lord Thomas, accompanies Jas. 
II. on his Irish expedition, 1689— ex- 
cepted from the Act of Indemnity, 1690. 

Howard, sir Edward, son of the earl of 
Surrey, killed while attacking a French 
squadron in the harbour of Conquet, 
1513. 

Howard, John, the philanthropist, b. 1727 
— high-sheriff of Bedfordshire, thanked 
by parliament for his attention to the 
general state of prisons, Mar. 4, 1774— • 
sets out on his travels to visit the plague 
hospitals, Dec. 18, 1785 — publishes his 
Account of the Lazarettos of Europe, 
1789— d. at Cher son, in Russia, 1790. 

Howard, Katharine, daughter of lord Ed- 
mund Howard, b. 1522 — married to Henry 
VIII., July 28, 1540— her early life re- 
vealed to the king, 1541 — attainted, and 
beheaded, Feb. 12, 1542. 

Howard, lady Frances, See Essex, earl 
of (the son), and Carre, Robert. 

Howden, lord, sent ambassador to Spain, 
May 14, 1850. 

Howe, lord, killed in a skirmish with the 
French in America, July 5, 1758. 

Howe, gen. sir William, drives the Ame- 
ricans from Long Island, Aug. 27, 1776 
— takes New York, Sept. 15 ; defeats the 
Americans at White Plains, Oct. 29 ; de- 
feats Washington at Brandywine, Sept. 
11, 1777 — resigns his command in Ame- 
rica, Apr. 14, 1778. 

Howe, Richard, b. 1725— captain of the 



HUG 



425 



HTJG 



Dunkirk, distinguishes himself in taking 
the French ships, Alcide and Lys, 1755 
— captain of the Magnanimous, reduces 

. the isle of Aix, Sept. 23, 1757— commo- 
dore of the expedition against St. Malo 
and Cherbourg, 1758 — created a peer, 
1759 — viscount, and treasurer of the 
navy in the Chatham ministry, 1766 — 
resigns, 1770 — first lord of the admiralty 
in W. Pitt's administration, 1784 — cre- 
ated an earl, and resigns office, 1788 — 
commands the Channel fleet, and defeats 
the French off Brest, June 1, 1794— d. 
Aug. 5, 1799. 

Howe, George, b. 1769 — establishes the 
first printing press in New South Wales, 
1803— d. 1821. 

Howel, king of Gleguising, submits to 
Alfred the Great, 885. 

Howel, or Hoel Dha, king of the West 
Welsh, son of Cadell, and grandson of 
Rotri Mawr, recognizes the supremacy 
of Athelstan, k. of England, 926. 

Howel, of Wales, does homage to Edgar, 972. 

Howick, lord. See Grey, Charles, earl. 

Howley, William, b. 1766— bp. of London, 
translated to be archbp. of Canterbury, 
1828— d. 1848. 

Howth, near Dublin, landing of Geo. IV. 
at, Aug. 15, 1821. See Holyhead. 

Hubert, natural son of Hugh, k. of Italy, 
duke of Tuscany, 936—961. 

Hubertsburg, treaty of, closes the Seven 
Years' war, Feb. 15, 1763. 

Huddersfield canal, tunnel of the, com- 
pleted, 1809. See also Horsfall. 

Hudson's bay, first reached by the Portu- 
guese, Corte Real. 1500 — explored by 
Henry Hudson, and named after him, 
1608 — trading company chartered, 1670. 

Hue.jada, in Valencia, taken by the Chris- 
tians from the Mohammedans, 1224. 

IIuksoa, taken by the Franks, 797— reco- 
vered by Al Hakem 1., 798— and again, 
S02— Calib Hafsnn dies at, 917— taken 
by Roderic the Cid, 1087— by the Casti- 
lians, 1435. 

Hurt, Peter Daniel, bp. of Avranches, b. 
1630— tf. 1721. 

Hugh, of Lusignan, T., k. of Cyprus, suc- 
ceeds his father, Almeric, 1206— tf. 1221. 

Hugh II.. k. of Cyprus, son of Henry I., 
1253—1267. 

Hugh III., k. of Cyprus, son of Hugh II., 
1267-1284. 

Hugh IV.. king of Cyprus, succeeds his 
father, Henry II., 1324- assists in tlie 
capture of Sicyon, 1344 — he visits Lon- 
don, endeavouring to incite Europe to a 
crusade, is entertained by sir Henry 
Pikard, 1363— d. 1369. 

Hugh Capet, k. of France. See Capet, 
Hugh. 



Hugh, count of Provence, is invited to take 
the kingdom of Italy, 925— expels Ru- 
dolf, and is acknowledged king, 926 — 
sends the father of the historian, Liut- 
prand, to C.P. on an embassy, 927— takes 
his son, Lothaire, as his colleague, 931 — 
marries Maroaia, widow of Guido, duke 
of Tuscany, and is expelled from Rome 
by her son, Alberic, 932 — besieges Rome, 
and purchases the friendship of Rudolf, 
by ceding to him a part of Proveuce, 933 
— again lays siege to Rome ; Odo, abbot 
of Clugny, negotiates between him and 
Alberic, who marries his daughter, Alda; 
Hugh ejects Boson, and makes his own 
natural son, Hubert, duke of Tuscany, 
936— marries Bertha, widow of Rudoif, 
938— Odo of Clugny again mediates be- 
tween him and Alberic, 939 — Berenger, 
marquis of Ivrea, escapes his hostile 
designs, and takes refuge in Germany, 
940— he expels the Saracens from Pro- 
vence, 942— his natural daughter, Ber- 
tha, is married to Romanus, son of Con- 
stantine Porphyrogenitus, 9l3~Berenger 
arrives from Germany, and becomes 
master of Italy; Hugh retains the title 
of king, 945 — withdraws into Provence, 
946-d. 947. 

Hugh, the Great, count of Paris, son of 
Robert I., on his father's death, unites 
with Herbert de Vermandois, against 
Charles the Simple, king of France, and 
places Rudolf, duke of Burgundy, on the 
throne, 922 — marries Eadhild, sister of 
Athelstan, k. of England, 926 ; and after 
her death, Hedwig, daughter of Henry 
the Fowler, emperor of Germany, 936 — 
duke of Burgundy, 938— defeats Louis 
IV., 941 — protects Lothaire on the 
throne, 954 — receives Aquitain and other 
territories from him, 955 — d. 956 

Hugh, duke of Tuscany, succeeds his fa- 
ther, Hubert, 961 — protects and restores 
the pope, John XV., 987— attends the 
court of Otho III., during Easter, at 
Quedlinburg, 991— d. 1001. 

Hugh I.— V., dukes of Burgundy. See 
Burgundy. 

Hugh, bp. of Durham, entrusted with the 
regency of England during the absence 
of Richard I. in the Holy Land, 1190— 
expelled by prince John, 1191. 

Hugh de Vekmandois, a leader of the first 
crusade, 1096. 

Hughes, sir Richard, defeats the French 
admiral, Suffrein, in the East Indies, 
Apr. 12, 1782. 

Hugo Falcandus. See Falcandus. 

Hugo, Victor, b. 1802- publishes his Odes, 
1822 — a democrat, banished from France, 
.Ian. 10, 1852. 

Huguenots. See Eidgenossen.— The pow- 



HUL 



426 



HUM 



crful anti-papal party in France, after- 
wards known by this name, originated 
by the preaching of Calvin at Paris, 1532 
— persecution of them begins, at the in- 
stigation of Katharine de' Medici ; the 
councillor, Anne Dubourg, burnt, Dec. 23, 
1559 — she seeks an alliance with them 
against the Guise family, 1560— the con- 
ference of Poissy inflames discord ; an 
edict issued against them, and they are 
first called Huguenots ; Conde and Co- 
ligni prepare to take up arms, 1561. See 
Charles IX., k. of France. — Elizabeth 
sends an English auxiliary force to sup- 
port them ; Jane, qu. of Navarre, encou- 
rages them, and educates her son, Henry, 
in their tenets; they are defeated at 
Dreux, 1562 — compromise of Amboise, 
Mar. 19 ; the two parties unite to take 
Havre de Grace from the English ; Eli- 
zabeth makes peace with the qu. regent, 
1563 — a colony planted in Florida, 1564 
— edict of the qu. of Navarre in favour 
of the Huguenots ; they are defeated at 
St. Denis, Nov. 10 ; their colony expelled 
from Florida by the Spanish, 1567. See 
Charles IX., k. of France. — Massacre 
of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24, 1572— the 
nobility and gentry of England offer to 
raise an army to avenge them ; Elizabeth 
more cautiously supports them. 1573. 
See Henry III. and IV., kings of France. 
— Edict of Nantes, secures to them the 
free exercise of their religion, Apr. 13, 
1598— Mary de' Medici, mother and re- 
gent of Louis XIII., sets herself in op- 
position to them, 1612. See Louis XIII., 
k. of France. — The surrender of Rochelle 
closes the last Huguenot war, Oct. 30, 
1628 — religious liberty established by 
the pacification of Nismes, July 14, 1629 
— restricted by new edicts of Louis XIV., 
1680 — refugees arrive in London, and are 
relieved by an Order in Council, 1681 — 
revocation of the Edict of Nantes, (Jet. 
22, 1685 — emigration of the industrious 
and wealthy to England and Germany ; 
persecution of Calas, 1762— freedom of 
conscience restored by the National As- 
sembly, Aug. 24, 1789. 

Hulagou, brother of the great khan, 
Mangou, invades Persia, extirpates the 
tribe of the Assassins in that country, 
and proclaims himself sultan, 1256 — 
storms Bagdad, puts to death Mostasem, 
the last of the caliphs ; carries his arms 
into Syria, and takes Damascus, 1258 — 
d. 1264. 

Hull, incorporated by Edward I. as King- 
ston-upon-Hull, 1299— closed by sir John 
Hotham against Charles I., Apr. 23, 1642 
— besieged by the marquis of Newcastle, 
who is driven from his trenches by the 



garrison, Oct. 12, 1643— visited by qu. 
Victoria and the royal family, Oct. 13, 
1854. 

Hull, an American general, invades Ca- 
nada. See Brock, general. 

Hulst, taken by the statholder, Frederic 
Henry, 1644. 

Humane Society, founded, 1774. 

Humber, the Danes advance beyond the, 
to take York, 867. See Edgar Etheling. 

Humbert, I.— III. See Savoy. 

Humbert, general, lands with a French 
force at Killala, in Ireland, Aug. 22, 1798 
— they surrender to gen. Lake, Sept. 8. 

Humboldt, baron Alexander Von, b. 1769— 
festival at Berlin in honour of his 80th 
year, Sept. 14, 1849. 

Humboldt, baron Wilhelm Von, b. 1768— 
d. 1835. 

Hume, lord, raises forces against Mary,qu. 
of Scotland ; defeats Bothwell, at Car- 
berry hill, and takes her prisoner, June 
15, 1567. 

Hume, David, b. 1711 — he commences the 
publication of his History of England, 
1754- d. 1776. 

Hume, Joseph, b. 1777— attends qu. Caro- 
line to St. Paul's, Nov. 29, 1820— moves 
for a reduction of the army, Mar. 1, 1821 
— after sixteen divisions, the motion is 
lost ; exposes the extravagance of the 
public expenditure, June 27 ; receives 
pieces of plate from public bodies for his 
exertions to enforce ministerial economy, 
1822— moves for inquiry into the Irish 
church, Mar. 4, 1823 — questions the facts 
alleged by Mr. Robinson to shew the 
prosperity of the country, May 4, 1826 — 
elected for Middlesex, 1830— motion on 
the corn laws negatived, Mar. 1, 1834 — 
obtains inquiry into Orange Lodges, 1835 

— severely reprobates the obstructive 
proceedings of the Lords, Aug. 20, 1836 — 
banquet to him and Mr. Byng, in Drury 
Lane theatre, Jan. 23, 1837 — presides at 
a meeting to erect monuments to Muir 
and other Scotch reformers, prosecuted 
in 1793-4, Feb. 20; founds the monu- 
ment at Edinburgh, Aug. 21, 1844 — 
motion for an inquiry into the proceed- 
ings of sir James Brooke against the 
Borneo pirates, negatived, July 10, 1851 

— portrait of him presented by his 
friends to Mrs. Hume, and by her to the 
London University, 1854— d. 1855 — meet- 
ing to raise a memorial of him, Dec. 13, 
1855. 

Humieres, D', the French marshal, defeat- 
ed by prince Waldeck, the Dutch ge- 
neral, at Walcourt, 1689. 

Humphrey de Hauteville, succeeds hia 
brother, Diogo, as leader of the Normans 
in Italy, 1051— count of Apulia, makes 



HUN 



427 



HUN 



prisoner pope Leo IX. at Civitella, 1053 
— d. 1057. 

Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, fourth son 
of Henry IV., k. of England, regent of 
England, 1422— he offends Philip, duke 
of Burgundy, by marrying Jaqueline, 
duchess of Brabant, and claiming her 
hereditary States of Holland and Hai- 
nault, 1424 — dissension with Henry 
Beaufort, bp. of Winchester, composed 
by John, duke of Bedford; reconciled 
to duke Philip, 1425— Philip besieges 
Calais, but retires on his approach ; 
he separates qu. Katharine from Owen 
Tudor, 1436 — intrigues and cabals of 
Henry Beaufort, bishop of Winchester, 
against his duchess for imputed witch- 
craft : she is condemned to do penance in 
St. Paul's, and to be imprisoned for life ; 
her confessor, Bolingbroke, and Margery 
Jordan of Eye, are executed, 1442— car- 
dinal Beaufort prevails over him in the 
English councils, 1444 — qu. Margaret 
joins his enemies, 1445 — murdered at 
Bury St. Edmund's, Feb. 28 (24 Stowe), 
1447. 

Hunald, son of Endes, takes the title of 
duke of Aquitaine, and does homage to 
Charles Martel, 736 — retires into a mo- 
nastery, 762 — leaves his monastery, and 
claims Aquitaine ; defeated and made 
prisoner by Charlemagne, 769. 

Hunferth, follows Daniel in the see of 
Winchester, 744— d. 754. 

Hungary, the Dacia of the Romans, and 
the eastern part of Pannonia. See Da- 
cia. — Invasion of the Huns, and expul- 
sion of the Goths, 376. See Huns.— Oc- 
cupied by the Gepidse, after the fall, of 
the Huns, 469. See Gepid^:.— The Avars 
follow, 568. See Avars.— Part of the 
Bulgarian kingdom, 630. See Bulga- 
rians. — The Ungri (called by some wri- 
ters Huns) form a settlement at Mun- 
katz, and advance in Pannonia, 862 — the 
country occupied by them receives the 
name of Ungara, or Hungary, 886 — 
they are joined by the Magyars, under 
Arpad, the father of a long line of kings; 
become a powerful nation, and defeat 
Simeon, k. of the Bulgarians, 889— are 
employed by Arnulf, k. of Germany, 893 
— defeat Simeon again in three great 
battles, 896 -invade Italy, defeat Beren- 
ger near the Brenta, and penetrate to 
Modena, 899— defeated by him near Ve- 
nice, obtain money from him, and with- 
draw, 906 — desolate Bavaria, 907 — in- 
vade Thuringen, 909 — defeat Louis III., 
k. of Germany, 910 — invited by Beren- 
ger to assist him against Rudolf, k. of 
Transjurane Burgundy, 921 — plunder 
and burn Pavia, and proceed into the 



south of France, where they are oves* 
come by Rudolf, 924 — again invited into 
Italy by the marquis Alberico ; carry 
off a rich booty, 925 — defeated by Henry 
the Fowler, at Merseburg, in Saxony, 934 
— invited by Ludolf, son of Othol. ; they 
ravage Germany, 954 — are signally de- 
feated by Otho, at Augsburg, and desist 
in future from their incursions into the 
West, 955 — turn their arms to the East 
against the Bulgarians, and obtain ad- 
ditional territories from them, 957-965 — 
become a settled and civilized people 
under Geisa, a descendant of Arpad, who 
takes the title of duke, 972— he intro- 
duces Christianity, and his son, Walk, 
takes the name of Stephen, 996— d. and 
is succeeded by his son, 997, who as- 
sumes the title of king, 1000. 
Sovereigns of Hungary ; the events dur- 
ing their reigns may be seen under 
their respective names in this Index. 
Line or Arpad. 
Geisa, duke, 972—997. 
Stephen, duke, 997; king, 1000—1038. 
Peter, 1038—1041. 
Samuel Abo. 1041—1044. 
Peter, restored, 1044—1046. 
Andrew I., 1046—1060. 
Bela I., 1060—1063. 
Solomon, 1063—1075. 
Geisa I., 1075—1077. 
Wladislas, or Ladislas I., 1077—1095. 
Colonian, 1095—1114. 
Stephen II., 1114—1131. 
Bela II., 1131 — by his marriage with 
Helena, daughter of Urosch, prince of 
Servia, obtains Bosnia— d. 1141. 
Geisa II., 1141—1160. 
Stephen III., 1160—1162. 
Stephen IV., 1162—1173. 
Bela III., 1173—1196. 
Emeric, 1196—1204. 
Wladislas, or Ladislas II., 1204—1205. 
Andrew II., 1205—1235. 
Bela IV., 1235—1270 
Stephen V., 1270—1272. 
Ladislas TIL, 1272-1290. 
Andrew III., the Venetian, 1290 — last of 
the line of Arpad, d. 1301. 
House of Naples. 
Charles I., Robert, 1301—1342. 
Louis I., 1342—1382. 
Maria, 1382 — with Sigismund, 1387 — 
1392. 

House of Brandenburg. 
Sigismund, alone, 1392—1437. 
Elizabeth, with Albert of Austria, 1437 
— 1439; with Ladislas IV., 1440—1442. 
Ladislas, alone, 1442 — 1444. 
Ladislas V., 1445-1458. 
Elected. 
Matthias Corvinus, H uniades, 1458—1490 



HUN 



428 



HUN 



Hungary — continued. 
Ladislas VI., 1490—1516. 
Louis II., 1516—1526. 

Union of Hungary to Austria, 1526. 
See Austria, and Ferdinand I., emperor 
of Germany, and his successors. 

Hungary overrun by the Turks, and 
John Von Zapolya set up by them 
as king, 1529 — made a part of the 
Ottoman empire by Soliman II., 1541 
— Gran, Fiinfkirchen, and Stuhlweis- 
senburg submit to him, 1543 — he is 
repulsed at Eger, 1552— truce concluded 
for eight years, 1562 — broken by the 
Turks, who besiege Zigeth, 1566 — sultan 
Selim, by a truce or peace, retains the 
greater part of Hungary, 1567 — war re- 
newed, and the Turks defeated at Sissek, 
near Comorn, 1592 — take Raab, 1594 — 
lose Gran, 1595 — defeat the imperialists 
at Keresztes, and take. Eger, 1596 — lose 
Raab and Vesprin, 1598 — recover Gran, 
1605 — peace of Comorn concluded, 1606— 
Bethlem Gabor proclaimed king by the 
Protestants, 1620. See Bethlem: Gabor. 
— Revolt provoked by the intolerance of 
the Jesuits, 1637 — the Turks recommence 
hostilities and take Neuh'ausel, 1663— are 
defeated by Montecuccoli at St. Gotthard 
on the Raab, and agree to the peace of 
Temeswar, 1664— conspiracy of the mag- 
nates against the religious and fiscal ty- 
ranny of the imperial officers detected, 
and many put to death, 1670— the mal- 
contents place count Tekeli at their 
head, 1676— apply to the Poles for assist- 
ance, 1677— diet of Odenburg; the em- 
peror Leopold I. makes concessions to 
divide the patriots; Tekeli persists, and 
has recourse to the Turks, 1681 — they 
renew the war, and sustain many re- 
verses, 1683-1697. See Charles IV., 
duke of Lorraine, and Eugene Francis, 
prince of Savoy.— By the peace of Car- 
lowitz, they relinquish all Hungary, ex- 
cept Temeswar, Jan. 26, 1699 — the" mal- 
contents take arms again, under the 
leadership of Francis Ragoczy, 1701— be- 
come formidable, and threaten Vienna, 
1704— are defeated at Trentschin, 1708— 
at Romhany, 1710 — treaties of Nagy- 
Haroly and Szathman; the emperor 
Joseph I. grants religious liberty, and 
tranquillizes Hungary, 1711 — war again 
with the Turks ; prince Eugene defeats 
them at Peterwaradin ; takes Temeswar, 
and drives them out of Hungary, 1716—' 
takes Belgrad -, 1717 — the peace of Pas- 
sarowitz leaves all Hungary in the hands 
of the emperor, June 24, 1718— Maria 
Theresa, queen, declares her husband, 
Francis Stephen, co-regent, 1740 — is 
trowued at Presburg, and appeals to the 



loyalty of her subjects, who support her 
enthusiastically against her powerful 
enemies, 1741. See Maria Theresa. — 
General insurrection, Sept 25, 1848. See 
Ferdinand and Francis Joseph, empe- 
rors of Austria; Kossuth, and Bem.— - 
Suppressed, Aug. 12, 1849. 

Hungerpord Market opened, July 2,1833 
— suspension bridge opened, May 1.1845. 

Huniades, John, advises Elizabeth, queen 
of Hungary, to marry Ladislas III., k. of 
Poland, 1440 — repels the Ottoman inva- 
sion of Transylvania, 1442 — he crosses 
the Danube, takes Nissa (Naissus) and 
Sofia, and defeats the Ottoman army at 
Kunobitza, in the defiles of the Balkan, 
Dec. 24, 1443 — his victories induce Amu- 
rath II. to solicit peace; treaty of Sege- 
din ; Servia restored, the Hungarian 
frontier evacuated, and a truce for ten 
years concluded ; the papal legate per- 
suades Ladislas to break the truce ; 
battle of Varna, Nov. 10 ; triumph of the 
Ottomans ; the king and the legate pe- 
rish; Huniades escapes, 1444— appointed 
regent of Hungary for Ladislas V., 1445 
— defeated by Amurath at Cossova, 1448 
— obtains the release of Ladislas from 
Austria, and resigns the regency, 1452 — 
defeats Mahomet II. at the siege of Bel- 
grade, and d. a month after his victory, 
1456. 

Huniades, Ladislas, eldest son of John 
Huniades, condemned and executed for 
the murder of count Cilly, 1457. 

Huniades, Matthias. See Matthias Cor- 
vinus. 

Huningen, skilful retreat of Moreau to, 
Oct. 26, 1796. 

Hunne, Richard, convicted of heresy ten 
days after his death ; his body is disin- 
terred and burnt in Smithfield, Dec. 20, 
1514. 

Hunneric, k. of the Vandals, in Africa, 
son of Geuseric, marries Endocia, daugh- 
ter of the emperor Valentinian III., 462 
— succeeds his father, 477 — issues a sum- 
mons to the bishops of Africa to meet 
the following year at Carthage, 483 — 
after the conference, issues an edict in 
favour of Arianism, and punishes its op- 
ponents, 484— d. 484. 

Huns, a Tartar tribe from Central Asia, 
first mentioned in the Geographical 
Poem of Dionysius Periegeta, about 300 
— first known in history by their driving 
the Visigoths out of Dacia, 376 — Roas 
or Rugilas leads them to the banks of 
the Danube; and they make incursions 
into Thrace, 4*22 — Aetius engages them 
to support the rebel. John Primiceriiis, 
424 — they arrive too lat'e, and return to 
their cantonments, 425 — withdraw from 



HFR 



429 



HITS 



Pannonia, and advance •westward into 
Germany, 427— assist Aetius to regain 
his power in the Western empire, 432— 
Rugilas d., and is succeeded by Attila 
and Bleda, sons of his brother, Mundzuk, 
433. See Attila, — Death of Attila ; 
his eldest son. Ellac, defeated by the 
Ostrogoths; falls in battle; Dengezic 
takes the command, 453. See Dengezic. 
— The Huns finally overthrown and dis- 
persed, 469. 

Huns, another tribe, better known after- 
wards as Avars, break through the Cas- 
pian gates, and invade Cappadocia, 515 
— plunder Armenia, and are driven out 
by Dositheus, 532. See Avars. 

Huns. See Ungri. and Hungary. 

Hunt, F. K., b. 1814— d. 1854. , 

Hunt, Henry, b. 1773— candidate for Bris- 
tol, 1812 — becomes a popular leader ; 
presides at a meeting for parliamentary 
reform, Nov. 15, 1816— presides at a meet- 
ing in Smithfield, July 22, 1819— at the 
meeting in St. Peter's Field, Manchester, 
and is arrested, Aug. 16 ; enters London, 
attended by a numerous procession, Sept. 
13 ; convicted, and afterwards sentenced 
to imprisonment, 1820 — elected for Pres- 
ton, 1830— d. 1835. 

Hunt, John and Leigh, fined and impri- 
soned for a libel on the prince regent, in 
the Examiner, Dec. 9, 1812 — John again 
imprisoned for a libel on the House of 
Commons, May 25, 1821. 

Hunter, John, b. 1728- d. 1793. 

Hunter, Dr. William, b. 1718— at. 1783. 

Huntingdon, the earl of, created duke of 
Exeter by Richard II., 1397— degraded 
by Henry IV., 1399 — enters into a con- 
spiracy against him, taken prisoner, and 
beheaded, 1400. 

Huntingdon, Theophilua Hastings, earl 
of, excepted from the Act of indemnity, 
1690— committed to the Tower, and soon 
released, 1692. 

Huntingdon, Selina, countess of, b. 1707 — 
d. 1791. 

Huntington, William, the methodist 
preacher, b. 1744— a 7 . 1813. 

Huntley, Gordon, marquis of, joins the 
rebellion of the earl of Mar, 1715 — sub- 
mits, and is pardoned, Nov. 4, 1716. 

Huntley, the marquis of, b. 1761— d. 1853. 

Hunton, Joseph, a quaker, executed for 
forgery, Dec. 8, 1828. 

Hurd, Richard, bp. of Worcester, b. 1720 
— d. 1808. 

Hurricane, a violent, drives several whales 
ashore on the coasts of Essex and Kent, 
Feb. 24, 1762— on the coasts of the West- 
ern counties and Ireland ; Liverpool and 
Dublin suffer greatly, Jan. 6, 1839. See 
Storms. 



Hurst Castle, Charles I. removed to 
1648 — taken thence to Windsor, Dec. 23. 

Husam. See Abulkatur. 

Husch, or Falczy, treaty of, by which Ka- 
tharine saves Peter the Great and his 
army, when surrounded bv the Turks, 
1711. 

H'tskisson, S., b. 1773 — lieut.-gen., Jan. 10, 
1837— general, Nov. fl, 1851— d. 1855. 

Huskisson, William, b. 1770 — a secretary 
of the treasury, 1804 — president of the 
Board of Trade, Jan. 31, 1823— intro- 
duces his measures for improving the 
silk manufactures, March 8, 1824 - vindi- 
cates the relaxation of the navigation 
laws, May 12, 1826 — becomes colonial 
secretary, Aug. 17, 1827 — secedes from 
the duke of Wellington's ministry, June, 
1828— is killed at the opening of the 
Liverpool and Manchester railway, Sept. 
15, 1830 — his statue placed in the vesti- 
bule of Lloyd's, Feb. 7, 1848. 

Hussey, lord, beheaded, for insurrection, 
1537. 

Huss, John, b. at Hussinetz, in Bohemia, 
July 6, 1373 — professor of theology at 
Prague, 1398 — confessor to the queen of 
Bohemia, 1401 — preaches Wickliffe's 
doctrines in conjunction with Jerome of 
Prague, 1403. See Jerome of Prague. — 
Makes many converts at Prague, 1409 — 
excommunicated and forbidden to preach, 
1411 — publicly burns at Prague a papal 
Indulgence; protests against the doctrine 
and sale of them, 1412 — a council at 
Rome condemns him again, and lays an 
interdict on every place that harbours 
him, 1413 — invited to Constance ; fur- 
nished with a safe conduct by the em- 
peror Sigismund ; the council asserts 
that no civil power can protect him ; and 
by their decree he perishes in the flames, 
July 6, 1415. 

Hussites, the disciples of Huss, are per- 
secuted in Prussia by Michael Kuch- 
meister von Sternberg, grand master of 
the Teutonic Knights, 1413 — take up 
arms in Bohemia, 1416 — appoint Ziska 
their leader, 1417 — refuse to acknow- 
ledge Sigismund as k. of Bohemia, and 
storm the town-hall of Prague, 1419 — 
lie besieges them in Prague, and is de- 
feated by them at Wissehrad, July 14, 
1420 — they offer Bohemia to Ladislas, k. 
of Poland, and to Witold, duke of Lithu- 
ania ; Korybut, nephew of Ladislas, is 
sent to them, 1422 — death of Ziska; 
Procopius Rasa chosen leader, 1424 — 
they extend their conquests into Saxony 
and Meissen, 1426— defeat an army of 
the empire at Mies, 1427 — carry their 
arms into Silesia, 1428— refuse to nego- 
tiate for peace with Sigismund, 1429— 



HYD 



43C 



IAM 



Victory at Tauss, 1431 — divide into two 
Beets, the Calixtines and Taborites ; the 
former, satisfied with the concessions 
made by the council of Basle, secede 
from the league, 1433 — the Calixtines 
join the imperial army, and defeat the 
Taborites at Bohmisch-Brod, 1434 — the 
Calixtines, deceived in the 'execution of 
their treaty, re-unite with the Taborites; 
Sigismund coucedes the points they re- 
quire, on which they submit and allow 
him to enter Prague, 1435 — treaty of 
Iglau between them and the emperor, 
1436— some of them offer the crown of 
Bohemia to Casimir of Poland ; they are 
defeated by Albert of Austria at Tabor, 
1438. 

Hutcheson, Thomas, b. 1694— d. 1747. 

Hutchinson, John, b. 1684— d. 1737. 

Hutchinson, major-gen. J. H., succeeds sir 
Ralph Abercrombie in Egypt, March 21, 
1S01— signs a treaty for the evacuation 
of the country by the French, June 27 ; 
created a peer, Dec. 5. 

Hutchinson, capt. J. H., assists Lava- 
lette's escape, Dec. 20, 1815. 

Hutchinson, Lucy, writes the Memoirs of 
her husband, col. Hutchinson, 1670. 

Hutton, Charles, b. 1737— d. 1823. 

Hutton, William, b. 1723— d. 1815. 

Huy, in the Netherlands, taken by the 
French, 1693 — recovered by the allies, 
1694— taken by the duke of Marlborough, 
Aug. 27, 1703. 

Huygens, Christian, b. 1629 — he invents 
and applies the pendulum to clocks, 1647 
— d. 1695. 

Hy. See Iona. 

Hyacinth. See Francis Hyacinth, duke 
of Savoy. 

Hybrilides, Athenian archon, b.c. 491. 

Hydaspes, a river of India, (now the 
Chelum, according to major Rennell) 
which Alexander descended on his return 
from India, B.C. 327. 

Hyde, Edward. See Clarendon, Edward 
Hyde, earl of. 

Hyde, Henry. See Clarendon, Henry 
Hyde, earl of. 

Hyde, Anne. See Anne Hyde. 

Hyde Park, review of the Guards in, July 
4, 1663 — troops encamped in, July 31, 
1715 — volunteers reviewed by Geo. III., 
Oct. 26 and 28, 1803. See Achilles, 
statue of.— Fireworks in. on occasion of the 
coronation of William IV., Sept. 8, 1831. 
See Crystal Palace. 

Hyder Ali founds the Mysore kingdom, 
1761 — war with the India Company and 
their allies, 1767 — defeats theMahrattas, 
and penetrates to the gates of Madras ; 
treaty of peace with him, April 4, 1769 
—extends his conquests over the native 



chiefs in Calicut, 1771— defeats the Com- 
pany's troope, Sept. 10, 17S0 — and con- 
quers the Camatic ; is defeated by sir 
Eyre Coote, June 2, 1782— d. Dec. 11. 

Hyderabad, taken by sir Chas. James Na- 
pier, Feb. 20, 1843. 

Hygeia, the asteroid, discovered by De 
Gasparis, April 12, 1849. 

Hyginus, bp. of Rome, 139-142. 

Hyginus, Jul., keeper of the Palatine 
library, writes "De Castrametatione," 
B.C. 10. 

Hyksos, or shepherd kings in Egypt. See 
Berbers. 

Hymen.eus, bp. of Jerusalem, 262-298". 

Hypatia, wife of Isidorus, teaches philo- 
sophy at Alexandria, 407 — brutally mur- 
dered with the connivance of bp. Cyril, 
415. 

Hypatius, consul of Rome, 500 — sent 
against the Persians, and is unsuccess- 
ful, 503. 

Hypatius, Fl., brother of the empress Euse- 
bia, consul of Rome, 359. 

Hyperbius, Olympic victor, B.C. 420. 

Hyperechius of Alexandria, writes on 
grammar or orthography, 453. 

Hyperides, the Athenian orator, put to 
death, b.c. 322. 

Hyps^eus, C. Plautius, consul of Rome, B.C. 
347. 

Hyps^eus, M. Plautius, consul of Rome, 
b.c. 125. 

Hyrcania, occupied by the Parthians, b.c. 
244. 

Hyrcanus, John, son of Simon, succeeds 
his father as high priest, and rules the 
Jews with regal power, B.C. 135 — makes 
a league with the Romans, and conquers 
Samaria, 129— d. 107. 

Hyrcanus II., k. of Judaea, son of Alex- 
ander Jannseus, nominated by his mother 
Alexandra as successor to the throne; 
deposed by his brother, Aristobulus, b.c. 
70 — takes up arms against Aristobulus, 
65 — made k. by Pompey, 63 — becomes an 
ally of Rome, 47 — deposed and made 
prisoner by the Parthians, 40— murdered 
by Herod, 37. 

Hysi^e, battle of; the Lacedaemonians de- 
feated by the Argives, b.c. 669. 

Hystaspes. See Darius I. 



Iambics invented by Arcnilochus, b.c. 708 — 
written by Simonides of Amorgus, 696 — 
and by Hipponax of Ephesus, 546. 

Iamblichus, a disciple of Porphyry, fl., 
312— <f. 329. 



ICO 



431 



IDA 



Japydes, an Illyrian tribe, .kept in Bub- 
jectiou by Octavius, B.C. 35. 

Ibeg, first sultan of the Mamelukes in 
E^ypt, 1250— d. 1260. See Mamelukes. 

Iberi, a people of Spain, send an embassy 
to Alexander the Great at Babylon, b.c. 
324. See Celtiberians. 

Iberia, a country between the Caspian and 
Euxine, conquered by the emperor Tra- 
jan, 115— submits to Diocletian, 298— 
Christianity introduced, 328— conquered 
by Sapor II., 338— the Persians retire 
into, when driven out of Colchis by the 
Romans, 556— reconquered by Heraclius, 
623. See Georgia. 

Iberus. See Ebro. 

Ibrahim, caliph of Arabia, deposed after a 
reign of three months, 744 — again claims 
the caliphate, 746— goes on a pilgrimage 
to Mecca; made prisoner, and dies in 
captivity, 747. 

Ibrahim, youngest son of Achmed I., b. 

■ 1617— succeeds his brother, Amurath IV., 
as sultan of the Ottomans, 1640— his 
vizir, Mustafa, recovers Asof from the 
Russians, 1642— begins the long war with 
the Venetians, 1647. See Candia and 
Crete. — Ibrahim deposed for his vices, 
and put to death, 1648. 

Ibrahim, son of Mehemet Ali, b. 1789— 
conducts a powerful expedition from 
Egypt against Greece, 1825— devastates 
the Morea, 1826— his progress arrested 
by the Mainotes ; evacuates Greece, 1828 
— is sent into Syria, 1831 — takes St. Jean 
d'Acre, Damascus and Antioch ; defeats 
the grand vizir at Konieh, and takes him 
prisoner, Dec. 21, 1832— threatens Con- 
stantinople ; defeats the Turks at Nezib, 
June 24, 1839— is expelled from Syria by 
the allied powers, 1840 — arrives in Lon- 
don, June 8, 1846— leaves London, July 
15 ; succeeds his father as viceroy of 
Egypt, Sept. 1, 1848— d. Nov. 10. 

Ibycus, the poet, fl., b.c. 539. 

Ibzan, judge of Israel, fl., b.c. 1182 (1239 
H., 1232 C.) 

Icarius, Olympic victor, B.C. 688. 

Iceland, discovered by the Northmen, 860 
—emigration of Ingulf to, 870— Haco V., of 
Norway, acquires the sovereignty of, 1262 
— desolated by an eruption of Hecla for 

' nearly twelve months, 1784. 

Iceni, a British tribe, whose territories 

1 are now the counties of Norfolk and Suf- 
folk. See Britain. 

Ich Dien, the motto of John of Luxem- 
burg, k. of Bohemia. See Edward, the 
Black Prince. 

Iconium, one of the first towns in which 
Paul and Barnabas preach after their 
mission from Antioch, and make many 
couverts, 38— taken by Soliman, where 



he makes his residence and founds tlw 
Seljukian kingdom of Iconium or Roum, 
1074— taken by the first crusaders, 1097 
— by the emperor Fred. Barbarossa on 
the third crusade, 1190— by the Mongols, 
1244 — by the Ottomans, 1307. See 
Konieh. 

Sultans of Iconium or Roum. 
Soliman, 1074—1085. 
Abulkassim, 1086-1091. 
Kilidsch Arslan I., 1092—1106. 
Malekshah, son of Kilidsch Arslan I„ 
1107—1117. 
Masoud I., 1117—1156. 
Kilidsch Arslan II., 1156-1193; when 
his dominions are divided among his ten 
sons. 

Gajazeddin Kaikhosrou I. at Iconium. 
1193—1211. 

Azeddin Kilidsch Arslan III., at To- 
kat, 1203—1205. 

Azeddin Kaikous I. at Iconium, 1211 
—1222. 
Alaeddin Kaikobad I., 1222—1237. 
Gajazeddin Kaikhosrou II., 1237—1247- 
Azeddin Kaikous II., 1247—1261. 
Rokneddin Kilidsch Arslan IV., 1261 
—1267. 

Gajazeddin Kaikhosrou III., 1267— 
1276. 
Masoud II., 1276-1297. 
Alaeddin II., 1297—1307 
Iconoclasts, breakers of images, a sect 
originated by the edict of the emperor 
Leo III. against kissing and adoring 
pictures in churches, 726. See Images 
and Image-worship.— Excommunicated 
by pope Gregory III., 732— all decrees 
against them annulled by the council of 
C.P., 815 — gradually give way, and are 
finally anathematized by the eighth ge- 
neral council of C. P., 869. 
Ictinus, architect, fl. at Athens, b.c. 442. 
Ida, Mount, iron discovered in, b.c. 1406 

(1407 H., 1283 C.) 
Ida founds the kingdom of Bernicia, in 
Northumberland, and builds Bam- 
borough, 547. 
Idacius. See Idatius. 
lD.asi Dactyli. See Olympic Games. 
Id^us, Olympic victor, b.c. 276. See Ni- 

cator. 
Idatius, Idathius or Idacius, bp. of Eme- 
rita, causes the death of Priscillian, 385 
— is banished for it, 389. 
Idatius in his youth (407) notices events 
afterwards recorded in his Chronicle, 
(which begins from 379)— bp. of Lemica 
in Gallicia, 427— sent to implore the as- 
sistance of Aetius against the Suevi in 
Gallicia, 431— made prisoner by them ; 
released after three months' captivity. 
460— his Chronicle ends, 468. ' ' 



ILL 



432 



IMA. 



Iden, a Sussex gentleman, kills Jack Cade, j 
1450. ; 

Idolaters. See Bohemia. 

Idstadt, battle of ; the Danes gain a vie- j 
tory over the Holstein and Schleswig | 
army, July 26, 1850. 

Idwal, k. of the Welsh, son of Rntri Mawr, I 
defeated and slain by Edgar, 963. 

Iffland, Aug. Win, b. 1756-d. 1814. 

Iglau, treaty of, between Sigismund and 
the Hussites, 1436. 

Ignatius, bp. of Antioch, 70— brought be- 
fore Trajan, sent to Rome, where he is 
torn to pieces in the amphitheatre, 115. 

Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople, 846 
— deposed by the emperor Michael III., 
857— he appeals to pope Nicholas I., who 
sends legates to inquire into the appoint- 
ment of Photius, 860— the pope deposes 
Photius, and declares Ignatius patriarch, 
863— restored, 867— the Bulgarians ac- 
cept an archbp. from him, 870 — he sends 
a Greek patriarch to the Christians in 
Russia, 876— d. 877. 

Igor I., son of Ruric, b. 865 — succeeds 
under the wardship of Oleg, 879 — go- 
verns as duke of Russia after the death 
of Oleg, 913 — attacks Constantinople, 
but is repelled, 941 — d. 945. 

Igor II., great duke of Russia, 1146. 

Ilauph, who had served under Belisarius, 
joins Totila, and conquers Dalmatia, 549. 

Ildefonso, palace of, founded by Philip 
V. of Spain, 1737. 

Ildefonso, bp. of Toledo, 657— holds the 
council of Emerita (Merida), 666. 

Ildegard, married to Charlemagne, 771— 
d. April 30, 783. 

Ilderim. See Bajazet I. 

Ilford, in Essex, skeleton of a mammoth 
discovered at, 1824. 

Iliturgis, now Ubeda, near Cordova, 
battle of ; the Scipios defeat Hasdrubal, 
B.C. 215. 

Illiberis, near Granada, in Spain, an early 
bishopric. See Councils and Images. 

Illiberis, at the foot of the Pyrenees, 
Hannibal marches through, b.c. 218— 
rebuilt by Constantine the Great, and 
named Helena, now Elne ; his son, Con- 
stans, overtaken at, in his flight from 
Maguentius, and killed, Feb. 27, A.D. 350. 

Illinois becomes the 20th State of the 
American Union, 1818. 

Illuminati, the Society of, founded at 
Ingoldstadt by Weishaupt, 1776. 

Illus, commands troops from C.P. against 
Zeno, in Isauria, 476; declares in his 
favour, and restores him to the throne, 
477— consul of Rome, 478— sent against 
Leontius,whohad rebelled at Tarsus,and 
assumes the purple himself, 484— defeats 
and takes prisoner Longinus, the brother 



of Zeno, 485 -captured and put to death, 
488. 

Illyria, Illyricum or Illyrium, the ancient 
name of the country between the Adri- 
atic, the Danube, and the Save; now 
Dalmatia, Croatia and Bosnia. See 
Dalmatia. — Unsuccessfully attacked by 
Amyntas II., k. of Macedonia, B.C. 392 — 
its people defeated by Philip II., 359 — 
the Roman ambassadors, who protest 
against their piracies, are murdered by 
qu. Teuta ; Rome commences the first 
Illyrian war, 230— prescribes terms of 
peace, to which they agree, 229 — the se- 
cond war successfully terminated by the 
consul, L. iEmilius Paulus, 219. See 
Demetrius Pharius. — Their prince, Gen- 
tius, overcome by another consul of the 
same name, the conqueror of Macedon, 
168 — with ten commissioners he organ- 
izes Illyria as a Roman province, 167 — 
invaded by the Teutones and Cimbri, 
113 — placed with Gaul under the com- 
mand of Julius Caesar, 59 — Plutarch ap- 
pointed governor by Trajan, a.d. 105 — 
revolt of Ingenuus, 260— assigned with 
Thrace to Constantius Chlorus, 292 — ra- 
vaged by the Quadi and Sannatse, 374 — 
divided between the emperors, Gratian 
and Theodosius I., 379 — between Arca- 
dius and Honorius, 395 — Alaric made 
master-general of the eastern division, 
398— the whole re-united to the empire 
of the East by Theodosius II., 425 — in- 
vaded by the Sclavonians, 547 — they are 
expelled, 550. See Dalmatia and Hun- 
gary. 

Ilus, k. of Troy, B.C. 1314 (1283 C.) 

Imad al Doulah establishes the Bowides 
in Persia, 933. 

Images introduced into Christian churches 
before 300 — censured by the council of 
Illiberis, 305— prohibited by the caliph 
Yezid II., 722. See Image worship 
and Iconoclasts. — Removed from the 
churches in England, 1548— and by the 
emperor Joseph II. in his dominions, 
1781. 

Image-worship disclaimed by Gregory I.: 
but images and pictures allowed by him, 
as vehicles of instruction, 598 — the wor- 
ship of them prevails in the West aftef 
his death, 606 — prohibited by the em- 
peror Leo III., 726 — violent tumults 
throughout Italy in its favour, 728 — for- 
bidden in a second edict under severe 
penalties ; defended by John of Damas- 
cus, 730 — condemned by the emperor 
Constantine Copronymus, but upheld by 
pope Zachary, 743 — suppressed by the 
council of Constantinople, 754 — supported 
by that of Rome, 769 — opposed by the 
emperor Leo IV., but favoured by the 



n*c 



433 



IffD 



empress Irene, 775 — restored by her, 
When regent, 780 — established by the 
seventh general council at Nice, 787 — 
condemned by Charlemagne, 790 — and 
by a council at Francfort on the Maine, 
794 — maintained against them by pope 
Hadrian I., 800— resisted by the empe- 
roi Leo V., 814 — and by Agobard, arch- 
bishop of Lyons, 816 — disapproved by 
the emperor Michael II., but he endea- 
vours to appease discord, 820— -discussion 
renewed, 824 — image-worship rejected 
by the council of Paris, and the whole 
G-allican church, 825— by the emperor 
Theophilus, 830— and by Claude, bp. of 
Turin, 831 — restored by the empress 
Theodora, 842— defended by Jonas, bp. 
of Orleans, till his death, 843— gradually 
adopted in Fiance, and prevails univer- 
sally, 850— till the Reformation, when 
it is first abolished by Zuinglius at Zu- 
rich, 1525. See Images. 

Imbbos, an island of the JEgean, conquered 
by Darius, B.C. 505. 

Impebator, a title at first denoting com- 
mander-in-chief, given to Scipio Afri- 
canus the elder by his army, after his 
victory in Spain, B.C. 207 — given to Oc- 
tavius, as chief of the State, by the se- 
nate, 27. 

Impey, Elijah, appointed chief justice of 
the new court of judicature in Bengal, 
March 22, 1774. 

Importunus, consul of Rome, 509. 

In a, k. of Wessex, son of Cenred, a de- 
scendant of Ceawlin, the third king, suc- 
ceeds Csedwalla, 688— gives a code of 
laws to the West Saxons, 696 — receives 
from the men of Kent a legal compen- 
sation in money for the death of Mul, 694 
— defeats the British chieftain, Geraint, 
710 — at war with Ceolred, k. of Mercia, 
715 — founds the minster of Glastonbury, 
718 — defeats an attempt of Ealdbert to 
restore the kingdom of Sussex, 722 —de- 
feats and slays Ealdbert, 725— resigns 
the crown and goes to Rome, where he 
endows an Anglo-Saxon school, 728, and d. 

Inachcs, k. of Argos, b.c. 1856 (1803 C.) 

Inabus. See Egypt, b.c. 460. 

Inauguration of the consuls of Rome, at 
first on the Ides of December (Dec. 13), 
on the calends of October (Oct. 1), B.C. 
401 — on the calends of Quinctilis (July 1), 
391 — in May and June during the first 
Punic war, 264-241 — on the Ides of 
March (15 March) during the second, 
218-201 — altered on account of the Spa- 
nish war to the calends of January (Jan. 
1), 153— where it finally remains fixed. 

Incendiaby fibes. See Fibes. 

Inchbald, Mrs., 6. 1757— d. 1821. 

Incledon, Charles, the vocalist, d. 1826. 



In co3na Domini. See Bull.— Renewed 
by pope Pius V., 1568. 

Income-tax introduced, Dec. 4, 1798— re- 
pealed, April 5, 1802. See Commons, 
House of. — Renewed under the name of 
property-tax, June 13, 1803— increased 
to 10 per cent., 1806— repealed, Mar. 19, 
1816— revived by sir R. Peel (Act 4 & 5 
Victoria, c. 35), 1842 — again renewed, 
Feb. 14, 1845 — increase proposed, Feb. 
18; abandoned, Feb. 28; continued for 
three years longer, 1848— granted for 
one year only instead of three, May 2, 
1851— continued to 1860, and extended to 
Ireland, June 27, 1853— doubled, in con- 
sequence of the war, 1854— reduced, 1856. 

Incumbebed Estates. See Encumbered 
Estates. 

Indemnity, Act of, for the advisers of the 
embargo on the exportation of corn, Dec. 
16, 1766 — for the proceedings under the 
suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, 
Apr. 10, 1801 ; and Mar. 10, 1818 — for 
infringement of the Currency Laws, 1848. 
1857. 

Independents, a sect which claims for each 
congregation the right of self-govern- 
ment, arise in England, 1581— in Holland, 
1610— send missionaries to America, 1621 
— prevail over the Presbyterians in the 
parliament, and rule the army, 1647— 
their ministers, with other non-conform- 
ists, ejected under the Act of Uniform- 
ity, 1662— found churches in Scotland, 
1797. 

Indebawood (Deirwald, or Beverley), St. 
John of. See John of Beverley, bp. of 
York. 

Index Expubgatorius, a list of books pro- 
hibited by the Council of Trent, pro- 
mulgated, 1559 — suppressed in Portugal, 
1768. 

India, the religion of Buddha introduced 
into, b.c. 956 — invaded by Alexander, and 
Porus defeated, 327— Alexander having 
built ships, descends to the mouth of the 
Indus, and returns overland to Carroa- 
nia, 326— the provinces which he had 
conquered are incited by Sandrocottus to 
expel, the Macedonians, and regain theii 
freedom,319 — Seleucus Nicator makes an 
ineffectual attempt to recover them, and 
sends Megasthenes to conclude a treaty 
of amity, 305" — Menander, k. of Bactria, 
extends his dominions in India, 206 — the 
trade with Rome, by way of Alexandria, 
regulated by Augustus, 30— embassy to 
Constantine the Great, a.d. 334— to Con- 
stantius II., arrives after his death, and 
is received by the emperor Julian, 362. 

Catibah extends the Mohammedan con- 
quests into the valley of the Indus, ,707 
— Alfred the Great employs Sighelm and 

F F 



IND 



434 



IND 



India -rcontinited. 
Athelstan on a. mission to i,he Christian | 
church! in. India, whence they bring 
hack oriental gems and aromatics, 883 
— invasion and conquest by Mahmud the 
Gaznevide, 999. See Gaznah. — Dschin- 
gis khan drives Gelaleddin over the 
Indus, and withdraws, without attempt- 
ing to cross the river, 1222— invasion of 
Timour; Delhi taken, 1399— Mogul go- 
vernors replaced by the Afghan dynasty 
of Behlol Lodi, 1450 — mission from Por- 
tugal by Henry of Viseu, 1461. See Co- 
vilham, Peter.— The Portuguese empire 
founded, 1498. See Gama, Vasco de.— 
Conquests of Baber, 1519-24— Great Mo- 
gul empire founded, 1526— Jesuits in- 
troduced into the Portuguese settle- 
ments, 1542. See Jesuits. — Jelaleddin 
Akbar extendathe Mogul empire, 1566- 
1605— trade with England first opened 
by captain Lancaster, 1591 — East India 
Company formed, 1600. See East India 
Company, English. 

The Dutch attack the Portuguese 
settlements, arid found their East In- 
dia Company, 1595. See Dutch.— Bri- 
tish factory at Surat, 1612 — first voy- 
age of the Danes, 1618— Shabjehan, great 
mogul, 1627-58 — Madras and Fort St. 
George built by the British, 1640 — and 
Hoogley, on the Ganges, 1656— Aurung- 
zebe, great mogul, 1658 - 1707 — Bom- 
bay acquired by the British, 1662— the 
Mahrattas take Surat and overrun the 
Deccan, 1668-72— the French found Pon- 
dicherry, 1679 — Fort William, or Cal- 
cutta, the British Presidency, 1700— 

. decline of the Mogul empire, 1705 — 
Nadir Shah, sultan of Persia, invades 
India, and takes Delhi, 1739— first hosti 
lities between the British and French, 
1744 — Boscawen fails in his attack on 
Pondicherry, 1748 — intrigues of the 
French gov., Dupleix, with the native 
powers, 1750— Clive's first victory, 1751. 
See Clive, Robert— Calcutta taken by 
Al Dowlah, 1756. See Calcutta, and 

. Dowlah, Al. 

Kingdom of Mysore founded, 1760. 
See Hyder All— Progress of the Bri- 
tish ; Patna taken, 1763 — battle of 
Buxar; defeat of the nabob of Oude 
by col. Munro, Oct. 22, 1764 — treaty 
of Allahabad, 1765. See Allahabad, 
and Bengal. — Unsettled state of af- 
fairs after lord Clive's departure ; al- 
liance with the Mahrattas. and war 
with Hyder Ali, 1767. See Hyder All 
— Parliamentary investigation, and Acts 
passed to regulate the government; 
Warren Hastings governor-general, 1772 
„-1773. See Hastings, Warren. — Lord 



PIgot governor of Madras, 1775. See 
Pigot, lord. — Pondicherry taken, Oct. 
11, 1778 — war with Hyder Ali's son, 
Tippoo Saib, 1782 — Bills for the govern- 
ment of India discussed, 1783 — Board of 
Control established, 1784. See Commons, 
House of. — Earl Cornwallis governor- 
general, 1786. See Cornwallis.— Peace 
with Tippoo, 1792— sir John Shore go- 
vernor-general ; civil and criminal 
courts of justice established ; Pondi- 
cherry again taken, 1793 — Ceylon con- 
quered, 1795— lord Wellesley governor- 
general, 1798— war renewed by Tippoo : 
he is slain in the storming of Seringa- 
patam, and Mysore added to the British 
dominions, 1799. 

Mahratta war ; sir Arthur Wellesley 
takes Poonah, and gains the victory 
of Assaye; Agra and Delhi surrender 
to gen. Lake; the great mogul, Shah 
Alim II., pensioned by the E. I. Com- 
pany, and his empire at an end, 1803 
— war with Holkar. See Holkar. — 
Marquis Cornwallis governor - general 
again ; d. two months after his arrival ; 
sir Geo. Barlow administers, 1805 — mu- 
tiny of sepoys at Vellore, July 10, 1806— 
lord Minto gov.-gen., 1807— new charter, 
1813. See East India Company.— Lord 
Moira, afterwards marquis of Hastings, 
gov.-gen., 1813 — bishopric erected, 1814. 
See Calcutta, and Middleton, Thos. 
Fanshawe. — Candy, in Ceylon, taken, 
1815— Pindaree and Mahratta wars, 1817 
— Holkar defeated, the Mahratta power 
broken, and peace concluded, 1818 — 
thanks of parliament voted to the mar- 
quis of Hastings and the Indian army, 
Mar. 23, 1819— lord Amherst gov.-gen., 
1823 — war with the Burmese empire, 1824. 
See Burmese war.— Revolt of Bhurt- 
pore, 1825. See Bhurtpore.— The Sikhs 
powerful in the Punjsuib, under Runjeet 
Singh, 1826— lord Wm. Bentinck gov.- 
gen., 1828— Suttees abolished, 18*9— 
new charter, 1833. See East India 
Company. 

Natives admitted to be magistrates, 
1834— lord Auckland appointed gov.-gen., 
1835— war in Afghanistan, 1838. See 
Cabul, Candahar, Guznek, Akbar 
Khan, and Dost Mahomet. —Lord El- 
len borough appointed gov.-gen., 1841. 
See Ellenborough, lord Edward.— War 
with the Ameers of Scinde ; Hydrabad 
and Gualior taken, 1843— Scinde annexed 
to the British dominions; sir Henry, 
afterwards lord, Hardinge, appointed 
gov.-gen., 1844 — Sikh war, 1845. See 
Sikhs, Sutlej, Ferozeshah, Aliwal, 
1;obraon, Lahore, Moodkee, Moolraj, 
Mooltan, Gough, lord, Shere Singh, 



IND 



435 



INN 



India — continued. 
Chenab, and Chillianwallah. — Danish 
possessions purchased, 1845 — earl of 
Dalhousie appointed governor-general, 
1847— defeat of the Rohillas ; the Sikhs 
finally overcome at Goojerat, surren- 
der to lord Gough, and the Punjaub 
is annexed to the British empire, 1849 — 
the Koh-i-noor diamond, the symbol of 
Indian empire, sent to England ; a Ne- 
paulese ambassador arrives in London, 
1850 — second war with Birmah, 1851. 
See Burmese war, — Peace concluded, 
and Pegu ceded to Great Britain; a new 
Act passed for the government of India, 
1853 — viscount Canning gov .-gen., 1856 
— mutiny of the sepoys, and massacre of 
the British at Meerut, May 10, 1857 — 
Delhi, May 11 — at Benares and Allaha- 
bad, June 4 ; large reinforcements sent 
to the army in India, July and Aug.; 
Delhi recovered from the mutineers, 
Sept. 14-20. 

British Governors-General of 
India : — 
Warren Hastings, 1772—1786. 
Earl Cornwallis, 1786—1793. 
Sir John Shore (lord Teignmouth), 1793 

—1798. 
Lord, afterwards marquis, "Wellesley, 

1798—1805. 
Marquis Cornwallis, dies in two months, 

1805. 
Sir George Hilary Barlow administers, 

1805—1807. 
Lord Minto, 1807—1813. 
Lord Moira (Marquis of Hastings), 1813 

1823 

Lord Amherst, 1823—1828. 

Lord William Bentinck, 1828-1836. 

Lord Auckland, 1836—1842. 

Lord EUenborough, 1842—1845. 

Sir Henry, afterwards viscount, Har- 

dinge, 1845—1848. 
Lord Dalhousie, 1848—1856. 
Viscount Canning, 1856. 
Indian peninsula railway, contract con- 
cluded for the, Aug. 17, 1849. 
Indiana, the eighteenth State of the Ame- 
rican Union, 1816 — the settlement of 
New Harmony founded in, by Robert 
Owen, 1824. 
Indtcopleustes, Cosmas. See Cosmas In- 

DICOPLEUSTES. 

Indictions, the Era of the, commences, 

Sept. 1, 312. 
Indies, West. See West Indies. 
Indulf, k. of Scotland, 953-961. 
Indulgence, plenary, granted by pope 

Boniface VIII. to the Jubilee pilgrims, 

1300. 
Indulgences, papal, validated by a Bull 

of Clement VI., 1343-offered by John 



XXIII. to all who join a crusade against 
Ladislas, k. of Naples, 1411 — sold in fo- 
reign countries, on occasion of the jubi- 
lee, 1500 — their sale resisted by Luther, 
1517 — disputes on the subject forbidden 
by a Bull of Leo X., Nov. 9, 1518— Zuin- 
glius denounces them, 1519. * 

Indus. See India. 

Infant Orphan Asylum, at Wanstead. 
See Albert, prince. 

Infant school, the first, established in 
London, 1818. 

Infanticide. See Constantine I. 

Infernal machine. See Bonaparte, Na- 
poleon, and Louis Philip, king of the 
French. 

Inge, son of Haco, the Bed, divides Sweden 
with his brother and brother-in-law, 
1079. See Halstan, and Sweyn, Blot. 
— After years of civil war and anarchy, 
he becomes sole king, as Inge I., 1099 — 
d. 1112. 

Inge II., king of Sweden, son of Inge I., 
reigns conjointly with his brother, Phi- 
lip, 1112— becomes sole king, 1118— d. 
1129. 

Ingeburga, a Danish princess, married to 
Philip Augustus of France, and divorced 
by him, 1193 — is taken back by him 
through the severe measures of pope 
Innocent III., 1200. 

Ingenuus. See Gallienus. 

Ingethlingam, or Gilling. See Oswiy, 
titular k. of Deiri, 650. 

Ingild, brother of Ina, k. of Wessex, d. 
718. 

Inglis, sir Robert H., h. 1786 — elected 
M.P. for the University of Oxford, Feb. 
1829 — resigns his seat, Jan. 14, 1854— d. 
1855. 

Inglis, Henry Dav., h. 1756— d. 1835. 

Ingoldstadt, university of, founded, 1472. 
See Illuminati. 

Ingram, the rev. Dr., d. 1850. 

Ingria, taken from the Russians by Ste- 
phen Bathori, k. of Poland, 1579 — ob- 
tained by Sweden, 1617 — invaded by the 
czar, Peter I., and recovered by Chai'les 
XII. of Sweden, 1700 — conquered by 
Peter, 1704. 

Ingulf, emigrates to Iceland, 870. 

Ingulf, accompanies William, duke of 
Normandy, on his return from England, 
as his secretary, 1052 — attends the great 
pilgrimage of Siegfried to the Holy 
Land, 1064 — abbot of Croyland, writes 
his History, 1075. 

Ingundis. See Hermengild. 

Ingwar, a leader of the Danes, with Hub- 
ba, occupies East Anglia, 870. 

Inkermann, the Russians signally repulsed 
at, Nov. 5, 1854. 

Inner Temple, society of the, institute*. 



INN 



436 



INN 



previous examinations into the attain- 
ments of candidates for admission to the 
bar, July 10, 1829. 

Inxiskillen. See Enniskillen. 

Innocent I., bp. of Home, 402-417. 

Innocent II., Gregorio de' Papi, cardinal 
di S. Angelo, elected pope, Feb. 15, 1130 
— an anti-pope set up. See Anacletus 
II. — Innocent takes refuge in France, 
and holds a council at Clermont, 1130— 
has an interview with Henry I. of Eng- 
land, at Chartres ; crowns Lothaire II., 
emperor of Germany, at Liege, 1131 — 
joins Lothaire at lioncaglia, 1132— is 
conducted by him to Rome, and crowns 
him there; expelled afterwards by Ana- 
cletus ; retires to Pisa, 1133 — claims 
Apulia and Calabria from the emperor ; 
they compromise their dispute by jointly 
creating Rainulf count of Apulia"; and he 
is again conducted to Rome by Lothaire, 
1137 — death of Anacletus; his party 
elect another anti-pope, whom they style 
Victor III. ; they all soon submit to In- 
nocent, 1138— surprised by Roger, duke 
of Apulia, his army put to flight, and he 
himself taken prisoner, near S. Ger- 
mano, July 22, 1139 — a treaty of peace 
follows, by which the title of k. of Sicily 
is confirmed to Roger, the father of the 
duke, July 25; Innocent d. Sept. 24,1143. 

Innocent III., antipope, elected by the 
schismatic cardinals, 1178— captured and 
banished, 1180. 

Innocent III., pope, Lothaire, son of Thra- 
simund, count di Segno, cardinal of S. 
Sergio e Bacco, elected, Jan. 8, 1198— 
appointed regent in Sicily. See Fre- 
deric II., emperor of Germany. — Adds 
the March of Ancona and duchy of Spo- 
leto to his States, 1198— sends an army 
and defeats Marquard, near Palermo; by 
laying an interdict on France, compels 
Philip Augustus to take back his queen, 
Ingeburga, whom he had divorced, 1200 
— decides, in favour of Otho IV., the dis- 
puted claim to the throne of Germany, 
1201— threatens to excommunicate Henry 
Dandolo, doge of Venice, for detaining 
the fourth crusade in Dalmatia ; lays the 
kingdom of Leon under an interdict, 1202 
— Pedro, k. of Aragon, does him homage 
as his liege lord ; sends a legate to crown 
Joannice, k. of Bulgaria, who acknow- 
ledges his supremacy, 1204— temporizes 
in his policy with the Venetians, who 
resist his interference and disregard his 
threats, 1206 — acknowledges Philip of 
Swabia emperor of Germany ; conse- 
crates Stephen Langton, archbp. of Can- 
terbury; k. John resists him, 1207 — he 
lays England under an interdict; insti- 
gates the crusade against Raymond, | 



count of Toulouse, and the Albigenses, 
1208 — Otho IV., emperor of Germany, 
cedes all the lands of the deceased coun- 
tess, Matilda, to him ; jealousy arises 
between them ; keeps Frederic, king of 
Sicily, under his tutelage, and marries 
him to Constance, daughter of Pedro of 
Aragon, 1209 — excommunicates Otho, 
1210 — arrogates universal dominion, en- 
deavours to transfer Germany to Fre- 
deric of Sicily, and absolves the English 
from their allegiance to John, 1211 — 
issues a Bull deposing John, and giving 
England to Philip Augustus, k. of France, 
1212 — John submits, and does homage 
to the legate, 1213 — after a struggle of 
twelve years, he compels Alfonso IX. of 
Leon to divorce his wife, but acknow- 
ledges the legitimacy of their children, 
1214— attempts to annul Magna Charta 
by a Bull, which Langton refuses to pub- 
lish, and the English barons disregard ; 
exacts a promise from Frederic II., em- 
peror of Germany, to give up Sicily to 
his son, Henry, and to undertake a cru- 
sade in the Holy Land, 1215. See Coun- 
cils, Twelfth General. — Designs to me- 
diate a peace between the Genoese and 
Pisans, and engage them in the project- 
ed crusade ; on his road, he d. at Perugia, 
July 6, 1216. 
Innocent IV., Sinibaldo Fiesco di Lavag- 
na, cardinal of S. Lorenzo, in Lucina, 
elected pope, June 24, 1243— gives Prus- 
sia to the Teutonic Knights, and erects 
four bishoprics there, 1243 — quarrels with 
the emperor Frederic II.; escapes from 
Rome to Lyons, 1244 — holds a council 
there, 1245. See Councils, Thirteenth 
General.— Has a conference at Clugny 
with Louis IX. of France ; refuses all 
terms of accommodation short of Fre- 
deric's entire submission, and urges the 
election of a new emperor in Germany ; 
his agents form conspiracies in Apulia, 
which the emperor puts down; his ex- 
actions cause great discontent in Eng- 
land, France, and Italy, 1246— at his in- 
stigation, William, count of Holland, is ; 
elected k. of the Romans; Parma re- 
covered by the papal party, 1247 — he. re- 
turns to Italy, visits Genoa, Milan, and 
other cities, and fixes his residence in 
Perugia ; excommunicates Frederic's 
son and successor, Conrad; excites re- 
bellion in Sicily and Apulia, which Man- 
fred quells, 1251 — rejects Conrad's pacific 
overtures, 1252 — offers Sicily to Richard, 
earl of Cornwall ; to Edmund, son of 
Henry III. of England, and to Charles 
of Anjou ; appoints a canon whom Gros- 
setete, bp. of Lincoln, refuses to admit, 
and protests against the power he as- 



INN 



437 



ItfQ 



fames, 1253 — Manfred submits, and is 
driven to take up arms again ; Innocent 
advances with a strong force into Apu- 
lia, is defeated at Foggia, and d. at Na- 
ples, Dec. 7, 1254. 

Innocent V., pope, cardinal Peter da Ta- 
rantasia, bp. of Ostia, elected, Jan. 21 ; 
d. June 22, 1276. 

Innocent VI., pope, cardinal Stefano di 
Alberto, bp. of Ostia, elected, Dec. 18, 
1352 — makes a vain effort to restore 
peace between Castile and Aragon, and 
turn their arms against the infidels, 1359 
— invites into Italy a number of soldiers 
disbanded from the English army, 1361 
— d. Sept. 12, 1362. 

Innocent VII., pope, cardinal Cosmo de' 
Migliorati da Solmona, bp. of Bologna, 
elected during the Great Schism, in op- 
position to Benedict XIII., Oct. 17, 1404 
—d. Nov. 6, 1406. 

Innocent VIII., pope, Gian-Battista Cibo, 
cardinal of S. Cecilia, elected Aug. 29, 
1484 — encourages rebellion in Naples 
against Ferdinand I., 1486 — excommu- 
nicates and deposes him, 1489 — receives 
ambassadors from Bajazet and Kaitbai, 
sultan of Egypt, 1490. See Zizim. — d. 
July 25, 1492. 

Innocent IX., pope, Gian- Antonio Facchi- 
netti, cardinal Santiquattro of Bologna, 
elected Oct. 29 ; d. Dec. 30, 1591. 

Innocent X., pope, cardinal Gian-Battista 
Pamfilio, elected Sept. 15, 1644 — govern- 
ed by his sister-in-law, Olympia Malda- 
chini ; issues a Bull, to which no atten- 
tion is paid , declaring the treaty of M un- 
ster void, 1648— d. Jan. 7, 1655. 

Innocent XI., pope, cardinal Benedetto 
Odescalchi, b. 1611 — elected Sept. 21, 
1676— claims the revenues of the vacant 
benefices in France, and is resisted by 
Louis XIV., 1680 — a national council 
convoked to settle the dispute, 1681 — he 
resists its decision, 1682 — blames the 
imprudence of James II., k. of Great 
Britain, 1685 — annuls the privileges of 
foreign ambassadors inEome ; Louis re- 
fuses to give them up, and sends the 
marquis of Lavardin with an armed re- 
tinue of 750 attendants, Nov. 16. 1687— 
the French ambassador behaves himself 
with such arrogance at Rome that the 
pope recalls his nuncio from Paris; 
Louis prevents his departure, 1688 — In- 
nocent d. Aug. 12, 1689. 

Innocent XII., Antonio Pignatelli, cardi- 
nal, 1681 ; pope, July 12, 1691 — issues a 
Bull condemning the nepotism of his 
predecessor, and forbidding it in future, 
1692— Louis XIV. yields to him; Inno- 
cent prohibits the sale of offices in is 
court, Oct. 23, 1693— d. Sept. 27, 1700 



Innocent XIIL, pope, cardinal Michael 
Angelo de' Conti. elected May 8, 1721 — 
— d. Mar. 7, 1724.' 
Inns of Court, originally London Law 
Schools : 

Lincoln's Inn, founded 1310, in a pa- 
lace built by Henry de Lacy, earl of Lin- 
coln. See Lincoln's Inn. t 

Inner and Middle Temple, founded 
1340, out of estates seized from the 
Knights Templars. See Knights Tem- 
plars, Temple, and Inner Temple. 

Gray's Inn, 1357; buildings erected, 
1687. 

Clifford's Inn, 1345. 

Staples Inn, 1415. 

Lyon's Inn, 1420. 

Serjeants' Inn, Fleet Street, 1429. 

Barnard's Inn, 1445. 

Clement's Inn, 1471. 

New Inn, 1485. 

Thavies' Inn, 1519 ; dissolved, 1768. 

Outer Temple, 1560. 

Furnival's Inn, 1563. 

Serjeants' Inn, Chancery Lane, 1666. 
Inoculation for the small-pox introduced 
by lady M ary Wortley M ontague, 1721 — 
ordered by Katharine II. to be univer- 
sally practised at St. Petersburg, 1773. 
See Vaccination. 
Inquisition, first introduced in the perse- 
cution of the Waldenses, 1206 — more 
effectually organized for the suppres- 
sion of heresy by the council of Tou- 
louse, 1229 — its tribunals established 
by pope Gregory IX., at Toulouse and 
Carcassone, 1232— resisted in Germany. 
See Conrad of Marburg. — Introduced 
into Spain by cardinal Ximenes, 1480 — 
its severities excite revolt in Aragon, 
1486 — its introduction in Naples resisted, 
1504 — established at Palermo, 1513— in 
Portugal, 1526 — insurrection against it 
at Naples, 1547 — restored by pope Paul 
IV., 1555— begins its Reign of Terror in 
Spain, and is introduced by cardinal 
Granvelle into the Netherlands ; the 
people of Rome break open its prison, 
set the captives free, pull down its pa- 
lace, and destroy its records, 1559 - - 
harasses Naples, 1561 — Philip II. of 
Spain attempts to introduce it among 
the Milanese ; they successfully resist, 
1563 — employed by him in the Nether- 
lands, 1565 — its dungeons filled with 
prisoners by Pius V.. 1567 — condemns 
the archbp. of Toledo to death ; and 
Don Carlos, consigned into its power by 
his father, dies in its prison, 1568 — in- 
troduced into Spanish America, 1570 — 
abolished in Tuscany and Naples, 1782— 
abolished in Spain by Napoleon, 1808— 
by the Spanish Cortes, 1813 — restored 



INU 



438 



inu 



by Ferdinand VII., and by pope Pius 
VII., 1814— its Acts ordered to be burnt 
at Goa, by John, the regent of Portugal, 

. May 27, 1815— abolished by Ferdinand 
VII., 1820. 

Inspruck. See Charles V., emperor, 1552. 
— Taken by the elector of Bavaria 
(Maximilian Emanuel), who is soon ex- 
pelled by the peasantry, 1703 — entered 
by the French marshal, Lefebvre, May 
19, 1809. See Ferdinand, emperor of 
Austria. 

Institutes. See Justinian I., emperor of 
Rome. 

Institution, the Royal, founded, 1799. 

" Instrument," The. See Cromwell, Oli- 
ver. 

Ixsubres, a Keltic tribe north of the Po, 
defeated by the Roman consul, Flami- 
nius, B.C. 223. 

Insurance Office, against fire, the first 
set up by Dr. Barton, 1667. 

Insurrection Act. See Ireland, 1822 
and 1833. 

Insurrections. See the names of the 
sovereigns, leaders, or countries connect- 
ed with them. 

InteramnjE. See Gallus, emperor of 
Rome. 

Interdict, a suspension of all the rites of 
the church, in a city or country which 
offends a pope ; laid on England by In- 
nocent III., 1208. See John, k, of Eng- 
land.— Again, by Paul III., and treated 
with contempt by Henry VIII. and his 
subjects, 1535— tried again, with as little 
effect, by Sixtus V., against qu. Eliza- 
beth, 1587— laid, by Paul V., on Venice, 
for having exercised civil jurisdiction 
over ecclesiastics; the republic defies 
him, and orders all religious observances 
to be continued as usual, 1606. 

Interim, the first, a decree of the Diet of 
Ratisbon, refers the religious differences 
of Germany to a general council, 1541 — 
a second, issued by Charles V. at the 
Diet of Augsburg, satisfies neither party ; 
that of Leipsic, prepared at the same 
time by the elector Maurice, is accepted 
by some Protestants, 1548— Charles em- 
ploys force to establish his, and is re- 
sisted by Maurice, 1551 — compelled to 
revoke it, 1552. 

Interim treaty concluded between Aus- 
tria and Prussia, Sept 30, 1849. 

International copyright. See Copy- 
right. 

Inundations, frequent, in ancient Rome ; 
all the low grounds overflowed and many 
buildings destroyed soon after the first 
Punic war, B.C. 242— in the time of Au- 
gustus, witnessed by Horace, about 28— 
in oarly Britain, from the Humber a.d. 



95 and 125— from the Severn, 80 and 115 
— from the Trent, 214 — from the Tweed, 
218 — from the sea, in Lincolnshire, 245 — 
from the Severn, 330 and 350— from the 
Dee, in Cheshire, 353, 387, 415— of the 
sea, on the eastern coast, 575 — at Glas- 
gow, 758 — Rome flooded by the Tiber, 
Jan. 856 — England and Flanders, by the 
sea, 1014-Gloucestershire,by the Severn, 
1046— the Godwin Sands formed, 1100— 
Malamocco, at Venice, devastated, 1106 

— Ostend, in Flanders, overwhelmed, 
1108— the Zuyder Zee formed, 1231. See 
Holland. — 300 houses destroyed at Win- 
chelsea by the sea, 1280 — the Dollart 
Bay formed in East Friesland, and Bies 
Bosch lake, in Holland, 1446 — sudden 
rise of the Severn, in Gloucestershire, 
1483— bursting of the dykes in Holland, 
400,000 people said to be drowned, 1530 

— the Thames overflows at Dagen- 
ham, in Essex, Dec. 17, 1707 — destruc- 
tive incursions of the sea in Zealand, 
Holland, East Friesland, and Holstein, 
1717 — Ripon flood in Yorkshire, May 18, 
1722 — Bilboa, in Spain, greatly damaged, 
April, 1762— Dublin and its vicinity, by 
the Liffey, Nov. 12, 1787— Kirkwall, in 
Scotland, by the bursting of a dyke, Oct. 
4, 1788 — many parts of England, by a 
rapid thaw, Feb. 1795 — Lorca, in Spain, 
by the bursting of a reservoir, April 14, 
1802 — Lincolnshire, by the breaking 
down of the sea-banks, Nov. 10, 1810 — 
many villages in Hungary swept away 
by the Danube, April, 1811— many lives 
lost in Shropshire by a water-spout, May 
27 ; and in Holmfirth,near Huddersfield, 
by the bursting of a reservoir, Nov. 29, 
1811 — Austria, Hungary, and Poland 
suffer; an island in the Danube, near 
Widin, swept away, Sept. 14,1812 — a 
flood in Silesia assists the defeat of the 
French under Macdonald, 1813 — Stra- 
bane, in Ireland, parts of Durham and 
Northumberland, and many villages in 
Germ any, laid under water by the mel ting 
of the snow, Jan. 2, 1816— floods, caused 
by incessant rain, destroy the harvest in 
Guelderland and Zutphen, 1816 — the fen 
counties in England deluged, June, 1819 
— St. Petersburg devastated by an inun- 
dation of the Neva, Nov. 19, 1824— the 
Vistula breaks its dykes near Dantzic, 
and destroys buildings, cattle, and many 
human lives, April 9, 1829 — Vienna 
under water, Feb. 1830 — destructive 
floods, from long-continued rains, in 
China, Oct. 1833-in the south of France, at 
Lyons, Avignon, Marseilles, and Nismes, 
Nov. 4, 1840— at Brentford, Jan. 16, 1S41 
— the Loire rises twenty feet in oaa 
night; bridges and railway destrcvsS, 



IOW 



439 



IEE 



Oct. 22, 1846— Holmfirth, near Hudders- 
field, flooded by the bursting of a reser- 
voir; many lives lost, and factories over- 
thrown, Feb. 4. 1852— destructive over- 
flow of the Rhine and the Rhone, Sept. 
19, 1852— Hamburg, by the Elbe Jan. 1, 
1855 — awful, iu south of France, May 
and June, 1856. 

Inverness, taken by Robert Bruce, k. of 
Scotland, 1313. 

"Invincible," man-of-war, wrecked on the 
coast of Norfolk, Mar. 20, 1801. 

Ion, of Chios, historian and tragedian, ex- 
hibits his first drama, B.C. 451. 

Ion a, or Hy, a celebrated island on the 
coast of Ross-shire. See Columba, and 
Egbert, a noble Saxon. 

Iones, a Pelasgic tribe, living in Attica, 
B.C. 1556— part of them proceed into the 
Peloponnesus, about 1360. See Ionians. 

Ionia. See Ionians. 

Ionian alphabet, adopted at Athens, b.c. 
403. 

Ionian, or Seven, Islands, composed of 
Corfu, Cephalonia, Sta Maura, Theaki, 
Paxos, Zante and Cerigo. See their early 
history under their separate names ; also 
under Phranza and Tocco.— Part of 
the Venetian dominions, assigned to 
France by the treaty of Canipo Formio, 
1797_taken by a Russian and Turkish 
fleet, March 1, 1799— made a Republic 
under Russian protection, with a consti- 
tution drawn up by Capo d'Istrias, 1800— 
agitated by popular commotions, 1802— 
receive a new constitution, 1803— ceded 
.to France by the treaty of Tilsit, 1807— 
—taken by lord Collingwood, Oct. 1, 1809 
—placed under the protection of Great 
Britain by treaty, Nov. 5, 1815. 

Ionians. See Iones.— Greek colonists first 
settle in Asia Minor, B.C. 1043— found 
there and in the adjacent islands at dif- 
ferent times, twelve cities or States, 
Ephesus, Colophon, Lebedos, Teos, Cla- 
zomenae, Phocaea, Miletus, Myos, Priene, 
Chios, Erythrsea and Samos ; first at- 
tacked by Cyrus, 544— conquered, 537— 
revolt, 501— burn Sardis, and are de- 
feated near Ephesus, 499— lose Clazo- 
mense, 497— Miletus besieged, 495— their 
fleet defeated near the isle of Lade, and 
the war terminated by the surrender of 
Miletus and Samos, 494— restored to in- 
dependence, 449. See Greece.— Occu- 
pied by a Persian army under Cyrus the 
younger, 407— invaded by the Lacedae- 
monians, 399— successful campaign of 
Agesilaus II., who winters at Ephesus, 
396— abandoned to the Persians by An- 
talcidas, in his treaty of peace, 387. 

Iowa, a new State, joins the North Ame- 
rican Union, 1846. 



Ipato, Orso, doge of Venice. See Orso. 

Iphicrates, the Athenian general, in his 
first campaign defeats Agesilaus, b.c. 392 
— commands the Athenian fleet in the 
Hellespont, 389 — blockades the Lace- 
daemonian fleet at Abydos, 388— assists 
the Persian invasion of Egypt with an 
army of mercenaries ; quarrels with 
Pharnabazus, and the expedition fails, 
374 — maintains the naval superiority of 
Athens, 372 — protects Eurydice, widow, 
and Perdiccas and Philip, sons, of Amyn- 
tas II. of Macedon, 365 — accused of 
misconducting the Social war, but ac- 
quitted, 355. 

Iphitus restores the Olympic games at 
Elis, b.c. 884. 

Ipsilanti, Alexander, heads the Greek in- 
surrection ; is defeated, and takes refuge 
in Hungary, where he is imprisoned at 
Mongatz, 1821 — is released by the em- 
peror of Austria, 1828— but d. soon after. 

Ipsilanti, Demetrius, takes his brother's 
place against the Turks, and establishes 
a provisional government, 1821. 

Ipsus, in Phrygia, battle of; Antigonus 
defeated by Ptolemy Soter, Seleucus, and 
Lysimachus, B.C. 301. 

Ipswich, in the Saxon times, Gippeswic, 
ravaged by the Danes, 991. See Or- 
well. — Wolsey born there, 1471 — founds 
a school, 1525 — railway from London and 
Colchester opened, June 15, 1846 — to 
Bury St. Edmunds, Dec. 24. 

Irak, the Media of antiquity, submits to 
Abdelmelik, 690— invaded by Timour, 
1357— by the Persians, 1775— restored to 
the Turks, 1779. 

Iran. See Persia. 

Ireland, the Iar-innis or Western Isle of 
the Kelts, called by the Romans Hiber- 
nia, Juverna, Iveraia, Ierne, and by the 
Anglo-Saxons Eirin or Erin ; Succuth, 
a Scot, afterwards named St. Patrick, 
preaches Christianity to the natives, 433. 
See Patrick, St.— Learning cultivated in 
some monasteries, 680-700— invaded by 
Northumbrians, 684. See Beort and 
Egfrid.— By Danes, 795-812. See Danes 
and B anchor.— Its people invade Eng- 
land, 937. See Athelstan.— Elgiva sent 
there, 938. See Elgiva.— Brian Boro- 
imhe reigns at Tara, 1002— battle of 
Clontarf, 1039. See Brian Boroimhe 
and Danes.— Submitted to Henry II. of 
England by pope Adrian IV., 1156— Der- 
mot, k. of Leinster, solicits the aid of 
Henry II. against his rival, Ruderic 
O'Connor, 1161 — Richard Strongbow, 
Maurice Fitzgerald, and other knights, 
land and take Wexford, Waterford, and 
Dublin, 1169— Henry II. lands at Water- 
ford with an army, his own knights and 



HEN 



400 



HEN 



Hbnby tfte Fowler, son of the duke of 
Saxony, b. 876 — succeeds his father as 
duke, 912— elected k. of Germany, 918 — 
Lotharingen is given up to him, 923— 
conquers the Slavonians, and establishes 
the margraviate of Brandenburg, 926 — 
besieges Prague, and is acknowledged 
superior lord of Bohemia; his son, Otho, 
marries Elizabeth, sister of Athelstan, 
k. of England, 930 — conquers the Hun- 
garians at Merseburg, 934— d. 936. 

Henry II., emperor of Germany, succeeds 
his father as duke of Bavaria, 995— 
elected k. of Germany, 1002— he trans- 
fers the duchy of Bavaria to Henry IV., 

• brother of his qu. Cunegonda ; defeats 

, Ardouin, conquers a great part of Italy, 
and is crowned k. at Pavia, 1004 — repels 
Boleslas of Poland, who had attacked 

. Bohemia, 1005— is opposed by the bp. of 
Wiirzburg in his designs to erect a 
bishopric at Bamberg, 1006 — founds the 

. bishopric ; restrains the encroachments 
of Baldwin, count of Flanders, and con- 
tinues the war against Boleslas, 1007— 
prevents the election of his brother-in- 
law, Adalbert to the archbishopric of 
Treves, and deposes Henry IV. of Ba- 
varia, 1008— represses, and punishes a 
revolt in Lotharingen, 1011 — deposes Ja- 
romir, and appoints Udalric, duke of Bo- 
hemia, 1012 — makes peace with Boleslas, 
and marches into Italy, 1013— conducts 

. pope Benedict VIII. back to Rome, and 
is crowned emperor of the West, Feb. 24, 
1014— the pope visits him, and requests 
him to stop the progress of the Greeks 

: in Italy, 1020— he enters Italy with an 
army, 1021 — after having gained some 
advantages in Apulia, he returns to Ger- 
many, 1022-d. July 13, 1024. 

Henby III., emperor of Germany, son of 
Conrad II , b. 1017— crowned at Aix-la- 
Chapelle, as bis father's destined suc- 
cessor, 1028 — defeats Udalric, duke of 
Bohemia, 1034 — marries Canute's daugh- 
ter, Gunhild, 1036— she dies, 1038— be- 
comes k. of Germany and duke of Suabia, 

. on the death of his father, 1039— recon- 
ciled to Aribert, archbp of Milan, 1040. 
See Aribebt, archbp. of Milan. — M arries 

. Agnes, daughter of William, duke of 
Poictiers, 1043— enters Italy with his 
army, and is crowned emperor at Rome, 
1046 — restores Capua to Pandulf, con- 
firms the Normans, Drogo and Rainulph, 
in their titles and possessions; and gives 
the duchy of Carinthia with the March 
of Verona to Guelf, third count of that 
name, 1047 — Baldwin V., count of Flan- 
ders, and Godfrey IV., duke of Lorraine, 

, rebel; the imperial palace at Nime^uen 
burnt; they submit to. Henry, 1049 — 



birth of his son Henry, 1050— pope Leo 
IX. visits Germany ; endeavours to stop 
the war between the emperor and An- 
drew, k. of Hungary, and to obtain as- 
sistance from him against the Normans, 
1052 — his son is created duke of Bavaria, 
and acknowledged k. of Germany, 1053 
—Henry confers with Hildebrand, who 
is deputed to consult him on the choice 
of a new pope; claims Tuscany as a fief 
of his empire, and detains Beatrice, one 
of the guardians of the young duchess 
Matilda, in captivity, 1055— d. Oct. 5, 1056. 
Henry IV., emperor of Germany, son ol 
Henry III., b. 1050— created duke of Ba- 
varia, and acknowledged k. of Germany, 
1053— succeeds his father under the re- 
gency of the empress Agnes, assisted by 
pope Victor II., 1056. See Agnes, 
daughter of Wm. of Poictiers.— Hanno, 
archbp. of Cologne, seizes him, and 
makes himself regent, 1062 — Adalbert, 
archbp. of Bremen, insinuates himself 
into his favour, 1063 — Henry enters Italy 
with an army, which he suddenly with- 
draws; Adalbert abuses his influence, 
and is banished from court, 1066— Henry 
marries Bertha, daughter of Otho, mar- 
quis of Susa, 1067— calls a council at 
Mentz to annul his marriage ; the di- 
vorce prevented by the papal legate 
Peter Damiano, 1069— he gives the duchy 
of Bavaria to Guelf IV., 1071 — the 
Saxons and Thuringians revolt against 
him, 1073 — Gregory VII. sends his 
legates to admonish him, 1074 — he de- 
feats the Saxons at Hohenburg, and be- 
gins his resistance to the pretensions of 
pope Gregory, 1075 — holds the Diet of 
Worms, and deposes the pope; is ex- 
communicated by the council of Rome, 
and his subjects absolved from their al- 
legiance ; gives Lower Lorraine to his 
son Conrad, and Antwerp to Godfrey of 
Bouillon, 1076— submits to Gregory at 
Canossa, 1077 — prepares for war against 
Rudolf of Suabia, who had been elected 
k. of Germany in opposition to him, 1077 
— defeated by Rudolf, and appeals to 
Gregory, 1078— gives Suabia to Frederic 
of Hohenstauffen, 1079— defeated at the 
battle of Fladenheim, Jan. 27 ; excom- 
municated and deposed by a council at 
Rome ; calls another council at Brixen, 
which deposes Gregory, and elects Cle- 
ment III.; battle of Zeiz, Oct. 15; Rudolf 
defeated and slain; Henry's party gains 
strength, 1080 — invades Italy, and takes 
Rome; Hermann of Luxemburg, elected 
by the German princes, gains a victory 
at Hochstadt, 1081— Henry again be- 
sieges Rome, 1083, which surrenders 
March 21, 1084— crowned emperor bt 



HEN 



401 



HEN 



Henry IV.— continued. 
pope Clement III., March 31 ; besieges 
Gregory in the castle of S. Angelo; re- 
tires, on the approach of Robert Guis- 
card, into Lombardy, 1084 — defeated by 
the Saxons and Suabians at Wiirzburg, 
1086 — the Diet of Spires makes a fruit- 
less effort to restore peace in Germany, 
1087 — defeated by Egbert, marquis of 
Saxony ; Gtielf, duke of Bavaria, takes 
Augsburg; death of the empress Bertha, 
and of the imperial pretender, Hermann, 
1088 — excommunicated by pope Urban 
II.; many German princes come over to 
him ; he marries Adelaide, a Russian 
princess, widow of Otho, marquis of 
Brandenburg, 1089 — he invades Italy, 
and lays siege to Mantua, 1090— Mantua 
and Ravenna surrender to him, 1091 — 
he still asserts the title of Clemeut III. 
to the papacy, and assists him to hold 
S. Angelo, 1092 — his son, Conrad, rebels, 
and is crowned k. of Italy at Milan, 1093 
— the empress Adelaide leaves him, and 
accuses him of ill-treatment before the 
council of Constance, 1094— again excom- 
municated by the council of Clermont ; 
Guelf IV., duke of Bavaria, and his son 

. Guelf V., join his party, and abandon 
that of the pope, 1095 — he protects the 
German Jews, 1097 — his son, Henry, is 
appointed his father's successor by the 
Diet of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1099— death of 
his son Conrad, 1101 — again excommu- 
nicated by pope Pascal II., 1102 — his son, 
Henry, invited by the papal party, rebels 
against him, 1104 — interview between 
them at Elbingen, a Diet is called at 
Mentz for a settlement of their dispute, 
1105 - Henry IV. resigns his crown, soon 
after which he d. at Liege, Aug. 7, 1106.. 

Henry V., emperor of Germany, son of 
Henry IV., b. 1081 — appointed his fa- 
ther's successor, 1099. See Henry IV. 
— On his accession asserts his right to 

. appoint bishops, 1106— the question an- 
grily discussed at the council of Troyes, 
1107 — contracted to Matilda, daughter 
of Henry I. of England, 1109 — the prin- 
cess is sent into Germany with her 
dowry ; he marches into Italy with a 
powerful army, 1110 — enters Rome : 
bloody contests between his soldiers and 
the people, and is crowned emperor by 
pope Pascal II.; visits the countess Ma- 
tilda, and appoints her his viceregent in 
Italy, 1111— solemnizes his marriage 
with the princess Matilda at Mentz, 1114 
— he disputes with the pope the posses- 
sion of the States of the countess Ma- 
tilda, 1115— takes possession of them, 
»nd is excommunicated by another coun- 
cil held in the Lateran, 1116— marches 

VOL. I. 



to Rome, the pope retires to Monte Ca 
sino, and then to Beneventum ; Henry is 
crowned a second time by the archbp. of 
Braga, 1117— and makes him pope under 
the name of Gregory VIII., 1118. See 
Braga, archbp. of; and Gregory, anti- 
pope. — The people of Saxony revolt, 1121 
— the dispute with the pope respecting 
the right of investiture, compromised 
by the Diet of Worms, 1122— d. at 
Utrecht, May 22nd, 1125. 

Henry VI., emperor of Germany, son of 
Frederic I., b. 1165 — elected k. of the 
Romans, 1169 — marries Constance, heir- 
ess of the throne of Sicily, 1186 — op- 
posed by Tancred, who is invited by the 
Sicilians, and supported by pope Clement 
III., 1189 — succeeds in Germany on the 
death of his father; the count of An- 
dria, his general, defeated and slain at 
Ascoli, 1190 — is crowned emperor at 
Rome ; besieges Naples ; loses his army 
by sickness, and withdraws ; Constance 
is made prisoner at Salerno, released by 
Tancred, 1191 — Henry imprisons Richard 
I. of England, 1192 — releases him for a 
ransom ; conquers Apulia and Sicily, 
1194 — gives to his brother Philip Tus- 
cany and all the territories vacant by 
the death of duke Guelf, 1195— obtains 
the election of his son Frederic to be k. 
of the Romans, 1196 — d. at Messina, Sept. 
28, 1197. 

Heniiy VII., of Luxemburg, emperor of 
Germany, b. 1264 — chosen by the electors, 
1308 — obtains the throne of Bohemia 
for his son John ; proceeds with a large 
army to Italy ; restores Matteo Visconte 
at Milan, and tries to allay the violence 
of the two factions ; Robert, k. of Naples, 
and chief of the Guelf party, secretly 
opposes him, 1310— he and his queen, 
Margaret, are crowned at Milan; he 
makes many fruitless efforts to restore 
peace among the Italian cities ; the 
plague breaks out in his army; hisqu. 
falls a victim to it, 1311 — crowned em- 
peror in the Lateran church by three 
cardinals, 1312 — makes an alliance with 
Frederic of Sicily, and gives one of his 
daughters in marriage to his son Peter, 
1312— prepares, in conjunction with the 
Genoese and Sicilians, to attack Robert 
of Naples, but d. suddenly at Buoncon- 
vento, near Sienna, Aug. 24, 1313. 

Henry L, k. of Castile, son of Alfonso 
VIII., b. 1203— succeeds his father, 1214 
— d. 1217. 

Henry II., de Trastamare, k. of Castile, 
son of Alfonso XI. and Eleanora de 
Guzman, b. 1331 — persecuted by Peter 
the Cruel, 1351— claims the crown of Cas- 
tile, and is supported by Pedro IV. ot 
o v 



IRE 



442 



IKE 



Ireland, Chief Governors of— continued. 
Philip de Braos, or Philippa of 

Worcester, Proc 1184 

Prince John, again. Gov Apr., 1186 

John de Courcy, earl of Ulster, L. 

Lieut Sept., 1185 

Richard I. 
Hugh de Lacy, the Younger, lord of 

Meath, L. Justice 1189 

William Petit, L. Justice 1191 

Win., earl of Pembroke, E. marshal 
of England and Seneschal of Ul- 
ster, Gov 1191 

Peter Pipard, L. Dep 1194 

Hamode Valois, a gent, of Suffolk, 

L. Justice 1197 

John. 
Meiler Fitz Henry (natural son of 

Henry I.), L. Justice 1199 

Hugh de Lacy, the Younger, lord of 

Meath, L. Dep 1203 

Meiler Fitz Henry, again, L. Jus- 
tice 1205 

King John, in person, lord of Ireland, 

June 8, 1210 
John de Gray, baron of Norwich, 

L. Justice Aug. 30, 1210 

Hen. de Loundres, abp. of Dublin, 

L. Justice July 23, 1213 

Geffry de Mariscis, Custos, July 6, 1215 
Henry III. 

Geffry de Mariscis, continued 1216 

Hen. de Loundres, again ...Apr. 23, 1219 
William, earl Marshal, the Younger, 

L. Justice 1224 

Geffry de Mariscis, again, L. Jus- 
tice Aug. 1, 1226 

Hubert de Burg, afterwards earl of 
Kent, and of Connaught, and chief 
justice of England, L. Justice 

Mar. 10, 1227 
Richard de Burgo, L. Dep., Mar. 10, 1227 

Maurice Fitzgerald, L. Justice 1229 

Geffry de Mariscis, again, L. Dep., 1230 
Maurice Fitzgerald, again, L. .Jus- 
tice Sept. 2, 1232 

Sir John Fitzgeffry de Mariscis, L. 

Justice Nov. 4, 1245 

Theobald Butler, lord of Carrick, 

and John Cogan, Lords Justices, 1247 
Sir John Fitzgeffry de Mariscis, 

again, L. Justice 1248 

Prince Edward, son of Henry III., 

L.Lieut ...1252 

Alan de la Zouch, formerly chief 
justice of the King's Bench in 

England, L. Justice 1255 

Stephen de Longespee, son of the 

earl of Salisbury, L. Justice 1259 

William Den, L. Justice 1260 

Sir Richard de Rapella, or Capella, 
L. Justice - 1261 



Sir John Fitzgeffry de Mariscis, 
again, L. Justice 1266 

Sir David de Barry, L. Justice 1267 

Sir Robert de Ufford, L. Justice ... 1268 

Richard de Exonia, or d'Exter, L. 
Justice 1269 

Sir James Audley, or d'Adlithal, 
L. Justice 1270 

Maurice Fitz-Maurice Fitzgerald, 

L. Justice June 28, 1272 

Edward I. 

The same, continued 1272 

Sir Geffry de Genoville, L. Justice, 

Oct., 1273 

Sir Robert de Ufford, L. Justice ... 1276 

Stephen de Fulburn, bp. of Water- 
ford, and Treas. of Ireland, L. Dep., 1277 

Sir Robert de Ufford, again, L. Jus- 
tice 1277 

Stephen de Fulburn, again, L. Dep., 1279 

Sir Robert de Ufford, again, L. Jus- 
tice 1280 

Stephen de Fulburn, again, L. Jus- 
tice 1282 

John Saundford, abp. of Dublin, L. 
Justice 1287 

Wm. Vesey, of Yorkshire, L. Justice, 

Nov. 15, 1290 

Wm. de la Hay, C. Justice of the 
K. B. in Ireland, L. Dep 1293 

Wm. de Odingsele, or Dodingsele, 
L. Justice 1294 

Thomas Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, 
Nappagh, L. Justice Apr. 3, 1295 

Sir John Wogan, L. Justice, Oct. 18, 1295 
and again Oct., 1298 

Wm. de Ross, prior of Kilmainham, 
L. Dep 1301 

Sir Maurice de Kochford, L. Dep. ... 1302 

Sir John Wogan, again, L. Justice, 1302 
Edward II. 

The same, continued 1307 

Sir Wm. Bourk, Dep. Custos, Aug., 1308 

Pierce de Gavaston, earl of Corn- 
wall, L. Lieut June 15, 1308 

Sir John Wogan, again, L. Justice, 

June 23, 1309 

Sir Edmund Butler, Dep. Custos ... 1312 

Sir Theobald de Verdun, L. Cons., 1314 

Sir Edmund Butler, again, Custos and 
Sir Roger Mortimer, afterwards 
earl of March, L. Justice, Apr. 23, 1317 

Wm. Fitz John, abp. of Cashel, L. 
Chan., Dep. Custos Mar. 6, 1318 

Alex. Byknor, abp. of Dublin, L. 
Dep Oct. 7, 1318 

Sir Robert (Roger) Mortimer, again, 
L. Justice 1319 

Thomas Fitz John Fitzgerald, earl 

of Kildare, L.Dep 1320 

John Bermingham,loid Atlnrdeeund 
earl of Louth, L. Justice 132 

Sir John D'Arcy, L. Dep. ...Feb. 2. 1322 



IRE 



443 



IRE 



Ireland, Chief Governors of — continued. 

Ralph de Gorges, L. Dep Apr., 1322 

Sir Thomas Bourk, L. Dep 1323 

Sir John D'Arcy, again, L. Justice, 1324 

Edward III. 
Thos. Fitz John Fitzgerald, earl of 

Kildare, again, L. Justice ...Feb., 1326 
Roger Outlawe,prior of Kilmainham, 

and L. Chan., L. Justice ...Mar., 1328 
Sir John D'Arcy, again, L. Justice, 1329 

Roger Outlawe, again, L. Dep 1329 

James Botiller (Butler), earl of Or- 

mond, L. Lieut Mar. 1, 1329 

Roger Outlawe, again, L. Dep.,May 31, 1330 
Sir Antony Lacy, L. Lieut., June 3, 1331 
Sir John D'Arcy, again, L. Justice, 

Feb. 13, 1332 
Sir Thos. de Burgh, Cler. and L. 

Treas., L. Dep July 16, 1333 

Sir John D'Arcy, again, L. Justice, 1334 
Roger Outlawe, or Utlagh, prior of 

St. John of Jerusalem, L. Custos, 1335 

And again 1336 

Nicholas, bishop of Waterford,L. J. 1337 

Sir John de Cherleton, L. J 1337 

Thos. de Cherleton, bp. of Hereford, 

lord deputy to his brother 1338 

Sir John Morys, lord-deputy to lord 

John d'Arcy 1341 

Sir Ralph de Ufford. L. J 1344 

Sir John Morys, L. J Apr. 7, 1346 

Sir Roger d'Arcy, L. J Apr. 10, 1346 

Walter de Bermyngham, L. J. 

May 19, 1346 
Maurice, E. of Desmond, L. J. 

July 30, 1355 

Sir Thomas de Rokeby, L. J 1356 

John de Boukton, L. Treas., L.J .... 1356 
Sir Almaric de St. Amand, L. J. 

Aug. 2, 1357 
Maurice Fitz-Thomas, L. Dep. 

Nov. 8, 1357 

Lionel, duke of Clarence 1361 

Sir Thos. Dale, L. Dep. 1365 

Gerald, E. of Desmond, L. J 1367 

Sir William de Wyndsor, L. Lieut. 

June 20,1369 
Maurice, E. of Kildare, L. Dep. 

Mar. 22, 1371 
Sir Robert de Ash ton, L. J. Apr. 28, 1372 
Ralph O'Hayne, or Che3ny, L. Dep. 1372 
Wm. Taney, prior of St. John's of 

Jerusalem, L. J Dee. 3, 1372 

Sir Wm. de Wyndsor, L. Lieut. 

Sept. 20, 1373 
James, E. of Ormond, L. J. Jan. 20, 1377 
Richard II. 

The same, continued 1377 

Edmund Mortimer, earl of March 

and Ulster, L. J Jan. 24, 1379 

John Colton, Dean of St. Patrick's, 

L. J Jan. 10, 1381 



Roger, earl of March and Ulster, 

L. Lieut Jan. 21, 1381 

Sir Thos. de Mortimer, L. Dep. to 

his nephew, a minor ...March 3, 1381 
SL. Richard II., patent for himself, 

Oct. 10, 1384 
Sir John de Stanley, L. Lieut., Aug.l. 13J39 
Alexander de Balscot, or Petit, bp. 

of Meath, L. J Oct. 1391 

James, E. of Ormond, L. J., May 31, 1393 
Thomas of Woodstock, duke of 

Gloucester, L. Lieut July, 1393 

K. Richard II., patent again for 

himself Oct. 2, 1393 

Roger Mortimer, E. of March, sworn 

L. Lieut July 4, 1395 

slain by rebels July 20, 1398 

Thomas Holland, duke of Surrey, 

L. Lieut July 26, 1398 

K.Richard IL, third patent to him- 
self May 13, 1399 

Henry IV. 

Alex., bp. of Meath, L. J Oct. 1399 

Sir John Stanley, L.Lieut....Dec. 1, 1399 
Thomas de Lancastre, the king's 
son, seneschal of England, L. Lt;. 

June 27, 1401 
Sir Stephen Le Scrop, L. Dep. to 

him Dec. 13, 1401 

The same, renewed March 10, 1402 

And Oct. 30, 1404 
John, E. of Ormond, L. Dep. June 25, 1405 
Gerald, E. of Kildare, L. D. Sep. 7, 1405 
Thomas, duke of Lancaster, renewed, 

June 4, 1408 
Wm., Fitz-Thomas le Botiller, 
Prior of St. John, Jerusalem, L. D. 

to the duke March 13, 1408 

Henry V. 

Sir John Stanley, L. Lieut Sept. 1413 

John Talbot, afterwards E. of Shrews- 
bury, L. Lieut Feb. 25, 1414 

Thomas, abp. of Dublin, L.D.Feb.5, 1415 
James, E. of Ormond, L.L. Feb. 10, 1419 

Henry VI. 
Rich. Talbot, abp. of Dublin, L. Dep. 1422 
Edmund Mortimer, E. of March and 

Ulster, L. Lieut May 9, 1423 

Edw. Dantsey, bp. of Meath, L. D. 

Aug. 4, 1423 
James, E. of Ormond, L. Lt...Mar. 1, 1424 

Again...... Apr. 15, 1426 

Sir John De Grey, L. Lieut 1427 

Sir John Sutton, lord Dudley, L. Lt. 1428 

Sir Thos. Straunge, L. Dep 1429 

Richard, abp. of Dublin, L.J 1430 

Sir Thomas Stanley, L. Lieut 1431 

Rich., abp. of Dublin, his Dep., Oct. 1435 

Leon, lord de Welles, L. Lieut 1438 

Wm. Welles, dep. to his brother, 

Dec. 5, 1442 
John, E. of Shrewsbury, L. Lieut... 1446 



IEE 



444 



IRE 



Ireland, Chief Governors of — continued. 
Richard, abp. of Dublin, Dep. to 

his brother Oct. 1447 

Richard Plantagenet, duke of York, 

L. Lieut. July 5, 1449 

Richard, abp. of Dublin, L. Dep 1449 

Jas., E. of Ormond, L. Dep. Oct. 12, 1450 
Sir Edw. FHz-Eustace, L.D. Oct. 13, 1452 
James, E. of Ormond and Wilts, 

L. Lieut May 13, 1453 

John Alex. abp. of Armagh, L. Dep. 

June 19, 1453 
Sir Edward Fitz-Eustace, L. Dep. 

Apr. 23, 1454 
Edwakd IV. 
Thos., E. of Kildare, L. J. ..Apr. 30, 1461 
George, duke of Clarence, L. Lieut. 

Feb. 28, 1462 
Sir Roland Fitz-Eustace, L. Dep. ... 1462 
Prince Richard, duke of York, by 

deputy 1479 

Gerald, E. of Kildare 1483 

Henry VII. 

John, earl of Lincoln 1485 

Jasper, duke of Bedford and earl of 

Pembroke 1490 

Robt., viscount Gormanston, his Dep. 1493 

Prince Henry, the king's son 1494 

Sir Edward Poynings, his L. Dep. 

Sept. 13, 1494 

Gerald, earl of Kildare, L. Dep 1496 

And renewed 1504 

Henry VIII. 
Win., viscount Gormanston, L. Dep. 

April 13, 1514 
Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey ... 1528 
Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond... 1530 
Sir Wm. Skeffington, Dep... Jan. 22, 1530 
Gerald, earl of Kildare, Dep. July 5, 1532 
Leonard, lord Gray, son of the mar- 
quis of Dorset, L.Dep July 30, 1534 

Sir William Skeffington, L.J 1534 

Sir Wm. Brereton, baron of Leigh- 

lin, L. J 1540 

Sir Ant. St. Leger, L. Dep., July, 7 1540 

Wm. Brabazon, L. J, Oct, 12, 1543 

Sir Antony St. Leger June 11, 1544 

Wm. Brabazon, L. J Feb. 16, 1545 

Sir Ant. St. Leger, Dec. 16, 1546, and 

April 7, 1547 
Edward VI. 
Sir Edw. Bellingham, L. D., Apr. 22, 1548 

Sir Francis Ryan, L.J Dec. 27, 1549 

Sir Wm. Brabazon, L. J Feb. 2, 1550 

Sir Ant. St Leger, L. Dep., Sept. 10, 1550 
Sir James Croftes, L. Dep., Apr. 9. 1551 
Sir Thos. Cusake and Sir Gerald 

Aylnier, joint L. J Nov. 7, 1552 

Mary, 
Sir Ant. St. Leger, L. Dep., Nov. 11, 1553 
Thos. Radcliffe, lord Fitzwalter, 
afterwards earl of Sussex, L. Dep., 

April 27, 1558 | 



Hugh Curwen, archbp. of Dublin, 
and Sir Henry Sidney, L. J., in 

his absence 1558 

Elizabeth. 

Sir Henry Sidney, L.J Dec. 13, 1558 

Thos., E. of Sussex, L. Dep., July 3, 1559 
Sir-Wm. Fitzwilliams, L. J., Jan. 18, 1560 
Th'os., E. of Sussex, L. Lt., May 6, 1560 

His patent renewed May 24, 1561 

Sir Wm. Fitzwilliams, L.J 1561 

Thos., E. of Sussex, L. Lt., July 4, 1562 
Sir Nicholas Arnold, L. J., May 2, 1564 
Sir Henry Sidney, L. Dep., Oct. 13, 1565 
Robt. Weston and sir William Fitz- 
williams, joint L. J Oct. 9, 1567 

Sir Henry Sidney, L. Dep., Apr. 17, 1568 
Sir Wm. Fitzwilliams, L. J., Apr. 1, 

and L.Dep Dec. 11, 1571 

Sir Henry Sidney, L. Dep., Aug. 5, 1575 

Sir Wm. Drury, L. J Apr. 27, 1578 

Sir Wm. Pelham, L. J Feb. 3, 1580 

Arthur, lord Grey of Wilton, L.Dep, 

July 15, 1580 
Adam Loftus, archbp. of Dublin, 
and sir Hen. Wallop, joint L. J., 

July 14, 1582 
Sir William Fitzwilliams, L.Dep., 

March 1, 1587 
Sir Wm. Russell, L. Dep., May 16, 1594 
Thomas, baron of Gainsborough, 

L. D March 5, 1596 

Sir Thomas Norris, L. J. ... Oct. 29, 1597 
Adam Loftus, archbp. of Dublin, 
and sir Robt. Gardiner, L. J. for 
civil affairs, Thomas, E. of Ormond, 

for military, Nov. 2 and 15, 1597 

Robt. Devereux, E. of Essex, L. Lt., 

March 12, 1598 
Adam, archbp. of Dublin, and sir 

Geo. Carey, joint L. J., Sept. 24, 1599 
Sir Charles Blount, lord Mountjoy, 

L.Dep Jan. 21, 1600 

James I. 
Lord Mountjoy, created earl of De- 
vonshire and L. Lieut.... April 25- 1603 

Sir George Cary, Dep May 30, 1603 

Sir Arthur Chichester, Dep., Feb. 1, 1605 

Renewed Feb. 8, 1607 

Thos. Jones, archbp. of Dublin, and 

sir Richard Wingfield, March 4, 1614 
Sir Arthur Chichester, baron of Bel- 
fast, L. Dep July 27, 1614 

Thos., archbp. of Dublin, and sir 

John Denham, L.J Nov. 29, 1615 

Sir Oliver St. John, afterwards vis- 
count Grandison, L. Dep., July 2, 1616 
Sir Henry Cary, lord viscount Falk- 
land, L. Dep Feb. 4, 1621 

Charles I. 
Lord Falkland, continued, Mar. 29, 1625 
Sir Thomas Wentworth, viscount 
Wentworth, L.Dep July 3, 1633 



IRE 



445 



IRE 



Ireland, Chief Governors of— continued. 

Adam, viscount Loftus, and Christ. 
Wandesford, L. J. in his ahsence, 

July 3, 1636 

Lord Wentworth, returns, Nov. 3, 1636 

Robert, lord Dillon, and Christ. 
Wandesford, L. J. in his absence, 

Jan. 13, 1640 

Wentworth, earl of Strafford, L. Lt., 

Jan. 13, 1640 

Christ. Wandesford, L. Dep. Apr. 1, 1640 

Lord Dillon and sir Wm. Parsons, 
L. J Dec. 30, 1640 

Sir Wm. Parsons and John Borlace, 
L. J Feb. 9, 1641 

Robt.,E. of Leicester, L.I.t., June 14, 1642 

Sir John Borlace and sir Hy. Tich- 
borne, L. J March 31, 1643 

James, marquis of Ormond, L. Lt., 

Nov. 13,1643 
By the Parliament. 

Philip Sidney, lord Lisle, son of the 
earl of Leicester, L. Lt., Apr. 15, 1647 

Arthur Annesley, sir Robt. King, 
sir Robert Meredith, col. John 
Moore, and col. Michael Jones, 
commissioners June 19, 1647 

Oliver Cromwell, L. Lt Aug. 14, 1649 

Henry Ireton, deputy May 29, 1650 

Maj.-gen. John Lambert, L. D.,Mar., 1651 

Lt.-gen. Chas. Fleetwood, Edm. Lud- 
low, Miles Corbet, Jno Jones, and 
John Weaver, commissioners ... 1653 

Chas. Fleetwood, deputy to Oliver 
Cromwell 1654 

Henry Cromwell, commander-in- 
chief, Matthew Tomlinson, Miles 
Corbet, and Robt. Goodwin, com- 
missioners Aug. 1655 

William Steele, added 1656 

. Henry Cromwell, L. Dep... Nov. 17, 1657 
Patent renewed by Richd., Oct. 6, 1658 

Edm. Ludlow, John Jones, Matth. 
Tomlinson, MilesCorbet, and Wm. 
Bury, commissioners ......May 7, 1659 

John Jones, Wm. Steele, Rob. Good- 
win, Matt. Tomlinson, and Miles 
Corbet, commissioners ... June 7, 1659 

Roger, lord Broghill, sir Charles 
Coote, and major William Bury, 

commissioners Jan. 1660 

Charles II. 

James, marq. of Ormond, continued 
in opposition to the Parliament, 
by patent Feb. 17, 1649 

Ulick Burke, marq. of Clanricarde, 
his deputy Dec. 6, 1650 

Geo. Monk, duke of Albemarle, L. 

Lt, patent June, 1660 

—but did not enter on the office. 

John, lord Robarets, baron of Truro, 

deputy to Monk, patent June, 1660 

—did not go to Ireland. 



Sir Maurice Eustace, Roger, earl of 
Orrery, and Chas., earl of Mount- 
rath, L. J., deputies to the fore- 
going Dec. 31, 1660 

Jas., duke of Ormond, L. Lt., Feb. 21, 1662 
Thomas, earl of Ossory, dep. in his 

father's absence May 6,1664 

John B. Robarts, of Truro, L Lt., 

May 3. 1669 
John, lord Berkeley, L. Lt .. Feb. 4, 1670 
Michael Boyle, archbp. of Dublin, 
and sir Arthur Forbes, dep. in his 

absence May 27, 1671 

Arthur, earl of Essex, L. Lt. May 21, 1672 
— with the same dep. in his ab- 
sence July 5, 1675 

James, duke of Ormond, L. Lieut., 

May 24, 1677 
Richard, earl of Arran, his dep., 

March 3, 1682 
James II. 
Michael Boyle, archbp. of Armagh, 
and Arthur, earl of Granard, L. J. 

Feb. 24, 1685 
Henry, earl of Clarendon, L. Lt., 

Oct. 1, 1685 
Richard, earl of Tyrconnel, L. Dep., 

Feb. 11, 1687 
Sir Alex. Fitton and Wm., earl of 
Clanricarde, L. J., in his absence, 

Aug. 18, 1687 
William III. and Mary. 
Henry, lord Sidney, visct. Sheppey., 

and Thos. Coningsby, L. J., Sept. 4, 1690 
The same, with Sir Charles Porter, 

Dec. 4, 1690 
Henry, lord Sidney, L.J....Mar. 18, 1692 
Sir G . Porter, and Sir Cyrill Wyche 

L.J. in his absence June 13, 1693 

Henry B. Capel, Sir Cyrill Wyche, 

and Wm. Duncombe June 26, 1693 

William III. 

Henry, lord Capel, L.D May 9, 1695 

Morrogh, visct. Blessington, and W. 

Woolseley, his dep May 16, 1696 

Sir Charles Porter, L.J June 2, 1696 

The same, with C. E. of Mountrath 

and H. of Drogheda, L. J., July 10, 1696 
Henry Earl of Galway, L. J., Feb. 6, 1697 
The same, with Chas. mar. of Win- 
chester, and Edw., visct. Villiers, 

May 14, 1697 
Chas., duke of Bolton, Henry, E. of 
Galway, Edw., E. of Jersey, and 
Narcissus, abp. of Dublin, April 9, 1699 
The same, without the E. of Jersey 

June 29, 1699 
Laurence Hyde, E. of Rochester, L.L., 

Dec. 28, 1700 
Anne. 
James,duke of Ormond. L.L.Feb. 19,1703 
Thomas. E. of Pembroke and Mont- 
gomery, L. L April 30, 1707 



IRE 



446 



IRE 



Ireland, Chief Governors of — continued. 
Thomas, E.of Wharton, L. L., Dec. 4, 1708 
James, duke of Ormond, L.L., Oct. 26, 1710 
Charles, duke of Shrewsbury, L. L., 

Sept. 22, 1713 
George I. 
Charles, earl of Sunderland, L. Lt., 

patent Sept. 21, 1714 

■: — did not go out from illness. 
Charles, duke of Grafton, and Hen., 

earl of Galway, his dep., Sept. 6, 1715 
Charles, visct. Townshend, L. Lt, 

Feb. 13, 1717 

— did not go to Ireland. 

Charles, duke of Grafton 1720 

John, lord Carteret , 1724 

George II. 

Lionel, duke of Dorset 1730 

William, duke of Devonshire 1737 

Philip, earl of Chesterfield 1745 

William, earl of Harrington 1746 

Lionel, duke of Dorset 1751 

Wm., marquis of Hartington 1755 

John, duke of Bedford 1757 

George III. 

George, earl of Halifax 1761 

Hugh, earl of Northumberland 1763 

Francis, earl of Hertford 1765 

Geo., viscount Townsend 1767 

Simon, earl of Harcourt 1772 

• John, earl of Buckinghamshire ... 1776 

Fred., earl of Carlisle 1780 

Wm. Henry, duke of Portland 1782 

George, earl Temple 1782 

Robert, earl of Northington 1783 

Charles, duke of Rutland 1784 

Geo., marquis of Buckingham (late 

earl Temple) 1787 

John, earl of Westmoreland 1790 

Wm. earl Fitzwilliam 1795 

John Jefferies, earl Camden 1795 

Chas., marquis Cornwallis 1798 

Philip, earl of Hardwicke 1801 

John, duke of Bedford 1806 

Charles, duke of Richmond 1807 

T? T*" a V N C 1 Y 

Chas., earl Whitworth.'. 1813 

Chas., earl Talbot 1817 

George IV. 

Richard, marquis Wellesley 1821 

Henry, marquis of Anglesey 1828 

• Hugh, duke of Northumberland ... 1829 

William IV. 
Hen., marquis of Anglesey, again... 1830 

Marquis Wellesley, again 1833 

Thos., earl of Haddington 1834 

Hen. Constantine, marquis of Nor- 

manby (late earl Mulgrave) 1835 

Victoria. 

Hugh, earl Fortescue 1839 

Thos. Philip, earl de Grey 1841 

Wm., lord Heytesbury 1844 

John Wm-, earl of Bessborough . . . 1846 



Geo. Wm. Fred., earl of Clarendon 1847 
Archibald Wm., earl of Eglinton... 1852 

Edward, earl St. German's 1852 

Earl of Carlisle 1855 

Ireland, W. H., pretends to discover the 
Shakspear papers ; his play of VortigeTn 
produced at Drury-lane theatre, 1796— 
d. 1835. 

Iren^eus, bp. of Lyons, 177 — writes Adv. 
Hceres., 183— d. 202. 

Iren^us contends with Cyril for the bi- 
shopric of Jerusalem, 362. 

Irene, daughter of the Chagan of the 
Chazars. See Constantine V., empe- 
ror of the East. 

Irene, an Athenian lady, marries Leo, son 
of Constantine V., afterwards Leo IV., 
emperor of the East, 769— favours the 
image-worshippers, 775— after the death 
of Leo, rules the East in the name of her 
son, ConstantineVI., and restores the wor- 
ship of images, 780-puichases peace from 
Haroun alRaschid by an annual tribute, 
781 — sends an army against the Slavo- 
nians, who are dispossessed of Salonichi 
and other places in Greece, 782 — pro- 
poses a general council to establish the 
worship of images, 785— proposes the 
marriage of her son to Charlemagne's 
daughter, Rotrudis ; the offer being de- 
clined, she sends an army to attack 
Italy, which is totally defeated, 788— 
deprived of all power by Constantine, 
790. See Constantine VI., emperor of 
the East.— Usurps the throne, 797— a 
reported proposal to unite the two em- 
pires, by her marriage with Charle- 
magne, causes a conspiracy against her ; 
she is dethroned by Nicephorus I., Oct. 
31, and banished to Lesbos, 802— d. 
there, 803. 

Irene, daughter of Andronicus Ducas, 
wife of Alexius Comnenus, becomes em- 
press, 1081. 

Irene, daughter of Isaac II. Angelus, em- 
peror of the East, marries Roger, count 
of Apulia, son of Tancred, k. of Sicily, 
1191— left a widow, 1194— marries Philip, 
brother of Henry VI., emperor of Ger- 
many, 1195. 

Irene, wife of John Ducas Vataces, empe 
ror of Nicsea, 1222— d. 1241. 

Irene. See Violante, daughter of Wm., 
marquis of Montferrat. 

Irene, natural daughter of Andronicus 
III., emperor of the East, marries Basil, 
emperor of Trebizond, 1332 — on his 
death, is made empress, 1340— dethroned, 
and sent to Constantinople, 1341. 

" Irene," the planet, discovered by Hind 

May 19, 1851. 
Ireton, Henry, Cromwell's son-in-law, 
wounded atN« J seby,1645— rulesthearmy 



ISA 



447 



ISA 



• in conjunction with Cromwell ; frames 
propositions for the settlement of the na- 
tion, 1647 — deputy lieutenant of Ireland, 
1650— refuses to accept any grants till 
the debts of the State are paid, 1651 — d. 
of the plague, at Limerick, Nov. 26, 1651. 

Ibis, a planet, discovered by Mr. Hind, at 
London, Aug. 13, 1847. 

Irish Peat Company, the chemical opera- 
tions commence at Athy, Dec. 8, 1851. 

Irish policy of the Melbourne ministry 
condemned by the Lords, March 19, 1839 
— approved by the Commons, Apr. 15. 

Irling with Lothen infests the eastern 
coast of Kugland, 1046. 

Irmengard. See Ermengarda. 

Iron, discovered in Mount Ida, B.C. 1406 
(1407 K., 1283 C.)— welding or soldering 
of, introduced by Glaucus of Chios, 691. 

Iron Mask, the man of the, d. in the Bas- 
tile, Nov. 19, 1703. 

Ironmongers' Company, in London, estab- 
lished, 1464. 

Iron steam boat first exhibited on the 
Thames, May 9, 1822. 

Irun, battle of; the Carlists defeated by 
the British Legion, May 17, 1837. 

Irving, Rev. E., b. 1791 — encourages the 
*' Unknown Tongues," and other illu- 
sions, 1826 — expelled from the Scotch 
church, May 2, 1832— d. 1834. 

I eving, Washington, b. Apr. 3, 1783. 

Isa, one of the sons of Bajazet I., gra- 
dually restores portions of his empire, 
but remains at enmity with his brothers, 
1407 — defeated and slain by Mahomet I., 
1413. 

Isaac, son of Abraham, b. B.C. 1896 (2053 H., 
2030 C.)— marries Rebecca, 1856 (1990C.) 
— d. 1810 C. 

Isaac I., Comnenus, son of Manuel Com- 
nenus, a Greek noble, elected by the 
army emperor of the East; dethrones 
Michael VI., and succeeds him, 1057 — 
deposes Michael Cerularius, and appoints 
Constantine III. patriarch of Constanti- 
nople, after which he resigns the empire 
to Constantine Ducas, and retires into a 
monastery, 1059. 

Isaac II., Angelus, a Byzantine noble, b. 
1155— made emperor of the East by the 
people, who put Andronicus I. to death, 
1185 — Frederic I., emperor of Germany, 
negotiates with him to secure a safe 
passage for his army on the third cru- 
sade, 1188. See Frederic I., Barbarossa. 
— Isaac submits, and provides a fleet at 
Gallipoli, to convey the crusaders across 
the Hellespont, 1190 — is defeated by the 
Bulgarians, 1192 — and at Arcadiopolis, 
1194— dethroned by his brother, Alexius, 
1195. See Irene, his daughter. — His 
son, Alexius, escapes to Italy, 1201 — 



Philip, his son-in-law, urges the on* 
saders to restore him, 1202— restored by 
them, and his son proclaimed with him 
as Alexius IV., 1203— they are both put 
to death, 1204. 

Isaac Comnenus, younger son of Alexins 
I., receives the title of Sebastocrator 
from his brother, John II., 1118— rebels 
against him, and is pardoned, 1138 — 
joins in a conspiracy, and is banished to 
Heraclea in Pontus, 1142. 

Isaac Comnenus, nephew of Isaac I., de- 
clines the imperial crown in favour of 
his younger brother, Alexius, 1081. 

Isaac Comnenus rebels in Cyprus against 
the emperor Andronicus I., 1184 — is ex- 
pelled by Richard I., k. of England, 1191. 

Isaac, exarch of Ravenna, 619 — defeated 
by Rotharis, and succeeded by Plato, 638. 

Isabeau. See Isabella of Bavaria. 

Isabel, daughter of Richard Neville, earl 
of Warwick, married to George, duke of 
Clarence, 1466— d. 1476. 

Isabella, daughter of Ayraer Taillefer, 
duke of Angouleme, b. 1185 — married by 
John, k. of England, 1200 — after his 
death marries her early lover, Hugh 
Lusignan, count de la Marche, 1220 — ac- 
cused of attempting to poison Louis IX., 
k. of France; retires into the abbey of 
Fontevrault, and d. there, 1245. 

Isabella, youngest daughter of k. John 
and Isabella of Angouleme, married to 
Frederic II., emperor of Germanv, at 
Worms, 1235. 

Isabella, daughter of Philip IV., king of 
France, b. 1295— betrothed, 1303— mar- 
ries Edward II. of England, Jan. 23, 1308 
— demands the removal of Piers Gaves- 
ton, 1308— while resident in the Tower 
of London, first sees Mortimer, who is 
brought there a prisoner, 1322— through 
her influence he escapes, 1323— she visits 
France to arrange the dispute between 
her husband and brother, Charles IV., re- 
specting Guyenne ; plots with Mortimer 
to overthrow the Despensers, 1324— Chas. 
desires her to leave his court ; she with- 
draws to Hainault, where she affiances 
her son, Edward, to Philippa, daughter 
of the count, whom she engages to assist 
her, 1325. See Edward II., k. of Eng- 
land, and Despenser. — Rules in the 
name of her son with Mortimer, 1327— 
odious to the nation, 1328 — they are 
surprised in Nottingham castle; he is 
executed at Tyburn, and she is shut up 
for the rest of her life at Castle Rising, 
in Norfolk, 1330— d. 1357. 

Isabella of Valois, daughter of Charles 
VI., k. of France, b. 1387— married to 
Richard II. of England, at Calais, Nov. 
1, 1396— crowned, Jan. 7, 1397— takes 



ISA 



448 



ISA 



part in a conspiracy against Henry IV. ; 
madepiisoner, and shut up at Haveringe- 
atte-Bower, 1400— she refuses his offer 
of marriage with the prince of \Val2s, 
and is allowed to return to France, 1401— 
marries Louis, duke of Orleans, June, 
1406-d. Sept. 13, 1409. 

Isabella, or Isabeau, of Bavaria, marries 
Charles VI., k. of France, 1386— quarrels 
with the Armagnacs and her son Chas.; 
is imprisoned at Tours, and invites the 
assistance of John the Fearless, duke 
of Burgundy, who liberates her, 1417 — 
negotiates with Henry V. of England, 
1418-19 — concludes with him the treaty 
of Troyes, 1420— d. Sept. 30, 1435. 

Isabella, daughter of John II., k. of Cas- 
tile, 6. 1451 — her right of succession as- 
serted by the nobles, 1464. See Henry 
IV., k. of Castile.— Declared heiress of 
the throne, on the death of her brother 
Alfonso, 1468— this declaration revoked 
by Henry after her marriage with Fer- 
dinand, hereditary prince of Aragon, 
1469— the grandees of the kingdom re- 
sist this change ; on the death of Henry 
she succeeds as joint sovereign with her 
husband, 1474. See Ferdinand, son of 
John II., k. of Aragon. — d. 1504. 

Isabella II., Maria, qu. of Spain; daughter 
of Ferdinand VII. and Maria-Christina, 
b. Oct. 11, 1830 — succeeds her father un- 
der the regency of her mother, Nov. 29, 
1833— her uncle, Don Carlos, is set up 
against her. See Carlos Maria Isidore, 
Don. — She is firmly established on her 
throne by the Quadruple treaty with 
Great Britain, France, and Portugal, Apr. 
22, 1834— Mendizabal, prime minister; 
Mina and Espartero command against 
the Carlists ; the rebel leader, Zumala- 
carregui, slain, 1835 — Mendizabal dis- 
missed ; constitution of 1812 proclaimed ; 
Mina, from ill-health, retires to Barce- 
lona, and dies; a British auxiliary legion 
and naval force assist in defeating the 
Carlists at Hernani, St. Sebastian's, and 
Bilbao, 1836— gen. De Lacy Evans re- 
turns to London, 1837 — Espartero, cap- 
tain-general, 1838— created duke of Vic- 
tory, concludes a treaty with the Carlist 
Maroto, 1839— the rebellion finally sup- 
pressed ; Christina resigns the regency, 
and retires to France, leaving the young 
qu. and the government in the hands of 
Espartero, Oct. 12, 1840— he is appointed 
regent; protest of Christina and gen. 
Narvaez ; insurrection of O'Donnell and 
Concha, 1841. See Espartero.— Narva- 
ez, lieutenant-general; Isabella declared 
of age by the Cortes, Nov. 8. 1843— 
Christina returns to Madrid; Zurbano 
revolts, and is suppressed, 1844 — taken 



by Narvaez and shot, 1845— man iage of 
Isabella to her cousin, Francis d' Assise, 
duke of Cadiz, and of her sister to the 
duke de Montpensier, Oct. 10, 1846 — re- 
peated changes of ministers ; Espartero 
recalled ; the queen quarrels with her 
husband ; after a few months' separation 
they are reconciled, 1847 — cessation of 
diplomatic intercourse with Great Bri- 
tain. See Btjlwer, sir H. — Cabrera again 
in arms, 1848— arrested, April 21 ; Nar- 
vaez dismissed, and recalled, Oct. 23, 
1849 — friendly relations with Great 
Britain restored, March 31, May 14, 1850 
—Narvaez resigns ; Murillo, prime mi- 
nister; birth of the infanta Isabella 
Maria Christina, Dec. 20, 1851 — the qu. 
wounded by the assassin Merino, Feb. 
2, 1852 — insurrection supported by 
O'Donnell and Concha; Espartero, mi- 
nister; the queen-dowager, Christina, 
impeached, returns into France, 1854— 
the basis of a new constitution submitted 
to the Cortes, June 13, 1855. 

Isabella, daughter of Philip, late arch- 
duke of Austria, and sister of the em- 
peror Charles V., b. 1501— marries Chris- 
tian III. of Denmark, 1515. 

Isabella, daughter of Emanuel, k. of Por- 
tugal, and sister of John HI., contracted 
to the emperor Charles V., 1525 — 
married to him at Seville, March 3, 
1586. 

Isabella, daughter of Henry II. of France, 
and qu. of Philip II. of Spain. See 
Elizabeth. 

Isabella, daughter of the emperor Maxi- 
milian II., married to Charles IX. of 
France, 1570. 

Isabella of Parma. See Elizabeth, 
daughter of Odoardo Farnese. 

Isabella, daughter of Amalric, k. of Je- 
rusalem, on the death of her sister, Sy- 
billa, wife of Guy de Lusignan, inherits 
the titular sovereignty, divorces her 
first husband, marries Conrad of Mont- 
ferrat, and conveys the title to him, 1190 
—after his death to Henry, count of Cham- 
pagne, 1192— then to Henry, duke of Bra- 
bant, and in the same year to Almeric 
or Amalric, k. of Cyprus, 1198. 

Isabella, daughter of James I., k. of Ara- 
gon, marries Philip, eldest son of Louis 
IX., k. of France, afterwards Philip III., 
1262. 

Isabella, daughter of "William de Vihe- 
hardouin, and heiress of the principality 
of Achaia, b. 1266— betrothed to Philip, 
second son of Charles of Anjou, king of 
Naples, 1267 — she becomes princess on 
the death cf her father; Charles as- 
sumes the g vernment in virtue of her 
betrothal tc his son Philip, 1277— she 



ISA 



449 



ISI 



marries Florenz of Hainault, 1291 
Philip of Savoy, 1301— d. 1311. 

Ibabella, daughter of John II., king of 
France, betrothed to the son of Galeazzo 
Visconte, 1360. See Visconte, John Ga- 
leazzo. 

Isabella, daughter of Stephen, duke of 
Bavaria, married to Marco, son of Ber- 
nabo Visconte, 1367. 

Isabella, daughter of Peter the. Cruel, k. 
of Castile, married to Edmund, earl of 
Cambridge, 1369. 

Isabella, daughter ot John I., k. of Por- 
tugal, married to Philip, duke of Bur- 
gundy, 1430. 

Isabella, daughter of Alfonso, duke of 
Calabria, afterwards Alfonso II., k. of 
Naples, married to Gian Galeazzo Sforza, 
duke of Milan, 1489— her rivalry with 
Beatrice of Ferrara, wife of Lodovico 
Sforza, creates discord in Milan, 1491 — 
on her husband's death is imprisoned by 
Lodovico at Pavia with her children, 
1494. 

Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand and Isa- 
bella of Spain, b. 1470 — marries Alfonso, 
son of John II., k. of Portugal, who is 
killed by a fall from his horse during 
the nuptial festivities, 1490 — marries 
Emanuel, k. of Portugal, Sept. 30, 1497 
— d. 1498. 

Isabella Claka Eugenia, daughter of 
Philip II., k. of Spain, b. 1566— proposed 
by him as qu. of France, in opposition 
to Henry IV., 1590-1593— married to the 
archduke Albert of Austria, and receives 
the Netherlands as her dowry, 1598 — 
continues to govern them after his death, 
1621- d. 1633. 

Isabella, daughter of Henry IV., king of 
France, married to Philip, afterwards 
IV. of Spain, 1615. 

Isabella Maria Christina, princess of 
Asturias, daughter of Isabella II., b. 
Dec. 20, 1851. 

Isacius, bp. of Jerusalem, 601-609. 

Isjeus, the orator, and instructor of De- 
mosthenes, defeats Theopompus, the 
historian, in a lawsuit, b.c. 360. 

Isagoras, Athenian arch on, B.C. 508. 

Isaiah prophesies, B.C. 752. 

Isaiah. See Constantinople, patriarchs 
of, 116. 

Isaras, the modern Isere. See Arvf.rni. 

Isarchus, Athenian archon, B.C. 424. 

Isaslav I., succeeds his father, Jaroslav I., 
as grand duke of Russia, 1054— expelled by 
his subjects ; restored by Boleslas II. of 
Poland, 1069— again expelled ; takes re- 
fuge in Germany, 1073 — he makes Rus- 
sia a fief to the Roman see, in hopes of 
being assisted to regain his throne, 1075 
-restored, on the death of his brother, 



Swatoslav, by Boleslas, 1076 — slain in 

battle, 1078. 

Isaslav II., son of Mstislav I., succeeds 
Igor II. as grand duke of Russia, 1146 — 
Jurij, or George Dolgorucki, builds Mos- 
cow, and founds a separate State, 1147— 
Isaslav, expelled by him, is restored by 
Geisa II., k. of Hungary ; and d. 1154. 

Isauria, a small province of Asia Minor, 
between Pamphylia and Cilicia, shares 
the fate of the latter in early times. See 
Cilicia.— Its pirates attacked by P. Ser- 
vilius Vatia, B.C. 77 ; by Pompey, 67— 
its people become dangerous brigands, 
after the rebellion of Trebellianus, a.i>. 
265 ; and are kept in awe by the empe- 
ror Probus, 278— plunder Pamphylia, 353; 
and Cilicia, 404 — molest Chrysostom in 
his exile at Arabissus,406-Zeno, emperor 
of the East, driven from Constantinople, 
retires among them, with his wife, Ari- 
adne, 475 — is besieged there, 476— con- 
ducted back to his throne, 477— his bro- 
ther, Longinus, excites them to rebel 
against the emperor Anastasius I.,492— 
tranqmllitv restored, 497— employed by 
Justinian L, in Italy, they betray Rome 
to Totila, 549— the province conquered 
by the Saracens, 650— recovered by Leo 
III., and included in the Kybyrraiat 
Theme, 739 — conquered by Soliman, 
forms part of the Seljukian king- 
dom of Iconium, or Ronm, 1074— added 
to the Ottoman empire by Amurath I. 
1387. 

Isaurian Dynasty, founded by Leo III., 
717— ends with Constantine VI., 797. See 
Eastern Empire. 

Isauricus (surname of the Servilian family 
P. Servilius Vatia, consul of Rome, B.C. 
48; 11.41. 

Isaurds. See Candidus. 

Ischia, an island on the coast of Naples. 
See Alum, and Genoa, 1459.— John of 
Anjou withdraws there, 1463 ; and Fer- 
dinand II. of Naples, 1495. 

Ischomachus, Olympic victor, B.C. 508. 

Ischyrus, Olympic victor, B.C. 516. 

Isembard, lord of La Ferte\ persuades 
Guntrum to invade France, 881. 

Isenbart, of Altdorf. See Guelf. 

Ishbosheth, contests the kingdom with 
David, B.C. 1056 (1070 H.) 

Ishmael, son of Abraham, b. b.c. 1910 
(2044, C.) 

Isidore, the Alexandrian philosopher, d 
525. See Damascius. 

Isidore I., patriarch of Constantinople, 134? 
-1350. 

Isidore II., patriarch of Constantinople, 
1457. 

Isidore, the Russian patriarch, attends 
the council of Florence, and concurs ia 



ISO 



450 



ISB 



the Union of the Churches, 1438 — de- 
posed on his return, 1439 — made a car- 
dinal, he celebrates at Constantinople, 
in the church of St. Sophia, a new union 
of the churches, 1452. 

Isidore, bp. of Seville, 596 — writes his 
History, 612— still employed at it, 625 — 
d. April 4, 636. 

Isidore, abbot of Pelusium, censures the 
conduct of Cyril, bp. of Alexandria, 435 
— d. 449. 

Isidorus, husband of Hypatia, teaches phi- 
losophy at Alexandria, 407. 

. Isidorus, son of Basilides, inculcates his 
father's Gnosticism, 140. 

Isidorus, Fl. Anthemius, consul of Rome, 
b c. 436. 

Isidorus, of Miletus, employed by Justi- 
nian I., with Anthemius, to build the 
new church of St. Sophia, 532. 

Isidorus, the Younger, also of Miletus, re- 
pairs the church of St. Sophia, injured 
by an earthquake, 558. 

Islamism. See Mohammed. 

Isle de Rhe. See Rhe, Isle de. 

Islington Cattle Market, opened, Jan. 
9, 1849. 

Islv, victory of, gained by marshal Bu- 
geaud over the army of Morocco, Aug. 

• 14, 1844. 

Isly, duke of. See Bugeaud, marshal. 

Ismael Beg, emir of Sinope, surrenders to 
Mahomet II., 1461. 

Ismail, invested by Potemkin, 1789 — storm- 
ed by Suvarof, Dec. 22, 1795 — slaughter 
of its inhabitants, 26. 

Ismail Samani, sultan of Turkistan, 892 — 
conquers Persia, 902. 

Ismail, k. of Toledo, fails in his attack 
on Seville, 1070. 

Ismail I., or Abul Walid, k. of Granada. 
See Abul Walid. 

Ismail II., k. of Granada, usurps the throne 
of his brother, Muhamad V., 1359 — slain 
by his chief minister, Abu Said, who 
seizes the throne, 1360. 

Ismail I., son of Haydar, excites the reli- 
gious fervour of the Fatimites, drives 
out the Turkmans of the White Sheep, 
and founds the Soft dynasty in Persia, 
1501— defeated by Selim I.,atKalderoon, 
Aug. 17, 1514— d. 1523. 

Ismail II., son of Tamasp I., Sofi of Per- 
sia, 1576-1577. 

Isocrates, orator, b. B.C. 436 — date of his 
Oratio Panegyrica, 380 — oration on the 
taking of Platsea by the Thebans, 374 — 
counsels peace, 356 — censures the licen- 
tiousness of comedy at the time, 356- 
A 338. 

Isolani, cardinal Jacopo, appointed gover- 
nor of Genoa, bv Philip Maria Viscoute, 
duke of Milan, 1424. 



Ispahan, taken by Heraclius, 624; by 

Timour, when he erect» a pyramid of 

human heads, 1387 ; by the Turks, but 

soon recovered from them, 1547— made 

the capital of Persia, by Abbas the Great, 

1590— taken by Meer Mahmoud, 1722. 
Israel. See Jacob ; Joseph, son of Jacob ; 

Moses, Aaron, and Israelites. 
Israel, kingdom of, separated from Judah, 

B.C. 975. 

Kings op Israel. 

Jeroboam, 975—955. 

Nadab, 955—953. 

Baasha, 953—931. 

Elah, 931—930. 

Zimri, 7 days, 930. 

Omri, 930— builds Samaria, 926— d. 919, 

Ahab, 919— marries Jezebel, daughter of 
the k. of Sidon, 918 — introduces the 
worship of Baal; is reproved by Eli- 
jah ; falls in battle against Benhadad, 
k. of Syria, 896. 

Ahaziah, son of Ahab, 896—895. 

Joram, brother of Ahaziah, 895— makes 
war against the Moabites, 894 — slain 
by Jehu, 884. 

Jehu, general of the Israelites, favoured 
by the prophet Elisha, overthrows 
Joram, and becomes king, 884 (H. 895) 
—Jezebel and her family put to death ; 
Jehu d. 855. 

Jehoahaz, his son, 855—839. 

Jehoash, grandson of Jehu, 839 — is at- 
tacked by Benhadad II., k. of Syria. 
837 — makes war on Judah ; takes and 
pillages Jerusalem, 826— d. 823. 

Jeroboam II., 826 — the prophets Joel, 
Amos, and Hoshea preach, 808-783 — 
Jeroboam, the last of the race of Jehu, 
d. 782. 

Interregnum and anarchy during eleven 
years. 

Zacharia seizes the throne, 771 — is 
slain by 

Shallum, 770; who reigns thirty days, 
and is killed by 

Menahem, 770 ; tributary to Pul, k. of 
Assyria, 769— d. 759. 

Pekaiah, 759— slain by Pekah, 757. 

Pekah, 757 — besieges Jerusalem, 740 — 
invasion of Tiglath-Pileser, k. of As- 
syria ; many captives led away ; Pekah 
killed by He shea, 738. 
No king till 

Hoshea takes the throne, 730 — conquered 
and made prisoner by Shalmanezer; 
Israel made part of the Assyrian em- 
pire, 721. 

New colonies planted in the land by 

Esarhaddon; they take the name of Sa- 
maritans, about 700. See Samaritans. 
Iskaelites, the descendants of Jacob, or 

Israel, persecuted in Egypt after the 



1ST 



451 



ITA 



death \f Joseph, b.c. 1635 (1770 C, about 
1370 Leps.) — led by Moses out of Egypt 
'the Exodus), 1491 (1648 H., 1625 C, 1312 
Leps.) — encounter Balak, k. of Moab, 
1480— after the death of Moses, led by- 
Joshua over the river Jordan into Ca- 
naan; Eleazar, high priest, 1451 (1603 
H., 1585 C.)— Canaan divided among the 
tribes, 1445 (1602 H., 1580 C)— death of 
Joshua, 1426 (1583 H., 1560 C.)-conquer- 
ad by Cushan. k. of Mesopotamia, 1413 
v 1565 H., 1558 C.) — restored by Othniel, 
1495 (1557 H., 1550 C.)— Eleazar d., Phi- 
neas, high priest, 1402 (1547 C.J — Abi- 
slma, high priest, 1364 — conquered by 
Eglon, k. of Moab, 1335 (1517 H., 1510 
J.)— set free by Ehud, 1325 (1499 H., 1492 
0.) - conquered by Jabin, k. of Canaan, 
1305 (1418 H., 1411 C.) — Bukki, high 
priest, 1305 — Sisera slain by Jael, and 
the Israelites delivered by Deborah and 
Barak, 1285 (1398 H., 1391 C.) — Uzzi, 
'high priest, 1255 — subjugated by the 
Midianites, 1252 (1358 H., 1351 C.) — re- 
stored by Gideon, 1245 (1351 H.,1344 C.) 

— Abimelech, judge, 1236 (1311 H.) — 
Tola, 1233 (1398 H., 1391 C.)— subject to 
the Ammonites, 1206 (1263 H., 1256 C.j— 
Jephthah defeats the Ammonites and 
Ephraimites, and sets the Israelites free, 
1188 (1245 H., 1238 C.) — Ibzan, judge, 
1182 (1239 H.,1232 C.)— Elon, 1175 (1232 
H., 1222 C. )— Abdon, 1165 (1222 H., 1212 
C.; — Eli, 1157 (1182 H., 1168 C.) — in 
bondage to the Philistines, 1156 (1212 H., 
1204 O— delivered by Samson, 1136 (1129 
H., 1184 C.)— Eli d.\ Samuel, judge, 1122 
— overcome by the Philistines, 1117 (1148 
H .) — Samuel defeats the Philistines ; 
Saul made k., 1096 — Ahiu, high priest, 
1093— David k., 1056. See David, son of 
Jesse. — Solomon k., 1016. See Solomon, 
son of David. — Zadok, high priest, 1014 

— Ahimaaz, high priest, 990 — Solo- 
mon d. 976— division of the kingdom by 
Rehoboain and Jeroboam, 975. See Ju- 
dah, kingdom of, and Israel, kingdom 

' of. 

Issus, in Cicilia, battles of; Darius defeat- 
ed by Alexander, Oct., b.c. 333 — Niger, 
by Sept. Severus, a.d. 194 — Heraclius 
lands in its bay, now the Gulf of Scan- 
deroon, and encamps there, 622. 

Isteb. See Danube. 

Ister, the .poet, fl. b.c. 236. 

Isthmian Games, instituted at Corinth by 
Sisyphus, B.C. 1326, computed from 586. 
See Flaminius, T. — Cease after the 
destruction of Corinth, 147 — restored by 
Julian, a.d. 362. 

Isthmus. See Chebsonesus Thbacica, 
Cobinth, and HexamilioN. 

Istria, first conquered by the Romazfl,B.c. 



221 — war renewed, and conducted by tht 
consuls Junius Brutus and ManliusVulso, 
178 — subdued by them, 177 — made a 
Lombard duchy by Alboiu, a.d. 572— in- 
vaded by the Slavonians, 642— contest 
between the archbishops of Grado and 
Ravenna for ecclesiastical jurisdiction 
ove/, 772— resigned to the k. of Hungary 
by the Venetians, 1358 — recovered by 
them, 1378. 

Isteias, Capo d\ See Capo d'Istrias. 

Italian Republic, substituted for the Cis- 
alpine, with Napoleon Bonaparte presi- 
dent, Jan. 26, 1802. 

Italian version of the Scriptures, by Mar- 
tini, completed, 1776. 

Italica, a city of Spain, near Seville, built 
by Scipio Africanus iEmilianus for his 
veterans, b.c. 133 — birthplace of the 
emperor Trajan, a.d. 56 ; of Hadrian, 76 
of Theodosius 1., 345; of the poet Silius 
Italicus, 26. 

Italicus, Silius. See Silius Italicus. 

Italy, originally peopled by Keltic tribes, 
with whom emigrants from Greece are 
frequently intermingled ; the first Pelas- 
gian colony, led by GSnotrus, settle in 
the south-eastern peninsula, and give it 
the name of ffinotria, B.C. 1710 (1416 C.) 
— from this union descend the Vitali 
and Siculi, who extend themselves to 
the eastern coast ; the latter, by a fresh 
immigration of Pelasgi, are driven into 
Sicily, 1284 — the former maintain their 
occupation south of the Tiber, and by 
degrees the whole peninsula takes from 
them the name of Italia ; Evander said 
to have brought a colony from Arcadia, 
1252 — ^Eneas, from Troy, 1182 — and 
Alba to have been founded, 1177 ; all 
doubtful. — Greek emigrants found cities 
in the south of Italy, 974-748. See Mag- 
na Gr.ecia.— For other early states in 
Italy, see Apulia, Beuttii, Calabbia, 
Etbubia, Latium, Liguria, Oscans^ 
Piceni, Sabines, Samnites, Umbki, Ve- 
neti; also Corsica, Sardinia, and Si- 
cily. — Rome founded, according to Var- 
ro, 753. See Rome. — The north and east 
of Italy, along the Hadriatic, as far as 
the river Oesis, occupied by Gauls (Ga- 
latse or Keltse), 550 — they invade other 
parts, and take Rome, 389— many states 
send ambassadors to conciliate Alexander, 
fearing that after conquering the East, he 
might turn his arms against the West, 324 
— central Italy reduced under the domi- 
nion of Rome," 290— Pyrrhus in Italy, 280 
-274. See Pyrrhus. — Peace in Italy after 
the Roman conquests in the South, 267 — 
the North, to the foot of the Alps, subject 
to Rome, 220— Hannibal in Italy, 218-203- 
See Hannibal. — Invasion and defeat of 



ITA 



452 



ITA 



Italy continued. 
the Cimbri, 101 — Social war, 90 88- 
Italy generally tranquil during the 
civil distractions of Rome, and the first 
three centuries of the empire ; afflicted 
by the general pestilence, a.d. 250-265 — 
invasions and defeats of the Allemanni, 
256-268 -of Aureolus, 267-268-of Gale- 
rius, 307— submits to Constantine I., 312 
— refuses to acknowledge Magnentius, 
352— invasion and defeat of Maximus, 
387 — seat of the Western empire, 395. 
See Western empire. — Alaric in Italy, 
400-408. See Alaric. — Departure of the 
Visigoths, 412— ravages of the Vandals, 
448-462 — invasion and retreat of Attila, 
452— Odoacer overthrows the Western 
empire, and founds the Gothic kingdom 
of Italy, 476. 

Kings of Italy: — 
See events under their respective names 

in this Index. 
Odoacer, 476—493. 
Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, 493—526. 
Athanaric, 526—534. 
Theodatus, 534—536. 
Vitiges, 536—540. 
Hildibald, 540-541. 
Totila or Badvila, 541—552. 
Teias, 552—553. 

Italy again made a province of the 
Roman empire, 553. See Belisarius, 
N arses, the eunuch, and Justinian I., em- 
peror of the East. — Invaded by Franks 
and Allemanni, who are repulsed, 554— 
by the Longobardi, who establish a per- 
manent kingdom, 568. See Alboin, and 
Lombards. — Exarchate of Ravenna is 
established, 561. See Exarchs. — Its 
language modified by the infusion of 
Gothic idioms, 584 — first union of the 
Venetian isles for self-government, 697. 
See Venice. — First entrance of Pepin, 
with an army of Franks ; he gives the 
exarchate of Ravenna to the Church, and 
the pope becomes a temporal sovereign, 
754. See Pepin, and Stephen III., pope. 
— The greater part of Italy subject to 
Charlemagne, 774. See Charlemagne, 
and Franks. Tuscany an independent 
duchy, 812. See Tuscany. — On the divi- 
sion of the empire of the Franks among 
the sons of Louis L, a new kingdom of 
Italy is formed. 840. 

Kings of Italy : — 
See events under their respective names 

in this Index. 
Lothaire I., 840-855. 
Louis II., 855—875. 
Charles the Bald, 875—877. 
Carloman, 877—879. 
Charles the Fat, 879—888. 
Berenger I., duke of Friuli, 888—924. 



Guy, divides with Berenger, 889 — &i. 
Lambert, with Berenger, 894-898. 
Louis of Aries, with Berenger, 900—906. 
. Rudolf of Burgundy, with Berenger, 921 

-924— alone, 926. 
Hugh, count of Provence, 926—947. 
Lothaire II., 947—950. 
Berenger II., with his son, Adalbert, 

950—962. 

Italy conquered by Otho I., emperor 
of Germany, who makes his son, Otho 
II., titular k., 962 — Genoa founds a free 
state, about 1000. See Genoa.— Mau- 
rienne, or Savoy, an independent duchy, 
1020. See Savoy. 
Italy, Southern, invaded by the Sara- 
cens, who establish themselves in Bari, 
842. See Bari. — Occupied by Basil I. , 
emperor of the East, who forms there 
a new province, called the Theme of 
Lombard y, 876 — attacked by Otho I., 
968. See Otho I., emperor of Germany. 
— Still infested by the Saracens, who 
are driven from the siege of Salerno by 
a band of Norman knights returning 
from a pilgrimage, 1016 — other Normans 
arrive, invited to assist in defending the 
country, 1017. See Apulia, and Nor- 
mans. — Kingdom of Naples founded, 
1265. See Naples. 
Italy, Northern ; the principal towns are 
fortified, and the citizens adopt mea- 
sures for self-defence, 892— the country 
ravaged by Hungarians, 893-906. See 
Hungary. — b ural counts and barons 
fortify their castles, and commit depre- 
dations on their neighbours, 989 — the 
cities begin to form independent repub- 
lics, 998— Ardouin attempts to revive 
the kingdom of Italy, 1002. See Ardou- 
in, marquis of Ivrea. — Henry II., empe- 
ror of Germany, establishes his autho- 
rity, 1004 — the throne offered to several 
French princes and refused by them, 
1025— greatconfusion anddiscord created 
by Aribert, 1035-1044. See Aribert, 
archbp. of Milan. 

Conrad, son of the emperor Henry IV., 
crowned king of Italy, 1093. See Con- 
rad. — On his death, Matilda, countess of 
Tuscany, exercises the power, without 
the title of queen, 1104. See Matilda. — 
The Lombard cities regulate their muni- 
cipalities; Conrad, duke of Franconia, 
elected and crowned k. of Italy, 1128. See 
Conrad III., emperor of Germany. — Rise 
of the Ghibelin and Guelf factions, 1118- 
1138. See Ghibelins. — Wars of the Ita- 
lian cities against each other, 1144— the 
emperor Frederic I. invited to interfere, 
1153. See Frederic I., emperor of Ger- 
many; see also Milan. — League of Ve- 
rona; the cities renew their struggle 



ITA 



453 



IVE 



Italy, Northern — continued. 
1164 — their freedom secured hy the 
peace of Constance, 1183— Henry, son of 
Frederic, crowned k. of Italy, 1186. See 
Henry VI., emperor of Germany. 

Discord again prevails among the mu- 
nicipal republics, 1193 — general war 
among them, 1199 — they renew their 
league, 1225 — treaty of concord made at 
Verona, lasts only six days, 1233 — wai 
with the emperor, 1236. See Frederic 
II., emperor of Germany. — After his 
death, the cities begin again to quarrel 
with each other, 1252— the hatred of 
pope Urban IV. to the house of Suabia 
distracts all Italy, 1263. See Conradin. 
— All Lombardy distressed by civil wars, 
earthquakes, floods, pestilence, and fa- 
mine, followed by a severe winter of four 
months, 1276 — excommunications and 
interdicts fulminated in all directions by 
pope Martin IV., 1282— general peace 
among the cities, 1299 — the emperor en- 
deavours to allay the violence of the 
factions, 1310. See Henry VII., empe- 
ror of Germany. — Frederic of Austria 
refuses to interfere, 1322. See Frederic 
III., emperor of Gennany. — Louis of Ba- 
varia crowned king of Italy, 1327. See 
Louis IV., emperor of Germany. 

Manycitiesplace themselves underthe 
protection of John of Bohemia; the leaders 
of the two factions coalesce against him, 
1331— he withdraws, 1333— all Italy dis- 
tressed and impoverished by the ambi- 
tions schemes of pope John XXII., 1334 
— the violence of the factions abates, 
1336— origin of the Condottieri, 1339. 
See Condottieri. — The plague, or black 
death, introduced from the East, 1340 — 
resistance of Northern Italy to the Vis- 
conti, 1356. See Milan. — The plague still 
rages, 1361. For the continued wars from 
this time, see Venice, Genoa, PisA, Mi- 
lan, Savoy, Montferrat, Ferrara, Flo- 
rence, and the other States of Northern 
Italy; the pacific spirit of Nicholas V. 
gives Italy the first years of tranquillity 
known for many ages, 1451 — the fugi- 
tives from Constantinople kindly re- 
ceived, assist the progress of literature, 
1453 — academies founded in the prin- 
cipal cities, 1470 — age of Lorenzo de' 
Medici, 1470-1492. See Florence. 

General league of the States to re- 
cover Otranto from the Turks, 1481— in- 
vasion of Charles VIII., k. of France, 
1495 — Italy becomes from this time the 
theatre of destructive wars between 
Austria, France, and Spain; the events 
of which may be seen under the names 
of the respective sovereigns of those 
countries, and the Italian States in- 



volved in them. A ge of pope Leo X ., 1513- 
1521. See Leo X., pope. — Charles V 
crowned at Bologna, k. of Italy, 1530 — 
the coast ravaged by H ayraddin Barba- 
rossa, 1534: — devastated by the plague, 
1576— agitated by the intrigues of the 
Spanish triumvirate, 1618. See Bedmar, 
Ossuna, Toledo, Pedro di, and Venice. 
The wars continue till tranquillity is 
for a time given by the peace of Rastadt, 
which assigns Milan, Mantua, Naples, 
and Sardinia, to the emperor Charles 
VI., 1714— again disturbed by the wars 
of the Polish succession, 1733 — and of 
the Pragmatic Sanction, 1740 — again 
quiet after the peace of Aix la Chapelle, 
1748— treaty between Austria, Sardinia, 
and Spain, to secure the neutrality of 
Italy, 1753 — forty years of repose follow. 
For the wars of the French Revolution, 
see Bonaparte, Napoleon, and French 
Revolution. — Cisalpine republic estab- 
lished, 1797 — restored, 1800. See Italian 
Republic. — New kingdom of Italy 
founded, Napoleon I. k., March 18, 1805 
— overthrown, and given to Austria ; th e 
k. of Sardinia and grand-duke of Tus- 
cany recover their dominions, 1814 — 
revolutionary commotions of the Carbo- 
nari, 1820 — new insurrections put down 
by Austrian armies, 1832 — revolt of 
Northern Italy, 1848. See Charles Al- 
bert, k. of Sardinia ; and Francis Jo- 
seph, emperor of Austria. 

Itchingford. See Danes, 906. 

Ithamab, bp. of Rochester, 644. 

Ithome, a town of Messenia, taken by the 
Lacedaemonians, B.C. 455. 

Ithycles, Athenian archon, b.c. 398. 

Iturbide, Augustin, takes the lead in the 
revolt of Mexico, 1816— defeats, the vice- 
roy Apodaca, 1820 — concludes a treaty 
with the new viceroy, O'Donohoe, and 
takes possession of the city of Mexico, 
Sept. 27, 1821— proclaimed emperor of 
Mexico, 1822 — resigns his imperial dig- 
nity to a Mexican congress, 1823 — ar- 
rives in England, Jan. 1, 1824 — returns 
to Mexico, endeavours to regain his 
power, is taken prisoner, and shot, July 
19. 

Iulus, C. Julius, consul of Rome, B.C. 489, 
482— another, 447— II., 435— HI., 434. 

Iulus, L. Julius, consul of Rome, B.C. 430. 

Iulus, Vopiscus Julius, consul of Rome, 
B.C. 473. 

Iulus, C.Julius, military tribune of Romt-, 
B.c. 408-405. 

Tulus, L. Julius, military tribune of Rome, 
b.c. 438— 11.397. 

Ivica. See Balearic Islands. 

Ivry, near Evreux, battle of; Henry IV 
defeats the League, Mar. 14, 1590. 



JAC 



454 



JAM 



•atan T., surnamed Kalita, or the Purse, 
brother of Jurij III., receives from the 
Golden Horde the principalities of Mos- 
cow, Novogorod, andWladimir ; he takes 
the title of grand prince of Moscow, and 
makes that city his capital, 1328 — d. 
1340. 

Iwan II., grand duke ofRussia, 1353 — suc- 
ceeds his uncle, Simeon I., 1359. 

Iwan III., son of Vassili III., ft. 1440— 
succeeds his brother as grand prince of 
Moscow, 1462 — repels an invasion of the 
Golden Horde, and prepares the indepen- 
dence of his country, 1468 — works the 
mines in his dominions, and procures 
artizans and artists from Germany, 1470 
— discontinues the tribute to the Golden 
Horde, 1477— takes Novogorod, and puts 
an end to its republic, 1478 — takes Ca- 
zan, and makes its khan prisoner, 1487 
— makes peace with the Teutonic 
Knights of Livonia, 1503 — d. 1505. 

Iwan IV., czar of Russia, son of Vassili 
IV., b. 1530 — succeeds his father, 1533 — 
great disorders during his minority ; 
takes the government into his own hands, 
1544— crowned. 1547 — gives a new code 
of laws, 1550 — encourages the trade 
opened by the discovery of the passage 
round the North Cape to Archangel, 1553 
— alliance between Poland and Sweden 
against him, 1578 — requests the pope to 
mediate between him and Stephen Ba- 
thori, k. of Poland, 1581 — peace made, 
1582— d. 1584. 

Iwan V., czar of Russia, son of Alexis, 
jointly with Peter I. succeeds their bro- 
ther, Feodor 111,1682 — deposed, from 
weakness of intellect, 1689. 

Iwan VI., an infant, by the will of his 
great-aunt, the czarina Anne, is made 
czar of Russia, 1740 — deposed and im- 
prisoned. 1741, 

Ixion, k. of Corinth, B.C. 1033. 



Jabin, k. of Canaan, conquers the Israel- 
ites, b.c. 1305. 

Jablonski, D. E., d. 1741. 

Jablonski, Paul Ernest, b. 1693— d. 1757. 

Jackson, Mr., the British resident in 
Sweden, exchanged for Gvllenburg, Aug. 
15, 1717. 

Jackson, Andrew, b. 1767 — chosen presi- 
dent of the United States, 1828— an- 
nounces to Congress that the tariff had 
failed to answer its intended purpose, 
1929 — refuses his assent to the renewal 
of the United States Bank charter, 1832 



— re-elected, enters upon his second term 
of office, 1833-d. 1845. 

Jackson, Mr., an English naval officer, ac- 
cused of trespass for the seizure of the 
American slaver Tigris, March 2, 1841. 

Jackson, Cyril, b. 1740— master of Christ 
Church ; d. 1819. 

Jackson, John, R.A., b. 1778 -d. 1831. 

Jacob, or Israel, son of Isaac, b. b.c. 1836, 
(1993 H., 1970 C.)— goes to Egypt, and is 
settled with his family in Goshen, 1706 
(1863 H., 1840 C, about 1400 L.) - d. 1889 
(1846 H., 1823 C.) See Isbael and Is- 
raelites. 

Jacobin club. See French Revolution, 
1789—1794. 

Jacobites, the sect of, founded by Jacobus 
Baradseus, bp. of Edessa, 545. See 
Copts. 

Jacobites, partisans of the expelled 
Stuarts. See James II., k. of England. 

Jacobus, bp. of Nisibis, distinguishes 
himself during the sieges of that city, 
338—350. 

Jacobus BaradjEus. See Jacobites. 

Jacopo de Bologna, one of the G lossators, 
who asserts the imperial jurisdiction in 
Italy, at the Diet of Roncaglia, 1158. 

Jacquard, a mechanic of Lyons, and in- 
ventor of a loom purchased for the public 
use, by an imperial decree, 1806. 

Jaddus, Jewish high priest, B.C. 350 — 324. 

Jael slays Sisera, B.C. 1285. 

jAEN,battle of ; the army of Abdallah, caliph 
of Spain, defeated by his rebellious sons, 
889— the conquests of Ferdinand III., k. 
of Castile and Leon, reach its gates, 
1230— surrendered to him by Muhamad 
I., k. of Granada, 1243. 

Jaffa, the Joppa of antiquity, taken by 
the Saracens, 636— naval battle of ; the 
Egyptians defeated by the Venetians, 
1123— surrenders to the crusaders, 1191 — 
to Bibars, sultan of the Mamelukes, 1268 ; 
taken by Bonaparte, Mar., 1799. 

Jaffieb Khan, shah of Persia, 1784 — 
1788. 

Jaffier, Meer, puts to death Rayah al 
Dowlah, 1757. 

Jagellon, grand duke of Lithuania, mar- 
ries Hedwig, qu. of Poland, takes the 
name of Ladislas II., and unites his ter- 
ritories to Poland, 1386. See Ladislas, 
k. of Poland. 

Jair, judge of Israel, B.C. 1210 (1285 H. 
1278 C.) 

Jakub Almansor. See Almansor, Jakub. 

Jaloulah, battle of; the Persians are de- 
feated by the Mohammedans, 637. 

Jamaica discovered by Columbus, May 3, 
1495 — taken by Penn and Venables, May 
3, 1655— desolated by hurricanes, 1722 — 
1734 — conspiracy of the negroes cis- 



JAM 



4;jo 



JAM 



covered and punished, Feb. 2, 1745 — re- 
volt of the Maroons, 1795 — a furious 
hurricane destroys immense property 
and 1000 persons perish, 1815— negro in- 
surrection, Dec. 22, 1831 — a temporary 
suspension of the Island Legislature, 
passed May 7, 1839. 

Jamblicus of Babylon, the dramatist. fl., 
166. 

James I., emperor of Haiti. See Dessa- 

LINES. 

James I., k. of Aragon, son of Pedro II., 
b. 1206 — succeeds his father, 1213— ac- 
knowledged as liege lord of Valencia by 
the k. Abu Said, 1225 — conquers the 
Balearic islands, 1232— attacks Valencia, 
1236— take's the city, 1238— Denia, 1243 
— Xativa. 1246— a. part of Murcia, 1247 — 
his son, Pedro, marries Constance, dau. 
of Manfred, k. of Sicily, 1261 — settles 
the division to be made at his death of 
his States between his two sons, 1262 — 
undertakes a crusade, and is driven back 
by a storm, 1269 — wishes to be crowned 
at the council of Lyons, which is refused, 
because he had not paid to the pope the 
tribute promised by his father, 1274 — d. 
July 27, 1276. 

James II., k. of Aragon, second son of 
Pedro III,, on his father's death becomes 
k. of Sicily, 1285 — succeeds his elder 
brother, Alfonso III., on the throne of 
Aragon, and appoints his brother Fred- 
eric regent of Sicily, 1291 — by the treaty 
of Anagni resigns Sicily to Charles II., 
of Naples, 1295 — joins the league against 
Ferdinand IV., the young k. of Castile, 
1296 — visits Rome, promises to make 
war on his brother, Fred.; recalls Roger 
de Loria from his service; gives his 
sister, Violante, in marriage to Robt., 
duke of Calabria ; is invested by the 
pope with the sovereignty of Sardinia 
and Corsica; and appointed to command 
a crusade for the recovery of the Holy 
Land, 1297 — makes war on his brother 
with a fleet under Roger de Loria, 1299 
— he divides Murcia with Ferdinand IV., 
k. of Castile, by the treaty of Campillo, 
1305 — unites Catalonia and Valencia with 
Aragon, 1319 — claims Sardinia under 
the gift of Boniface, and invades the 
island, 1324 — besieges Cagliari, 1325 — 
d. 1327. 

ames I., k. of Scotland, son of Robert 
III., b. 1397 — captured on his way to 
France by the English; succeeds his 
father on the throne, but is detained and 
educated in England, 1406. See Albany, 
duke of. — Released, and marries a dau. 
of the earl of Somerset, 1423 — murdered 
at Perth by his uncle, the earl of Athol, 
Feb. 20, 1437. 



James IT., k. of Scotland, son of James I., 
b. 1431 — succeeds his father, 1437 — 
struggle between him and his nobles, he 
stabs the earl of Douglas with his own 
hand in Stirling castle, 1452— invades 
England to support Henry VI., and is 
killed at the siege of Roxburgh castle, 
Aug. 3, 1460. 

James III., k. of Scotland, son of James 
II., b. 1453 — succeeds 1460 — marries 
Margaret, daughter of Christian I., k. of 
Denmark, and receives the Shetland and 
Orkney islands as her dowry, 1469 — . 
quarrel with his nobles; his brother, 
the duke of Albany, escapes into Eng- 
land, 1479— prepares to invade England, 
1482 — the earl of Douglas and other 
lords hang his favourites, and imprison, 
him, 1482 — defeated by his barons near 
Bannockbum,and murdered in Beatons' 
mill, June 11, 1488. 

James IV., k. of Scotland, son of James 
III., b. 1472 — succeeds to the throne, 
June 11, 1488 — receives Perkin War- 
beck, and twice invades England in his 
cause, 1496, 1497 — marries Margaret, 
daughter of Henry VII. of England, 
1501— is killed at Flodden-field, Sept. 9, 
1513. 

James V., k. of Scotland, son of James IV., 
b. 1512— succeeds his father, 1513;— falls 
under the guardianship of the duke of 
Albany, 1516 — banishes the Douglas 
family, 1528— refuses to join Henry VIIL 
against the pope, 1535 — marries Mag- 
dalen, daughter of Francis I., king of 
France, who dies soon after, 1536— mar- 
ries Mary of Guise, 1538— d. Dec. 14, 
1542 — his Household Book laid before 
the Society of Antiquaries, 1826. 

James VI., k. of Scotland, son of Mary, 
qu. of Scots, and Henry, lord Darnley, 
b. June 19, 1566 — his mother resigns 
the crown to him, 1567 — Murray, regent, 
murdered, Jan. 23, 1570— the earl of 
Lennox made regent; James takes the 
government into his own hands, 1578 — 
seized by the " Raid of Ruthven ;" he 
confirms and endows the university of 
Edinburgh, 1582 — escapes from his cou- , 
finement ; Walsingham'c embassy to 
study his character, 1583 — marries 
Anne, daughter of Frederic II., king of 
Denmark, 1589 — birth of his eldest son, 
Henry, 1594 — of his daughter, Eliza- 
beth, 1596 — the earl of Essex intrigues 
with him ; birth of his son, afterwards 
Charles I., 1600 — secret negotiations 
between sir Robert Cecil and James, 
prepare his way for the quiet accession 
in England, 1601— on the death of qu. 
Elizabeth inherits the throne, assuming 
the title of 



JAM 



456 



JAM 



Ja*fs T., k. of Great Britain, March 24, 
1(503 — crowned at Westminster, July 25 ; 
concludes a treaty with Henry IV. of 
France for the support of the United 
Provinces ; Raleigh's conspiracy ; the 
king's book, " Basilicon Doron," repub- 
lished, 1603— he presides at a religious 
disputation at Hampton Court, which 
produces no result; his title recognized 
by parliament, 1604 — the gunpowder 
plot discovered, 1605 — parliament orders 
a new oath of allegiance, which Paul V. 
forbids English Catholics to take ; new 
companies chartered, bj' which Virginia 
is successfully colonized, 1606 — the king 
recommends the union between England 
and Scotland ; maintains a controversy 
on the oath of allegiance with cardinal 
Bellarmine, 1607. See Commons. House 
of. — Improves the government of Ireland, 
and offers the forfeited lands in the pro- 
vince of Ulster to Protestant settlers, 
1608 — mediates a truce between Philip 
III. of Spain and the United Provinces, 
by which their independence is recog- 
nized, 1609 — hi3 prerogative restricted 
by the Commons, 1610— Ulster settled 
by Protestants ; creation of baronets ; 
Robert Carre becomes the king's fa- 
vourite. See Carre, Robert.— Imprison- 
ment of lord Beauchamp and lady Ara- 
bella Stuart ; king James urges the 
States General to dismiss Vorstius from 
his professorship at Leyden, 1611 — death 
of Henry, prince of Wales, Nov. 6, 1612 
— resistance of the Scotch to episcopal 
jurisdiction; marriage of the princess 
Elizabeth to Frederic V., elector palatine, 
1613— the Commons vote no supplies; the 
k. dissolves them in anger, and impri- 
sons some of the members, they having 
endeavoured still more to abridge the 
power of the crown, June 6, 1614 — visits 
Cambridge, where he first sees George 
Villiers, 1615. See Buckingham, George 
Villiers, duke of. — Surrenders the cau- 
tionary towns to the Dutch, 1616 — visits 
Scotland, holds a parliament there, June 
13, and a meeting of the bishops and 
clergy at St. Andrew's, July 10, 1617 — on 
his return to England publishes his 
Book of Sports, and orders a more cheer- 
ful observance of the Sunday ; Bacon, 
lord chancellor; proposed marriage of 
his son Charles with a Spanish princess, 
1618— refuses to support his son-in-law, 
who had been elected king of Bohemia ; 
death of qu. Anne, March 3, 1619— re- 
monstrates against the seizure of the 
Palatinate ; fall of Bacon ; the k. tears 
the protest of the Commons out of their 
journals, 1621 — dissolves the parliament, 
and imprisons several members ; relaxes 



the severity of the laws against Roman 
Catholics ; assists the elector palatine 
with money, 1622 — the marriage treaty 
with Spain broken off, 1623 — another 
begun with Henrietta- Maria, sister of 
Louis XIII., k. of France ; a better un- 
derstanding prevails between the k. and 
the Commons ; war declared against 
Spain; unsuccessful expedition to recover 
the palatinate, 1624 — James I. dies at 
Theobald's, March 27, 1625. 
James II., king of Great Britain, second 
son of Charles I., b. 1633— created duke 
of York; confined by the parliament 
in St. James's palace, escapes to Hol- 
land, 1648— serves in the French army 
under Turenne, 1655 — in the Spanish 
under Don John of Austria, 1657 — com- 
mands the fleet which brings Charles 
II. to England; receives £10,000 from 
the parliament ; celebrates again his 
marriage with Anne Hyde, 1660 — 
the profits of the post-office and wine- 
licences granted to him, 1663 — he makes 
reprisals on the commerce of the United 
Provinces for damages done to English 
merchants, and captures many ships, 
Dec. 4, 1664 — takes the command of the 
fleet against the Dutch, April 21 ; and 
defeats them off Harwich, June 3, 1665 
— he avows his conversion to Catho- 
licism, 1668 — death of his wife, March 
31 ; he publicly attends mass, 1671 — re- 
fuses compliance with the Test Act, and 
resigns, 1673 — the Commons address the 
king against James's marriage with 
Mary Beatrice of Modena, Aug. 20 ; the 
nuptials, urged by Louis XIV. and the 
pope, are celebrated at Modena, Sept. 30, 
N.s., the earl of Peterborough being the 
duke's proxy, 1673 — in consequence of 
the excitement against Catholics, by the 
king's desire he removes to Brussels, 
Feb. 28; is recalled, Sept. 2, 1679— is 
presented in the court of King's Bench 
as a popish recusant; a Bill to exclude 
him from the throne is brought in, and 
rejected by the Lords, Nov. 15, 1680— as 
high commissioner he opens the Scotch 
parliament, July 28, 1681 — prosecutes 
John Dutton for defamation,May 3, 1684. 
1685. On the death of Charles II. suc- 
ceeds to the throne, Feb, 6 ; his secret 
advisers are Catholic lords, and father 
Petre ; promises to maintain the exist- 
ing laws, but breaks them by ordering 
the continuance of taxes which had ex- 
pired with the late king, and by going 
publicly to mass, Feb. 9 and 12 ; his im- 
prudence blamed even by the pope (In- 
nocent XI.) and the Spanish ambassa- 
dor; discharges imprisoned recusants by 
proclamation, Apr. 16 j is crownec", Apr. 



JAM 



457 



JAM 



Jambs II., k. of Gt. Britain — continued. 
23 ; Titus Oates, Dangerfield, and others 
punished; rebellions of Argyle and of 
Monmouth, June and July ; battle of 
Sedgemoor, July 6; Alderman Cornish 
and others of the king's former oppo- 
nents prosecuted and condemned ; the 
parliament offend the king by request- 
ing him to appoint no more recusant 
officers. 

1686. Judges dismissed, and replaced 
by others who give their opinion in fa- 
vour of the king's dispensing power, 
April 21 — June 21; many Romanists 
sworn of the privy council, and installed 
in various offices, July 1/; a camp formed 
on Hounslow heath, and a Romish chapel 
erected there ; an ecclesiastical commis- 
sion opened, Aug. 3; Compton, bp. of 
London, suspended by it, Sept. 9; the 
earl of Castleruaine sent ambassador to 
Rome ; the earl of Rochester dismissed. 

1687. The university of Cambridge 
refuses to admit Francis, a Benedictine 
monk, recommended by the k., Feb. 9; 
all penal laws suspended by royal pro- 
clamation, April 4; the vice-chancellor 
of Cambridge suspended by the eccle- 
siastical commission, May 27 ; a papal 
nuncio arrives in England, July 3 : the 
duke of Somerset dismissed for refusing 
to introduce him ; the president and 
fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford, ex- 
pelled for resisting the royal mandate to 
elect Antony Farmer, Nov. 16 ; Dr. Gif- 
ford, a Romish bishop, appointed presi- 
dent by the k., Dec. 31. 

1688. James recalls the English regi- 
ments serving in Holland, but the States 
General refuse to comply, Jan. 17 ; a se- 
cond declaration of liberty of conscience 
issued, April 27 ; ordered to be read in 
all churches and chapels, May 4 ; seven 
bishops petition against this order, May 
18; they are committed to the Tower, 
June 8 ; birth of the king's son, James, 
(afterwards called the Pretender, and the 
Chevalier de St. George) June 10; the 
bishops are tried and acquitted, June 20 : 
the earl of Shrewsbury and others hold 
a meeting to request the assistance of 
the prince of Orange, June 30 ; a secret 
association is formed among the officers 
of the army to resist the king's proceed- 
ings; the k. attempts, too late, to re- 
trace his steps, and conciliate his sub- 
jects ; he reinstates the bp. of London, 
and many magistrates who had been 
displaced, Sept. 26 ; restores the charter 
of London, Oct. 2 ; dissolves the eccle- 
siastical commission, Oct. 11 ; reinstates 
the president and fellows of Magdalen 
College, Oct. 12; and restores the an- 



cient charters and franchises of the cor* 
porations, Oct. 17 ; the prince of Orange 
lands at Torbay, Nov. 5; arrives at 
Exeter, Nov. 8 ; and is joined by many 
lords and gentlemen, with a large mili- 
tary force; the k. advances against, him, 
but is deserted at Salisbury by the duke 
cf Grafton, lord Churchill, and a great 
part of his army, and returns to London, 
Nov. 24; is abandoned by his daughter, 
the princess Anne, and her husband. 
Nov. 26 ; sends the qu. and her infant 
son to France, Dec. 8 ; embarks himself 
at Whitehall, and throws the great seal 
into the Thames, Dec. 10 ; is detained 
at Feversham, and brought back to 
London, Dec. 16; conveyed under an 
escort of Dutch troops to Rochester, 
Dec. 17 ; embarks again, Dec. 23 ; and 
lands at Ambleteuse. 

1689. Lands at Kinsale, in Treland, 
and is joined by lord Tyrconnel, March 
12; holds a parliament in Dublin. June 
29 ; 3000 Protestants attainted, July 28. 

1690. Leaves Dublin to join his army, 
June 16; is defeated at the battle of the 
Boyne, July 1 ; and returns to France. 

1692. Projects an invasion of England, 
which is frustrated by the defeat of the 
French fleet at La Hogue, May 19. 

1696. Comes to Calais with troops to 
invade England, which is prevented by 
the English fleet, March; d. at St. Ger- 
main, Sept. 16, 1701. 
James Francis Edward Stuart, son of 
James II., k. of Great Britain, b. June 
10, 1688— taken by his mother to France, 
Dec. 8; on his father's death called 
James III., k. of Great Britain, by Louis 
XIV., Sept. 16, 1701— attempts to invade 
Scotland, and is driven back by sir Geo. 
Byng, March, 1708 — is required by par- 
liament to be removed from Nancy, June 
26, 1713— goes to Paris, where Louis XIV. 
refuses to see him, Aug. 14, 1714— known 
in England by the name of " the Pre- 
tender;" is proclaimed k. in Scotland at 
Aboyne, by the earl of Mar, Sept. 3, 1715. 
See George 1., k. of Great Britain, 1715 
-16. — Dismisses lord Bolingbroke from 
his post of secretary, Feb. 25, 1716 — 
ordered to leave Avignon, retires to 
Milan, and thence to Urbino, Feb. 6, 1717 
—invited to Madrid. See George I., 
1719. — Marries Clementina Sobieski, 
daughter of the late k. of Poland, and 
pope Clement XI. gives them a palace 
at Rome, 1719— birth of their son, Chan. 
Edward, 1720— conspiracy in his favour. 
See George I., 1722-23.— Philip, duke 
of Wharton, is in his service at Madrid, 
June 10, 1726 — proclaimed again in Scot- 
land. See George II., 1745-46; and 



JAN 



458 



JAQ 



Charles Edward, the young Pretender 
— d. at Rome, Dec. 30, 1765. 

James, of Aragon, son of James II., the 
deposed k. of Majorca, third husband 
of Joanna I., qu. of Naples, who stipu- 
lates that he shall not assume the royal 
title, 1362— <Z. 1375. 

James, earl of Douglas, defeated hy James 
II., k. of Scotland, takes flight into Eng- 
land, with all the family, 1454-1455. 

J ames dk Bourbon. See Bourbon, branch 
of La Marche and Vendome. 

Jamks, duke of Monmouth. See Mon- 
mouth, James, duke of. 

Jameson, professor, b. 1773— d. 1854. 

,1 amieson, Dr., b. 1758— d. 1838. 

J anduno, John of, writes in defence of the 
emperor Louis of Bavaria, and denies 
the temporal authority of the pope in 
Germany and other countries, 1327. 

Jane, daughter of k. John, married to 
Alexander II., k. of Scotland, 1221. 

Jane, daughter of Edward II., k. of Eng- 
land, b. 1322 — affianced by her mother 
to David, son of Robert Bruce, k. of Scot- 
land, 1327 — takes refuge in France with 
him, 1332. See David II., k. of Scot- 
land. 

Jane Shore. See Shore, Jane. 

Jane, queen of Henry VIII. See Sey- 
mour, Jane. 

Jane, countess of Flanders and Hainault, 
with Ferdinand, 1206-1233 -alone, 1233- 
1244. 

Jane de Valois, daughter of Charles IV., 
k. of France, marries William III., count 
of Holland and Hainault; their daugh- 
ter, Philippa, affianced, 1325— marries 
Edward III., k. of England, 1328— Jane 
visits her daughter, and assists in bring- 
ing Flemish artisans to England, 1331 — 
mediates a truce between Edward III. 
and her brother, Philip VI. of France, 
Sept. 3, 1340. 

Jane de Montfort. See Montfort, 
Jane de. 

Jane de Penthievre. See Penthievre, 
Jane de. 

Jane Grey. See Grey, lady Jane. 

Jane, duchess of Brabant, with Wences- 
laus, count of Luxemburg, 1355-1383 — 
alone, 1383-1405. 

Janina, in Albania, seat of Ali Pacha's 
government and revolt; taken by the 
vizir Churschid, 1822. 

Jantscus, k. of Sicyon, B.C. 1265 (1240 C.) 

Janissaries, or Yenitsheri, the infantry 
of the Ottoman army, originated by 
Orchan training Christian children, 
made prisoners, to form a body guard 
for himself, 1329— increased, and named 
by his son, Amurath I., 1359 — their in- 
subordination draws Amurath II. from 



his retreat, and they are led by him te 
conquer the Morea, 1445 — they refuse to 
obey Achmet, eldest son of Bajazet II., 
and make his youngest son, Selim I., 
sultan, 1511 — strangle Othman II., 
1622 — revolt against Mustafa 11., 1703 
— depose Selim III., and raise Mus- 
tafa IV. to the throne, 1807 — suppressed 
and massacred at Constantinople, June 
14, 1826. 

Janowitz, battle of; the Swedish general, 
Torstenson, defeats the imperialists, 1645. 

Jansen, Cornelius, bp. of Ypres, d. 1638. 
See Jansenists. 

Jansen, Z., of Middleburg, improves tele- 
scopes, and brings them into general 
notice, 1591. 

Jansenists, advocates of Jansen's doc- 
trines of Free-will and Grace, prevail in 
the convent of Port Royal, 1638 — are ac- 
cused of heresy by the Jesuits, 1650— 
are condemned by a Bull of Innocent X., 
1653 — another Bull issued against them 
by Alexander VII., 1656 — cause great 
confusion in France, 1711 — Clement XI. 
denounces them in the Bull Unigenitus, 
which the French church rejects, 1713 — 
the controversy continues till the Revo- 
lution. 

Januarinus, consul of Rome, 328. 

Januarius, Pomponius, consul of Rome, 
288. 

Janus, the temple of, closed for the first 
time since Numa, b.c. 235" — by Octavius, 
29, 25— by Vespasian, a.d. 71. 

Japan, the Portuguese admitted to trade 
with, 1542—Xavier and his fellow Jesuits 
arrive at Jeddo, 1549 — ambassadors 
from, received by the pope (Gregory 
XII 1.), 1585 — the Christians extermi- 
nated in, 1638 — fruitless attempts of the 
Russians to enter into commerce with, 
1806, 1812— of the English, 1839— expe- 
dition of the United States undertaken 
March 10, 1852 — obtains by treaty com- 
mercial intercourse, 1854 — ports opened 
to all nations. 1856— launch of a screw- 
yacht to be presented to the emperor by 
qu. Victoria, Nov. 28. 

Jaquelein, Henri De la Roche, killed in 
the Vendean war, March, 1794. 

Jaquelein, Louis LV la Roche, perishes in 
an attempt to support the Bourbon cause 
in La Vendee, June 4, 1815. 

Jaqueline, daughter of Wm. VI., count of 
Holland and Hainault, and Margaret, 
daughter of Philip the Bold, duke of 
Burgundy, b. 1402 — contracted to the 
dauphin of France, who soon afterwards 
d. by poison ; on the death of her father, 
inherits his States, 1417 — marries John 
IV., duke of Brabant, 1418 — her uncle, 
John, bp. of Liege, attempts to deprive 






JAS 



459 



JEH 



her of some of her lands, 1419 — sepa- 
rates from her husband and withdraws 
to England, 1421 — is kindly received by 
Henry V. and qu. Katharine, and is god- 
mother to Henry VI., 1422 — obtains a 
papal decree of divorce from the duke 
of Brabant, and marries Humphrey, 
duke of Gloucester, who endeavours by 
force of arms to obtain possession of 
her hereditary States, and is resisted by 
Philip III., duke of Burgundy, 1424— 
abandoned by Humphrey, she is sup- 
ported by the Dutch Hoeken, 1425 — 
overcome, 1428 — the duke of Brabant d. 
1429— she marries Borsele, governor of 
the province, and is separated from him 
by Philip, 1432— passes her remaining 
days on a slender allowance, and, on her 
death, Holland and Hainault are annex- 
ed to Burgundy, Oct. 8, 1436. 

Jaqueline of Luxemburg, married to John, 
duke of Bedford, 1432 — he d. Sept. 14, 
1435 — she marries sir Richard Wood- 
ville, 1436 — receives her daughter, Eli- 
zabeth, widow of sir John Grey of Groby, 
at Grafton Castle, 1461. 

Jaquerie, La, war of, or insurrection of 
the French peasantry, 1358. 

Jardin des Plantes, at Paris, formed by 
De la Brosse ; patronized by Richelieu, 
1635. 

Jarnac, battle of; Henry of Anjou defeats 
the Huguenots, Mar. 13, 1569. 

Jaromir, duke of Bohemia, 1002. See 
Bohemia. — Deposed by the emperor 
Henry II., 1012. 

Jaropolk I., son of Swatoslaus, great 
prince of Russia, inherits Kiow, 972 — 
after having slain his brother, Oleg, 
drives Wladimir, or Wolodiniir, from 
his heritage, 979 — Wladimir obtains the 
aid of the Sea-Kings, returns, defeats 
and puts to death Jaropolk, and becomes 
sole prince of Russia, 980. 

Jaropolk II., great prince of Russia, son 
of Wladimir II., succeeds his brother, 
Mstislav I., 1132— d. 1139. 

Jaroslav I., prince of Novogorod, son of 
Wladimir I., defeats his brother, Swato- 
polk I., grand duke of Russia. 1016 — ex- 
pels him, 1019 — builds Dorp'at, 1030 — 
attacks Constantinople, 1043 — marries 
three daughters to the kings of France, 
Norway, and Hungary, 1047 — d. 1054. 

Jaroslav II., grand duke of Russia, son 
of Wsewolod III., set up by Batou as a 
vassal of the Golden Horde, 1238 — his 
son, Alexander Newski, defeats the 
Swedes near the Neva, 1241 — d. 1249. 

Jaroslav III., grand duke of Russia, son 
of Jaroslav II.. succeeds his brother, 
Alexander Newski, 1263— d. 12"2. 

Jason. See Argonauts. 



Jason, of Pherse, expels Polydamas from 
Pharsalus, B.C. 375— is assassinated, 370 

Jason, son of Onias III., buys the Jewish 
high-priesthood of Antiochus Epiphanes, 
B.c. 175 — supplanted by his brother, Me- 
nelaus, 172. 

Jassy, taken by the Russians, 1739 — again, 
in 1769 — treaty of, between the Russians 
and Turks, Jan. 9, 1792. 

Jaucourt, on the Somme, battle of; Gun- 
trum, the Dane, defeated by Louis III., 
k. of France, 881. 

Java, the Dutch form their first factory, 
in, 1595. See Batavia. — Massacre of 
the natives, 1740 — Captured by the En- 
glish, 1811 — restored to Holland by 
Great Britain, 1814. 

Jaxartes, now the Sihon, crossed by Alex- 
ander, to drive back the Scythians 
(Goths), b.c. 329. See Sihon. 

Jay, rev. William, b. 1768— d. 1853. 

Jebb, Dr. John, b. 1736- d. 1786. 

Jebb, Dr. Richard, b. 1720— d. 1787. 

Jebuzites, settled in Palestine at least as 
early as b.c. 1965 (2088 C.) 

Jeddo. See Japan. 

Jedburgh. See Edbed, k. of England. 

Jefferson, Thomas, b. 1743 — assists in 
framing the U.S. constitution, 1787 — 
elected president, after a warm contest 
with Burr, 1801 — re-elected, 1805— closes 
the U.S. harbours against British ships' 
of war, July 2, 1807— d. July 4, 1826. 

Jeffrey, of Monmouth. See Geoffrey. 

Jeffrey, Francis, b. 1773 — editor of the 
Edinburgh Review, 1802 — elected rector 
of the Glasgow university, Dec. 28, 1820 
— made lord advocate of Scotland by the 
Grey ministry, 1830 — appointed judge 
of session, May 18, 1834 — d. Jan. 26, 
1850. 

Jeffrey, Robert, a sailor left by capt. 
Lake on the desert island of Sombrero, 
Dec. 13, 1807. See Lake, capt. 

Jeffreys, or Jeffries, George, distin- 
guishes himself in the trial of lord Wm. 
Russell, and is appointed lord chief jus- 
tice of the King's Bench, 1683 — perpe- 
trates his judicial massacre in the west- 
ern counties, 1685 — made lord chancel- 
lor, Sept. 5, 1685 — d. in the Tower, June 
18, 1689. 

Jeffreys, Elizabeth, executed for the mur- 
der of her uncle, Mar. 11, 1752. 

Jeffries. See Jeffreys. 

Jehoahaz, k. of Israel, B.C. 855-839. 

Jehoahaz, k. of Judah, 3 months, B.C. 609. 

Jehoash, k. of Israel, b.c. 839-823. 

Jehoiakim, k. of Judah, b.c.608 — led away 
captive to Babylon, 605 — reigns again 
3 months, 598. 

J ehoram, k. of Judah, b.c. 891- 886. 

Jehoshaphat, k. of Judah, b.c. 915-891. 



rER 



460 



JEB 



•*ehoshaphat I., patriarch of Constanti- 
nople, 1458. 

Jehu, k. of Israel, kills Ahaziah, k. of 
Judah. and Joram, k. of Israel, with his 
mother Jezebel, and takes the throne, 
B.c. 884 (895 H.)--pays tribute to Diva- 
nubar, k. of Assyria, 883— d. 855. 

Jejunio, l)e. See Tertullian. 

Jellachich, ban of Croatia, takes the com- 
mand in Hungary ; unites with prince 
Windischgratz, and bombards Vienna, 
Oct. 28 ; which surrenders, 30, 1848. 

Jellalabad maintained against the Aff- 
ghans, Nov. 1841 to April, 1842— general 
Pollock joins general Sale at, April 6, 
1842. 

Jemappes, battle of; the Austrians totally 
defeated by Dumourier, Nov. 6, 1792. 

Jena, university founded, 1558 — battle of; 
the Prussians defeated by Napoleon I., 
Oct. 14, 1806 — disorderly movements 
at, 1830. 

Jenkins, Henry, of Yorkshire, said to be 
170 years old -d. 1670. 

Jenkinson, Charles, grandson of sir Robt. 
Jenkinson, the first baronet, b. 1727— a 
junior lord of the treasury, 1770 — secre- 
tary at war, Dec. 10, 1778 — made lord 
Hawkesbury, 1786. See Hawkesbury, 
Charles, lord. 

Jenkinson, Robert, son of Charles, b. 1770 
— becomes lord Hawkesbury on his fa- 
ther's promotion, 1796. See Hawkes- 
bury, Robert, lord. 

Jenner, Edward, b. 1749 — first notices the 
anti-variolous influence of the cow-pox, 
1776 — publicly introduces vaccination, 
1799— receives a parliamentary reward 
of £10,000, June 3, 1802— d. 1823. 

Jenneri an Institution, Royal, founded, Jan. 
29, 1803. 

Jennings, admiral, conveys the empress 
of Germany from Barcelona to Genoa, 
April 2; and Victor Amadeus II., duke 
of Savoy, to Palermo, Oct. 10, 1713. 

Jenyns, Soame, b. 1704— d. 1787. 

Jephthah, judge of Israel, defeats the Am- 
monites and Ephraimites, and restores 
Israel, B.C. 1188 (1245 H., 1238 C.) 

Jeremiah prophesies, B.C. 625. 

Jeremie, Mr., attorney-gen. of Mauritius, 
resisted by the slave-owners of the is- 
land, July 8, 1832. 

Jergeau besieged and taken by the Maid 
of Orleans, and William de la Pole, earl 
of Suffolk, made prisoner, 1429. 

Jericho, taken by Joshua, B.C. 1450 — by 
Vespasian, a.d. 68. 

Jermv, Isaac, recorder of Norwich, and 
his son, assassinated by James Blom- 
field Rush, Nov. 26, 1848. 

Jeroboam, son of Nebat, chosen by the 
ten tribes, who reject Rehoboam, son of 



Solomon, and becomes the first k. of the 
separate kingdom of Israel, b.c. 975, d. 
954. 

Jeroboam II., k. of Israel, b.c. 823—782. 

Jerome, or Hieronyraus, son of Eusebius, 
a citizen of Stridon, in Pannonia, b. 331 
— educated at Rome in heathen litera- 
ture ; retires to a desert in Syria, where 
he corresponds with Rufinus of Aquileia, 
then his friend, 364 — writes the Life of 
Paul, the monk, 365— corresponds with 
Damasus I., bp. of Rome; finishes hia 
Chronicle, 378 — at Rome the secretary 
and eulogist of Damasus, writes against 
Helvidius, 382 — retires to Bethlehem, 
385 — visits Egypt, 386 — encourages mo- 
nachism, 390 — publishes his Catalogue 
of Illustrious Men, 392 — writes against 
Jovinian, 393 — vehemently against his 
early friend, Rufinus ; and supports the 
violent measures of Theophilus, bp. of 
Alexandria, 402 — corresponds with Au- 
gustine, 403-419 — writes his Elegy on 
Paulla, 404— attacks Vigilantius, 406— 
completes his Latin or Vulgate Trans- 
lation of the Scriptures, 405 — receives 
the fugitives from the sack of Rome by 
Alaric, 410 — writes an elegy on Marcel) a, 
412 — writes against the doctrines of Pe- 
lagius, 415— d, Sept. 30, 420. 

Jerome, of Prague (Hieronymus Fanlfisch), 
a Bohemian knight, returns from Oxford 
to his own country, and, in conjunction 
with John Huss, preaches Wickliffe's 
doctrines, 1403 — makes many converts 
at Prague, 1409— protests against the 
doctrine and sale of Indulgences, 1412 — 
is invited to Constance, and furnished 
with a safe conduct by Sigismund; the 
council asserts that no civil power can 
protect him, 1415 — he is burnt alive, May 
30, 1416. See Huss, John. 

Jersey. See Guernsey. Attacked by the 
French, May, 1779— again, Jan. 6, 1781. 

Jerusalem. See Israelites. — The temple 
of, founded by Solomon, b.c. 1013 — be- 
sieged by Pekah and Rezin,740 — taken by 
Nebuchadnezzar, 587 — restored by Cyrus, 
and rebuilt, 536 — the new temple dedi- 
cated, 516— Ezra returns from Persia, 
458 — Nehemiah rebuilds the walls, 445 — 
Alexander at, 332— plundered by Anti- 
ochus Epiphanes, and the temple de- 
spoiled, 168 — the claim of its temple to 
supremacy over that of Mount Gerizim, 
referred to Ptolemy Philometor, and 
decided by him in favour of Jerusalem, 
150 — taken by Pompey, 63 — the temple 
plundered by Crassus, 54 — Herod pre- 
pares to rebuild the temple, 19 — vi- 
sited by M. Vipsanius Agrippa, 16 — the 
treasures of the temple plundered by 
Herod, 9 See Christ and Crucifixion. 



JEB 



461 



JES 



Jerusalem — continued. 
— Martyrdom of Stephen, and flight of 
some disciples to Antioch, a.d. 35 — a 
prey to intestine factions, 69 — taken by 
Titus, and destroyed, Sept. 8, 70 — Ha- 
drian builds ^Elia Capitolina out of its 
ruins, 131 — visited by Helena, and 
churches built, 325. See Councils. — 
Constantine dedicates a church, 335— 
contest between Cyril and Irenseus at 
Jerusalem, 362 — Julian attempts to re- 
build the temple, 363. See Julian, em- 
peror. — Pilgrimage of the empress Eu- 
doxia, 438 — she retires there, 444. See 
Councils.— Taken by the Persians, 614 — 
restored, 628— visited by Heraclius, 629 
— taken by the Saracens. 637 — the keys 
sent to Charlemagne by Haroun al Ras- 
chid, 800 — pilgrimage of the German 
prelates, 1064. See Crusade. — Taken 
by Atsiz, Malek Shah's lieutenant, 1076— 
pilgrimage of Peter the Hermit, 1094— 
the Fatimite Aphdal expels the sons of 
Ortok, 1096— besieged by the crusaders, 
June 7th ; taken, July 15, 1099. 

Kingdom of Jerusalem, see events 
under each name. 
Godfrey de Bouillon elected k., 1099— 

d. 1100. 
Baldwin I., 1100-1118. 
Baldwin II., 1118—1131. 
Fulk, count of Anjou, 1131—1142. 
Baldwin III., 1142-1162. 
Amalrich. or Amaury, 1162—1173. 
Baldwin IV., 1173- 1183. 
Baldwin V., 1183— 1186. 
Guy de Lusignan, 1186. 
Jerusalem taken by Saladin, Oct. 2, 

1187, and the kingdom remains only 

titular. 
Isabella convevs it to her husband, Con- 
rad of Montferrat, 1190—1191. 
Henry of Champagne, 1192—1198. 
Henry of Brabant, 1198. 
Almeric, or Amalrich, 1198—1206. 
Mary, daughter of Conrad and Isabella, 

conveys it to John de Brienne, 1206. 
Yolanthe, their daughter, marries the 

emperor Frederic II., who claims the 

title, 1225. See Frederic II., emperor 

of Germany. 

Captured by the sons of Malek el Ka- 
mel, 1239 — redeemed by the earl of Corn- 
wall, and repaired, 1240 — afterwards pil- 
laged by the Carismians, 1243— taken 
by Bibars, sultan of the Mamelukes, 
1260— the last remnant of the kingdom 
of Jerusalem lost, 1291— the city offered 
to the Christians by the Mongols, 1299 
— the Knights Hospitallers and the 
Mongols enter it, but establish no per- 
manent occupation, 1301 — taken by the 
Ottomans, 1517 — occupied for a short 



time by the French, under Bcn&p&rts, 

1799. See Holy places. 

Jerusalem, bishops of. 
The times of the first not well known. 

Simeon, about 70. Narcissus again. 

Justus, about 108. Alexander, 214. 

Zacchseus. Mazabanes, 250. 

Tobias. Hymenseus, 262. 

Benjamin. Zabdas, 298. 

Joannes. Hermon, 300. 

Matthias. Macarius, 324. 

Philippus. Maximus, 336. 

Seneca. Cyril, 348. See 

Justus. Cyril. 

Levi. Irenseus. 

Ephraim. Hilarius, 376. 

Joseph. Joannes I., 388. 

Judas. Prayllus, 416. 

Marcus, 136. Juvenalis, 425. 

Cassianus. Anastasius, 458. 

Publius. Martyrius, 478. 

Maximinus. Elias, 494. 

Julianus. Joannes II., 513. 

Gaius. Petrus, 524. 

Symmachus. Macarius, 544. 

Gaius. again. 563. 

Julianus. Eustathius. 552 

Capito. Joannes J II., 573. 

Maximus. Amos, 594. 

Antoninus. Isacins, 601. 

Valens. Zacharias, 609. 

Dolichianus. Modestus, 629. 

Narcissus, 190. Sophrosius, 633. 

Dius. Saracen conquest, 

Germanio. 637. 

Gordianus. 

Arnulf, first patriarch of the new king- 
dom , soon displaced by Daimbert, 1099. 
Dr. Michael Alexander, Protestant bp., 

under the protection of Great Britain 

and Prussia, Nov. 7, 1841— d. 1845. 
Dr. Samuel Gobat, 1846. 
"Jerusalem Delivered." See Tasso. 
Jervis, John, b. 1734— defeats the Spanish 

fleet off Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 14, 1797 

— created earl St. Vincent. March 27 ; 

first lord of the admiralty, 1801 — resigns, 

1804— d. 1823. 
Jervis, sir John, b. 1802 — attorney- gen., 

1846 — chief justice of the Common Pleas, 

1850- d. 1856. 
Jeshua, the son of Jozadak, Jewish high 

priest, b.c. 536. 
Jeshua killed in an affray in the temple 

of Jerusalem, b.c. 366. 
Jesuits originate in a society formed by 

Ignatius Loyola at Paris, 1534 — favour- 
ably received at Rome, 1537 — organized 

as the Society of Jesus, and their sta- 
tutes approved bypope Paul III. ,1540 — 

invited by John III., k. of Portugal, to 

undertake missions in his colonies, 1541 

— proceed to Japan and Brazil. 1549- 



.TEW 



462 



JEW 



J RStrrrs— continued. 
are active in Austria, 1551 — their col- 
leges receive from pope Julius III. the 
privileges of universities, 1552 — educate 
Sebastian, the young k. of Portugal, and 
rule the kingdom, 1559— exempted from 
residence, 1561 — lecture in universities, 
1571- made censors of books, 1575 — plot 
in England against qu. Elizabeth, 1581 — 
expelled from France by Hen. IV., 1594; 
re-admitted, 1603— excluded from Venice, 
1607— settle in Paraguay, 1611— influence 
the emperor, Ferdinand II., to attempt 
the overthrow of Protestantism in Ger- 
many, 1620— cause a revolt in Hungary 
by their intolerance, 1637 — accuse the 
Jansenists of heresy, 1650— controvert 
the Jansenists of Port Royal, 1656— re- 
admitted into Venice, 1657— are accused 
by Titus Gates and Dr. Tongue of a con- 
spiracy in England, called the "Popish 
Plot," 1678— expelled from Holland, 1708 
— instigate the massacre of the Protes- 
tants at Thorn ; their intrigues provoke 
a general desire for their suppression, 
1724— banished from court, in Spain and 
Portugal, 1755— excluded again from the 
court of Lisbon, 1757— an attempt to as- 
sassinate the k. of Portugal attributed 
to them, 1758— the whole Order is ex- 
pelled from Portugal, and their property 
forfeited, 1759— interference of pope Cle- 
ment XIII. in their favour resisted in 
Portugal, 1760 — their suppression de- 
manded by Louis XV., 1761— suppressed 
by several parliaments in France, 1762 
— totally suppressed in France by a 
royal order, 1764— protest of the pope in 
their favour ; those in Spain and Naples 
are forcibly removed to the papal states, 
1767— expelled from Parma, 1768— all 
the Bourbon princes demand from the 
pope their total suppression; Clement 
XIV. appoints a commission to investi- 
gate their complaints, 1769— totally abo- 
lishes the Order, 1773— they are sus- 
pected of having poisoned him, 1774 — 
re-established by pope Pius VII., Aug. 
7, 1814 — banished from Spain by Ferdi- 
nand VII., 1820— invited into Switzer- 
land by Lucerne, 1844— expelled, 1847 — 
expelled from Rome, March 15, 1848. 

Jesus, of Nazareth. See Chkist and Cru- 
cifixion. 

Jesus College. See Cambridge, and 
Frend, William. 

Jesus College. See Oxford. 

Jewel, Bp., writes his Apology for the 
Church of England, 1562. 

Jewish Disabilities Bill. See Jews. 

Jews, or men of Judah, allowed by Cyrus 
to return to their country ; make Jeshua, 
the son of Jozadak, their high priest, 



B.C. 536 — succeeded by Joachim, 480— 
supposed time of their escape from the 
massacre designed by Haman, and insti- 
tution of the feast of Purim, 462 — Elia- 
shib high priest, 462 ; Joiada, 441 — Jo- 
nathan I. obtains the high-priesthood 
after a fierce contest with his brothers, 
397 — Jeshua slain during an affray in 
the temple, 366— Jaddus high priest, 350 
— conquered by Alexander the Great, 332 
— Onias I. high priest, 324 — conquered 
by Ptolemy Soter, and many thousand 
of them transplanted to Alexandria and 
Cyrene, 312— Simon, the Just, high priest, 
300; Eleazar, 292 -the Jews in Egypt 
are favoured by Ptolemy Philadelphia ; 
he encourages many voluntary emigrants 
to join their countrymen ; they all pros- 
per greatly, and the Septuagint, or Greek 
version of their Scriptures, is made, 283. 

Manasses high priest, 260 ; Onias II., 
233; Simon II., 219 — conquered by An- 
tiochus Magnus, k. of Syria, 218 — re- 
covered by Ptolemy Philopater, 217 — 
again conquered by Antiochus, 198 — 
Onias III. high priest, 195 — deposed, 
and his office sold to his brother, Jason, 
by Antiochus Epiphanes. 175 — another 
brother, Menelaus, supplants Jason, 172 
— Mattathias and his son, Judas Mac- 
cabseus, raise an army to resist the ty- 
ranny of Antiochus, 166— defeat his ge- 
neral, Lysias, 165 — Judas Maccabseus 
high priest, 162 — falls in battle against 
Bacchides, 160 — the Jews protected by 
the Romans; Jonathan II., brother of 
Judas Maccabseus, high priest, supports 
Alexander Bala in Syria, 152— jealousy 
of the Samaritans, 150. See Jerusalem. 

Simon III. high priest, 143— murdered, 
and his son, John Hyrcanus, succeeds as 
high priest and ruler of the Jews, 135 — 
attacked by Antiochus Sidetes, who is 
repulsed, and afterwards grants them 
peace, 133 — having no external enemies, 
divide themselves into sects, 116— con- 
quer Samaria, 109 — Aristobulus, son of 
John Hyrcanus, takes the title of k. of 
the Jews, 107 — d., and is succeeded by 
his brother, Alexander Jannseus, 105 — 
his cruelty irritates the Jews, 97 — mas- 
sacre of 1000 Pharisees, 95 — a sedition 
quelled with great cruelty, 86 — d., and 
is succeeded by his widow, Alexandra, 
79 — after her death, their son, Aristo- 
bulus 1., supplants his brother, Hyrca- 
nus, 70 — is expelled by Pompey, and 
Hyrcanus II. placed on the throne, 63 — 
Jewish auxiliaries, under Hyrcanus and 
Antipater, the father of Herod, serve 
with Caesar i n Egypt, 47— the Parthians 
overthrow Hyrcanus, and set up Anti- 
gonus, who is driven out by the Romans, 



JEW 



463 



JO A 



Jaws — continued. 
and Herod made k., 40. See Herod.— Re- 
fractory Jews overcome by Sossius, 39 
— Jewish auxiliaries attend Agrippa to 
Bosporus, 14 — death of Herod, 4 — his 
kingdom divided by Augustus,half given 
to Arcbelaus, with the title of Ethnarch ; 
Herod Antipas and Philip have a fourth 
eacb, with that of Tetrarch ; dissension 
and confusion prevail among the people, 3. 
Arcbelaus deposed, and the whole 
kingdom made the province of Judsea by 
Augustus, a.d. 6— Coponius, Roman go- 
vernor ; insurrection of Judas the Gaulo- 
nite, 7 — M. Ambivius, 9 ; Annius Ru- 
fus, 13 ; Valerius Gratus, 14 — Jews, re- 
sident in Italy, are all expelled, and 4000 
of them planted in Sardinia, 19 — Pontius 
Pilatus gov. of Judsea, 25 — banished, and 
Herod Antipas rules, 35 — Herod Agrippa 
receives the tetrarchy of Philip, with 
the title of k., 37 — Herod Antipas de 
posed, and his dominions added to those 
of Agrippa, 39 — Caligula orders his sta 
tue to be placed in the temple ; protest 
and persecution of the Jews ; Agrippa 
and the Roman gov., Petronius, plead 
for them ; discord between those of 
Alexandria and the Greeks ; embassy of 
Philo- Judaeus and Apion to Rome, 40 — 
the emperor Claudius I. gives additional 
'territories to Agrippa, and restores the 
privileges of the Alexandrian Jews, 41 
-~death of Herod Agrippa ; Agrippa the 
younger succeeds, 44 — prevails on the 
emperor to rescind orders issued by the 
gov. Cassius Longinus, 45 — his domi- 
nions enlarged, 48 — Felix, brother of 
Pallas, made procurator of Judaea, 52 — 
Agrippa receives Trachonitis and the 
former tetrarchy of Philip, 53 — subordi- 
nate to Corbulo, gov. of Syria, and re- 
tains only a shadow of authority, 60. 

Felix replaced by Festus, 61 — P. Albi- 
nus succeeds, 63 — is recalled, and Gessius 
Florus appointed, 64 — the Jews rebel, 
and defeat Cestius Gallus; Vespasian 
is sent against them, 66. See Vespasian. 
^-They are overcome by Titus, and dis- 
persed, 70 — those who had been expelled 
excite disturbances among their breth- 
ren in Cyrene, 73 — they refuse to pay a 
tax for rebuilding the temple of Jupiter 
Capitolinus, and are severely punished, 95 
— the Jews of Cyrene, Egypt, and Cyprus 
rebel, 115— quelled by Lusius Quietus, 117 
— rebellion of Barchocbebas against the 
emperor Hadrian for having built ^Elia 
Capitolina out of the ruins of Jerusalem, 
and dedicated a temple to Jupiter, 131 — 
a fierce conflict maintained, 132 — the war 
terminated, and Jews are forbidden to ap- 
proach the site of the former temple, 135. 



Persecuted by Sept. Severn's, 202— 
forbidden, by an edict of Constantino I.. 
to persecute converts from their religion 
to Christianity, Oct. 18,315— dissensions 
between them and Christians at Bostra, 
362 — their synagogue at Callinicum de- 
stroyed, 388. See Callinicum. — Ex- 
pelled from Alexandria by Cyril, 415— 
forbidden, by Theodosius II., to build 
synagogues, 429 — numerous in Arabia, 
and persecute Christians there, 533 — 
suffer many indignities from a council 
held at Orleans, 538 — persecuted in Spain 
by the conncil of Toledo, 586 — attack 
the Christians at Antioch, 610. See 
Antioch. — Expelled by Mohammed from 
Medina, 623— persecuted in Spain, 653- 
696 — assist the Mohammedans to con- 
quer the country, 712. 

Plundered and murdered in Germany 
by the first tumultuary bands of Crusa- 
ders, 1096 — protected by the emperor 
Henry IV., 1097— expelled from France, 
1182— massacred in London and other 
cities, 1189— persecuted by Edward I. of 
England, 1275— fined and banished from 
England, 1287— persecuted in France, 1306 
— expelled from Spain, 1492— from Portu- 
gal, 1496— from Naples and Sicily, 1510— 
pope Pius V. allows none in his territo- 
ries, except in Rome and Ancona, 1569 — 
return to England, 1650-60 — naturalized 
in England by Act of parliament, May, 
1753 — the Act repealed, 1754 — admitted 
as citizens in France, 1790 — invited by 
Napoleon I. to hold a Sanhedrim at 
Paris, Aug. 12, 1806- Mr. Robert Grant's 
Bill for removing their civil disabilities, 
rejected by the Lords, Aug. 1, 1833 
— another, brought in by Lord John 
Russell, 1847, passed by ; the Com- 
mons, May 4, 1848 — rejected by the 
Lords, May 25— another, passed by the 
Commons, May 29, 1851, thrown out by 
the Lords, July 17 ; again passed by the 
Commons, April 15, 1853, and defeated 
by the Lords, April 29 ; again passed by 
the Commons, and rejected by the 
Lords, July 10, 1857. 

Jezebel, daughter of the king of Sidon, 
marries Ahab, king of Israel, B.C. 915 — 
put to death by Jehu, 884. 

Joachim I., elector of Brandenburg, suc- 
ceeds his father, John Cicero, 1499 — 
founds the university of Francfort on the 
Oder, 1506— d. 1535. 

Joachim II., son of Joachim I., elector of 
Brandenburg, 1535 — introduces Protes- 
tantism in his States, 1539 — secedes from 
the League, 1547 — is associated with 
Frederic Albert, duke of Prussia, and 
obtains the reversion of the duchy from 
the k. of Poland, 1569-d. 1571. 



JO A. 



464 



JOA 



Joachim Frederic, elector of Branden- 
burg, succeeds his father, John George, 
1598— marries Eleanora, daughter of Al- 
bert Frederic, duke of Prussia, for whom 
he becomes administrator and regent, 
1605— d. 1606. 

Joachim, k. of Naples. See Murat, Joa- 
him. 

Joan, pope, fabulous period of, 853. 

Joan, daughter of Henry II. of England, 
married to William II., k. of Sicily, 1176 
— her brother, Richard, claims her dowry 
after the death of her husband, 1190. 

Joan, daughter of Edward III., king of 
■ England, affianced to Peter of Castile, 
d. of the plague, at Bordeaux, on her 
way to Spain, 1348. 

Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent, daughter of 
Edmund, earl of Kent, marries sir Thos. 
Holland, and, after his death, Edward 
the Black Prince, about 1365 — gives 
birth to their son, afterwards Richard II., 
Jan. 6, 1367— protects Wickliffe, 1382— 
d. at Wallingford, 1385. 

Joan of Arc, relieves Orleans and raises 
the siege, May 4, 1429 — is made prisoner 
at Compiegne by the Burgundians, May 
26 ; sold by them to the English, 1430— 
condemned for sorcery and heresy, and 
burnt at Rouen, May 30, 1431 — her sta- 
tue, sculptured by Marie Christine, dau. 
of Louis Philip, raised at Orleans, Sept. 
13, 1851. 

Joanna of Acre, daughter of Edward I., 
b. 1270— married to Gilbert, earl of Glou- 
cester, 1287. 

Joanna I., queen of Navarre, daughter of 
Henry II., b. 1272— succeeds her father, 
1274— affianced to Philip, eldest son of 
Philip 111., k.of France ; her territories 
are occupied and governed by French- 
men, 1276— d. 1305. 

Joanna II., qu. of Navarre, daughter of 
Louis X., k. of France, b. 1311— excluded 
by the Salic law from the throne of 
France, inherits Navarre, 1316 — Philip 
V. of France obtains from her the cession 
of Navarre and Champagne ; of the for- 
mer she regains possession, but the lat- 
ter remains annexed to France, 1318 — 
is married toPhilip, count of Evreux,who 
reigns jointly with her, 1328— the inde- 
pendence of Navarre secured by the con- 
vention she and her husband sign at 
their coronation in Panipeluna, 1329— 
after his death, she reigns alone, 1343— 
d. at Conflans, in France, 1349. 

Joanna, daughter of Charles II., king of 
Navarre, b. 1370-captured by the French, 
at Breteuil.in Normandy, taken to Paris, 
and kindly treated by her uncle, Chas. 
V., k. of France, 1377 — marries John V., 
duke of Britanny, Sept. 11, 1386— on the 



death of her husband, governs the duchy 
for her son, John VI., 1399 — married by 
proxy to Henry IV., k. of England, at 
Eltham, April 3, 1402 — arrives in Eng- 
land, her marriage is celebrated at Win- 
chester, and coronation, at Westminster, 
Feb. 26, 1403— goes in procession from 
St. Paul's to Westminster, to return 
thanks for the victory at Agincourt, 
Oct. 25, 1415 — accused of witchcraft, is 
arrested |by the duke of Bedford, im- 
prisoned at Pevensey, and deprived of 
all her possessions, 1419 — Henry V. or- 
ders the restitution of her lands, 1422 — 
d. at Havering Bower, July 9, 1437. 

Joanna I., qu. of Naples, eldest daughter 
of Charles, duke of Calabria, son of k. 
Robert, b. 1326 — by her father's death, 
becomes heiress to the throne, 1328 — 
affianced to Andrew, son of Chas. Robert, 
k. of Hungary, 1333— is married to him ; 
on the death of her grandfather, ascends 
the throne, and is crowned without her 
husband, for whom she manifests ex- 
treme aversion, 1343 — is accused of hav- 
ing instigated his murder, at Aversa, 
Sept. 18, 1345— marries Louis, prince of 
Tarento, renounces her claims on Sicily, 
and makes a treaty with Louis, the k. 
of that island, 1347 — Louis of Hungary 
demands satisfaction for the murder of 
his brother, and takes Naples; flight of 
Joanna and her husband to Provence ; 
she sells Avignon to the pope, who gives 
her husband the title of king; Louis of 
Hungary leaves Italy; they return to 
Naples ; she appoints Niccolo Acciaiuoli 
hereditary seneschal of Naples and count 
of Amalfi, 1348— Louis crowned, 1352— 
d. 1362 — she marries James of Aragon, 
son of the deposed k. of Majorca, but 
stipulates that he shall not assume the 
regal title, 1362— he d. 1375 — she mar- 
ries Otho of Brunswick, but withholds 
from him the re^al title, 1376 — pope 
Urban VI. proclaims a crusade against 
her, 1379— excommunicates her, and ab- 
solves her subjects from their allegi- 
ance, 1380 — Charles of Durazzo con- 
quers Naples, and occupies the throne ; 
she remains a captive; her dominions in 
Provence are given to the duke of Anjou, 
1381— put to death by Charles, 1382. 

Joanna II., queen of Naples, daughter of 
k. Charles III., b. 1370-marries Wm., 
son of Leopold III., duke of Austria, on 
whose death she returns to Italy, 1406 — 
on the death of her brother, Ladislas, 
takes the throne of Naples, 1414— mar- 
ries James of Bourbon, 1415. See Bour- 
bon, Branch of La Marche and Ven- 
dome. — Applies to Alfonso V. of Aragon 
for protection against Louis of Anjou, 



JOC 



405 



JOH 



wliom pope Martin V. urges t<* daim 
Naples, and adopts him as heir, i420 — 
engages Braccio, who stops the progress 
«»f Louis, 1421 — she and her favourite, 
Caracciolo, quarrel with Alfonso, whose 
adoption she annuls, and takes Louis of 
Anjou in his place ; war ensues ; the 
duke of Milan sends a Genoese fleet to 
assist her, 1423 — her Genoese allies take 
Naples, 1424 — Alfonso of Aragon re- 
news the claim for the throne, 1432 — 
death of Louis; she is hesetby adverse 
factions, 1434— bequeaths her dominions 
to Regnier d' Anjou, and d. 1435. 

Joanna, daughter of John II., k. of Ara- 
gon and Navarre, married to Ferdinand 
1. of Naples, 1477. 

Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isa- 
bella of Spain, b. 1479 — marries Philip, 
son of the emperor Maximilian I., 1496 
— by the death of her mother inherits 

- Castile, 1504— visits England on her way 
to Spain with her husband ; he dies soon 
after their arrival at Burgos, and she 

. becomes insane, 1506 —her inheritance 
is transferred to her son Charles ; she d. 
1555. 

Joanna, daughter of Henry IV., k. of Cas- 
tile. See Henry IV., the Weak.— Set 

. aside on her father's death ; claims the 
throne, and she is affianced to Alfonso 
V., k. of Portugal, 1474 — renounces her 
claim, and takes the veil at Coimbra, 
1479. 

Joannes, consul of Rome, 456; 467. 

Joannes I. — III. See J erusalem, bishops 
of. 

Joannes Lemigius, exarch of Ravenna, 
611—616. 

Joannes Malalas, of Antioch, writes his 

I History, 563. 

Joannes Plato, exarch of Ravenna, 687 
—702. 

Joannes, Rhetor., of Antioch, closes his 
History, 526. 

Joannes Rizocopus, exarch of Ravenna, 
710—711. 

Joannice, k. of the Bulgarians, 1196. See 
Bulgarians. 

Joasaph. See John VI., emperor of the 
East. 

Joash, k. of Judah, b.c. 877—837. 

Jocelyn de Courtenay I., prince ox 

- Edessa, 1118. See Courtenay, Joscelin 
de. — Made prisoner by the Saracens, 1122 
— regains his freedom; d. 1131. 

Jocelyn de Courtenay II., count of 
Edessa, 1131 — taken by the Turks when 
attempting to recover Edessa, 1145 — d. 

> in captivity. 

Jocelyn de Courtenay III., sells his re- 
maining territories to the Greek empe- 
ror, Manuel I., about 1150. , 



Jocelyn, bp. of Clogher. See Clogheb. 

Jocelyn, viscount, son of the earl of Ro- 
den, b. 1816— d. 1854. 

Jodelle, Etienne, by his "Cleopatra," 
originates French tragedy, 1552. 

Jodocus, or Josse, margrave of Moravia, 
chosen emperor of Germany, by some of 
the electors ; dies soon after, 1410. 

Joel, prophesies, b.c. 795. 

Johanan, high priest of Judah, b.c. 896. 

John I. (Zimisces, or the Short), emperor 
of the East, nephew of Nicephorus II., b. 
at Hierapolis on the .Euphrates, 925 — 
serves as one of his uncle's generals, and 
expels the Saracens from Cilicia and 
Cyprus, 964 — carries his arms into Syria, 
965 — assassinates his uncle ; usurps the 
throne, and takes for his colleagues 
Basil II., and Coustantine XL, sons of 
Romfanus II., 969 — begins his successful 
war against the Russians, brings a large 
colony of Paulicians from Armenia into 
Thrace, and makes a treaty of peace 
with Otho I., emperor of the West, 970 
— defeats the Russians at Dorystolon on 
the Danube, and compels them to make 
peace ; assents to the proposal of a mar- 
riage between the daughter of the late 
emperor Romanus II., and Otho, sop of 
the emperor, 971 — recovers Nisibis from 
the Saracens, 973 — and Amida, 974-~d. 
Jan. 10, 976. 

John II., Comnenus, or Calo- Joannes, em- 
peror of the East, son of Alexius I., b, 
1088 — succeeds his father, 1118 — con- 
spiracy of his sister. See Anna Com- 
nena, and Bryennjus. — He defeats the 
Turks on the Mseander, 1119— drives the 
Petchenegans out of Thrace, 1122 — re- 
fuses to confirm the commercial privi- 
leges of Venice in the East, 1123 — he at- 
tacks Antioch, and is repulsed with 
great loss, 1137 — prepares again to attack 
Antioch ; dies of a wound received while 
hunting near Anazarbus, April 8, 1143. 

John III., emperor of Nicsea, or the East, 
1222—1254. See Vataces, John Ducas. 

John IV., emperor of Nicaja, or the East, 
1258—1259. See Lascakis, John. 

John V., Palceologus, emperor of the East, 
son of Andronicus III., b. 1332 — succeeds 
his father under the regency of his mo- 
ther, Anne of Savoy, supported by the 
admiral Apokaukus and the patriarch 
John of Apri, against John Cantacuzene, 
who proclaims himself emperor, 1341 — 
supplanted by Cantacuzene, and marries 
Helena, Ms daughter, May 21, 1347— left 
by him at Thessalonica, 1351 — is encou- 
raged by his partisans to commence war 
against him, 1352 — is driven to the Isle 
of Tenedos, by the Turkish allies dp 
Cantacuzene, 1353 — assisted by soma 
u H 



JOH 



466 



JOH 



Genoese ships, surprises Constantino- 
ple, and regains his throne, 1354 — de- 
Kosea Philotheus, patriarch of C.P., for 
aving crowned Matthew Cantacuzene, 
and restores Callistus, 1354 — obtains the 
friendship of Orchan, 1356 — compels 
Matthew Cantacuzene to retire, 1357 — 
alarmed by the progress of Amurath I., 
applies to pope Urban V. for the re- 
union of the two churches, 1368 — he 
visits Rome, and conforms to the Catho- 
lic church, without obtaining th6 expect- 
ed succours, 1369 — detained at Venice 
for the payment of his debts, released 
by his son, Manuel, he returns to Con- 
stantinople, 1370 — is summoned to the 
Ottoman camp, and leaves his son, An- 
dronicus, regent, who conspires to retain 
the throne, 1375. See Andronicus IV. — 
Made prisoner by his son, 1379— escapes ; 
under the protection of Amurath, is re- 
stored, and reigns as joint emperor with 
Andronicus, 1381 — his second son, Ma- 
nuel, crowned joint emperor at C. P., 1384 
— compelled by Bajazet I., sultan of the 
Ottomans, to destroy the new fortifica- 
tions he is constructing, 1390— d. 1391. 

John Cantacuzene (called John VI.), em- 
peror of the East, 1347. See Cantacu- 
zene, John. — At war with the Genoese 
of Galata; the Greek fleet captured be- 
fore C.P., 1348— protected by a Turkish 
force, enters Thessalonica, and recovers 
part of Macedonia from the Servians ; 
pays his Turkish mercenaries with 
money sent from Russia to repair the 
church of St. Sophia, 1350 — leaves John 
V. at Thessalonica, and returns to settle 
religious . disputes at C.P., 1351. See 
John V. — Defeated again by the Genoese, 
is compelled to sign a treaty which gives 
them the entire command of the Black 
Sea, 1352— breaks his treaty with Anne 
of Savoy, and proclaims his son, Matthew, 
joint emperor, 1353 — retires into a mo- 
nastery as the monk Joasaph, 1354. 

John VI., or VII., Pal&ologus, emperor of 

' the East, son of Manuel II., b. 1391— suc- 
ceeds his father, 1425 — selects his bro- 
ther, Constantine, as heir to the throne, 
1436 — invited by pope Eugenius IV. to 
attend the council of Ferrara, and ar- 
range for the union of the two churches, 
1437 — arrives there, March 4, 1438 — an os- 
tensible union is signed, July 6, 1439 — he 
is received with .great dissatisfaction on 
his return to C.P. ; no real union of the 
churches effected, 1440-d. 1448. 

John Primicerius, secretary to the em- 
peror Honorius, on his death usurps the 
throne of the West, supported by Casti- 
ntis and Aetius, 423— made prisoner by 
Aspar, and beheaded, 425. 



John, emperor of Thessalonica, 1232— 
obliged by John Vataces to change his 
title to that of despot, 1234— d. 1244. 

John I. (Avouchos), third emperor of Tre- 
bizond, son of Alexius I., succeeds his 
brother-in-law, Andronicus I., 1235-1238- 

John II., seventh emperor of Trebizond, 
youngest son of Manuel I., takes the 
throne on the captivity of his brother 
George, 1280 — mai-ries Eudocia. daughter 
of Michael VIII., emperor of the East, 
1282— dethroned for a few months by his 
sister Theodora, 1285— d. 1297. 

John III., fifteenth emperor of Trebizond, 
son of Michael, the youngest son of 
John II., deposes and murders his cousin, 
Anna, and takes the throne, 1342 — de- 
throned by his father, 1344: — d. at Sinope, 
1361. 

John I V., twentieth emperor of Trebizond, 
son of Alexius IV., assassinates his fa- 
ther, and obtains the throne, 1446— tri- 
butary vassal of the Ottomans, 1454 — 
forms an alliance with the Turkomans 
of the White Sheep, and gives his dau., 
Katharine, in marriage to their khan, 
Hassan, 1457— d. 1458. 

John I., k. of Aragon, son of Peter IV., b. 
1352— succeeds his father, 1387— d. 1395. 

John II., k. of Aragon. See John II., k. 
of Navarre. 

John, of Luxemburg, k. of Bohemia, son 
of the emperor, Henry VII., b. 1298— 
receives Bohemia from his father, 1310 — 
Louis of Bavaria gives him the mar- 
quisate of Lusatia, 1319 — invited to 
Italy, 1330. See Brescia and Italy. — 
Goes to Avignon, and has daily secret 
conferences with the pope, John XXII., 
1332 — disappointed in his designs on 
Italy, returns to his own kingdom, 1333 
—slain at the battle of Crecy, Aug. 25, 
1346. 

John L, k. of Castile, son of Henry II., b. 
1358 — succeeds his father, 1379 — death 
of his first wife, Eleanora, daughter of 
Peter IV., k. of Aragon, 1382 — marries 
Beatrice, only child of Ferdinand, k. of 
Portugal, 1383 — the Portuguese resist 
the union of the two kingdoms ; he in- 
vades their country, and besieges Lisbon, 
1384— defeated at Aljubarrotte, July 29, 
1385— Castile invaded by John of Gaunt 
to claim the crown, 1386 — the claim aban- 
doned, 1388— John I. d. 1390. 

John II., k. of Castile, son of Henry III., 
b. 1405 — succeeds his father, with his 
uncle, Ferdinand, regent, 1406. See 
Ferdinand I., k. of Aragon. — The in- 
fluence of Alvarez de Luna over him 
causes great trouble in the kingdom, 
1420 — Alvarez is banished, 1427— re- 
called by the king, 1428— compelled 



JOH 



467 



jon 



again to banish him, 1441— encourages 
Muhamad Aben Ismail to claim the 
throne of Granada, 1445 — he at last aban- 
dons Alvarez de Luna to his enemies, 
who is executed at Burgos, July 5, 1453 
— d. at Valladolid, July 20, 1454. 

John, k. of Denmark, son of Christian I., 
b. 1455 — succeeds his father, 1481— di- 
vides the duchy of Schleswig with his 
brother, Frederic, 1482 — acknowledged 
as sovereign of Sweden and Norway, 
1483 — deprives Sten Sture of the protec- 
torate, and is crowned at Stockholm, 1497 
— is defeated by the Ditmarschers at 
Meldorf, 1500. See Holstein.— d. 1513, 

John, k. of England, youngest son of 
Henry 1L, b. Dec. 24, 1166— sent to Ire- 
land by his father, but soon recalled, 
1176— and again, 1185 — joins the rebel- 
lion of his brother, Richard, against 
their father, 1189— expels the regents 
appointed by Richard I., and assumes 
their authority during his absence ii^ 
the Holy Land, 1191 — intrigues with 
Philip Augustus, k. of France, against 
his brother, 1192 — attempts to occupy 
the throne, but is resisted by the barons, 
11^93— pardoned by Richard, 1194 — 
usurps the throne to the exclusion of 
Geoffrey's son, Arthur, 1199. See Ar- 
thur, son of Geoffrey. — Makes a treaty 
with Philip, I20i>— divorces his queen, 
A visa, daughter of the earl of Gloucester, 
and marries Isabella, daughter of the 
count of Angouleme 1200 — makes Arthur 
prisoner, and puts him to death, 1202 — 
judgment of the French peers against 
him for the murder of Arthur; his 
lands in France are occupied by Philip 
Augustus, 1203 — he lands with an army 
at Rochelle, and takes Angers, retires, 
1206 — resists the appointment of Stephen 
Langton, made archbp. of Canterbury 
by pope Innocent III., 1207— persists in 
his opposition, and England is laid under 
an Interdict, 1208 — John excommuni- 
cated, 1209 — makes an expedition into 
Ireland, 1210 — the pope absolves the 
English from their allegiance to him ; he 
subdues a rising of the Welsh, 1211 — 
deposed by the pope's Bull, and his 
kingdom given to Philip Augustus, 1212 
—threatened by the k. of France, and 
deserted by his barons, submits to the 
pope, and does homage for his crown to 
the legate Pandulf, 1213— Langton urges 
the barons to demand a charter of liber- 
ties, 1214 — John signs Magna Charta 
at Runnymede, June 19, 1215— revokes 
it ; hires foreign mercenaries, and takes 
Rochester castle, 1215— Louis of France 
lands in England with an army, John 
marching from Lynn Regis into Lin- 



colnshire, loses his baggage and many 
of his men in the quicksands; he retires 
to Newark, and d. 1216. Having taken 
the throne on Ascension Day, his regnal 
years are always dated from that move- 
able feast, and commence as follows : 

1199, May 27. 1208, May 15. 

1200, May IS 1209, May 7. 

1201, May 3. 1210, May 27. 

1202, May 23. 1211, May 12. 

1203, May 15. 1212, May 3. 

1204, June 3. 1213, May 23. 

1205, May 19. 1214, May 8. 

1206, May 11. 1215, May 28. 

1207, May 31. 1216, May 19. 
John I., k. of France, and of Navarre, 

posthumous son of Louis X., b. 1316— 
lives only five days. 

John II., the Good, k. of France, second 
son of Charles of Valois, b. 1310— suc- 
ceeds his brother, Philip VI.; disturbed 
by the intrigues of Charles II., k. of 
Navarre, 1350— Charles treacherously 
seized ; war with England, 1355— taken 
prisoner at the battle of Poictiers, Sent. 
19, by Edward, the Black Prince ; the 
dauphin, Charles, escapes, and assumes 
the government, 1356. See Charles V., 
k. of Fiance. — John brought to London, 
Edward III. concludes a treaty with 
him, 1357-58— he is set free for a large 
ransom ; his daughter, Isabella, is be- 
trothed to the son of Galeazzo Visconte, 
who assists him in paying his ransom ; 
the lands of Vertus, in Champagne, are 
settled on the son with the title of count. 
1360 — he returns to England on account 
of some difficulties in executing the 
treaty ; is entertained in London by sir 
Henry Pikard, 1363 — d. in the palace of 
the Savoy, London, April 8. 1364. 

John, k. of Jerusalem, 1206-1228. See 
Brienne, John de. 

John I., k. of Navarre. See John I., k, 
of France. 

John II., k. of Navarre, second son of Fer- 
dinand, k. of Aragon, b. 1397— marries 
Blanche, daughter of Charles III., k. of 
Navarre, and shares the throne with 
her after her father's death, 1425— joins 
the combination against Alvarez de 
Luna, 1426. See John II., k. of Castile. 
— Assists his brother, Alfonso V.; con- 
tinues in his attempt to conquer Naples; 
is taken prisoner by the Genoese, and 
sent to Milan; the duke releases him 
without a ransom, 1435— on the death of 
his qu., retains the throne, excluding 
their son, Charles, who ought to have 
succeeded his mother; quarrels with 
him, 1441. See Charles, prince of 
Viana. — Disinherits him, 1452 — succeeds 
his brother, Alfonso, in the kingdoms of 
hh2 



JO.FT 



468 



JOH 



Aragon and Sicily, 1458 — imprisons his 
son, Charles, 1460— causes the death of 
his daughter, Blanche,1462 — contest with 
the Catalonian nobility, 1464. See 
Aragon and Catalonia. — d. at Barce- 
lona, Jan. 49, 1479. 

John (D'Albret), k. of Navarre. See Al- 
bbet, John de. 

John Albert, k. of Poland, son of Casimir 
IV., b. 1459 — elected to succeed his fa- 
ther by the Diet of Petrikow, 1492— 
fails in his attempt to conquer Moldavia, 
1497 — the Moldavians, assisted by Turks 
and Tartars, ravage Poland, 1500— d. 
1501. 

John Casimie, k. of Poland, elected to suc- 
ceed his brother, Ladislas IV., 1648 — the 
Swedes, Russians, and Cossacks overrun 
Poland ; flight of the k. into Silesia, 1655 
— by the treaty of Welau he recognizes 
the independence of Prussia, cedes El- 
bing, and detaches the elector of Bran- 
denburg from Sweden, 1657 — resigns his 
crown, and retires into France, 1668. 

John III., Sobieski, k. of Poland. See So- 

BIESKI. 

John I., king of Portugal, natural son of 
Peter I., b. 1356 — resists the union of 
Portugal to Castile, and is made king by 
the people, 1383 — birth of his son, Henry 
of Viseu, 1384 — defeats the Castilians at 
the battle of Aljubarrotte, July 29, 1385— 
makes an alliance with John of Gaunt, 
and marries his daughter, Philippa, 1386 
— trace with Castile, 1389-1411 — engages 
in a maritime enterprise, and takes Ceu- 
ta ; discontinues the use of the Julian 
period in his dominions, and introduces 
the computation of time from the Chris- 
tian era, 1415 — Madeira discovered, 1420. 
See Henry of Viseu. — Code of laws di- 
gested, 1425— his daughter, Isabella, 
married to Philip, duke of Burgundy, 
1430 — peace with Castile, 1431 — transfers 
the royal residence from Coimbra to 
Lisbon ; d. Aug. 12, 1433. 

John II., the Perfect, k. of Portugal, suc- 
ceeds his father, Alfonso V., 1481 — 
leagues with the Italian States for the 
recovery of Otranto from the Turks, 1481 
— conspiracy of his nobles suppressed, 
1483 — declines to listen to Columbus, 
1484 — conquers Congo, 1485 — sends out 
Bart. Diaz, 1486 — death of his son, Al- 
fonso, 1490-d. 1495. 

John III., k. of Portugal, son of Emanuel, 
b. 1502— inherits the throne, 1524— the 
Molucca islands ceded to him by Charles 
V., 1529 — introduces the Inquisition, 
1536— invites the Jesuits for his colonies. 
1541— d. 1557. 

John TV., k. of Portugal, duke of Bra- 
ganza, b. 1604— delivers Portugal from 



the yoke of Spain, and is called to the 
throne, 1640 — concludes treaties of peace 
and alliances with France and Holland, 
1641 — but the Dutch continue the war 
against the colonies; Brazil recovered 
from them, 1654— John IV. d. 1656. 

John V., k. of Portugal, son of Pedro II., 
b. 1689— succeeds, 1706— Portugal de- 
clines rapidly; pope Benedict XIV. 
gives him the title of "His most 
Faithful Majesty," 1748— d. July 31, 
1750. 

John VI., k. of Portugal, son of qu. Maria 
Francesca and Pedro III., b. 1767— re- 
gent for his mother, 1792 — joins the 
coalition against France, 1793 — declares 
himself neutral, 1796— assumes full so- 
vereign power, July 15, 1799 — war with 
Spain ; Alentejo conquered ; peace ob- 
tained by ceding Olivenca, and exclud- 
ing the English from his ports, 1801 — 
threatened by France ; the prince regent 
and all the royal family embark for 
Brazil; Junot enters Lisbon and occupies 
all Portugal, 1807 — a British army ar- 
rives ; battle of Vimiera ; convention of 
Cintra ; Junot evacuates Portugal, Aug. 
30, 1808 — again invaded by the French, 
and defended by Wellington, 1809 — cam- 
paign of Torres Vedras,1810 — theFrench 
are again expelled, 1811 — the regent 
orders the Acts of the Inquisition at 
Goa to be burnt, and decrees Portugal 
and Brazil to be one united kingdom, 
1815 — on the death of his mother, takes 
the title of king, March 20, 1816— seizes 
Montevideo ; revolt of gen. Freyre de- 
feated, 1817 — lord Beresford goes to 
Brazil ; Sepulveda demands the calling 
of the Cortes; a constitutional govern- 
ment established ; lord Beresford not 
allowed to land on his return, 1820 — the 
k. accepts the constitution, and returns 
to Portugal, 1821 — conspiracy of don 
Miguel defeated; separation of Brazil, 
1822. See Brazil. — Great Britain 
threatens to resist any foreign inter- 
ference with Portugal ; don Miguel 
makes another effort, and is sent to 
Vienna; the k. modifies the constitution, 
1823 — Miguel returns, fails in another 
plot, and is sent back to Vienna, 1824— 
the k. acknowledges the independence of 
Brazil; applies the property of the abo- 
lished Inquisition to reduce the public 
debt, 1825 —d. March 10, 1826. 

John Nepomucene Maria Joseph, k. of 
Saxony, son of prince Maximilian, b. 
Dec. 12, 1801 — succeeds his brother, 
Fred. Aug. IV., Aug. 9, 1854. 

John, k. of Scotland, 1292-1296. See Bai- 
liol, John. 

John I., k. of Sweden, son of Sverker II. 



JOH 



469 



JOH 



succeeds Erik X., 1216— <?., the last of 
the Sverker race, 1222. 

John II., k. of Sweden, 1483. See John, 
k. of Denmark. 

John III., k. of Sweden, second son of 
Gustavus Vasa, b. 1537 — receives Fin- 
land from his father, 1560 — imprisons 
his brother, Erik XIV., and takes the 
throne, 1568 — by the treaty of Stettin, 
makes peace with Denmark, and gives 
up Gothland, 1570— poisons Erik, 1577 — 
favours the restoration of Catholicism, 
and receives a papal legate ; discontent 
of his people encouraged by the duke of 
Sudermania ; enters into alliance with 
Poland against Russia, 1578 — conquers 
Ingria and Esthonia, 1579 — retains t iem 
by treaty, 1583 —renews war with Rus- 
sia, 1590— d. 1592. 

John I., bp. of Rome, 523 — sent by Theo- 
doric, k. of Italy, to intercede with 
Justin I., emperor of the East, in favour 
of the Arians, 524— fails in his mission, 
and is imprisoned on his return, 525 — d. 
in prison, 526. 

John II., bp. of Rome, 533-535. 

John III., bp. of Rome, 560 -d. 573. 

John IV., a native of Dalmatia, pope of 
Rome, 640-642. 

John V., while deacon, sent by pope Aga- 
tho, as his ambassador to the sixth ge- 
neral council, 680— elected pope, July 22, 
685— d. Aug. 2, 686. 

John VI., pope, Oct. 28, 701— d. Jan. 9, 705. 

John VII., a Greek, elected pope, March 1, 
705 — refuses to accept the Acts of the 
council of Constantinople. 706— d. Oct. 17, 
707. 

John VIII., pope, Dec. 14,872 — opposes the 
claim of Carloman to the throne of 
Italy; is expelled from Rome by Lam- 
bert, duke of Spoleto, and takes refuge 
in Prance, 877— returns to Rome, 878 — 
quarrels with Photius, patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, 879— d. 882. 

John IX., contends for the papal chair 
with Sergius ; after his consecration 
calls a council, which annuls all the pro- 
ceedings of pope Stephen against For- 
mosus; and banishes Sergius, 898— d. 
900. 

John X., archbp. of Ravenna, elected pope, 
through the intrigues of Theodora, mo- 
ther of Marozia, 914 —imprisoned by G uy 
and Marozia, and d. 928. 

John XL, son of Marozia, made pope 
through her influence, 931 — confined in 
S. Angelo by his brother Alberico, 932 — 
d. 936. 

John XII., the name taken by Octavian, 
son of Alberico, and grandson of Marozia, 
when he makes himself pope, 956 — 
crowns Otho and Adelaide emperor and 



empress of the West, 962— his vices and 
plots against Otho cause his deposition, 
963— d. 964. 

John XI 11., pope, 965 — driven from Rome 
and restored by Otho, 966— d. Se*p. 6,972 

John XIV., Peter, bp. of Pavia, elected 
pope, 983 — murdered, 984. 

John X V., pope, 985 — driven from Rome by 
Crescentius, protected by Hugh, duke 
of Tuscany, and restored, 987 — d. 996. 

John XVI., bp. of Piacenza, set up by 
Crescentius as pope, 997 —after ten 
months, deposed and imprisoned, 998. 

John XVIL, Secco, elected pope, June 9, d. 
Oct. 31, 1003. 

John XVIIL, Fanassi, cardinal of St. Pe- 
ter, elected pope, Dec. 26, 1003, d. 1009. 

John XIX., Romano, a layman, purchases 
his election as pope, 1024— crowns the 
emperor Conrad II., 1027-^. 1033. 

John XX., no pope of this name. 

John XXL, the name taken (instead of 
XX.) by Pietro Ispano, cardinal bp. of 
Tnsculum, or Frascati, when elected 
pope.. Sept. 13, 1276— d. May 17, 1277. 

John XXIL, Jacopo d'Ossa, b. 1244— first 
bp. of Frejus, then of Avignon, and lastly 
cardinal bp. of Porto, elected pope, at 
Lyons, Aug. 7, 1316 — fixes his residence 
at Avignon, and appoints eight cardi- 
nals, of whom seven are Frenchmen, 1316 
— excommunicates Matteo Visconte and 
his family, and proclaims a crusade 
against them; offers to recognize Fre- 
deric of Austria as k. of Germany, if he 
will give active support to his plans. 
1322— his legate takes Alessandria and 
Tortona, and besieges Milan ; he excom- 
municates Louis of Bavaria, and declares 
his election void, 1323 — and again, 1327— 
Louis protests against his assumption of 
power in Germany ; he rejects the terms 
of peace offered by the Visconti, 1324 — 
Parma and Reggio submit to him ; he 
annuls the treaty of Traussnitz ; incites 
Ladislas, king of Poland, and Gedimin, 
duke of Lithuania, to attack the Teuto- 
nic Knights, and invade Brandenburg, 
1326— deposed by Louis, 1328— the anti- 
pope abjures, and is imprisoned; the 
Visconti and D'Este treat with John, 
1329— John of Luxemburg, king of Bohe- 
mia, has dailv secret conferences with 
him at Avignon, 1332— d. Dec. 4, 1334, 
leaving Italy distressed and impoverish- 
ed by his ambitious schemes, while in 
his own treasury are found eighteen 
millions of gold florins, and the value of 
seven more in plate and jewels. 

John XXIIL, Balthazar Cossa, cardinal 
of St. Eustache, elected pope during the 
schism, in opposition to Gregory XII, 
and Benedict XIII., May 17, 1410 all 



JOH 



470 



JOH 



three excommunicate each other ; he ex- 
communicates Ladislas, king of Naples, 
1411 — makes peace with him, 1412— is 
driven by him from Rome ; retires to 
Florence, and Bologna; holds a confe- 
rence with Sigismund at Lodi, and agrees 
to call a general council at Constance, 
1413 — Ladislas threatens to besiege him 
in Bologna; opens the council ofConstance, 
Nov. 5 ; his two rivals refuse to appear 
in person, but send their representatives, 
141.4 — he resigns the papacy ; revokes 
his resignation ; is deposed by the coun- 
cil of Constance, and imprisoned for the 
rest of his life ; at last he formally sub- 
mits, 1415 — he escapes, is pardoned, and 
d. Dec. 12, 1419. 

John the Baptist, preaches in Judaea, 26 
— imprisoned by Herod Antipas, 28— be- 
headed, 29. 

John, the Apostle, b. 8— banished to Pat- 
mos, 95 — recalled, 97 — writes his Gospel, 
98— d. at Ephesus, 100. 

John, called St. John, of Inderawood (Deir- 
wald or Beverley), bp. of York, 689 — 
ordains Bede a deacon, 692. 

John, the praetorian prefect, sent by the 
emperor Leontius to Africa, retakes Car- 
thage from Hassan, 697. 

John Cheysostom. See Cheysostom, John. 

John, youngest son of Charles IV., empe- 
ror of Germany, at his father's death 
inherits Lusatia, 1378. 

John, son of Regnier of Anjou, attempts 
to obtain the throne of Naples, 1459 — de- 
feated at Troja, Aug. 18, 1462. See Anjou. 

John, son of Lorenzo de' Medici, b. 1475— 
created a cardinal, 1489— papal legate, 
taken prisoner by the French at the 
battle of Ravenna, escapes from his 
guards, 1512 — elected pope. See Leo X. 

John, prince of Aragon, son of Alfonso IV., 
put to death by his cousin, Peter the 
Cruel, k. of Castile, 1358. 

John I., duke of Athens, son of Guy I. de 
la Roche, succeeds his father, 1264— d. 
1275. 

John IT., duke of Athens, youngest son 
of Frederic II., k. of Sicilv, succeeds his 
brother, William, 1338— d'. 1348. 

John of Austria, an illegitimate son of the 
emperor Charles V., b. 1545 — suppresses 
a revolt, of the Moors in Spain, 1570 — 
commands the allied fleets and defeats 
the Turks in the Gulf of Lepanto, Oct. 7, 
1571 — commands a Spanish expedition, 
which takes Tunis, 1573— viceroy of the 
Netherlands. See Antvvebp. — Vainly 
attempts to negotiate with the revolted 
provinces, 1576 — seizes Namur, 1577 — 
repulsed by the English auxiliaries, un- 
der Norris, at Rimenant ; lie >?ains a vic- 
tory at Gemblours ; d. 1578- 



John of Austria, a natural son of Philip 
IV., k. of Spain, b. 1629 — by his oppres- 
sion causes a rebellion in Naples, 1647 — 
takes Barcelona, Oct. 13, and suppresses 
the revolt of Catalonia, 1652— invades 
Portugal, 1661— takes Evora; his ad- 
vance to Lisbon is arrested by a defeat 
from count Schomberg at Estremoz, 
1663— expels the Jesuit Nithard from 
Spain, 1669— minister in Spain, vainly 
endeavours to reform the system of go- 
vernment, 1677— d. Dec. 17, 1679. 

John, archduke of Austria, son of the em- 
peror Leopold II., b. 1782. See Aus- 
teia, John, archduke, of, and Feancfobt- 
on-the-Main. 

John I., duke of Bavaria, 1375—1397. 

John II., duke of Bavaria, 1460—1465. 

John, duke of Bedford. See Bedford, 
John, duke of, and Henry VI., king of 
England. 

John I., duke of Brabant, 1261—1294. 

John II., duke of Brabant, 1294— insti- 
tutes the Society of Merchant Adven- 
turers, 1296— d. 1312. 

John III., duke of Brabant, 1312—1355. 

John IV., duke of Brabant, 1415— marries 
Jaqueline, countess of Holland and Hai- 
nault, 1418. See Jaqueline. — Attends 
with her, as members of the Burgundian 
family, the meeting at Montereau, where 
John, duke of Burgundy, is assassinated, 
1419— d. 1429. See Brabant. 

John, duke of Braganza. See John IV., 
k. of Portugal. 

John I., elector of Brandenburg, 1221-1266. 

John II., elector of Brandenburg, 1266— 
1282. 

John, the Alchymist, eldest son of Fre- 
deric I., gives up his right of succession 
to his brother, Frederic II., 1420, and d. 
1464. 

John III. Cicero, margrave and elector of 
Brandenburg, son of Albeit III. Achilles, 
1499—1535. 

John IV. George, elector of Brandenburg, 
son of Joachim II., 1571—1588. 

John V. Sigismund, elector of Branden- 
burg, succeeds his father, Joachim Fre- 
deric, 1608— inherits Prussia, 1618— d. 
1619. 

John, prince of Brazil. See John VI. 
k. of Portugal. 

John I., the Bed, duke of Britanny, 1237— 
1286 

John II., duke of Britanny, 1286—1305. 

John III., the Good, duke of Britanny, 1312 
—1341. 

John IV. De Montfort. claimant, 1341. Se«j 
Beetagne, and Montfort, John De. 

John V., De Montfort, duke of Britanny, 
1364— marries Mary,danghter of Edward 
III., k. of England, and afterwards 



JOH 



471 



JOH 



Joanna, daughter of Charles II., king of 
Navarre, 1386— d. 1399. See Bretagne. 

John VI., duke of Britanny, succeeds his 
father, John V., under the regency of 
his mother, Joanna, 1399 — accedes to the 
treaty of Troyes with Henry V., king of 
England, 1420 — withdraws from the al 
liance with England, 1425 — John, duke 
of Bedford, forces him to hreak off his 
alliance with F ranee, 1426 — d. 1442. 

John, the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, 
1404-1419. See Burgundy. 

John of Cappadocia, praetorian prefect to 
Justinian I., oppresses the East hy his 
rapacity, 533— banished and becomes 
a priest, 541 — returns to Constantinople, 
but is not restored to his office, 548. 

John of Corvey, abbot of Athelney, 901. 

John of Damascus, surnamed Chrysor- 
rhoas, writes against the emperor, Leo 
III., and the Iconoclasts, and cultivates 
the philosophy of Aristotle, 730. 

John Gaston, grand duke of Tuscany. See 
Giovanni Gastone. 

John of Gaunt. See Lancaster, John of 
G aunt, duke of. 

John I., count of Holland, 1296-1299. 

John D'Avesnes, count of Hainault, 1280, 
succeeds as 

John II., count of Holland, 1299 — and 
unites the two provinces ; d. 1304. 

John Hyrcanus. See Hyrcanus, John. 

John of Leyden, heads the revolt of the 
anabaptists in Minister, 1534 — taken 
prisoner, and put to death, 1536. 

John the Litester, leader of an insurrec- 
tion in Norfolk, overcome near North - 
walsham, by De Spenser, bp. of Nor- 
wich, 1381. 

John I., duke of Lorraine, 1346-1391. 

John II., duke of Lorraine, 1453-1470. 

John-Francis, marquis of Mantua. See 
Gonzaga. 

John, lord of Milan. See Visconte. 

John Galeazzo, duke of Milan. See 
Visconte. 

John I., marquis of Montferrat, 1292-1305. 

John II., Paljeologus, marquis of Mont- 
ferrat, 1338-1372. 

John III., marquis of Montferrat, 1378- 

1381. 
John IV., James, marquis of Montferrat, 
1418-1445. 

John V., marquis of Montferrat, 1445-1464. 
Tohn VI., George, marquis of Montferrat, 
1530-1533. See Montferrat and Gon- 
zaga, Frederic II. 
Fohn of Padua, architect of Somerset 
House, for the protector Somerset, 1549. 

John William, elector Palatine, 1690-1716. 

John, duke of Randazzo, regent for Louis, 
eon of Peter II., of Sicily, successfully 
defends the island, 1342. 



John, elector of Saxony, second son of Er- 
nest, succeeds his brother, Frederic III., 
and assists the Reformation, 1525 — 
enters into the League of Torgau, 1526 — 
joins that of Schmalkalden, 1531 — d. 1532. 

John Frederic, elector of Saxony, suc- 
ceeds his father, John, 1532 — renews the 
league of Schmalkalden, 1536— put to 
the ban of the empire, 1546 — made pri- 
soner, and deprived of his States, 1547 
— allowed to retain Thuringeu, 1548 — 
founds the ducal house of Saxe Weimar; 
d. 1554. 

John William, duke of Saxe Weimar, son 
of John Frederic, 1554-1573. 

John, duke of Saxe Weimar, son of John 
William, 1573-1605. 

John Ernest I., duke of Saxe Weimar, 
son of John, 1605-1626. 

John Ernest II., duke of Saxe Weimar, 
son of William, 1662-1683. 

John Ernest, duke of Saalfeld Coburg, 
seventh son of Ernest L, of Saxe Gotha, 
1675-1729. 

John George I., elector of Saxony, of the 
Albertine line, second son of Christian 
I., succeeds his brother, Christian II., 
1611 — in the Thirty Years' War espouses 
the cause of the emperor Ferdinand II., 
1619 — refuses to give up church lands, 
1629— joins the Protestant alliance and 
carries his arms into Bohemia, 1631 — 
peace of Prague between him and the 
emperor, 1635— head of the Corpus Evan- 
gelicorum, 1653— d. 1656. 

John George II., elector of Saxony, son 
of John George I., 1656-1680. 

John George III., elector of Saxony, sen 
of John George II., 1680-1691. 

John George IV., elector of Saxony, sou 
of John George III., 1691-1694. 

John, prince of Spain, only son of Ferdi- 
nand and Isabella, b. 1478— marries Mar- 
garet, daughter of the emperor Maximi- 
lian, April, 1497— d. Oct. 

John Sigismund, of Transylvania. See 
Zapolva, John Sigismund von. 

John William, prince of Orange Nassau, 
hereditary statholder of Friesland, 1702 
— accidentally drowned, July 14, 1711. 

John Frederic, duke of Wirtemberg, 
1608-1623. 

John von Zapolya. See Zapolya, John 
von. 

John I, to V. See Alexandria, bishops 
of, 31, 34, 35, 43, and 46. 

John I. and II. See Antioch, bishops of, 
40 and 48. 

John I., bp. of Constantinople. See Chry- 
sostom, John. 

John II. and III. See Constantinople, 
bishops of, 25 and 30. 

John IV., bp. of Constantinople, 582 — as- 



JON 



472 



JOS 



siimes the title of "(Ecumenical bp.," 
which leads to angry discussions be- 
tween him and Pelagius of Rome. 587— 
d. 595. 

John V. and VI. See Constantinople, 
bishops of, 39 and 46. 

John Hylilv/s, called from his learning 
tlie Grammarian, opposes image-worship, 
and educates Theophilus, son of Michael 
II., emperor of the East, 820— appointed 
by him, John VII., patriarch of Con- 
stantinople, 832 — employed on an em- 
bassy to the caliph Al Motassem, 833— 
deposed and punished by the regent, 
Theodora, 842. 

John VIII. to XIV. See Constantinople, 
bishops of, 77, 81, 97, 109, 112, 114, and 
117. 

John of Apri. See Constantinople, bp. 
of, 117. F 

John I. and II. See Jerusalem, bps. of. 

John the Baptist, college of. See Ox- 
ford. 

John's, St., College. See Cambridge. 

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, b. 1709— prepares 
the parliamentary debates for the " Gen- 
tleman's Magazine," 1740— publishes his 
first "Rambler," 1750— his " Dictionary," 
1755— d. 1784. 

Johnson, general, commands the expedi- 
tion against Crown Point, Aug. 8 — de- 
feats the French under baron Dieskau, 
and takes him prisoner, 1755. 

Johnson, prosecuted for selling Gilbert 
Wakefield's answer to the bp.of Llandaff, 
July 17, 1798. 

Johnson, captain, in the "Enterprise," 
performs the first voyage by steam to 
India. See Enterprise. 

Johnston, or St. John's Town, battle of; 
Robert Bruce, k. of Scotland, defeated by 
Aymer de Valence, 1306. 

Joiachim, Jewish high priest, b.c. 480. 

Joiada, Jewish high priest, b.c. 441. 

Joint-stock Companies, excessive specu- 
lation in, 1825. 

Joinville, John de, writes his Memeirs of 
Louis IX. 1271. 

Joinville, Francis Ferdinand, prince de, 
third son of Louis Philippe, k. of the 
French, b. Aug. 14, 1818— takes part in 
the war against Mexico, 1838 — brings 
the remains of Napoleon from St. Helena 
to France, 1840— marries a sister of the 
emperor of Brazil, May 7, 1843 — bom- 
bards Tangier and Mogador, 1844 — takes 
refuge in England, March 2, 1848. 
Jonah preaches at Nineveh, B.C. 837. 
Jonas, bp. of Orleans, writes in defence of 

image.worship, 825. 
Jonathan I., obtains the high-priesthood 
of the Jews after a violent contest with 
his brother, b.c. 397— d. 350. 



Jonathan II., brother of Judas Macca- 
bseus, Jewish high priest, B.C. 152 — sup- 
ports Alexander Bala, 152 — betrayed 
and put to death by Diodotus Trypho, 
143. 
Jones, col., defeats the royal army at 
Chester, Sept. 24, 1646 — the Irish, at 
Durgan Hill, July 10, 1647. 
Jones, answers the king's (Charles II.) de- 
fence of his proceedings, 1681. 
Jones, Inigo, 5. 1572— begins the building 

of Whitehall, 1607— d. 1652. 
Jones, John Gale, convicted, at Warwick, 
of attending a seditious assembly, Apr. 
9, 1797— committed to Newgate by the 
House of Commons, 1810. 
Jones, Paul, b. 1742 — with an American 
privateer, infests the coasts of Cumber- 
land and Scotland, and attacks White- 
haven, 1778— captures the Serapis, Sept. 
23, 1779— is allowed to carry his prize 
into Holland— tf. 1792. 
Jones, Valentine, convicted of frauds in 

his public office, May 26, 1809. 
Jones, sir William, b. 1746— d. at Calcutta, 

1794. 
JonkOping-, treaty of, between Denmark 

and Sweden, 1809. 
Jonson, Ben, b. 1574— d. 1638. 
Joppa. See Jaffa. 

Joram, k. of Israel, succeeds his brother, 
Ahaziah, b.c. 895— war with the Moab- 
ites, 894— slain by Jehu, 884. 
Jordan, the river. See Israelites. — Wa- 
ter from, brought by Chateaubriand to 
baptize the duke of Bordeaux, 1820. 
Jordan, Mrs., the popular actress, retires 
from the stage, June, 1814— d. at St. 
Cloud, 1816. 
Jordanes, consul of Rome, 470. 
Jornandes, bp. of Ravenna, 530 — writes 
" de Beqnorum Successione" 551 — abridges 
the History of the Goths by Cassiodo- 
rus, 552. 
Jortin, Dr. John, b. 1698— d. 1770. 
Joseph, son of Jacob, sold by his brethren, 
b.c. 1728 (1862 C.)-is powerful in Egypt, 
1715 (1872 H , 1849 C.)-d. 1635 (1770 C, 
ab. 1370 L.) 
Joseph I., emperor of Germany, son of 
Leopold I., b. 1678— acknowledged k. of 
Hungary, 1687— succeeds his father, 1705 
— assisted in his war against Louis XIV. 
by a loan from the London merchants, 
1706— on the death of the duke of Man- 
tua, claims the reversion of his States. 
and asserts other rights in Italy, and in 
the church of Germany, which the pope 
threatens to resist by force of arms; 
Clement submits to his demands, 1708— 
and makes farther concessions, 1709— 
d. April 17, n.s. 1711. 
Joseph II., emperor of Germany, son of 



JOS 



473 



JOU 



" Francis I. and Maria Theresa, b. March 
13, 1741— elected k. of the Romans. 1764 
— and emperor, on his father's death. 
1765 — made co-regent of the hereditary 
States hy his mother ; opposes the de- 
signs of Russia on Moldavia and Wal- 
lachia, 1771 -concurs in the first parti- 
tion of Poland, 1772— resisted by the 
nobles of Bohemia and Moravia in his 
endeavours to relieve the peasantry from 
the burdens of road-labour, 1775 — visits 
Paris, 1777 — claims some portion of Ba- 
varia, and is resisted by the k. of Prus- 
sia, 1778 — obtains a part by the treaty of 
Teschen, May 13, 1779— meets the em- 
press Katharine of Russia at Mohilow, 
and, by his mother's death, becomes full 
sovereign of Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, 
and the other hereditary States^ 1780— 
abolishes serfdom, gives his subjects re- 
ligious liberty, suppresses many monas- 
teries and reforms the rest; restricts 
the papal power, and forbids the publi- 
cation of Bulls in his dominions without 
his sanction ; joins the Armed Neutra- 
lity, 1781 — is visited by pope Pius VI. 
to divert him from his plans ; perseveres 
in his reforms ; founds new schools, and 
encourages industry, 1782 — forms a de- 
sign of reopening the Scheldt, which is 
opposed by Prussia, Sweden, and Hol- 
land, 1784 — endeavours, by treaty, to 
obtain Bavaria in exchange for Belgium, 
but this is defeated by Prussia and other 
States, 1785 — deprives the papal nuncios 
of all authority in Germany; gives a 
new code of laws to his subjects, in 
which the punishment of death is al- 
most abrogated, and orders the German 
language to be used instead of Latin 
in the services of the church, 1786— his 
innovations in Belgium are opposed by 
the States of Brabant, and he is obliged 
to revoke them, 1787 — meets the em- 
press Katharine at Kherson' forms with 
her an alliance against Turkey ; again 
quarrels with his Belgian subjects, of- 
fends the Hungarians, and is unsuccess- 
ful against the Turks, 1788 — conciliates 
the Hungarians, but maintains his edicts 
for religious toleration and the aboli- 
tion of vassalage. 1789— d. Feb. 20, 1790. 
Joseph Emanuel, king of Portugal, son of 
John V., b. 1714— succeeds his father, 
1750 — great earthquake at Lisbon, Nov. 
1, 1755 — ministry of Carvalho, marquis 
of Pombal. See Pombal. — The Jesuits 
banished from court, 1757 — plot to assas- 
sinate the k.; the duke of Aveiro be- 
headed, 1758 — Jesuits expelled from Por- 
tugal, 1759 — the interference of pope Cle- 
ment XIII. in their favour resisted, 1760 
— war with Spain; reformation of the 



army, and defence of Portugal, by the 
count de Lippe and English officers, 1762 
— peace concluded, 1763 — Joseph Ema- 
nuel d. Feb. 24, 1777. 

Joseph Napoleon, k. of Naples, 1806 — of 
Spain, 1808. See Bonaparte, Joseph. 

Joseph Francis Oscar, k. of Sweden, son 
of Charles John, b. July 4, 1799 — mar- 
ries Josephine Maximiliana Augusta, 
daughter of the duke of Leuchtenberg, 
1823 — succeeds his father on the throne, 
1844. 

Joseph Ferdinand, son of Maximilian, 
elector of Bavaria, b. 1692— and destined 
heir of the crown of Spain, d. Feb. 6, 1699. 

Joseph, duke of Guastalla, 1729—1746. 
See Gonzaga, oseph. 

Joseph I. and II. See Constantinople, 
bps. of, 108 and 127. 

Joseph, Father, the counsellor and agent 
of Richelieu, d. 1638. 

Josephine Tascher, b. 1763 — widow of 
viscount Beauharnais, marries Napoleon 
Bonaparte, March 8, 1796— crowned em- 
press of France, Dec. 2, 1804 — divorced 
by him, Dec. 16, 1809— d. May 29, 1811. 

Josephus, the historian, b. 38 — visits Rome, 
64 — surrenders Jotapatra to Vespasian, 
67 — set at liberty, and favoured by Titus, 
70 — completes his Ant. Jud., and d. soon 
after, 93. 

Joshua, leader of the Israelites, B.C. 1451 
(1608H.,1585C.)—d 1626(158311., 1560C.) 
See Israelites. 

Josiah, king of Judah, B.C. 642-609. 

Josse. See Jodocus. 

Jotapatra. See Josephus. 

Jotapianus, proclaimed emperor by the 
legions ; killed by his own men, 249. 

Jotham, son of Uzziah, regent for his 
father, succeeds him as king of Judah, 
B.C. 756-741. 

Joubert, French gen., b. 1769— commands 
in Italy ; defeated and killed at Novi, 
Aug. 15, 1799. 

Jourdan, French gen., b. 1762— defeats 
the prince of Coburg at Wattignies, 
Oct. 15, 1793— defeats the allies at h'leu- 
rus, June 26, 1794 — is defeated by Clair- 
fait, at H6chst, Oct. 11, 1795— and at 
Mentz, Oct. 29 ; is defeated by the arch- 
duke Charles at Wtirzburg, and falls 
back on the Lahn, Sept. 3, 1796— crosses 
the Rhine, March 4, 1799 — is defeated by 
the archduke Charles at Stockach, and 
driven back to the Rhine, March 22 — 
marshal and peer of France ; totally 
routed by Wellington, at Vittoria, re- 
treats to the Pyrenees, 1813— d. 1833. 

Journal des Savans, at Paris, commenc- 
ed, 1665. 

Journals of the House of Commons, be- 
gin to be regularly kept, 1607— a-leaf 



JTJB 



474 



JUD 



torn out by James I., 1621— the reso- 
lution against Wilkes and the Middle- 
sex election erased, May 6, 1782 — Cob- 
bett's motion on the currency expunged, 
May 16, 1833. 

Journals of the House of Lords, ordered 
to be printed, 1767. 

Jovian, b. 330— elected, by the generals of 
the army, emperor of Rome after the 
death of Julian ; makes an ignominious 
peace with Persia, and retreats, 363— 
allows equal freedom to all religious 
sects, 363— consul of Rome ; d. at Dadas- 
tana on his way to Constantinople, Feb. 
17, 364. 

Jovians, the guards of Diocletian, 290— 
attend Julian to Persia, 363— support 
the usurper, Procopius, 366. 

Jovinian, accused of heresy by Jerome ; 
is scourged and banished, 393. 

Jovinus, Valens, a general, serving under 
Valentinian, defeats the Allemanni, 366 
— consul of Rome, 367. 

Jovinus revolts at Mentz, 411— conquered 
by Adolphus, and executed, 413. 

Jovius, Paul, the historian, b. 1483 — d. 1552. 

Joyeuse, the duke de, commanding the 
army of Henry III. against the Hugue- 
nots, is defeated by Henry of Navarre, 
at Coutras, Oct. 20, 1587— submits to 
Henry IV., 1596. 

Juan, Don, son of Alfonso X., rebels against 
his brother, Sancho IV., king of Castile, 
and with an army of Merines from 
Africa besieges Tarifa ; the place is de- 
fended by Don Guzman, 1294— leagues 
against his young nephew, Ferdinand 
IV., 1296— slain in an invasion of Gra- 
nada, 1319. 

Juan Lara. See Lara, Juan. 

Juba, k. of Numidia, joins Cato in oppos- 
ing Caesar, and is killed in the battle of 
Thapsus, B.C. 46. 

Juba, son of the Numidian king, is taken 
to Rome, and settles there, B.C. 46— he 
afterwards writes many historical works 
in Greek, and attends Cains, the grand- 
son of Augustus, into the East, to nar- 
rate the events of his expedition, B.C. 1. 

Jubilee, the first, proclaimed by pope Bo- 
niface VIII., to draw pilgrims to Rome, 
at the end of the century, 1300— repeated 
by pope Clement VI. at the end of fifty 
years, 1350 — and by his successors, 1390 
and 1400— by Nicholas V., when 200 pil- 
grims perish in the crowd on the bridge 
of S. Angelo, 1450— continued by suc- 
cessive popes, from 1475 to 1750. 

Jubilee, a Protestant, celebrates the cen- 
tenary of the Reformation in Germany, 
1617. 
Jubilee, the Shakspear, at Stratford on 
Avon, Sept. 6, 1769. 



Jubilee in England at the commencement 
of the 50th year of the reign of George 
III., Oct. 25, 1809, in the Parks, to cele- 
brate the victorious close of the long 
war, Aug. 1, 1814. 
JudjEA. See Jews. 

Judah, kingdom of ; Rehoboam, son of So- 
lomon, rejects the stipulations proposed 
by the elders of the Israelites; ten of 
the tribes disclaim him, and choose Je- 
roboam for their king See Israel. — 
Judah and Benjamin alone remain faith- 
ful to Rehoboam, and form the kingdom 
of Judah, b,c. 975. 

Kings of Judah. 
{Dates according to Clinton?) 
Rehoboam, 975 — attacked by Shishak, k. 
of Egypt, and the temple plundered, 
972 -d. 959. 
Abijah, his son, 959—956. 
Asa, son of Abijah, 956— defeats Zerah, 
k. of Cush, 942 — leagues with Ben- 
hadad I., k. of Syria, 940-<Z. 915. 
Jehoshaphat, son of Asa, 915— alliance 
with Ahab, k. of Israel, and unsuccess- 
ful war against Benhadad, 898 — against 
the Moabites, 894— d. 891. 
Jehoram, his son, 891 — marries Atha- 
liah, daughter of Ahab and Jezebel ; 
permits idolatry ; d. 886. 
Ahaziah, son of Jehoram, 886— unfortu- 
nate in his war against Hazael, k. of 
Syria, 885— killed by Jehu. 884. 
Athaliah, murders the children of Aha- 
ziah, and usurps the throne, 884— put 
to death, 877. 
Joash, son of Ahaziah, saved while an 
infant from the massacre of the family, 
884 — proclaimed k. by the high priest 
Jehoiada, 877 — tolerates the worship 
of Baal; is defeated by Hazael, and 
slain by his own people, 837. 
Amaziah, his son, b. 866 — inherits the 
throne, 837— killed by a conspiracy at 
Lachish, 808. 
Uzziah, son of Amaziah, b. 824 — suc- 
ceeds, 808— invasion of Pul, the Assy- 
rian, 759— d. 756. 
Jotham, son of Uzziah, b. 781 — some time 
regent for his father ; succeeds him, 
756— d. 741. 
Ahaz, his son, b. 766 — k. 741 — siege of 
Jerusalem by Pekah, k. of Israel, and 
Rezin, k. of Syria, 740-cf. 726. 
Hezekiah, son of Ahaz, b. 750 — suc- 
ceeds, 726 — invasion of Sennacherib 
713— d. 697. 
Manasseh, his son, b. 709— k. 697 — led 
captive to Babylon, 675 — restored to 
his kingdom, abolishes idolatry, and 
governs well, with the advice of Elia- 
kirn -d. 642. 



JUD 



475 



JUL 



Judah, kingdom of— continued. 

Amon. his son, b. 664— k. 642 — assassin- 
ated, 640. 
Josiah, his son, b. 648 - succeeds, with a 
regency, 640 — Holopliernes slain, 633 — 
takes the government into his own 
hands, and puts a stop to idolatry, 632 
— discovers and publishes the book of 
the law, 622 — defeated by Neco, k. 
of Egypt, in the battle of Megiddo, 
and slain, 609. 
Jehoahaz, second son of Josiah, b. 631 — 
placed on the throne by the people ; 
deposed, at the end of three months, 
by Neco, 609. 
Jehoiakim, or Eliakim, eldest son of 
Josiah, b. 633 — raised to the throne by 
Neco, 609 — submits to Nebuchadnez- 
zar, and is restored ; gives Daniel and 
other hostages to be taken to Babylon, 
606 — rebels, and is himself carried 
away in chains, 603 — d. 598. 
Jehoiakim, or Jeconias, his son, b. 615 — 
takes the throne, but at the end of 
three, months is led away into capti- 
vity, 598— released by Evil Merodach, 
561 
Zedekiah, youngest son of Josiah, 5. 619 
— takes the throne, 598— rebels, 589 — 
is blinded and led a captive to Baby-, 
Ion ; Jerusalem destroyed by Nebu- 
chadnezzar, and the kingdom of Judahi 
subverted, 587. See Jews. 
Judas MaccabjEus,b.c. 168-160. See Jews. 
Judas the Gaulonite, rebels, 7. See Jews. 
Judges of Israel. See Israelites. 
Judges of Rome. See Praetor. 
Judges of England. See Chancf.ry, Com- 
mon Pleas, Exchequer, and King's 
Bench, Courts of. — Circuits first esta- 
blished, 1177. See Circuits. — Itinerant 
commissioners sent by Edw. I., 1274 — 
Eome judges dismissed and fined by him 
for corruption, 1289 — consultation held 
with them by Richard II. at Notting- 
ham, 1387— some of them unjustly con- 
demned for treason, 1388 — several arbi- 
trarily changed by James II., 1686 — 
twelve appointed by Wm. III., 1689— 
their salaries augmented, 1759 — appoint- 
ed for life, 1761 — their number increased ; 
their salaries again augmented ; fees and 
sale of offices abolished, 1825 — three 
more additional judges appointed, 1830. 
Judith, kills Holophernes, b.c. 633. 
Judith, daughter of Guelph, a Bavarian 
noble, married to Louis I., son of Charle- 
magne, 819— d. 843. 
Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, b. 
844 — married to Ethelwulf, king of Eng- 
land, 856— married to her stepson, Ethel- 
bald, 858 — divorced by him, and is allow- 
ed to sell her "morgengift" and return 



to her father, 859— she is carried off by 
Baldwin, who is pardoned by her father, 
and made count of Flanders, 862. 

Jug^eus, k. of Babylon, b.c. 726-721. 

Juggernaut, the great Hindoo idol; the 
E. I. Company's allowance to the temple 
withdrawn, June, 1851. 

Jugurtha, nephew of the Numidian king, 
Micipsa, serves under Scipio in Spain, 
b.c. 134 — on the death of his uncle, mur- 
ders his cousin, Hiempsal, expels Adher- 
bal, and usurps the throne, 118 — shares 
it with Adherbal, 117— kills him, and 
provokes the Romans to war, 112 — bribes 
the consul, Calpurnius, to make peace 
and withdraw his forces, 111 — escapes 
from Rome to Africa ; war renewed, 110 
— treaties of peace, not ratified by the 
senate, 109 — C. Marius carries on the 
war vigorously, 107 — Jugurtha betrayed 
by Bocchus, 106 — a prisoner till his 
death, 104. 

Julia, aunt of Julius Csesar, the dictator, 
marries C. Marius, about b.c. 130. 

Julia, his sister, marries M. Attius Bal- 
bus, and is the grandmother of Augustus, 
d. b.c. 52. 

Julia, his daughter, marries Corn. Csepio, 
from whom she is divorced to marry 
Pompey, b.c. 60— d. 53. 

Julia, daughter of Augustus and Scribo- 
nia, marries her cousin, M. Claudius 
Marcellus, who d. b.c. 23— marries her 
father's friend, Agrippa, 21 — again a wi- 
dow, 12 — marries Tiberius, 11 — disgusts 
him by her vices, and is left by him, 6 
— bauished by her father to Pandataria, 
2 — starved to death by order of Tiberius, 
A.D. 14. 

Julia, daughter of Marcellus and Julia, 
b. b.c. 22— banished, a.d. 8— d. 28. 

Julia Domna, daughter of Bassianus, 
wife of Sept. Severns, mother of Cara- 
calla, 188— of Geta, 189 — wounded while 
endeavouring to save Geta from his as- 
sassins, 202— obtains a professor's chair 
at Athens for Philiscus, 212 — induces 
Philostratus to write the Life of Apolloni- 
us of Tyana, 214— banished by Macrinus 
to Antioch, starves herself, 217. 

Julia M^;sa, sister of Julia Domna, mar- 
ries Julius Avitus (consul 209); bribes the 
legions at Emesa to proclaim her grand- 
son, Elagabalus, emperor, 218. 

Julia So^mias Bassiana, daughter of 
Msesa, marries Sextus Varius Marcellus; 
their son, Elagabalus, b. 201 — Julia slain 
with him, 222. 

Julia Maslsa, youngest daughter of 
Msesa, marries Gessius Marcianus; 
their son, Alexianus (Alexander Seve- 
rus), b. 205 — she is created Augusta, and 
guides him prudently in his government, 



JUL 



476 



JUL 



223— has anmterview with Origen at An- 
tioch, 226 — murdered with her son. 235. 
Julian (Fl. Claudius Julianus), emperor 
of Rome, son of Julius Constantius, and 
nephew of the emperor Constantine I., b. 
at Constantinople, 331 — saved from the 
massacre of the family, 338 — kept pri- 
soner in the castle of Macellum, where 
he is strictly guarded, and has no instruc- 
tor but Mardonius, an aged slave of his 
mother's family, 345— is brought to Con- 
stantinople, and studies under Nicocles 
and Ecebolus ; his cousin, Constantius 
II., jealous of his rising reputation, 
Bends him to Nicomedia, where he meets 
with Maximus and other philosophers, 
350 — visits Ephesus, where the conver- 
sation of the Ionian philosophers incline 
him secretly to favour paganism, 351 — 
brought to Milan, where he is in great 
danger, but is saved by the empress Eu- 
sebia, and permitted to go to Athens, 
354 — much esteemed at Athens ; visits 
./Edesius at Pergamus, who instructs 
him in the New Platonism ; recalled by 
Constantius, and appointed Caesar, Nov. 
6, 355, and proceeds to take the command 
in Gaul, Dec. 1; assembles his army at 
Rheims, but obtains no decisive success 
in his first campaign; is surrounded at 
Sens by the Allemanni, who are discom- 
fited; maintains friendly correspondence 
with Oribasius ; consul of Rome, 356 — 
gains a great victory at Strasburg, 
crosses the Rhine, and invades Germa- 
ny; captures Clmodomar, chief of the 
Allemanni; writes an "Encomium" on 
the empress Eusebia ; consul II., 357 — 
after passing the winter at Paris, com- 
mences his third campaign by defeating 
the Franks, and pursuing them over the 
Rhine, 358— again crosses the Rhine, 
and conquers wherever he is opposed. 
359— proclaimed emperor by the army 
in Gaul, crosses the Rhine, defeats the 
Allemanni, and takes their chief, Vado- 
mar, prisoner; sends Lupicinus into Bri 
tain to repel the Picts and Scots ; consul 
III., 360 — his offers of peace rejected by 
Constantius; after a short, but success- 
ful campaign against the Germans, he 
conveys his army down the Danube to 
prepare for the expected civil war, 
which is averted by the death of Con- 
stantius, and he is peaceably acknow 
ledged by the whole empire ; writes let- 
ters to the Athenians and Corinthians ; 
cpenly professes paganism, 361 — pro- 
claims universal toleration, and rein- 
states the exiled bishops; sets out on 
his Persian expedition, and winters at 
Antioch, where he writes his "Caesars," 
" Ai isopogon," &c. ; "Epitomes of Ga- 



len" dedicated to him by Oribasius, 362 
— attempts to rebuild the temple of Je- 
rusalem ; consul IV.; crosses the Tigris, 
burns his ships, and invades Assyria, 
where he is slain in battle, June 26; 
Gregory of Nazianzus composes orations 
against him ; monody of Libanius on his 
death, 363— and funeral oration, 365. 

Julian, who had assumed the purple at 
Carthage, is conquered by Maximian. 
297. 

Julian, leader of a Jewish and Samaritan 
revolt, is made prisoner and beheaded, 
529. 

Julian, bp. of Capua, embraces and writes 
in defence of the doctrines of Pelagius, 
413. 

Julian, resigns his episcopal office at 
Bostra, 505. 

Julian, the Sophist, fl. at Athens, 308. 

Julian, count, conspires against Roderic, 
k. of the Visigoths, and assists the Sa- 
racens in invading Spain, 711. 

Julian de' Medici. See Medici, Julian 
de\ 

Juli an era. See Calendar.— Commences 
Jan. 1, B.C. 45. 

Julian period commences, B.C. 4714— the 
use of it discontinued by John L, k. of 
Portugal, a.d. 1415. 

Julianus revolts, is defeated and slain 
near Verona, by Carinus, 284. 

Julianus, Didius. See Didius, Julianus. 

Julianus, Salvius, prepares the " Per- 
petual Edict" of the emperor Hadrian, 
and founds the later system of Roman 
jurisprudence, 132. 

Julianus, consul of Rome, 148 — others, 
175,224 11., and 325. 

Julianus, Anicins, consul of Rome, 322. 

Julianus, M. Aquilius, consul of Rome, 38. 

Julianus. See Alexandria, bishops of, 
10 ; and A ntioch, 46. 

Julich, or Juliers, the duchy of, and other 
German principalities, claimed by the 
elector of Brandenburg and the count pa- 
latine of Neuburg, 1610— the dispute 
compromised, and in the division, Julich 
is assigned to Neuburg, 1664. 

Julin, or Wollin, a Slavonian town on one 
of the islands in the mouth of the Oder, 
carries on a prosperous trade, 776— re- 
ceives the people of Wineta, when that 
place is destroyed, 805 — the bishopric 
founded by Otho, bp. of Bamberg, 1125 — 
destroyed by Waldemar I., k. of Den- 
mark, 1177. 

Julio de' Medici. See Medici, Julio de'. 

Julius I., bp. of Rome, 337 — addresses an 
epistle to the Arians of the East, 342 — 
— d. 352. 

Julius II., cardinal Julian della Rovere, 
bp. of Ostia, elected pope, Nov. 1, 1503— 



jira 



477 



JUS 



grants a dispensation for the marriage of 
Henry, prince of Wales, to Katharine of 
Aragon; deprives C«esar Borgia of his 
spoils, and imprisons him, 1503 — releases 
him, 1504— leads his army against Pe- 
rugia and Bologna ; lays the first stone 
of St. Peter's, at Rome, April 18, 1506— 
forms a league against the Venetians, 
1508 — designs the Holy League against 
France, 1510 — conducts the siege of Mi- 
randola ; loses Bologna, and is obliged to 
retire to Ravenna ; excommunicates the 
members of the council of Tours, 1511 — 
opens the Laterau council, May 3, 1512. 
See Councils, general. — Treacherously 
imprisons Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, 1512 
— d. Feb. 20, 1513. 

Julius III., cardinal John Maria del 
Monte, elected pope, Feb. 8, 1550— con- 
cludes a league with the emperor, Chas. 
V., 1551 — a separate treaty with Henry 
II., k. of France, 1552 — accepts the re- 
conciliation of Mary, qu. of England, 
1554— d. March 5, 1555. 

Julius Africanus, hist, ecc, fl., 205 — his 
chronology ends at Olym. 250, 221. 

Julius Caesar. See Caesar, C. Julius. 

Julius Capitolinus, writes his Augustan 
history, 310. 

Julius Constantius, brother of the em- 
peror Constantine. See Constantius, 
Julius. 

Julius Frontinus, the rhetorician, fl., 220. 
See Frontinus, Julius. 

Julius Nepos, nephew of Marcellinus, ap- 
pointed emperor of the West, by Leo L, 
emperor of the East, 474— deposed by 
Orestes, retires into Dalmatia, 475 — as- 
sassinated, 480. 

Julius Paulus, one of the counsellors of 
Alexander Severus, 223— forms many 
good laws, 225 — their authority con- 
firmed by Constantine I., in an edict 
issued at Treves, Sept. 27, 327. 

Jung, Johann Heinrich, b. 1740— d. 1817. 

Jungingen, Conrad von, grand.master of 
the Teutonic knights in Prussia, 1394- 
1407. 

Jungingen, Ulrich von, grand-master of 
the Teutonic knights in Prussia, 1407- 
1410. 

Junius Brutus. See Brutus. 

Junius, Letters of. the first published, 1769 
— prosecution of the printers and pub- 
lishers, June, 1770 — the verdict against 
Woodfall declared not legal, Nov. 20, 
See Francis, sir Philip, Almon, Baldwin 
and Woodfall. 

Juno, temple of, burnt at Argos, b.c. 423. 

Juno, the planet, or asteroid, discovered 
by professor Harding of Gottingen, Sept. 
6, 1804. 

Junot, the French marshal, enters Lisbon, 



Oct. 30, 1807 — and is created duke of 
Abrantes ; defeated at Vimiera, by sir 
Arthur Wellesley, Aug. 21, 1808— con- 
cludes the convention of Cintra, and 
evacuates Portugal, Sept. 3. 

Junqukra, battle in the valley of; Abde- 
rahman III. defeats the Christians of 
Leon and Castile, 94. 

Junta of Seville, of Cadiz, and royalist 
of Urgel. See Cortes, and Ferdinand 
VII., king of Spain. 

Jupiter, the temple of, erected at Olympia, 
b.c. 552 — Capitolinus, the temple of, re- 
built by Domitian, a.d. 95— Hadrian de- 
dicates his temple in yElia Capitolina, 
131 — Olympius, the temple of, at Athens, 
dedicated by Hadrian, 135. 

Jupiter, the planet ; three of its satellites 
discovered by Simon Marius, 1609 — the 
fourth by Galileo, 1610— occultation of, 
by the moon, Jan. 31, 1807. 

Juru I., or George Dolgoruoki, prince of 
Suzdal and Moscow, 1147-1157. See 
Dolgorucki and Isaslav II. 

Juru II., 1212-1216— and 1219-1238. 

Juri.) III., grand duke of Russia, 1319 — 
defeats the Swedes, 1322 — deposed by the 
Golden Horde, 1324. 

Jurisprudence of Rome. See Laws, 
Justinian I., and Julianus, Salvius. 

Jury, trial by, said to have been estab- 
lished in England by Alfred the Great, 
886— established in France, Aug. 16,1790 
— introduced in Prussia, 1850— and at 
Vienna, Jan. 15, 1851. 

Just, St., monastery of, near Placentia, in 
Spain. See Charles V., emperor. 

Justin I. (Fl. Anicius Justinus), emperor 
of the East, b. 450 — serves in the Persian 
war, 503 — commander of the guards ; 
is called to the throne on account of 
his orthodoxy, on the death of Anastasius 
I.; puts Amantius to death for conspiracy, 
518 — consul of Rome, 519 — being unable 
to read or write, yields to the influence 
of his nephew Justinian ; Vitalianusand 
his friends assassinated ; violence of the 
Circus factions, 520 — negociates with 
Cabades, 521 — treats the Arians with 
great severity, 523 — Theodoric sends 
ambassadors to intercede for them ; con- 
sul II., 524— war in Armenia conducted 
by Belisarius, 526 — proclaims Justinian 
joint Augustus ; d. August 1, 527. 

Justin II., emperor of the East, son of 
Vigilantia, sister of Justinian I. and 
Dulcissimus, succeeds his uncle, 565 — 
receives an embassy from the Avars, 
565— consul : restores the office for one 
year, from which succeeding years are 
dated, 566 — refuses to assist the Gepi- 
dse against the Longobardi, 566 — Thrace 
invaded by the Avars ; Venantius Fortu- 



JUS 



478 



JUS 



aatus addresses poeras to him, 570 — Ar- 
menians, being persecuted by Chosroes 
place themselves under the protection 
of Justin; war with Persia 571 — the 
Persians take Dara and plunder Syria, 
573 — Tiberius created Caesar ; makes a 
truce with them, 574— another truce for 
three years, 575— the Persians occupy 
Armenia; Justin sends an embassy to 
the Turks, 576— d. October 5, 578. 

Justin, Plavius, Junior, son of Germanus, 
serves with his father in the Persian 
war; consul of Rome, 540 — defeats Na- 
choragan at Phasis, 555— commander-in- 
chief of the army in Colchis, 557 — slain 
in a tumult at Alexandria, 566. 

Justin, M.'Junianus, epitomizes the His- 
tory of Trogus Pompeius, 149. 

Justin Martyr, a Platonic philosopher, 
converted to Christianity, defends it by 
his writings, 141— addresses his " Apo- 
logy," to the emperor Antoninus Pius, 
151— Buffers martyrdom, 164. 

Justina, Flavia, widow of Magnentius,353 
— marries the emperor Valentinian I. ,370 
— governs the West, as regent for her 
son, Valentinian II., 383 — fails in her 
efforts to obtain from . Ambrose, bp. of 
Milan, one church for Arian worship, 
385— driven from Italy by Maximus ; 
retires, with her son and her daughter 
Galla, to Thessalonica, and obtains the 

' assistance of Theodosius, 387 — restored 
by him, but not allowed, on account of 
her Arianism, to influence her son's go- 
vernment, 388— d. 390. 

Justinian I. (Fl. Anicius Justinianus), 
emperor of the East, nephew of Justin I., 
b. 482— rises to greatness in the court of 
his uncle, 520— consul of Rome, with un- 
usual pomp, 521 — marries the actress 
Theodora, 522— first associated with his 
uncle, then succeeds him on the throne, 
527 — war continued with Persia. See 
Bklisarius. — Appoints Tribonian the 
jurist, with eleven assistants, to prepare 
his code of laws, 528 — issues edicts 
against philosophers, heretics, and pa- 
gans ; his code is promulgated, April 7, 
to be in force on the 16th, 529— leagues 
with the Abyssinians and Homerites, 
531 — prepares for war against Gelimer, 
theVandal k. of Africa, and gives the 
command to Belisarius,531 — employs the 
architects Anthemiusof Tralles and Iso- 
dorus of Miletus to build the new church 
of St. Sophia ; truce for three months 
with Persia, followed by a treaty of 
peace ; Nike contest of the Circus fac- 
tions, 532 — ratifies the treaty with Persia ; 
couquest of Africa. SeeBELisARius —His 
Pandects and Institutes published, 533 
—sends Peter of Thessalonica to Italy, 



534 — his first Novelise published, 635— 
grants the demand of the council of 
Carthage, for the restitution of the 
church property which had been seized 
by the Vandals, 535 — Rome taken, 536. 
See Belisarius— Chosroes invades Syria 
and takes Antioch, 540 — Belisarius re- 
called from Italy; drives back the 
Persians, 542— Justinian, perplexed by 
his numerous enemies, and his want of 
means to resist them, issues an edict 
against the " Three Chapters," and the 
Origenists, 544 — concludes a truce for 
five years with Chosroes ; his general, 
Areobindus. defeated by the Moors, 545 
— summons Vigilius to C.P., and pre- 
vails on him to condemn the Three 
Chapters, 547— death of Theodora, 548 
— war in Colchis and first siege of Petra, 
549 — urged by Vigilius to restore Italy 
from the dominion of the Arians; sends 
an army under Germanus; treats for 
peace with Chosroes, 550— sends Narses 
to command in Italy. See Narses, the 
eunuch. — Petra surrenders; another 
truce for five years with Persia, 551— the 
conquest of Italy completed, 553 — war 
renewed with the Persians; they are 
defeated on the Phasis, 555 — punishes 
the assassin of Gubazes, 556 — truce 
with Persia ; embassy of the Avars, 557 
— the church of St. Sophia restored, 558 
— repulse of the Bulgarians, 559 — Jus- 
tinian jealous of the services of Beli- 
sarius, 561 — makes peace with Persia ; 
threatened by the conspiracy of Mar- 
cellus and Sergius, 562 — accused of 
heresy, 564— d. Nov. 13, 565— his laws 
revised and put into Greek by the 
emperor Basil I., 877 — a copy of his 
Pandects said to have been discovered at 
Amalfi, 1135. 
Justinian II., emperor of the East, son of 
Constantine IV., b. 669 — receives the 
title of Augustus, 681 — locks of his hair 
sent to Rome, in token of his adoption by 
the church, 684 — succeeds his father on 
the throne, 685 — makes a treaty with 
Abdalmelik and agrees to suppress the 
rebellion of the Mardaites, 686 — removes 
a large part of them into Armenia, 687 
— unsuccessful expedition against the 
Bulgarians, 688 — campaign in Syria, 689 
— attempts to transplant the whole popu- 
lation of Cyprus, 691— defeated by the Mo- 
hammedans at Sebastopolis, 692 — sum- 
mons pope Sergius I. to C.P., and is re- 
sisted by him, 692 — histwoministers Ste- 
phen and Theodotus provoke his subjects 
by their oppressions and imprison Leon- 
tius,694 — Leontius released; is proclaimed 
emperor; Justinian suffers amputation 
of bis nose, from which he receives the 



JTS 



4/y 



JTTX 



name of Ehinotmetus, and is banished to 
Cherson in the Crimea, 695— having 
escaped and passed through many ad- 
ventures among the Chozars, takes re- 
fuge with the Bulgarians, 704 — restored 
to his throne by Terbelis, 705— avenges 
himself on his adversaries ; beheads 
Leontius and Absimar ; deposes and 
banishes the patriarch Callinicus, 705 — 
requires pope John VII. to adopt the 
Acts of the council of C.P. (691) — which 
he refuses, 706 — he attacks the Bulga- 
rians, and is defeated by them at Anchi- 
alus, 708 — by his order Theodorus plun- 
ders Ravenna ; sends the principal 
citizens prisoners to C.P., 709 — where 
they are cruelly murdered ; summons 
pope Constantine to C.P., 710 — sends 
him back to Rome; his cruelties pro- 
voke a revolt at Ravenna : he dispatches 
a fleet and army to destroy Cherson and 
massacre the people, 711 — they revolt, 
proceed to C.P. : put him to death and 
elect another emperor, 711. 

Justinian, son of Germanus, defeats the 
Persians and advances to the Araxes, 
575. 

Justinianus, bp. of Valentia, 534. 

Justus, consul of Rome, 328. 

Justus, bp. of Alexandria, 120—131. 

Justus, bp. of Jerusalem or Pella, 108 — 
and another of the same na me, time un- 
known. 

Justus, first bp. of Rochester 604 — leaves 
England, but is recalled by Laurentius, 



616— becomes archbp. of Canterbury 
after the death of Mellitus, 624. 

Jutland, or Gothland, the northern part of 
the Cimbrian Chersonesus. See Cher- 
sonesus Cimbkica. — South Jutland a 
separate State under Sigfried, 777. See 
Schleswig. — North Jutland little known 
before its conquest by Gorm, k. of Den- 
mark, 863 — invaded by the Wends of 
North Germany, 1045 — joins the revolt 
againstChristianII.,1523— conquered by 
count Wallenstein, the imperial general, 
1627 — restored to t Denmark by the peace 
of Lubeck, 1630— attacked by the Swe- 
dish general Torstenson, who is followed 
by the imperialist Gallas, and returns 
into Germany, 1644 — invaded by Charles 
Gustavus X., k. of Sweden, 1657. 

Juvenal, Decius Junius, b. 59 — is sent to 
Egypt, supposed by some to have been 
the first exile to the Oasis, 94 — his 13th 
satire written, 118 — d. 128. 

Juvenalis, bp. of Jerusalem, 425—458. 

Juvencus, a Spanish presbyter, writes a 
sacred poem explanatory of Christian 
doctrines, 329. 

Juventius, Celsus. See Celsus, P. Ju- 
ventius. 

Juventius P., praetor of Rome, defeated 
and slain by Andriscus, b.c. 148. See 
Andejscus. 

Juxon, William, b. 1584— bp. of London, 
1633 — attends Charles I. at his death. 
1649— archbp. of Cauteiburv, 1660— d. 
1663. 



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